Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shake Maps

Academic literature on the topic 'Shake Maps'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Shake Maps"

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Ertuncay, Deniz, Laura Cataldi, and Giovanni Costa. "Web-based macroseismic intensity study in Turkey – entries on Ekşi Sözlük." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-69-2021.

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Abstract. Ekşi Sözlük is one of the most visited websites in Turkey. Registered users of the website share their knowledge about any topic. In this study, we collect the user entries on the topic of 20 earthquakes in Turkey and the surrounding area. Entries with city and district level information are converted to intensity values. Shake maps of the earthquakes are created by using a ground motion to intensity conversion equation. User entries and created shake maps are compared. It is found that entries correlate with the predicted intensities. It is also found that local soil conditions and building types have an amplifier effect on entries on the website. Several entries on the earthquake topics have magnitude estimations. The difference between predicted and observed intensities also varies with distance. Users are able to predict the magnitudes of the earthquakes with ±0.54 misfit. This study shows that Ekşi Sözlük has the potential to be a reliable source of macroseismic intensity for the earthquakes in Turkey if the felt reports are collected with a predetermined format.
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Böse, Maren, Vladimir Sokolov, and Friedemann Wenzel. "Shake Map Methodology for Intermediate-Depth Vrancea (Romania) Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 3 (August 2009): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3148882.

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We establish and test a shake map methodology for intermediate-depth Vrancea earthquakes, based on seismological information gathered in Romania during recent years. We use region- (azimuth-) dependent attenuation relations derived from stochastic simulations of ground motions using spectral models of Vrancea earthquakes. Both region boundaries and Fourier amplification spectra for the characterization of seismic site effects are based on several hundred weak, moderate and strong-motion records and macroseismic intensity maps. We determine region-specific, magnitude- and distance-dependent amplification factors of peak values and instrumental intensity relative to rock. We interpolate recorded ground motions and ground motion estimates from the obtained amplification factors and attenuation relations for rock conditions. The resulting shake maps show a good agreement with macroseismic descriptions of moderate-sized and large Vrancea earthquakes, demonstrating the feasibility of a seismological approach to shake map generation. Unlike previous methodologies, this approach requires neither expensive assessments of geology-dependent site amplification factors, nor large numbers of strong-motion records. Our results are in good agreement with empirical topographic slope-site amplification relations, but give a better reflection of the abnormal attenuation of seismic waves in the Transylvanian region and the strong amplification in the Focsani basin.
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Midorikawa, Saburoh. "Recent Seismic Microzoning Maps in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0201.

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In Japan, seismic microzoning has been conducted as the basis for better disaster planning by governments. This paper introduces various seismic microzoning maps published by the central and local governments in Japan after the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Nation-wide seismic hazard maps are published by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, to understand the general view of seismic hazard nationwide. Regional seismic microzoning maps are prepared by the Central Disaster Prevention Council for large subduction earthquakes and the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake. Based on results of the microzonings, strategies are proposed for disaster mitigation of the earthquakes. Local governments prepare more detailed, smaller scale maps, e.g., the Yokohama shake map using a 50 m mesh system. After the publication of the map, the numbers of applicants for seismic performance appraisal service of wooden houses and for seismic retrofitting subsidies from the city increased significantly. This stimulated central and local governments, which started detailed mapping studies. Seismic microzoning maps are being used not only for governments but also for citizens. The maps should evolve both for more attractive presentation to deepen citizens' understanding and for more reliable and comprehensive estimates of seismic hazard and risk.
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Deacon, Ashley M., Charles M. Weeks, Russ Miller, and Steven E. Ealick. "The Shake-and-Bake structure determination of triclinic lysozyme." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (August 4, 1998): 9284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9284.

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The crystal structure of triclinic lysozyme, comprised of 1,001 non-H protein atoms and ≈200 bound water molecules, has been determined ab initio (using native data alone) by the “Shake-and-Bake” method by using the computer program SnB. This is the largest structure determined so far by the SnB program. Initial experiments, using default SnB parameters derived from studies of smaller molecules, were unsuccessful. In fact, such experiments produced electron density maps dominated by a single large peak. This problem was overcome by considering the choice of protocol used during the parameter-shift phase refinement. When each phase was subjected to a single shift of ±157.5° during each SnB cycle, an unusually high percentage of random trials (≈22%) yielded correct solutions within 750 cycles. This success rate is higher than that typically observed, even for much smaller structures.
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Borzi, Barbara, Paola Ceresa, Paolo Franchin, Fabrizio Noto, Gian Michele Calvi, and Paolo Emilio Pinto. "Seismic Vulnerability of the Italian Roadway Bridge Stock." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 4 (November 2015): 2137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/070413eqs190m.

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This study focuses on the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the Italian roadway bridge stock, within the framework of a Civil Protection sponsored project. A comprehensive database of existing bridges (17,000 bridges with different level of knowledge) was implemented. At the core of the study stands a procedure for automatically carrying out state-of-the-art analytical evaluation of fragility curves for two performance levels—damage and collapse—on an individual bridge basis. A WebGIS was developed to handle data and results. The main outputs are maps of bridge seismic risk (from the fragilities and the hazard maps) at the national level and real-time scenario damage-probability maps (from the fragilities and the scenario shake maps). In the latter case, the WebGIS also performs network analysis to identify routes to be followed by rescue teams. Consistency of the fragility derivation over the entire bridge stock is regarded as a major advantage of the adopted approach.
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Lenticchia, E., and E. Coïsson. "THE USE OF GIS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN FORTIFIED ARCHITECTURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 12, 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-39-2017.

