Journal articles on the topic 'Shading technique'

We compare two correction techniques namely deep shading and outer shading with only inner shading square face shape at night makeup. This research method uses quasi-experimental methods.The population in this study were women who had a square face shape with 3 people of samples. The results of the analysis show that there is no difference in the level of smoothness in the technique of using shading in the technique of using deep shading and outside shading (p=0,225). But the highest average value was found in the technique of using inner shading and outer shading (X2), which was equal to 3.33. There is a significant difference in the level of sharpness in the technique of using shading in the technique of using deep shading and outside shading (p=0,038). with the highest average value in the technique of using inner shading and outer shading (X2) which is equal to 3.07. There is a significant difference in the level of accuracy in the technique of using shading in with the technique of using shading inside and outside shading (p = 0.038) with the highest average value in the technique of using inner shading and outer shading (X2) which is equal to 3.27.

Shading is an effective agronomic technique to protect tea plants from intense sunlight. However, there are currently very few studies on more effective shading methods to improve the quality of summer tea. In this study, ‘Longjing43’ plants were grown under four different shading treatments for 14 days, with no shading as the control. Among the four shading treatments, double-layer-net shadings had the most positive impact on the tea quality, resulting in higher levels of amino acids but lower levels of tea polyphenols. Additionally, double-layer-net shadings provided more suitable microenvironments for tea plants. The tea leaves in T4 (double nets 50 cm above the plant canopy) contained 16.13 mg∙g−1 of umami and sweet amino acids, which was significantly higher than in other treatments. T4 had the lowest air temperature and the most suitable and stable soil water content. Interestingly, the ratio of red light to far-red light in T4 was only 1.65, much lower than other treatments, which warrants further study. In conclusion, the microenvironment induced by shading can greatly affect the tea quality, and double-layer-net shading is better for improving the quality of summer tea.

In this paper, the authors propose to use batteries to improve the performance of grid-connected photovoltaic plants when their photovoltaic fields are subject to partial shading phenomena. Particular attention is devoted to predictable and repetitive partial shadings, such as those that often appear in urban residential environments. Firstly, battery packs with proper nominal voltage and capacity are connected in parallel to partially shaded photovoltaic submodules. Then, the shaded photovoltaic submodules are properly disconnected and connected to the respective photovoltaic string by using a “battery control unit”, which is operated by taking into account characteristics of the specific partial shading phenomenon to cope with. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, an experimental study is performed to compare the performances of two identical prototypal grid-connected photovoltaic generators subject to identical artificial and repetitive partial shadings. Only one of the photovoltaic generators is equipped with batteries together with their respective battery control unit, while the second one is simply equipped with conventional bypass diodes. The main advantages of the proposed technique are a greatly improved whole power generation together with the elimination of hotspot phenomena.

In this paper, we propose enhanced adaptive step size Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with properly organized comparison sequences which lead to achieving the actual maximum power point (MPP) effectively in the presence of partial shading conditions, taking into account the optimization of all aspects of high-performance MPPT to be novel, simpler, fast, and accurate, with the best efficiency reaching up to almost 100%. In this study, the proposed algorithm, along with a boost converter, was designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the performance of the suggested technique. Four different levels of partial shading conditions were considered for system examination: weak, moderate, and two different levels of strong shading. Each case was applied separately first and then combined in a sequence arrangement to provide robust and comprehensive testing which can provide a guaranteed assessment of the proposed algorithm. The performance of the suggested technique is discussed and compared with that of conventional P&O and conventional incremental conductance (IC) MPPT techniques. The failure of the conventional techniques to work efficiently in the presence of partial shading conditions was observed from the simulation results. Meanwhile, the success of the proposed technique and its high performance were clearly confirmed under partial shading conditions with no increase in complexity or convergence time.

Abstract: Maximum power point tracking is an essential and vital technique generally applied in SPV technology under uniform and partial shading conditions. The existence of partially shaded conditions leads to the presence of several peaks on PV curves, which decrease the efficiency of conventional techniques. Hence, the proposed algorithm, which is based on the modified particle-swarm optimization (MPSO) technique, increases the output power of PV systems under such abnormal conditions and has a better performance compared to other methods. The proposed method is examined under several scenarios for partial shading condition and non-uniform irradiation levels using Matlab and to investigate its effectiveness adequately. The experimental results show that the proposed method can decrease the interference of the local maximum power-point to cause the PV system to operate at a global maximum power-point. The efficiency of the MPSO is achieved with the least number of steady-state oscillations under partial shading conditions as compared with the other methods. Keywords: Photovoltaic(PV), Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO), Modified Particle Swarm Optimization(MPSO), Partial shading condition(PSC), Velocity step function.

