Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shakedown

Academic literature on the topic 'Shakedown'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Shakedown"

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Chukkan, Jazeel R., Guiyi Wu, Michael E. Fitzpatrick, Elvin Eren, Xiang Zhang, and Joe Kelleher. "Residual stress redistribution during elastic shake down in welded plates." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 21004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816521004.

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Residual stresses are a consequence of welding in various structures such as ships and offshore structures. Residual stresses can be relaxed or redistributed according to the load levels during operation. The elastic shakedown phenomenon can be considered as one of the reasons for this change. This paper studies the relaxation/redistribution of weld residual stress during different levels of shakedown in a butt-welded plate chosen according to ship design and welding procedures. Welding was performed on DH36, a ship structural steel. Neutron diffraction was used to measure residual stresses in these plates in the as-welded state and after different levels of shakedown. A mixed hardening model in line with the Chaboche model is determined for both weld and base material. A numerical model is developed to estimate the shakedown limit on butt-welded plate. Further, the redistribution of residual stress in a numerical weld model according to the different levels of shakedown limit is studied. Based on the shakedown limit of the butt-welded plate, a shakedown region is determined, where the structure will undergo elastic shakedown in the presence of an existing residual stress field if the maximum stress on the load section after a few initial cycles is in the shakedown region.
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Wang, Kangyu, Yan Zhuang, and Hanlong Liu. "Shakedown analysis for the evaluation of strength and bearing capacity of multilayered railway structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 9 (March 29, 2018): 2324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718766952.

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Shakedown analysis is a robust approach for solving the strength problem of a structure under cyclic or repeated loading, e.g. railway structures subject to rolling and sliding traffic loads. Owing to the traffic loads, which are higher than the “shakedown limit”, railway structures may fail due to the excessive permanent deformation. This paper develops the analytical shakedown solutions based on Melan’s shakedown theorem, which is then applied for the evaluation of the strength and bearing capacity of multilayered railway structures. The shakedown solutions utilize the elastic stress fields obtained from the fully three-dimensional finite/infinite model, and calculate the shakedown multiplier for each layer of railway structures by means of a self-equilibrated critical residual stress field. The shakedown limits are then determined as the minimum shakedown multiplier among all layers. Parametric studies are also conducted, which indicate how the frictional coefficient, strength and stiffness of the materials, and the thickness ratio of ballast to subballast influence the shakedown limit and the stability condition of railway structures. The critical points of shakedown occur at the rail for low values of rail’s yield stress and large frictional coefficient, while they occur at the ballast layer when the frictional coefficient is relatively small. The shakedown limits are found to decrease with the increase in the strength and thickness of the ballast for a relatively small frictional coefficient. For the engineering design, there is an optimum combination of material properties and layer thickness, which provides the maximum bearing capacity of the railway structure based on this research. The results obtained from this study can provide a useful reference for the engineering design of railway structures.
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Abdalla, Hany F., Mohammad M. Megahed, and Maher Y. A. Younan. "Determination of Shakedown Limit Load for a 90-Degree Pipe Bend Using a Simplified Technique." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 4 (February 9, 2006): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2349575.

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In this paper a simplified technique is presented to determine the shakedown limit load of a 90-degree pipe bend subjected to constant internal pressure and cyclic in-plane closing bending moment using the finite element method. The simplified technique determines the shakedown limit load without performing time consuming full elastic-plastic cyclic loading simulations or conventional iterative elastic techniques. Instead, the shakedown limit load is determined by performing two finite element analyses namely; an elastic analysis and an elastic-plastic analysis. By extracting the results of the two analyses, the shakedown limit load is determined through the calculation of the residual stresses developed in the pipe bend. In order to gain confidence in the simplified technique, the output shakedown limit moments are used to perform full elastic-plastic cyclic loading simulations to check for shakedown behavior of the pipe bend. The shakedown limit moments output by the simplified technique are used to generate the shakedown diagram of the pipe bend for a range of constant internal pressure magnitudes. The maximum moment carrying capacity (limit moment) the pipe bend can withstand and the elastic limit are also determined and imposed on the shakedown diagram of the pipe bend. In order to get acquainted with the simplified technique, it is applied beforehand to a bench mark shakedown problem namely, the Bree cylinder (Bree, J., 1967, J. Strain Anal., 3, pp. 226–238) problem. The Bree cylinder is subjected to constant internal pressure and cyclic high heat fluxes across its wall. The results of the simplified technique showed very good correlation with the analytically determined Bree diagram of the cylinder.
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Hamilton, R., J. T. Boyle, J. Shi, and D. Mackenzie. "A Simple Upper-Bound Method for Calculating Approximate Shakedown Loads." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842240.