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The present paper proposes the use of GIS for the application of the so-called phenomenological approach to the analysis of the seismic behaviour of historical buildings. This approach is based on the awareness that the different masonry building typologies are characterized by different, recurring vulnerabilities. Thus, the observation and classification of the real damage is seen as the first step for recognizing and classifying these vulnerabilities, in order to plan focused preventive interventions. For these purposes, the GIS has proven to be a powerful instrument to collect and manage this type of information on a large number of cases.<br><br> This paper specifically focuses on the application of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the seismic behaviour of fortified buildings, including castles, fortresses, citadels, and all the typical historical constructions characterized by the presence of massive towers and defensive walls. The main earthquakes which struck Italy in the last 40 years (up to the recent Central Italy seismic swarm) were taken into consideration and described by means of shake maps. A previously published work has been continued with the addition of new data and some improvements, including a specific symbology for the description of building typologies and conservation status on the maps, the indications of damage levels and the comparison between shake maps in terms of pga and in terms of pseudo-acceleration. The increase in knowledge obtained and the broader frame given by the analysis of the data are here directed to the primary aim of cultural heritage preservation.
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Peng, Chaoyong, Peng Jiang, Quansheng Chen, Qiang Ma, and Jiansi Yang. "Performance Evaluation of a Dense MEMS-Based Seismic Sensor Array Deployed in the Sichuan-Yunnan Border Region for Earthquake Early Warning." Micromachines 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10110735.

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With the last decades of development, earthquake early warning (EEW) has proven to be one of the potential means for disaster mitigation. Usually, the density of the EEW network determines the performance of the EEW system. For reducing the cost of sensors and building a dense EEW network, an upgraded low-cost Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)-based sensor named GL-P2B was developed in this research. This device uses a new high-performance CPU board and is built on a custom-tailored Linux 3.6.9 operating system integrating with seismological processing. Approximately 170 GL-P2Bs were installed and tested in the Sichuan-Yunnan border region from January 2017 to December 2018. We evaluated its performance on noise-level, dynamic range (DR), useful resolution (NU), collocated recording comparison, and shake map generation. The results proved that GL-P2B can be classified as a type of Class-B sensor. The records obtained are consistent with the data obtained by the collocated traditional force-balanced accelerometers even for stations with an epicenter distance of more than 150 km, and most of the relative percentage difference of peak ground acceleration (PGA) values is smaller than 10%. In addition, with the current density of the GL-P2B seismic network, near-real-time refined shake maps without using values derived for virtual stations could be directly generated, which will significantly improve the capability for earthquake emergency response. Overall, this MEMS-based sensor can meet the requirements of dense EEW purpose and lower the total investment of the National System for Fast Seismic Intensity Report and Earthquake Early Warning project.
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Sirovich, Livio. "A simple algorithm for tracing synthetic isoseismals." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860041019.

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Abstract Probabilistic calculation of regional seismic hazard maps also requires the use of the so-called “attenuation relations,” which give the reference “shake-ability” at certain distances from the earthquake sources. This article achieves progress in this area. In fact, the present tests on a series of earthquakes in California (San Fernando, 1971; Whittier Narrows, 1987; Northridge, 1994) suggest that in some regions the areal shapes of the territories damaged by past earthquakes may be synthetically traced—sometimes amazingly well—with a simple algorithm that considers some gross features of the sources, and this is compatible with theory. It seems that this algorithm gives rather stable results. Moreover, when the detailed modeling techniques available nowadays are inapplicable due to lack of data, or for purpose of saving time and money, it might be useable for improving seismic hazard calculations and, conversely, for retrieving information about sources of earthquakes from the preinstrumental era.
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Lahlal, A., Jean Michel Sprauel, and H. Michaud. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Residual Stress Induced by Elastic-Plastic Bending, Tension or Torsion Loading." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.331.

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In this work a complete analytical model of elastic-plastic bending, tension and / or torsion has been developed to simulate the manufacturing of leaf springs and coil suspensions. A special procedure was also implemented to simulate mechanical surface treatments such as shot peening. These models allow predicting the plastic strains and residual stresses induced by successive loadings of the part. Our approach required first defining the mechanical behaviour of the material. The constitutive laws of the employed steels were therefore identified starting from cyclic loops recorded for tests carried out at various imposed strains. These laws were introduced in the plasticity model to simulate the different steps of manufacturing: forming of the part, presetting operations, shot peening, elastic-plastic shake down produced by the first cycles of fatigue. In order to validate the model, residual stress maps were also characterized by X-Ray diffraction. However, to retrieve the maximum of information from this kind of measurement, the experimental data has been analysed through a global method which processes the whole acquired diffraction peaks at once.
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Tsai, Hsin-Che, and Jiunn-Lin Wu. "An Improved Adaptive Deconvolution Algorithm for Single Image Deblurring." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/658915.

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One of the most common defects in digital photography is motion blur caused by camera shake. Shift-invariant motion blur can be modeled as a convolution of the true latent image and a point spread function (PSF) with additive noise. The goal of image deconvolution is to reconstruct a latent image from a degraded image. However, ringing is inevitable artifacts arising in the deconvolution stage. To suppress undesirable artifacts, regularization based methods have been proposed using natural image priors to overcome the ill-posedness of deconvolution problem. When the estimated PSF is erroneous to some extent or the PSF size is large, conventional regularization to reduce ringing would lead to loss of image details. This paper focuses on the nonblind deconvolution by adaptive regularization which preserves image details, while suppressing ringing artifacts. The way is to control the regularization weight adaptively according to the image local characteristics. We adopt elaborated reference maps that indicate the edge strength so that textured and smooth regions can be distinguished. Then we impose an appropriate constraint on the optimization process. The experiments’ results on both synthesized and real images show that our method can restore latent image with much fewer ringing and favors the sharp edges.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shake Maps"

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Moratto, Luca. "Ground motion estimation in the eastern-southern alps:from ground motion predictive equations to real-time shake maps." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2688.