Solar energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) technology can be supplied to standalone systems, as it combines efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, this combination is achieved only after considering the effects of shading, which can significantly influence electrical output. The primary factor that influences the use of solar energy in electricity generation is irradiation. PV cells are significantly impacted by shading, where the output of the PV cell reduces in the presence of a shadow. In this study, the researchers have presented an experimental analysis of how shading affects two PV cells, using the series and parallel configurations. The experimental work is installed at the University of Mosul, Department of Electrical Engineering, Renewable Lab (Iraq). MATLAB was used to simulate, evaluate, and compared the results to understand the effects of shading on PV cell output. This research offers an analytical technique to determine the probable effects of Partial shadowing conditions on PV power generation. The results provide the effects of partial shadowing in an annual performance loss of ≥10–30%. The orientation of the PV panels' tilt angle has an impact on their output power. When the tilt angle deviates from its ideal value, the PV panel's output drops off substantially.

Solar energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) technology can be supplied to standalone systems, as it combines efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, this combination is achieved only after considering the effects of shading, which can significantly influence electrical output. The primary factor that influences the use of solar energy in electricity generation is irradiation. PV cells are significantly impacted by shading, where the output of the PV cell reduces in the presence of a shadow. In this study, the researchers have presented an experimental analysis of how shading affects two PV cells, using the series and parallel configurations. The experimental work is installed at the University of Mosul, Department of Electrical Engineering, Renewable Lab (Iraq). MATLAB was used to simulate, evaluate, and compared the results to understand the effects of shading on PV cell output. This research offers an analytical technique to determine the probable effects of Partial shadowing conditions on PV power generation. The results provide the effects of partial shadowing in an annual performance loss of ≥10–30%. The orientation of the PV panels' tilt angle has an impact on their output power. When the tilt angle deviates from its ideal value, the PV panel's output drops off substantially.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan menggambar ilustrasi teknik arsir yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan hasil karya gambar ilustrasi teknik arsir berdasarkan aspek penilaian ilustrasi yaitu penempatan, konsep, karakter, dan konsistensi menurut prinsip penilaian ilustrasi oleh Andrew Loomis. Waktu penelitian berlangsung selama 2 bulan, yang dilaksanakan dari bulan Oktober hingga Desember. Lokasi penelitian adalah jalan Batang Kuis Desa Tanjung Sari Kecamatan Batang Kuis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menguraikan masing-masing subjek yang diteliti. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan purposive sampling dengan sample 29 karya siswa. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa nilai rata-rata karya siswa secara keseluruhan dikaregorikan baik dengan rata-rata nilai 79,8 (baik). Hasil karya gambar ilustrasi dikategorikan baik yaitu 27 karya dengan nilai rata-rata 80,8. Hasil karya gambar ilustrasi teknik arsir dikategorikan cukup baik yaitu 1 karya dengan nilai 66,3. Hasil karya gambar ilustrasi tenik arsir dikategorikan kurang baik yaitu 1 karya dengan nilai 64,9. Maka dari 29 karya gambar ilustrasi teknik arsir yang mencapai nilai KKM sebanyak 28 karya dari karya gambar Ilustrasi Teknik Arsir yang dibuat oleh siswa kelas VIII SMP Swasta Tunas Karya Batang Kuis.Kata Kunci: analisis, gambar, ilustrasi, teknik, arsir.AbstractThe Study aims to determine the ability to illustrate shading techniques that are used to obtain the illustrations of shading techniques based on the assessment aspects of the technique, namely placement, concept, character, and consistency according to the illustration by Andrew Loomis. The time of the study lasted for two months, wich was held from October to Desember. The location of the research is at Batang Kuis St. Tanjung Sari village Batang Kuis sub-dictrict. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by describing the subject studied. In this study,the researcher used purposive sampling with a sample of 29 student works. The result of the study explain that the average value of students as a whole can be categorized as good with an average calue of 79,8 (good). Illustration works are categorized as good, namely 27 works with an average value of 80,8. The drawing artwork of the shading technique is categorized quite well, namely 1 work with a value of 66,3. The results of the experimental work of the shading technique are categorized as poor, namely 1 work with a value 64,9. Then of the 29 images of shading drawing technique wich reached KKM values as many as 28 students’ work from the work of the drawing technique of the shading technique made by students of class VIII Private Junior High School Tunas Karya Batang Kuis. Keywords: analysis, images, illustration, technique, shading.