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A simple approach for calculating upper-bound shakedown loads is described. The method is based on a series of iterative elastic finite element analyses (the elastic compensation procedure) applied to Koiter’s upper-bound shakedown theorem. The method is demonstrated for a typical pressure vessel application; an axisymmetric nozzle in a spherical shell. Several geometrical configurations are investigated. The calculated upper-bound shakedown loads are compared with lower-bound results obtained by the authors, simple shakedown criteria, and various results given in the literature.
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Jappy, Alan, Donald Mackenzie, and Hao Feng Chen. "A Multi-Surface Plasticity Method for Lower Bound Shakedown Load." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.458.

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A new direct method for calculation of lower bound shakedown limits based on Melan’s theorem and a novel, non-smooth multi-surface plasticity model is proposed and implemented in a Finite Element environment. The load history is defined by a finite number of extreme points defining the load-envelope of a periodic load set. The shakedown problem is stated as a plasticity problem in terms of a finite number of independent yield conditions, solved for a residual stress field that satisfies a piecewise, non-smooth yield surface defined by the intersection of multiple yield surfaces. The implemented Finite Element procedure is applied to two shakedown problems and the results compared with lower and upper bound elastic shakedown solutions given by the Linear Matching Method, LMM. The example analyses show that the proposed Elastic-Shakedown Multi Surface Plasticity (EMSP) method defines robust lower bound shakedown limits between the LMM lower and upper bound limits, close to the LMM upper bound.
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Shiau, S. H., and H. S. Yu. "Load and Displacement Prediction for Shakedown Analysis of Layered Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1730, no. 1 (January 2000): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1730-14.

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A complete shakedown assessment of pavement behavior under repeated loading requires a shakedown load analysis as well as a displacement evaluation. Both load and displacement bounding calculations at shakedown are presented, and the pavement subjected to repeated loading is analyzed as a plane strain problem. The proposed shakedown load formulation is verified by using numerical results for a homogeneous isotropic half space. To illustrate the relevance of the numerical formulations, the numerically determined residual stresses are compared with available experimental data. The variation of shakedown loads with different material properties for two-layered pavements is investigated in detail. The results of permanent displacement bounds are presented and compared with the displacement finite element calculation. Simple design charts for the layered pavements are presented.
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Shiau, Jim S. "A Shakedown Limit under Hertz Contact Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1506.

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In his "Contact Mechanics" book, Professor K. L. Johnson described an analytical lower bound shakedown approach to predict the shakedown load limit under repeated Hertz moving surface loads. Based on Bleich-Melan shakedown theorem, this problem will be revisited in this paper using finite element techniques and mathematical programming.
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Abdalla, Hany F., Mohammad M. Megahed, and Maher Y. A. Younan. "Shakedown Limits of a 90-Degree Pipe Bend Using Small and Large Displacement Formulations." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 2 (September 17, 2006): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2716433.

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In this paper the shakedown limit load is determined for a long radius 90-deg pipe bend using two different techniques. The first technique is a simplified technique which utilizes small displacement formulation and elastic–perfectly plastic material model. The second technique is an iterative based technique which uses the same elastic–perfectly plastic material model, but incorporates large displacement effects accounting for geometric nonlinearity. Both techniques use the finite element method for analysis. The pipe bend is subjected to constant internal pressure magnitudes and cyclic bending moments. The cyclic bending loading includes three different loading patterns, namely, in-plane closing, in-plane opening, and out-of-plane bending. The simplified technique determines the shakedown limit load (moment) without the need to perform full cyclic loading simulations or conventional iterative elastic techniques. Instead, the shakedown limit moment is determined by performing two analyses, namely, an elastic analysis and an elastic–plastic analysis. By extracting the results of the two analyses, the shakedown limit moment is determined through the calculation of the residual stresses developed in the pipe bend. The iterative large displacement technique determines the shakedown limit moment in an iterative manner by performing a series of full elastic–plastic cyclic loading simulations. The shakedown limit moment output by the simplified technique (small displacement) is used by the iterative large displacement technique as an initial iterative value. The iterations proceed until an applied moment guarantees a structure developed residual stress, at load removal, equal to or slightly less than the material yield strength. The shakedown limit moments output by both techniques are used to generate shakedown diagrams of the pipe bend for a spectrum of constant internal pressure magnitudes for the three loading patterns stated earlier. The maximum moment carrying capacity (limit moment) the pipe bend can withstand and the elastic limit are also determined and imposed on the shakedown diagram of the pipe bend. Comparison between the shakedown diagrams generated by the two techniques, for the three loading patterns, is presented.
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Yu, H. S. "Three-dimensional analytical solutions for shakedown of cohesive-frictional materials under moving surface loads." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2059 (May 23, 2005): 1951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1445.

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This paper develops analytical solutions for shakedown limits of a cohesive-frictional half-space under a three-dimensional moving surface load. Melan's lower-bound shakedown theorem has been adopted as the theoretical basis for deriving shakedown limits. Rigorous lower-bound solutions are obtained for shakedown limits by establishing a self-equilibrated residual stress field that, together with the applied elastic stress fields, lies within the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion throughout the half-space. By searching through the half-space, this study shows that the most critical location for satisfying the yield condition lies on the central plane. The analytical solutions derived in the paper can be used to benchmark numerical shakedown results, as well as to serve as a theoretical basis for the development of an analytical design method for pavements under moving traffic loads.
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Zhang, Yang, Wei Zhang, Yi He Qi, and Jian Wang. "Element Bearing Ratio Based Shakedown Analysis for Branch Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.586.