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2006/2007
Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è la stima del moto forte del suolo nell’area delle Alpi Sud-Orientali. A tal fine sono state proposte delle relazioni empiriche che stimano i parametri del moto in funzione della magnitudo, della distanza dall’epicentro e della classificazione geologica del suolo; successivamente tali relazioni sono state usate per calibrare il software ShakeMaps con il fine di generare in tempo reale le mappe di scuotimento del terreno per la regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Le GMPEs (Ground Motion Predictive Equations) per PGA, PGV e SA sono state calcolate nell’area delle Alpi Sud-Orientali utilizzando registrazioni del moto forte del terreno. Sono state selezionate 900 forme d’onde accelerometriche filtrate tra 0.1 Hz e 30 Hz; la distanza epicentrale varia tra 1 km a 100 km, mentre la magnitudo locale, opportunamente calibrata confrontando diversi cataloghi, varia in un intervallo relativamente ampio (3.0 <= ML <= 6.3). Sono stati testati diversi modelli di attenuazione e il miglior risultato è stato individuato utilizzando specifici criteri di valutazione derivanti da considerazioni di carattere statistico (valore di R2, uso dell’ANOVA test, analisi dei residui). I coefficienti del modello finale sono stati determinati oltre che da ML, dalla distanza epicentrale e dagli effetti dovuti al sito, anche dalla saturazione della magnitudo, dalla correlazione tra magnitudo e distanza e dagli effetti di “near-source”. I coefficienti delle GMPEs sono stati calcolati per le componenti verticali ed orizzontali (rappresentata sia con la componente maggiore sia con la somma vettoriale delle due componenti); la tecnica dell’analisi dei gruppi ha permesso di ridurre l’incertezza finale sulle relazioni empiriche. Il confronto con i risultati ottenuti precedentemente evidenzia come le relazioni ottenute in questa tesi abbiano una maggiore attenuazione a basse magnitudo e a grandi distanze; risultati analoghi sono stati ottenuti per le relazioni ricavate dai dati registrati in tutta l’Italia Settentrionale. L’evoluzione recente delle reti sismiche rende oggi disponibile una grossa mole di dati acquisiti in tempo reale, per cui risulta fattibile stimare velocemente lo scuotimento del terreno tramite mappe; il software “ShakeMap” è stato adattato alle Alpi Sud-Orientali implementato allo scopo di ottenere una stabile interfaccia con il sistema di acquisizione dati “Antelope” che garantisca l’estrazione dei parametri del moto dalle forme d’onda e la creazione delle mappe di scuotimento entro 5 minuti dall’evento sismico. Questa procedura richiede una fitta e uniforme distribuzione spaziale degli strumenti di registrazione sul territorio e una classificazione geologica del suolo fatta usando le velocita’ medie, Vs30, dei primi 30m del mezzo immediatamente sotto gli strumenti. La classificazione geologica del suolo prevede la suddivisione in tre categorie (suolo rigido, suolo addensato e suolo soffice) mentre i coefficienti di amplificazione sono stati calcolati usando le relazioni proposte da Borcherdt (1994). Le relative mappe vanno calcolate usando le GMPEs e le relazioni empiriche che legano il moto del terreno all’intensità macrosismica, basate ambedue su dati registrati nella regione alpina. Le GMPEs discusse in precedenza sono state inserite nel software “ShakeMap” per la produzione delle mappe di scuotimento in tempo reale e quasi-reale nell’Italia Nord-Orientale. Per valutare l’effetto della densità di stazioni sulle mappe di scuotimento sono stati calcolati dei sismogrammi sintetici relativi al terremoto di Bovec 2004 variando il passo di griglia e la geometria dei ricevitori. I risultati ottenuti indicano come una distribuzione fitta e uniforme di strumenti sul territorio e una scelta accurata delle dimensioni della griglia dei ricevitori siano cruciali per calibrare le mappe di scuotimento in una ben determinata area geografica. Le mappe di scuotimento del suolo sono state generate per otto terremoti avvenuti nell’area considerata negli ultimi 30 anni; inoltre per gli eventi del Friuli 1976 e Bovec 1998 è stato utilizzato il modello di faglia finita con i parametri di sorgente stimati in precedenti studi. La validazione del modello è stata fatta calcolando il misfit tra le intensità macrosismiche osservate (catalogo DBMI04) e quelle “strumentali” che sono state ottenute dai sismogrammi sintetici tramite relazioni empiriche tra moto del suolo ed intensità. L’analisi è stata fatta per i terremoti del Cansiglio (1936), del Friuli (1976) e di Bovec (1998). I sismogrammi sintetici sono stati calcolati ad una frequenza massima di 10 Hz applicando il modello della riflettività; i parametri del moto sono stati estratti dai segnali sintetici calcolati nelle attuali stazioni di registrazione e successivamente sono state generate le mappe di scuotimento. L’intensità macrosismica “strumentale” è stata ricavata applicando diverse relazioni; il minor misfit è stato ottenuto usando le relazioni proposte da Kästli and Fäh (2006) per tutti e tre i terremoti considerati, il che sembra validare il nostro modello di Shake Maps.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to estimate ground motions in the South-Eastern Alps area. For this purpose we purposed empirical relationships that estimate the ground motion parameters as function of the magnitude, the epicentral distance and the soil geological characterization. Later on these relationships are used to calibrate the ShakeMaps software to generate ground motion shake maps in real time for the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. The GMPEs (Ground Motion Predictive Equations) for PGA, PGV and SA are computed in the South-Eastern Alps area using strong motion observations. 900 accelerometric waveforms are selected and filtered between 0.1 Hz and 30 Hz; the epicentral distance varies from 1 km to 100 km, while the local magnitude, calibrated by comparison with various catalogues, varies in a relatively wide range (3.0 <= ML <= 6.3). Various attenuation models are tested and the best result is selected by the adoption of specific evaluation criteria derived from statistical considerations (R2 value, ANOVA test, residuals analysis). The coefficients of the final model are determined from ML, the epicentral distance, the site effects, the magnitude saturation, the correlation between the distance and the magnitude and the near-source effects. The coefficients of the GMPEs are computed from vertical and horizontal components (the latter represented both as the largest horizontal component and the vectorial addiction); the cluster analysis reduces the final uncertainties on the empirical relations. The comparison with the previous results evidences that the obtained relationships are characterized by a strong attenuation at low magnitudes and large distances. Similar results are obtained for the relationships derived from data recorded all over Northern Italy. The recent evolution of the seismic networks provides a large number of data, available in real time, so it is possible to quickly estimate shake maps. The “ShakeMap” software has been adapted to the South-Eastern Alps region and implemented to obtain a stable interface with the “Antelope” acquisition system in order to extract the ground motion parameters from the waveforms and the generation of the shake maps within 5 minutes from the earthquake occurrence. This procedure requires a dense and uniform spatial distribution of the recording instruments in the field and a geological classification of the soil derived from the average velocities of the S waves in the first 30m below the recording instruments (Vs30). In the geological classification the soil is divided into three classes (bedrock, stiff soil and soft soil), and the amplification coefficients are computed using the relationships proposed by Borcherdt (1994). The related maps are generated using the GMPEs and the empirical relations that predict the macroseismic intensity from the ground motion, both derived from data observed in the Alpine region. The GMPEs that are obtained in this thesis are inserted in the ShakeMap software to generate shake maps in real time or quasi real time in North-Eastern Italy. To evaluate the effects of the station coverage on the shake maps, synthetic seismograms are computed for the Bovec 2004 earthquake by varying the grid size and the network geometry. The results indicate that a dense and uniform spatial distribution in the field and a careful choice of the grid size are crucial to calibrate the shake maps in a given geographical area. The shake maps are generated for eight earthquakes occurred in the studied area in the last 30 years. Furthermore, the finite-fault model is utilized for the seismic events of the Friuli 1976 and Bovec 1998 selecting the source parameters proposed in previous studies. The model validation is done computing the misfit value between the observed macroseismic data (DBMI04 catalogue) and the “instrumental” intensities that are obtained from the synthetic seismograms using empirical relationships between the ground motion and intensity. This analysis has been done for the earthquakes of Cansiglio (1936), Friuli (1976) and Bovec (1998). The synthetic seismograms are calculated for an upper cutoff frequency of 10 Hz applying the reflectivity model. The ground motion parameters are extracted from synthetic signals computed at the presently operating seismic stations and the shake maps are generated. The macroseismic intensity is derived from various relationships; the lowest misfit is obtained using the relation proposed by Kästli and Fäh (2006) for all considered seismic events and this seem to validate our Shake Maps model.
XX Ciclo
1978
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Martin, Stacey L. "Cartography, Discourse, and Disease: How Maps Shape Scientific Thought about Disease." unrestricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04222005-094353/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.
Title from title screen. Jeremy Crampton, committee chair; Michael Eriksen, Dona Stewart, committee members. Electronic text (94 p. : ill., maps (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 10, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-94).
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Motte, Naren. "A STUDY TO EVALUATE NON-UNIFORM PHASE MAPS IN SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3986.