Due to partial shading effects on the productivity of solar panels which in turn negatively impacts the performance characteristics of photovoltaic systems, researchers work on different studies to overcome this phenomenon and improve solar system productivity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate different techniques to enhance the output power, fill factor, and efficiency of the PV system by reducing the number of local maximum power peaks, power losses, and mismatch losses. The configurations include a novel static reconfiguration technique, called a Screw Horizontal photovoltaic array, and a recently developed technique known as a Bridge Linkage array. Both of these are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink software and examined during six shading patterns. The novelty of this study is that we combined the above static reconfiguration technique with another modern technique called blocking and bypass diode technology to prevent the effect of reverse current and hotspot phenomena respectively. According to the results, the Bridge Linkage configuration performs the most efficiently under partial shading conditions compared to the Screw horizontal PV array configuration.

This research aimed to increase the power captured from photovoltaic (PV) systems by continuously adjusting the PV systems to work at the maximum power point under climate changes such as solar irradiance change and temperature change and by tracking the global maximum power under partial shading conditions (PSCs). Under the effect of partial shading (PS), the PV curve has many local maximum peaks (LMPs) and one global maximum peak (GMP) which is dynamic because it changes with time when the shading pattern (SP) changes. The traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are unable to track the Dynamic GMP and may fall into one of the LMPs. Many modern MPPT methods have been introduced that can track the Dynamic GMP, but their effectiveness can be improved. In this respect, this work introduces a new optimal MPPT technique to enhance the performance of the maximum power point tracking of solar cells under environmental changes and partial shading conditions. The proposed technique combines three well-known and important MPPT techniques, which are the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Variable Step Perturb and Observe (VSP&O), and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). Artificial Neural Network gives a voltage near the optimum voltage, Variable Step Perturb and Observe updates the voltage to get close to the optimum voltage, and Fuzzy Logic Controller updates the step size of the (P&O) technique. The proposed hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique showed its ability to track the Dynamic GMP accurately and quickly under the variation in the shading patterns with time and its ability to follow maximum power efficiently and quickly under climate changes. The proposed hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique also showed very low distortions in waveforms and very low oscillations around the steady state. The proposed hybrid ANN-VSP&O-FLC technique was compared to the most recent and effective MPPT techniques in terms of steady-state behavior, tracking speed, tracking efficiency, and distortions in waveforms, and the comparison showed that it is superior to them, with lower distortions in waveforms, a faster tracking speed (less than 0.1 s), higher tracking efficiency (greater than 99.65%), and lower oscillations around the steady state (less than 2 Watts).

We present a real-time rendering technique for photometric polygonal lights. Our method uses a numerical integration technique based on a triangulation to calculate noise-free diffuse shading. We include a dynamic point in the triangulation that provides a continuous near-field illumination resembling the shape of the light emitter and its characteristics. We evaluate the accuracy of our approach with a diverse selection of photometric measurement data sets in a comprehensive benchmark framework. Furthermore, we provide an extension for specular reflection on surfaces with arbitrary roughness that facilitates the use of existing real-time shading techniques. Our technique is easy to integrate into real-time rendering systems and extends the range of possible applications with photometric area lights.

The use of Solar Powered Water Pumps (SPWP) has emerged as a significant advancement in irrigation systems, offering a viable alternative to electricity and diesel-based pumping methods. The appeal of SPWPs to farmers lies in their low maintenance costs and the incentives provided by government agencies to support sustainable and cost-effective agricultural practices. However, a critical challenge faced by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is their susceptibility to power loss under partial shading conditions, which can persist for extended periods, ultimately reducing system efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes the integration of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers with efficient algorithms designed to identify the peak power during shading events. In this study, a hybrid approach combining Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Incremental Conductance (INC) is employed to maximize the power output of SPWPs driven by an induction motor under partial shading conditions. In order to achieve faster convergence to the global peak, GWO handles the first stages of MPPT and then INC algorithm is employed at the end of the MPPT process. This method reduces the computations of GWO and streamlines the search space. The paper evaluates the performance of the induction motor in terms of speed settling time and torque ripple. To validate the effectiveness of the GWO-INC hybrid approach, simulations are conducted using the MATLAB Simulink platform. The outcomes are then compared with results obtained from various well-known approaches, including Particle Swarm Optimization – Perturb and Observe (PSO-PO), PSO-INC, and GWO-PO, illustrating the superiority of the GWO-INC hybrid approach in enhancing the efficiency and performance of solar water pumps during shading. The GWO-INC excels with 99.6% accuracy in uniform shading and 99.8% in partial shading. It achieves convergence in a mere 0.55 seconds under uniform shading conditions and only 0.42 seconds when partial shading is present. Moreover, it significantly reduces torque oscillations, with a torque ripple of 8.26% in cases of uniform shading and 10.56% in partial shading.