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Shakedown analysis is important for branch pipe because it is often damaged under various water pressure. In this paper, an element bearing ratio (EBR) based shakedown analysis method is employed for shakedown analysis of branch pipe. The EBR is used to replace the stress term in classical optimization problem in the procedure, and series of residual EBR fields can be generated by the D-value of the elastic-plastic EBR fields and the elastic EBR fields at every incremental loading step. The shakedown load is determined by performing an incremental non-linear static analysis when the yield criterion is arrived either by the elastic-plastic EBR fields or residual EBR fields. By introducing the EBR, the proposed procedure can be easily used to shakedown analysis of branch pipe with multi-material and complicated configuration. Numerical examples validate the method and demonstrate its performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shakedown"

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Zhang, Jin. "Shakedown of porous materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I044/document.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à la détermination des états limites de l'adaptation des matériaux ductiles poreux sur la base du théorème de Melan et en considérant le modèle de la sphère creuse. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons le critère analytique macroscopique d'adaptation avec la matrice de von Mises sous deux charges particuliers, alterné et pulsé. Le critère analytique dépend des première et seconde invariants des contraintes macroscopiques, du signe du troisième et du coefficient de Poisson. Ensuite, ce critère est étendu aux charges cycliques répétées générales par la construction d'un champ de contraintes résiduelles d'essai plus approprié permettant simultanément des calculs analytiques et l'amélioration du modèle précédent. De plus, il est également utilisé pour les matériaux ductiles poreux avec une matrice de Drucker-Prager.L'idée repose d'abord sur la solution exacte pour le charge purement hydrostatique. Il s'avère que la ruine se produit par fatigue. Ensuite, des champs de contrainte d'essai appropriés sont construits avec des termes supplémentaires pour capter les effets de cisaillement. Le domaine de sécurité, défini par l'intersection du domaine d'adaptationet celui d'analyse limite (la ruine survenant brusquement par formation d'un mécanisme au premier cycle), est entièrement comparé avec des simulations élasto-plastique incrémentales et des calculs directs simplifiés.Enfin, nous fournissons une méthode numérique directe pour prédire le domaine de sécurité de l'adaptation des matériaux poreux soumis à des charges variant de manière indépendante en considérant le chemin critique du domaine de chargement au lieu de l'histoire entière. Le problème de l'adaptation est transformé en un problème d'optimisation de grande taille, qui peut être résolu efficacement par l'optimiseur non-linéaire IPOPT pour donner non seulement le facteur de charge limite, mais aussi le champ de contrainte résiduelle correspondant à l'état d'adaptation
This thesis is devoted to the determination of shakedown limit states of porous ductile materials based on Melan's static theorem by considering the hollow sphere model, analytically and numerically. First of all, we determine the analytical macroscopic shakedown criterion of the considered unit cell with von Mises matrix under alternating and pulsating special loading cases. The proposed macroscopic analytical criterion depends on the first and second macroscopic stresses invariants, the sign of the third one and Poisson's ratio. Then, the procedure is extended to the general cyclically repeated loads by the construction of a more appropriate trial residual stress field allowing analytical computations and the improvement of the previous model simultaneously. Moreover, this approach is applied to porous materials with dilatant Drucker-Prager matrix.The idea relies firstly on the exact solution for the pure hydrostatic loading condition. It turns out that the collapse occurs by fatigue. Next, suitable trial stress fields are built with additional terms to capture the shear effects. The safety domain, defined by the intersection of the shakedown limit domain and the limit analysis domain corresponding to the sudden collapse by development of a mechanism at the first cycle, is fully compared with step-by-step incremental elastic-plastic simulations and simplified direct computations. At last, we provide a direct numerical method to predict the shakedown safety domain of porous materials subjected to multi-varying independent loadings by considering the critical loading path of the load domain instead of the whole history. The shakedown problem is transformed into a large-size optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently by the non-linear optimizer IPOPT to give out not only the limit load factor, but also the corresponding residual stress field for the shakedown state
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Engelhardt, Markus Jochen. "Computational modelling of shakedown." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30173.