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The unique thermo-mechanical behavior of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), such as their ability to recover the original shape upon heating or being able to tolerate large deformations without undergoing plastic transformations, makes them a good choice for actuators. This work studies their application in the aerospace and defense industries where SMA components can serve as release mechanisms for gates of enclosures that have to be deployed remotely. This work provides a novel approach in evaluating the stress and heat induced change of phase in a SMA, in terms of the transformation strain tensor. In particular, the FEA tool ANSYS has been used to perform a 2-D analysis of a Cu-Al-Zn-Mn SMA specimen undergoing a nontraditional loading path in two steps with stress and heating loads. In the first load step, tensile displacement is applied, followed by the second load step in which the specimen is heated while the end displacements are held constant. A number of geometric configurations are examined under the two step loading path. Strain results are used to calculate transformation strain which provides a quantitative measure of phase at a material point; when transformation strain is zero, the material point is either twinned martensite, or austenite depending on the temperature. Transformation strain value of unity corresponds to detwinned martensite. A value between zero and one indicates mixed phase. In this study, through two step loading in conjunction with transformation strain calculations, a method for mapping transient non-uniform distribution of phases in an SMA is introduced. Ability to obtain drastically different phase distributions under same loading path by modifying the geometry is demonstrated. The failure behavior of SMAs can be designed such that the load level the crack initiates and the path it propagates can be customized.
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Inan, Tolga. "3d Face Recognition With Local Shape Descriptors." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613835/index.pdf.

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This thesis represents two approaches for three dimensional face recognition. In the first approach, a generic face model is fitted to human face. Local shape descriptors are located on the nodes of generic model mesh. Discriminative local shape descriptors on the nodes are selected and fed as input into the face recognition system. In the second approach, local shape descriptors which are uniformly distributed across the face are calculated. Among the calculated shape descriptors that are discriminative for recognition process are selected and used for three dimensional face recognition. Both approaches are tested with widely accepted FRGCv2.0 database and experiment protocol. Reported results are better than the state-of-theart systems. Recognition performances for neutral and non-neutral faces are also reported.
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Moreira, José Antonio da Silva. "Mapas perceptuais e variações na participação de mercado." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2267.