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The work presented is concerned with the implementation and exploitation of an iterative non-linear programming technique, based on the elastic compensation method, for solving limit load and shakedown problems. Such solutions are required in the design of structures or components subjected to complex combinations of static and cyclic loading, in structural integrity procedures and life cycle assessment. To achieve these aims, a brief review of the problem, the historical development of shakedown theory and recent developments of methods addressing these issues are given in the early chapters. This is followed by the implementation of the above method to generate limit load solutions for elastic-plastic materials subject to the von Mises yield condition. The method was found to be numerically stable and convergence could be guaranteed for upper bound limit load solutions if a number of sufficient convergence criteria are adhered to. These are stated during the provided convergence proofs. Upon studying the behaviour of the method, i.e. quality and sensitivity of solutions, computational effort as well as identifying error sources, this implementation is extended to solve limit load problems for arbitrary yield surfaces. This was found to be possible, but dependent on the nature of the yield surface and limits to the implementation in its present form were identified. The method was then implemented using a different formulation capable of solving limit and, more importantly, shakedown problems for elastic-plastic materials subject to the von Mises yield criterion. A number of benchmark problems were considered, an example of which is the classic Bree problem, which is concerned with shakedown of components subjected to a static mechanical load in combination with thermal transients. The method performed well and was then used to solve novel shakedown problems, such as shakedown states where creep must be considered. Acceptable creep behaviour for a given shakedown state could also be calculated using minor additions. The final issue considered was cyclic creep solutions. Rapid cycle creep solutions could be generated as a stress history can be considered, which is of a similar form to shakedown. Finally, conclusions were drawn and remaining issues discussed.
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Faria, P. de D. "Shakedown analysis in geotechnical engineering." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636956.

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Many problems in geotechnology are concerned with the response of earth materials to cyclic loads. These loads are either generated by forces of nature such as sea waves, currents, winds, and earthquakes or as a consequence of engineering operations such as blasting, pile driving and rotating machines. For most design purposes related to static loads it is logical to use as a design basis either the elastic range where no plastic deformation occurs or the plastic range, in which large plastic deformation can occur. However, when cyclic loading is involved few design methods are available since a pattern for the response of the body to cyclic loads is not well known. When a body is subjected to cyclic loading some modes of adaptation or non adaptation can occur as a response to the loads such as elastic shakedown, alternating plasticity and ratchetting. Despite its extensive use in structural problems very few applications of the shakedown approach to soil masses can be found in literature. Therefore the present work aims to extend the elastic shakedown concepts to geotechnical problems. Initially the shakedown concepts are introduced, its theorems and their importance for geomechanical problems are highlighted. Later the use of Melan's static shakedown theorem for the present study is shown. Shakedown analyses of plane stress and plane strain problems are presented. In this study the shakedown formulation is based on the concept of a residual stress field obtained by means of a numerical formulation using a visco-plastic algorithm. Two numerical codes linked with a mesh generator were implemented as tools for the treatment of the shakedown problems. Numerical examples and applications are shown to illustrate the usefulness of the present approach.
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Franco, Jose Ricardo Queiroz. "Bounding techniques in shakedown and ratchetting." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8237.

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A review of Shakedown and Ratchetting concepts and their extensions is presented in an attempt to recount all the aspects of the problems considered in this research programme. The concept of Stress Concentration Factor was the first to be further investigated, by analysing two representative types of structures operating under severe stress concentration, namely; two-bar structures and cylindrical vessels with variable thickness subjected to cyclic mechanical loads. The material behaviour considered are: elastic-perfectly plastic and isotropic hardening. Such an analytical investigation allowed the assessment of the influence of the Stress Concentration Factor below and above the limit of reversed plasticity. The primary aim of this research was to develop simplified techniques capable of solving thermal loading problems in the presence of steady mechanical loads. A simplified technique was then developed to analyse a tube subjected to a complex thermal loading simulating the fluctuation of level of sodium in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR). The technique was also able to include a second important aspect of shakedown problems which is cases of multiple mechanical loads. The construction of bi-dimensional Bree type diagrams, from tri-dimensional ones obtained for such cases, allowed an easy assessment of the modes of deformation of the structure. The effects of the temperature on the yield stress were explored. A third aspect of thermal cyclic problems investigated was the experimental verification of the reliability of the extended Upper Bound Theorem proposed in Chapter 2. This was achieved by experimental tests on portal frames at 400°C. Contours representing states of constant of deformation were obtained from the experimental measurements. A fourth aspect of the problem was the development of theoretical technique to estimate the transient plastic deformation in excess of the shakedown limit which allowed the construction of theoretical contours directly comparable with the experimental ones. The fifth and major contribution of this thesis was the development of a general technique for the analysis of axi-symmetric shells based in a displacement formulation for the Finite Element Method. Limit analysis and shakedown problems were reduced to minimization problems by developing a technique to obtain consistent relationship between the displacement field and the plastic strain field. Such a technique, based upon a Galerkin type of approach, consist of minimizing the difference between the two representations of the strain within the element; in terms of nodal displacement and in terms of plastic multipliers. The problem was then solved by Linear Programming. Finally, the conclusions and proposal for future work are presented.
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Kobayashi, Shun-ichi. "Limit and Shakedown Design in Geotechnical Engineering." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148311.

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Hearle, Adrian Donald. "Deformation, shakedown and fatigue in rolling contact." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250858.