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Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 57859.pdf.jpg: 20237 bytes, checksum: bb85eb8c91e7be27a3f4611b6701be16 (MD5) 57859.pdf: 727631 bytes, checksum: 98a170021910c110e303412ad65d935e (MD5) 57859.pdf.txt: 221562 bytes, checksum: c50817d38d6be63fb738495f92abb5bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-18T00:00:00Z
A questão do posicionamento de marcas é central ao processo de gerenciamento de marketing, pois produtos e serviços são adquiridos em grande parte em função da imagem que constroem na mente dos consumidores e clientes. Este trabalho busca explorar as relações existentes entre posicionamento de marca, preferências dos indivíduos e comportamento de compra através do tempo. Mais especificamente, ele se propõe a examinar as relações entre distância de uma marca ao ponto ideal num mapa perceptual e sua participação de mercado, e o quanto mudanças nessa distância através do tempo são acompanhadas de ganhos ou perdas de participação de mercado. Nessa tarefa são utilizadas técnicas de análise multivariada como o escalonamento multidimensional, a fim de elaborar os mapas perceptuais, e o mapeamento de preferências, a fim de localizar pontos ideiais nos mapas elaboradas. Também é utilizada a técnica de análise procrusteana, no processo de comparação de diferentes mapas perceptuais. Uma vez determinadas as distâncias das marcas ao ponto ideal e suas variações entre dois momentos no tempo, tais medidas são correlacionadas às participações de mercado das marcas, e suas variações. Os resultados obtidos no estudo empírico indicam que a variável 'distância ao ponto ideal no mapa perceptual' é boa candidata a um indicador de participação de mercado, presente e futura. No entanto, esta distância não se mostra um bom indicador das variações na participação de mercado propriamente ditas. Outro resultado interessante diz respeito ao conceito de equilíbrio entre a ordenação das marcas em função das distâncias ao ponto ideal e ordenação das marcas em função da participação de mercado, sugerindo que quando existe uma discordância nestas ordens, as participações de mercado das mrcas tendem a mudar na direção de reduzir este desequilíbrio.
The matter of brand positioning is central to the process of marketing management, as products and services are purchased a great deal due to the image they build in consumers and clients minds. This work aims to explore the relationships that exist between brand positioning, subject’s preferences and buying behavior across a period of time. More specifically, it proposes itself to examine the relationships between distance of a brand to the ideal point in a perceptual map and its market share, and to what extent changes in the distance of the brand to the ideal point are followed by gains or losses in market share. In this task, multivariate analysis techniques are employed, such as multidimensional scaling, in order to build the perceptual maps, and preference mapping, in order to determine the location of ideal points in the maps. Procrustean analysis is also employed in the process of comparing individual maps to each other. Once determined the distances of brands to the ideal point and its changes across two points in time, these measures are compared to the market share of these brands, and its changes. The results from the empirical study indicate that the variable “distance to the ideal point in a perceptual map” is a good indicator of market share, present and future. However, this distance does not represent a good indicator of the market share changes themselves. Another interesting result relates to the concept of equilibrium between ordering of brands according to distances to the ideal point, and ordering of brands according to market share, suggesting that, when there is disagreement between these two orderings, the market share of the brands tend to shift towards a reduction of this disequilibrium.
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Altizer, Roger Alan Jr. "A grounded legal study of the breakdown of modders' relationships with game companies or legal threats shake moral beds." Thesis, The University of Utah, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3563390.

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This dissertation utilizes law and society research, as well as communication advocacy, to frame analysis and offer an extra-legal solution to conflicts between modders, fans who create new content from existing videogames, and game companies. It utilizes grounded theory and the traditional legal adversarial documentary method to abstract and analyze conflict caused by a cease and desist (C&D) letter sent to Kajar Laboratories concerning Chrono Trigger: Crimson Echoes – Kajar's mod to Square Enix's Chrono Trigger. Through qualitative analysis of websites, forum posts, and blog comments about the C&D this dissertation discovers the grounded theory Legal Threats Break Moral Communities. Utilizing the grounded theory and legal argumentation a critique is made of proposed legal solutions. A nonlegal solution to ameliorate future conflict is then suggested as a means to satisfy both the needs of modders and game companies.

In analyzing the conflict this dissertation illustrates how the threat of law stops modders, disrupts the community, and chills future mods. This dissertation reinforces a regulatory understanding of copyright law arguing limited monopolies on intellectual property serve to advance the arts and sciences. Modding, like many forms of participatory culture, promotes valuable science, technology, engineering, and math through self-learning. Mods promote the original games while also generating new art. The dissertation also shows that both regulatory and proprietary interpretations of copyright law benefit from modding.

Through critique of status quo solutions and analysis of a Microsoft exemplar this dissertation suggests a generic game content usage guide as an extra-legal, feasible solution that advances the goals of all parties involved without requiring legal intervention.

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Cho, Kyung Jin. "Quantification of the normal patellofemoral shape and its clinical applications." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80285.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The shape of the knee’s trochlear groove is a very important factor in the overall stability of the knee. However, a quantitative description of the normal three-dimensional geometry of the trochlea is not available in the literature. This is also reflected in the poor outcomes of patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA). In this study, a standardised method for femoral parameter measurements on three-dimensional femur models was established. Using software tools, virtual femur models were aligned with the mechanical and the posterior condylar planes and this framework was used to measure the femoral parameters in a repeatable way. An artificial neural network (ANN), incorporating the femoral parameter measurements and classifications done by experienced surgeons, was used to classify knees into normal and abnormal categories. As a result, 15 knees in the database were classified by the ANN as being normal. Furthermore, the geometry of the normal knees was analysed by fitting B-spline curves and circular arcs on their sagittal surface curves to prove and reconfirm that the groove has a circular shape on a sagittal plane. Self-organising maps (SOM), which is a type of ANN, was trained with the acquired data of the normal knees and in this way the normal trochlear geometry could be predicted. The prediction of the anterior-posterior (AP) distance and the trochlear heights showed an average agreement of 97 % between the actual and the predicted normal geometries. A case study was conducted on four types of trochlear dysplasia to determine a normal geometry for these knees, and a virtual surface reconstruction was performed on them. The study showed that the trochlea was deepened after the surface reconstruction, having an average trochlea depth of 5.5 mm compared to the original average value of 2.9 mm. In summary, this research proposed a quantitative method for describing and predicting the normal geometry of a knee by making use of ANN and the femoral parameters that are unaffected by trochlear dysplasia.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vorm van die trogleêre keep is ’n belangrike faktor in patella-stabiliteit. Tog is ’n kwantitatiewe beskrywing van die normale driedimensionele geometrie van die troglea nog nie beskikbaar nie, wat duidelik blyk uit die swak uitkomste van patellofemorale artroplastie (PFA). In hierdie studie is ’n gestandaardiseerde metode vir die meting van femorale parameters op grond van driedimensionele femurmodelle ontwikkel. Die femurmodel is in lyn gebring met die meganiese en posterior kondilêre vlak, welke raamwerk gebruik is om die femorale parameters op ’n herhaalbare wyse te meet. Die normale knieë is geklassifiseer met ’n kunsmatige neurale netwerk (ANN), wat die femorale parameter-mate sowel as die chirurgiese klassifikasie ingesluit het, en 15 knieë is gevolglik as normaal aangewys. Die normaleknie-geometrie is ontleed deur B-latkrommes en sirkelboë op die sagittale oppervlak-kurwes aan te bring om te bewys en te herbevestig dat die keep uit ’n sirkelvorm op ’n sagittale vlak bestaan. Die ingesamelde data van die normale knieë is ingevoer by selfreëlende kaarte (SOM), synde ’n soort ANN, wat die navorser in staat gestel het om die normale trogleêre geometrie te voorspel. Die voorspelling van die anterior-posterior (AP) afstand en die trogleêre hoogtes toon ’n gemiddelde ooreenkoms van meer as 97 % tussen die werklike en voorspelde normale geometrie. ’n Gevallestudie is op vier soorte trogleêre displasie uitgevoer om die normale geometrie te voorspel en ’n oppervlakrekonstruksie daarop uit te voer. Hierdie studie het getoon dat die troglea ná oppervlakrekonstruksie verdiep was, met ’n gemiddelde trogleadiepte van 5.5 mm in vergelyking met die aanvanklike gemiddelde waarde van 2.9 mm. Hierdie navorsing het dus ’n metode aan die hand gedoen vir die kwantitatiewe beskrywing en voorspelling van normale geometrie met behulp van ANN sowel as met die femorale parameters wat nie deur die trogleêre displasie geraak word nie.
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Gelfand, Lynn. "Tales, technology, and transformations how different media environments shape the structure, style, and content of folk narratives /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319906.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Folklore and Ethnomusicology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 11, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: A, page: 3267. Adviser: Mary Ellen Brown.
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Sacchi, Elena. "Constraining mass and shape of galaxy clusters through large scale structures." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7427/.

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The mass estimation of galaxy clusters is a crucial point for modern cosmology, and can be obtained by several different techniques. In this work we discuss a new method to measure the mass of galaxy clusters connecting the gravitational potential of the cluster with the kinematical properties of its surroundings. We explore the dynamics of the structures located in the region outside virialized cluster, We identify groups of galaxies, as sheets or filaments, in the cluster outer region, and model how the cluster gravitational potential perturbs the motion of these structures from the Hubble fow. This identification is done in the redshift space where we look for overdensities with a filamentary shape. Then we use a radial mean velocity profile that has been found as a quite universal trend in simulations, and we fit the radial infall velocity profile of the overdensities found. The method has been tested on several cluster-size haloes from cosmological N-body simulations giving results in very good agreement with the true values of virial masses of the haloes and orientation of the sheets. We then applied the method to the Coma cluster and even in this case we found a good correspondence with previous. It is possible to notice a mass discrepancy between sheets with different alignments respect to the center of the cluster. This difference can be used to reproduce the shape of the cluster, and to demonstrate that the spherical symmetry is not always a valid assumption. In fact, if the cluster is not spherical, sheets oriented along different axes should feel a slightly different gravitational potential, and so give different masses as result of the analysis described before. Even this estimation has been tested on cosmological simulations and then applied to Coma, showing the actual non-sphericity of this cluster.
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Blackwell, Breyanna Marie. ""To Share or Not to Share:" A Study of an Individual's Self-Representation on Instagram in Accordance with Impression Management Theory." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3257.

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This research study examined what the motivations and consequences of self-disclosure on Instagram were as well as its correlation with Impression Management Theory. The research used a 37 question survey which was distributed on social media, through the Department of Media and Communication at ETSU as well as a public speaking class. There were 232 participants in this study who were 18 or older and used Instagram. Research found that individuals’ self disclose using levels of relationship management, showing off, information sharing and habitual behavior. Future research includes the opportunity to incorporate a sample of participants across different cultures to analyze the differences in self-disclosure styles on Instagram.
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Books on the topic "Shake Maps"

1

Francaviglia, Richard V. The shape of Texas: Maps as metaphors. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995.

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Dale, Covington, and Spence Richard, eds. Maps of the Shaker west: A journey of discovery. Dayton, Ohio: Knot Garden Press, 1997.

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Fredrikson, Erkki. Finland defined: A nation takes shape on the map. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1994.

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L, Moore James. Structure and isopach maps of the Chattanooga Shale in Tennesseee [sic]. [Nashville, Tenn.]: Tennessee Dept. of Conservation, Division of Geology, 1999.

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Artheau, Malvina. Share--Medientechnologie und Kulturvermittlung. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag, 2018.

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United States Geological Survey. Geologic map of the Clifton House quadrangle, showing fossil zones in the Pierre Shale, Colfax County, New Mexico. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Yokohama Shiritsu Daigaku. Senryakuteki Kenkyū Purojekuto. Kochizu: Chikyū no katachi to bankoku no daichi = Antique maps : shape of the earth, lands of the world. Yokohama-shi: Yokohama Shiritsu Daigaku Senryakuteki Kenkyū Purojekuto, 2013.

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C, Haneberg William, Anderson Scott A, and Geological Society of America. Division of Engineering Geology., eds. Clay and shale slope instability. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 1995.

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Thomas, Aczel, ASTM Committee E-14 on Mass Spectrometry., American Society for Mass Spectrometry., and Symposium on the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Shale Oils (1982 : Honolulu, Hawaii), eds. Mass spectrometric characterization of shale oils: A symposium. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1986.

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1970-, Brouwer Daniel C., and Asen Robert 1968-, eds. Public modalities: Rhetoric, culture, media, and the shape of public life. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shake Maps"

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Cooper, Lee G., and Masao Nakanishi. "Competitive Maps." In Market-Share Analysis, 177–218. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2681-3_6.

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Biasotti, Silvia, Bianca Falcidieno, Daniela Giorgi, and Michela Spagnuolo. "Maps and Distances between Spaces." In Mathematical Tools for Shape Analysis and Description, 43–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79558-9_6.

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Proesmans, Marc, and Luc Van Gool. "Grouping Based on Coupled Diffusion Maps." In Shape, Contour and Grouping in Computer Vision, 196–213. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46805-6_12.

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Pohl, Kilian M., John Fisher, Martha Shenton, Robert W. McCarley, W. Eric L. Grimson, Ron Kikinis, and William M. Wells. "Logarithm Odds Maps for Shape Representation." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2006, 955–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11866763_117.