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Ngo, Ngoc Son Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Limit and shakedown analyses by the p-version fem." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23463.

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This thesis provides a contribution towards a general procedure for solving robustly and efficiently limit and shakedown analyses of engineering structures within the static approach which has been chosen for its simplicity of implementation. Throughout the thesis, attempts at improving the robustness and efficiency of the computations are presented. Beginning with efforts to prevent volumetric locking, which is a severe shortcoming of traditional low order h-type displacement elements, the investigation proposes the use of the high order p-version of the finite element method. It is shown theoretically and confirmed numerically that this p-method is not only robust in preventing locking, but also provides very accurate results. However, the use of uniformly distributed high order p-elements may be computationally demanding when the size of the problem becomes large. This difficulty is tackled by two main approaches: use of a p-adaptive procedure at the elastic computation stage and use of approximate piecewise linear yield functions. The p-adaptive scheme produces a non-uniform p-distribution and helps to greatly reduce the number of degrees of freedom needed while still guaranteeing the required level of accuracy. The overall gain is that the sizes of the models are reduced significantly and hence also the computational effort. The adoption of piecewise linear yield surfaces helps to further increase the efficiency at the expense of possibly slightly less accurate, but still very acceptable, results. State-of-the-art linear programming solvers based on the very efficient interior point methodology are used. Significant gains in efficiency are achieved. A heuristic, semi-adaptive scheme to piecewise linearize the yield surfaces is then developed to further reduce the size of the underlying optimization problems. The results show additional gains in efficiency. Finally, major conclusions are summarized, and various aspects suitable for further research are highlighted.
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Trần, Thanh Ngọc. "Limit and shakedown analysis of plates and shells including uncertainties." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200800256.

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The reliability analysis of plates and shells with respect to plastic collapse or to inadaptation is formulated on the basis of limit and shakedown theorems. The loading, the material strength and the shell thickness are considered as random variables. Based on a direct definition of the limit state function, the nonlinear problems may be efficiently solved by using the First and Second Order Reliability Methods (FORM/SORM). The sensitivity analyses in FORM/SORM can be based on the sensitivities of the deterministic shakedown problem. The problem of reliability of structural systems is also handled by the application of a special barrier technique which permits to find all the design points corresponding to all the failure modes. The direct plasticity approach reduces considerably the necessary knowledge of uncertain input data, computing costs and the numerical error
Die Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse von Platten und Schalen in Bezug auf plastischen Kollaps oder Nicht-Anpassung wird mit den Traglast- und Einspielsätzen formuliert. Die Lasten, die Werkstofffestigkeit und die Schalendicke werden als Zufallsvariablen betrachtet. Auf der Grundlage einer direkten Definition der Grenzzustandsfunktion kann die Berechnung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit effektiv mit den Zuverlässigkeitsmethoden erster und zweiter Ordnung (FROM/SORM) gelöst werden. Die Sensitivitätsanalysen in FORM/SORM lassen sich auf der Basis der Sensitivitäten des deterministischen Einspielproblems berechnen. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Ermittlung der Zuverlässigkeit von strukturellen Systemen werden durch Anwendung einer speziellen Barrieremethode behoben, die es erlaubt, alle Auslegungspunkte zu allen Versagensmoden zu finden. Die Anwendung direkter Plastizitätsmethoden führt zu einer beträchtlichen Verringerung der notwendigen Kenntnis der unsicheren Eingangsdaten, des Berechnungsaufwandes und der numerischen Fehler
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Goodall, Shane. ""Harness Shakedown" Flight Bus Harness Testing Using the CKT Machine." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2012. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/391.

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At the Boeing Satellite Development Center, all programs must follow the same test flow through the factory. First the units are built, tested, and delivered for sub system level integration. There are units built for the bus module and units built for the payload module. Both sub systems are built in different locations and have their own core teams. Once the sub systems are properly integrated, they will then travel to the next test phase of the factory which is known as Integrated Vehicle Testing (IVT). During IVT, both the bus and payload modules are integrated to make one system. This system will travel through the factory and will be tested to make sure that all requirements are met. Once all requirements are validated and verified, the spacecraft is now ready for launch and delivery to the customer. There are hundreds of tests that need to take place throughout the spacecrafts life in the factory. The purpose of these tests is to make sure that a requirement from the customer is met one way or another. Thousands of man hours are budgeted for testing the satellite during its journey through the factory. At an average engineering cost of $200 per hour, this total dollar value for requirements validation and verification can get very expensive. One of the tests in particular is called "Harness Shakedown." This test is conducted to make sure that all the harness wiring in the bus module is wired correctly per the released wire list. These wires can be used for telemetry and control, power to units, signal wires, etc. The way that the test is currently conducted is all done manually using break out boxes, break out cables, digital volt meters, and power supplies. This is an inefficient way of doing the test. This test can be leaned out using systems engineering practices and finding better ways for doing this test to bring value to the customer. The most expensive cost to a program is engineering labor. Systems engineering can help in this test by using the systems engineering process milstd- 499B. This will be used to ensure that the requirements are good and can be fulfilled through the new way of testing. Lean systems engineering will play a large role in finding waste in the test and how to eliminate this non-value added waste. Understanding risk that can occur and ways to manage that risk, is key when fulfilling these requirements. Performing trade studies on how to do this test will help in making the proper engineering decision for the best way of doing the test while again, focusing on added value to the program.
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Trần, Thanh Ngọc. "Limit and shakedown analysis of plates and shells including uncertainties." Doctoral thesis, Bericht ; 2/2008, 2007. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A18876.