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Yagasaki, Tatsuhiko. "Fiber shape theory, shape fibrations and movability of maps." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 240–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0081432.

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Melzi, Simone, Alessandro Mella, Letizia Squarcina, Marcella Bellani, Cinzia Perlini, Mirella Ruggeri, Carlo Alfredo Altamura, Paolo Brambilla, and Umberto Castellani. "Functional Maps for Brain Classification on Spectral Domain." In Spectral and Shape Analysis in Medical Imaging, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51237-2_3.

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Arias-Garcia, Jonnatan, Hernan F. Garcia, Álvaro A. Orozco, Gloria Liliana Porras-Hurtado, David A. Cárdenas-Peña, and Jorge Iván Ríos-Patiño. "Brain Shape Correspondence Analysis Using Functional Maps." In Advances in Visual Computing, 3–12. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20716-7_1.

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García-Álvarez, David, Javier Lara Hinojosa, and Jaime Quintero Villaraso. "Global General Land Use Cover Datasets with a Single Date." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 269–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_14.

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AbstractGlobal general Land Use and Land Cover (LUC) datasets map all land uses and covers across the globe, without focusing on any specific use or cover. This chapter only reviews those datasets available for one single date, which have not been updated over time. Seven different datasets are described in detail. Two other ones were identified, but are not included in this review, because of its coarsens, which limits their utility: Mathews Global Vegetation/Land Use and GMRCA LULC. The first experiences in global LUC mapping date back to the 1990s, when leading research groups in the field produced the first global LUC maps at fine scales of 1 km spatial resolution: the UMD LC Classification and the Global Land Cover Characterization. Not long afterwards, in an attempt to build on these experiences and take them a stage further, an international partnership produced GLC2000 for the reference year 2000. These initial LUC mapping projects produced maps for just one reference year and were not continued or updated over time. Subsequent projects have mostly focused on the production of timeseries of global LUC maps, which allow us to study LUC change over time (see Chapter “Global General Land Use Cover Datasets with a Time Series of Maps”). As a result, there are relatively few single-date global LUC maps for recent years of reference. The latest projects and initiatives producing global LUC maps for single dates have focused on improving the accuracy of global LUC mapping and the use of crowdsourcing production strategies. The Geo-Wiki Hybrid and GLC-SHARE datasets built on the previous research in a bid to obtain more accurate global LUC maps by merging the data from existing datasets. OSM LULC is an ongoing test project that is trying to produce a global LUC map cheaply, using crowdsourced information provided by the Open Street Maps community. The other dataset reviewed here is the LADA LUC Map, which was developed for a specific thematic project (Land Degradation Assessment in Dryland). This dataset is not comparable to the others reviewed in this chapter in terms of its purpose and nature, as is clear from its coarse spatial resolution (5 arc minutes). We therefore believe that this dataset should not be considered part of initiatives to produce more accurate, more detailed land use maps at a global level.
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Miller, Andrew. "On Guilt, Shame, & Remorse." In Raging against the Mass-Schooling Machine, 39–54. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-851-8_4.

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Resta, Marina. "The Shape of Crisis Lessons from Self Organizing Maps." In Atlantis Computational Intelligence Systems, 535–55. Paris: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-91216-77-0_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shake Maps"

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Cazier, David, and Pierre Kraemer. "X-maps: An Efficient Model for Non-manifold Modeling." In 2010 Shape Modeling International (SMI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smi.2010.22.

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Buckman, J., and A. Busch. "Improved Visualization of Heterogeneity within Shales: Colour Contoured Maps Constructed from Large Area High-Resolution SEM Montages." In Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900312.

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Klatt, M. A., D. Göring, C. Stegmann, and K. Mecke. "Shape analysis of counts maps." In HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY: 5th International Meeting on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772365.

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Pereira, Tiago, Manuela Veloso, and Antonio Moreira. "Visibility maps for any-shape robots." In 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759619.

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Maitre, Matthieu, and Minh N. Do. "Shape-adaptivewavelet encoding of depth maps." In 2009 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2009.5167381.

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Sangole, Archana, and George K. Knopf. "Shape metamorphosis using deformable spherical maps." In International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies, edited by Yukitoshi Otani, Yves Bellouard, John T. Wen, Dalibor Hodko, Yoshitada Katagiri, Samuel K. Kassegne, Jonathan Kofman, et al. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.817410.

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Tao, Lili, and Bogdan Matuszewski. "3D Deformable Shape Reconstruction with Diffusion Maps." In British Machine Vision Conference 2013. British Machine Vision Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.27.123.

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McClain, Stephen, Peter Tino, and Richard Kreeger. "Ice Shape Characterization Using Self-Organizing Maps." In 1st AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-3865.

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Langs, Georg, and Nikos Paragios. "Modeling the structure of multivariate manifolds: Shape maps." In 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587479.

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Weber, Ofir, and Craig Gotsman. "Controllable conformal maps for shape deformation and interpolation." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1833349.1778815.

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Reports on the topic "Shake Maps"

1

de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Abbott, Albert G., Doron Holland, Douglas Bielenberg, and Gregory Reighard. Structural and Functional Genomic Approaches for Marking and Identifying Genes that Control Chilling Requirement in Apricot and Peach Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591742.bard.