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The reliability analysis of plates and shells with respect to plastic collapse or to inadaptation is formulated on the basis of limit and shakedown theorems. The loading, the material strength and the shell thickness are considered as random variables. Based on a direct definition of the limit state function, the nonlinear problems may be efficiently solved by using the First and Second Order Reliability Methods (FORM/SORM). The sensitivity analyses in FORM/SORM can be based on the sensitivities of the deterministic shakedown problem. The problem of reliability of structural systems is also handled by the application of a special barrier technique which permits to find all the design points corresponding to all the failure modes. The direct plasticity approach reduces considerably the necessary knowledge of uncertain input data, computing costs and the numerical error.
Die Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse von Platten und Schalen in Bezug auf plastischen Kollaps oder Nicht-Anpassung wird mit den Traglast- und Einspielsätzen formuliert. Die Lasten, die Werkstofffestigkeit und die Schalendicke werden als Zufallsvariablen betrachtet. Auf der Grundlage einer direkten Definition der Grenzzustandsfunktion kann die Berechnung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit effektiv mit den Zuverlässigkeitsmethoden erster und zweiter Ordnung (FROM/SORM) gelöst werden. Die Sensitivitätsanalysen in FORM/SORM lassen sich auf der Basis der Sensitivitäten des deterministischen Einspielproblems berechnen. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Ermittlung der Zuverlässigkeit von strukturellen Systemen werden durch Anwendung einer speziellen Barrieremethode behoben, die es erlaubt, alle Auslegungspunkte zu allen Versagensmoden zu finden. Die Anwendung direkter Plastizitätsmethoden führt zu einer beträchtlichen Verringerung der notwendigen Kenntnis der unsicheren Eingangsdaten, des Berechnungsaufwandes und der numerischen Fehler.
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Books on the topic "Shakedown"

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Shakedown. New York: Lenox Road Publishing, 2009.

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Shakedown. New York: Pocket, 1989.

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Shakedown. New York: Pegasus Books, 2006.

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Dicks, Terrance. Shakedown. London, UK: Doctor Who Books (Virgin Publishing Ltd), 1995.

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Petievich, Gerald. Shakedown. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Shakedown. New York: Pocket, 2000.

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Shakedown Beach. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.

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Shakedown Street. New York: Delacorte, 1993.

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Port City shakedown. Camden, Me: Down East, 2009.

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Motor City shakedown. New York: Minotaur Books, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shakedown"

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Chinh, Pham Duc. "Shakedown." In Encyclopedia of Tribology, 3069–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_250.

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Burton, Mark L., David L. Kaserman, and John Mayo. "Shakeout or Shakedown?" In Markets, Pricing, and Deregulation of Utilities, 161–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0877-9_8.

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Hung, Nguyen Dang, and P. Morelle. "Plastic Shakedown Analysis." In Mathematical Programming Methods in Structural Plasticity, 181–205. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2618-9_11.

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Gambin, Wiktor. "Shakedown of Rail Corrugations." In Inelastic Behaviour of Structures under Variable Loads, 433–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0271-1_24.

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Polizzotto, Castrenze, and Guido Borino. "Shakedown Under Thermomechanical Loads." In Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, 4317–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_675.

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Kamenjarzh, Jacov. "Extremum Problems in Shakedown Theory." In Inelastic Behaviour of Structures under Variable Loads, 219–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0271-1_12.

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Siemaszko, Andrzej. "Limit and Shakedown Reliability Analysis." In Inelastic Behaviour of Structures under Variable Repeated Loads, 333–44. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2558-8_15.

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Zouain, Nestor, and José Luís Silveira. "Variational Principles for Shakedown Analysis." In Inelastic Analysis of Structures under Variable Loads, 147–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9421-4_10.

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Polizzotto, C., G. Borino, F. Parrinello, and P. Fuschi. "Shakedown Analysis by Elastic Simulation." In Inelastic Analysis of Structures under Variable Loads, 335–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9421-4_20.

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Wiechmann, K., F. J. Barthold, and E. Stein. "Shape Optimization under Shakedown Constraints." In Inelastic Analysis of Structures under Variable Loads, 49–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9421-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shakedown"

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Adibi-Asl, R., and W. Reinhardt. "Beyond Shakedown-Ratcheting Boundary." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-85050.

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The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Section III and Section VIII) provides requirements to avoid a ratcheting (accumulating permanent strain) condition under cyclic thermal load application. The ratchet check in this code is based on the solutions presented by Miller in 1959. One important focus in Miller’s work was to estimate the accumulated plastic strain under cyclic loading. The existing pressure vessels and piping codes have been adopting Miller’s ratchet boundary solution where there is no cyclic plastic accumulation of strain. However, some of these codes also provide limit on accumulated plastic strain under ratcheting conditions. Since the cyclic loading also causes fatigue damage in thee component, the question how to account for the interaction of ratchet deformation, which may contribute to damage in the material, and fatigue damage arises, since the fatigue curves are obtained from tests in the absence of ratcheting. This paper investigates the solutions to calculate growth strain (incremental plastic strain) and their application in design including taking into account the interaction with fatigue. Finite element analysis is presented to validate the analytical solutions.
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Becht, Charles. "Elevated Temperature Shakedown Concepts." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78067.

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This paper is the first part of a two part paper. It describes concepts of shakedown at elevated temperatures that form the foundation for proposed rules described in the second paper for extension of fatigue design rules in Section VIII, Div 2 slightly into the creep range.
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Barber, J. R., A. Klarbring, and M. Ciavarella. "Shakedown in Frictional Contact Problems." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44040.

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If a linear elastic system with frictional interfaces is subjected to periodic loading, any slip which occurs generally reduces the tendency to slip during subsequent cycles and in some circumstances the system ‘shakes down’ to a state without slip. It has often been conjectured that a frictional Melan’s theorem should apply to this problem — i.e. that the existence of a state of residual stress sufficient to prevent further slip is a sufficient condition for the system to shake down. Here we discuss recent proofs that this is indeed the case for ‘complete’ contact problems if there is no coupling between relative tangential displacements at the interface and the corresponding normal contact tractions. By contrast, when coupling is present, the theorem applies only for a few special two-dimensional discrete cases. Counter-examples can be generated for all other cases. These results apply both in the discrete and the continuum formulation.
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Shiau, Jim. "Shakedown Analysis of Layered Continuum." In Research, Development and Practice in Structural Engineering and Construction. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_st-100-0307.

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Porowski, Janek, and Tom O’Donnell. "Elastic Core Concept in Shakedown Analysis." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61921.

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Use of an Elastic Core concept in finite element inelastic analysis of shakedown for components subjected to cyclic loading is described. The Elastic Core is defined as the portion of the wall which remains elastic during the entire history of cyclic loading. If it can be shown that the Elastic Core continues to exist in the wall of a component during consecutive cycles, there is no ratchet. It is shown how elastic-plastic cyclic analysis conducted only for a limited number of cycles can be used to confirm the presence of the Elastic Core. The Elastic Core concept was introduced to bound the accumulated strain for structures in elevated temperature service including plasticity and creep (1974, 1979). The resulting evaluation method is included in the ASME Code. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III and Section VIII, Division 2 provide rules for the evaluation of plastic ratcheting in components subjected to cyclic loading. These evaluations use results of elastic analysis for components subjected to mechanical and thermal loading below the creep regime. Equations defining the onset of plastic ratchet in the Code are based on a simplified one-dimensional model including sustained membrane stress and cyclic thermal bending stress. Therefore, they only provide approximate results. The proposed use of finite element analysis extends the application of the Elastic Core for redundant structures of complex geometry and loading conditions. The results obtained herein also show the usefulness of the Code method in predicting the behavior of these structures.
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Adibi-Asl, R., and W. Reinhardt. "Ratcheting/Shakedown Analysis of Cracked Structures." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57834.

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The classical approaches in shakedown analysis are based the assumption that the stresses are eventually within the elastic range of the material everywhere in a component (elastic shakedown). Therefore, these approaches are not very useful to predict the ratcheting limit (ratchet limit) of a cracked component/structure in which the magnitude of stress locally exceeds the elastic range at any load, although in reality the configuration will certainly permit plastic shakedown. In recent years, the “Non-Cyclic Method” (NCM) was proposed by the present authors to predict the entire ratchet boundary (both elastic and plastic) of a component/structure by generalizing the static shakedown theorem (Melan’s theorem). The proposed method is based on decomposing the loading into mean (time invariant) and fully reversed components. The applicability of the NCM has been demonstrated for several uncracked components and structures using both analytical and numerical schemes. The present paper extends the NCM further to analyze plastic shakedown for two simple cracked components.
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Abdalla, Hany F., Mohammad M. Megahed, and Maher Y. A. Younan. "Comparison of Pipe Bend Ratchetting/Shakedown Test Results With the Shakedown Boundary Determined via a Simplified Technique." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77403.