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Structural and functional genomic approaches for marking and identifying genes that control chilling requirement in apricot and peach trees. Specific aims: 1) Identify and characterize the genetic nature of chilling requirement for flowering and dormancy break of vegetative shoots in Prunusgermplasm through the utilization of existing apricot (NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (Clemson University) genetic mapping populations; 2) Use molecular genetic mapping techniques to identify markers flanking genomic regions controlling chilling; 3) Comparatively map the regions controlling chilling requirement in apricot and peach and locate important genomic regions influencing chilling requirement on the Prunus functional genomic database as an initial step for identification of candidate genes; 4) Develop from the functional genomics database a set of markers facilitating the development of cultivars with optimized chilling requirements for improved and sustained fruit production in warm-winter environments. Dormant apricot (prunus armeniaca L.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees require sustained exposure to low, near freezing, temperatures before vigorous floral and vegetative bud break is possible after the resumption of warm temperatures in the spring. The duration of chilling required (the chilling requirement, CR) is determined by the climatic adaptation of the particular cultivar, thus limiting its geographic distribution. This limitation is particularly evident when attempting to introduce superior cultivars to regions with very warm winter temperatures, such as Israel and the coastal southern United States. The physiological mechanism of CR is not understood and although breeding programs deliberately manipulate CR in apricot and peach crosses, robust closely associated markers to the trait are currently not available. We used segregating populations of apricot (100 Fl individuals, NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (378 F2 individuals, Clemson University) to discover several discreet genomic loci that regulate CR and blooming date. We used the extensive genomic/genetic resources available for Prunus to successfully combine our apricot and peach genetic data and identify five QTL with strong effects that are conserved between species as well as several QTL that are unique to each species. We have identified markers in the key major QTL regions for testing in breeding programs which we are carrying out currently; we have identified an initial set of candidate genes using the peach physical/transcriptome map and whole peach genome sequences and we are testing these currently to identify key target genes for manipulation in breeding programs. Our collaborative work to date has demonstrated the following: 1) CR in peach and apricot is predominantly controlled by a limited number ofQTL loci, seven detected in a peach F2 derived map comprising 65% of the character and 12 in an apricot Fl map comprising 71.6% and 55.6% of the trait in the Perfection and A. 1740 parental maps, respectively and that peach and apricot appear in our initial maps to share five genomic intervals containing potentially common QTL. 2) Application of common anchor markers of the Prunus/peach, physical/genetic map resources has allowed us not only to identify the shared intervals but also to have immediately available some putative candidate gene information from these intervals, the EVG region on LG1 in peach the TALY 1 region in apricot on LG2 in peach; and several others involved in vernalization pathways (LGI and LG7). 3) Mapped BACcontigs are easily defined from the complete physical map resources in peach through the common SSR markers that anchor our CR maps in the two species, 4) Sequences of BACs in these regions can be easily mined for additional polymorphic markers to use in MAS applications.
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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Geological interpretation of Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331504.

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An important part of seabed mapping is understanding the shape of the seabed and the depth of water. Hydrographic charts are produced for this purpose by the Canadian Hydrographic Service. During the final survey stages of the Harbour a new technology called multibeam bathymetry became available for high resolution mapping. This system uses transducers (sound sources) mounted on a ship that produce many independent sound beams and can map a large swath of the seabed at one time covering 100% of the bottom. The images that are produced are computer shaded to look as if the water is drained and you are flying over the area. They are the underwater equivalent of aerial photographs of the adjacent land. Because the information is collected digitally, many different kinds of maps can be produced to show subtle aspects of sediment deposition, erosion, and seabed features. The information can also be displayed using various colour schemes to represent seabed shape and computer generated fly-throughs can be produced. The multibeam bathymetric images nicely complement the other geological data sets.
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Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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Reisch, Bruce, Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Norman Weeden, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, and Jacques Beckmann. Genetic Analysis in vitis Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613014.bard.

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Genetic analysis and mapping in grapes has been difficult because of the long generation period and paucity of genetic markers. In the present work, chromosome linkage maps were developed with RAPD, RFLP and isozyme loci in interspecific hybrid cultivars, and RAPD markers were produced in a V. vinifera population. In three cultivars, there were 19 linkage groups as expected for a species with 38 somatic chromosomes. These maps were used to locate chromosome regions with linkages to important genes, including those influencing powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot resistance; flower sex; and berry shape. In V. vinifera, the occurrence of specific markers was correlated with seedlessness, muscat flavor and fruit color. Polymorphic RAPD bands included single copy as well as repetitive DNA. Mapping procedures were improved by optimizing PCR parameters with grape DNA; by the development of an efficient DNA extraction protocol; and with the use of long (17- to 24-mer) primers which amplify more polymorphic loci per primer. DNA fingerprint analysis with RAPD markers indicated that vinifera cultivars could be separated readily with RAPD profiles. Pinot gris, thought to be a sort of Pinot noir, differed by 12 bands from Pinot noir. This suggests that while Pinot gris may be related to Pinot noir, it is not likely to be a clone. The techniques developed in this project are now being further refined to use marker-assisted selection in breeding programs for the early selection of elite seedlings. Furthermore, the stage has been set for future attempts to clone genes from grapes based upon map locations.
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Брошко, Євгеній Олегович. Variability of Structural and Biomechanical Prameters of Pelophylax esculentus (Amphibia, Anura) Limb Bones. Vestnik zoologii, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1529.

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Structural and biomechanical parameters of Edible Frog, Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758), limb bones, namely, mass, linear dimensions, parameters of the shaft ’s cross-sectional shape (cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, radiuses of inertia) were investigated. Some coeffi cients were also estimated: diameters ratio (df/ds), cross-sectional index (ik), principal moments of inertia ratio (Imax/Imin). Coeffi cients of variation of linear dimensions (11.9–20.0 %) and relative bone mass (22–35 %) were established. Moments of inertia of various bones are more variable (CV = 41.67–56.35 %) in relation to radii of inertia (CV = 9.68–14.67 %). Shaft ’s cross-sectional shape is invariable in all cases. However, there is high individual variability of structural and biomechanical parameters of P. esculentus limb bones. Variability of parameters was limited by the certain range.We suggest the presence of stable norm in bone structure. Stylopodium bones have the primary biomechanical function among the elements of limb skeleton, because their parameters most clearly responsiveto changes in body mass.
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Kicinska-Habior, M., K. A. Snover, J. A. Behr, C. A. Gossett, J. H. Gundlach, Z. M. Drebi, M. S. Kaplan, and D. P. Wells. Shape changes and isospin purity in highly excited light mass nuclei. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10103810.

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Gatti, Marco. Weak lensing in DES Y3: redshift distributions, shape catalogue, and mass mapping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1771180.

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