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Scarce experimental verification exits in the open literature concerning determination of the shakedown boundary for pipe bends subjected to steady internal pressure and cyclic bending loading. The objective of the present paper is to test the capability of a simplified technique presented by the authors in recent ASME JPVT publications and PVP conferences [1–4] in adequately predicting the shakedown boundary obtained through experimental testing. Recently, Chen et al. [5] published experimental and finite element (FE) simulation results on ratchetting of low-carbon steel pressurized 90-degree pipe bend specimens subjected to cyclic reversed in-plane bending forces. Chen et al. [5] performed experimental testing on a pipe bend specimen subjected to a steady internal pressure magnitude of 20.0 MPa. Through FE simulations employing a modified form of the Ohno-Wang non-linear kinematic hardening (KH) rule, Chen et al. [5] predicted a shakedown boundary for a steady internal pressure spectrum ranging from 10.0 to 25.0 MPa. Chen et al. [5] experimental and FE outcomes are utilized for comparison with the simplified technique outcomes. The simplified technique outcomes showed very good correlation with Chen et al. [5] shakedown boundary predictions for the 18.0 – 25.0 MPa steady internal pressure spectrum. On the contrary, noticeable disagreement was found for the lower magnitudes of steady internal pressure. Reasons behind the discrepancy are discussed.
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Quest, J. "ETW shakedown tests and preliminary calibration results." In 25th Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-2513.

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Yang, Jianfeng, and Robert Gurdal. "Piping Elbow Cyclic Analyses for Shakedown Verification." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1770.

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Six Cyclic elasto-plastic Finite Element Analyses are being performed in this paper. The Finite Element Model considered here is a Piping Elbow with a straight section of pipe on each side. This Model consists of shell elements. In each cyclic analysis, the internal pressure is kept constant, and is in fact the same for all six analyses. The various Finite Element Analyses are performed using different types of boundary conditions and different types of cyclic loading (thermal expansion in the elbow and applied rotation at the free end of the model). The main purpose of this paper is to address both the global shakedown and the through-thickness shakedown. The global shakedown is defined as the stabilization of the elbow, as far as the global in-plane displacements are concerned. The through-thickness shakedown is defined as the stabilization of the radial displacements on the side of the elbow. The main results from these cyclic analyses are the displacements. The decisions whether shakedown occurs, or not, are based on the displacements and are shown on the x-y Diagram, also called the “shakedown vs. ratcheting” Diagram. An evaluation of this Diagram leads to the justification of the revised elbow C2 stress index, at least for the global in-plane displacements of the piping elbow. The variations of the mid-thickness strain values and of the maximum strain values, as a function of the cycles, have not been evaluated at this time. This should be done at a later date.
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Weichert, Dieter, and Abdelkader Hachemi. "Recent Advances in Lower Bound Shakedown Analysis." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77286.

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The special interest in lower bound shakedown analysis is that it provides, at least in principle, safe operating conditions for sensitive structures or structural elements under fluctuating thermo-mechanical loading as to be found in power- and process engineering. In this paper achievements obtained over the last years to introduce more sophisticated material models into the framework of shakedown analysis are developed. Also new algorithms will be presented that allow using the addressed numerical methods as post-processor for commercial finite element codes. Examples from practical engineering will illustrate the potential of the methodology.
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Reports on the topic "Shakedown"

1

Majumdar, S. Shakedown analysis of fusion reactor first wall. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114793.

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Josephson, Gary B., John GH Geeting, Carolyn A. Burns, Elizabeth C. Golovich, Consuelo E. Guzman-Leong, Dean E. Kurath, and Gary J. Sevigny. PEP Run Report for Simulant Shakedown/Functional Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/970759.

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Saladin, Julie E. Shakedown & Determination of Tunnel Control Settings for Refurbished Trisonic Gasdynamic Facility (TGF). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada466325.

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Wang, Hong, Jeremy L. Moser, Charles S. Hawkins, and Edgar Lara-Curzio. Shakedown Tests for Refurbished and Upgraded Frames and Initiation of Alloy 709 Creep Rupture Tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1394627.

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Clayton, Norman J. Examination of Cooper-Nickel Seawater Piping Removed from USS VINCENNES (CG-49) during Post-Shakedown Availability (PSA). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada178807.

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Bhatt, B. L. Liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch (II) demonstration in the Laporte Alternative Fuels Development Unit. Final topical report. Volume 7, Appendix. Task 1, Engineering modifications (Fischer-Tropsch II demonstration) and Task 2, AFDU shakedown, operations, deactivation and disposal (Fischer-Tropsch II demonstration). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/208330.

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Bharat L. Bhatt. LIQUID PHASE FISCHER-TROPSCH (III & IV) DEMONSTRATION IN THE LAPORTE ALTERNATIVE FUELS DEVELOPMENT UNIT. Final Topical Report. Volume I/II: Main Report. Task 1: Engineering Modifications (Fischer-Tropsch III & IV Demonstration) and Task 2: AFDU Shakedown, Operations, Deactivation (Shut-Down) and Disposal (Fischer-Tropsch III & IV Demonstration). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14026.

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