The manipulating technique of lighting is a very important component of realistic image rendering, including lighting model and shading. This paper, first, introduces the basic concepts, the principles and the programming of the general thoughts of Lighting with OpenGL; then, introduces how to compute the light intensity and shading interpolation by investigating the reflex factors on object surface; last, provides a set of cases to show the ideal effect with different rendering techniques.

In warm and tropical climates, excess solar gain may result in high cooling energy consumption. Shadingis a simple method to block the sun before it can get into the building. The ‘brise-soleil’, or ‘sun-breaker’solution refers to a permanent sun shading technique, like the simple patterned concrete walls popularized byLe Corbusier. Le Corbusier in his design of buildings in tropical climate wanted to make a ‘pact with nature’unlike his earlier works of the cold climates where he was to ‘combat the nature’. Le Corbusier’s solar shadingstrategy in Unit De Habitation and Capitol complex in Chandigarh are pioneering example for his approachtowards dealing with the harsh tropical climate. This paper tries to rediscover the climate consciousness ofthe master architect in terms of Brise Soleil as his solar shading strategy for the tropical environment. Themethodology adopted in the research is through qualitative analysis. In this paper an attempt has been madeto analyse Brise soleil as a solar shading strategy with reference to the tropical architecture of Le Corbusier.The application of Brise Soleil in Le Corbusier’s tropical works such as Ministry of education in Rio de Janeiro,Unité d’ Habitation in Marseilles and Capitol Complex in Chandigarh has been studied. The relevance ofshading in today’s context with reference to climatic control and energy conservation and sustainability hasalso been discussed. Incorporation of Brise Soleil as a solar shading technique in buildings will certainlyreduce our dependency on artificial means for thermal comfort and minimize the environmental problems dueto excessive consumption of energy and will evolve a built form, which will be more climate responsive andmore sustainable.

The most cost-effective electrical energy is produced by photovoltaic (PV) systems, and with the smallest carbon footprint, making it a sustainable renewable energy. They provide an excellent alternative to the existing fossil fuel-based energy systems, while providing 4% of global electricity demand. PV system efficiency is significantly reduced by the intrinsic non-linear model, maximum power point (MPP), and partial shading (PS) effects. These two problems cause major power loss. To devise the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of the PV system, a novel group teaching optimization algorithm (GTOA) based controller is presented, which effectively deals with the PS and complex partial shading (CPS) conditions. Four case studies were employed that included fast-changing irradiance, PS, and CPS to test the robustness of the proposed MPPT technique. The performance of the GTOA was compared with the latest bio-inspired techniques, i.e., dragon fly optimization (DFO), cuckoo search (CS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm optimization gravitational search (PSOGS), and conventional perturb and observe (P&O). The GTOA tracked global MPP with the highest 99.9% efficiency, while maintaining the magnitude of the oscillation <0.5 W at global maxima (GM). Moreover, 13–35% faster tracking times, and 54% settling times were achieved, compared to existing techniques. Statistical analysis was carried out to validate the robustness and effectiveness of the GTOA. Comprehensive analytical and statistical analysis solidified the superior performance of the proposed GTOA based MPPT technique.

The power versus voltage curves of solar photovoltaic panels form several peaks under fractional (partial) shading conditions. Traditional maximum output power tracking (MPPT) techniques fail to achieve global peak power at the output terminals. The proposed Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) method intends to apply MPPT techniques to extract the global maxima from the shaded photovoltaic systems. CSO is a robust and powerful metaheuristic swarm-based optimization technique that has received very positive feedback since its emergence. It has been used to solve a variety of optimization issues, and several variations have been developed. The CSO-based maximum power tracking technique can successfully tackle two major issues of the PV system during shading conditions, including random oscillations caused by conventional tracking techniques and power loss. The proposed techniques have been extensively used in comparison to conventional algorithms like the Perturb and the Observe (P and O) technique. The main objective is to achieve a tracking speed for extracting the Maximum Power Point (MPP) from the solar Photovoltaic (PV) system under fractional shading conditions by using CSO. Modeling of the solar photovoltaic array in the MATLAB/Simulink platform comprises a photovoltaic module, a switching converter (Boost Converter), and the load. The PSO and CSO techniques are applied to the PV module under different weather conditions. The PSO algorithm is compared to the CSO algorithm according to simulation results, revealing that the CSO algorithm can provide better accuracy and a faster tracking speed.

As relief influences disposition of all the other objects displayed on maps, terrain representation plays one of the key roles in the map creation process. Originally a manual technique, relief shading creates the three-dimensional effect and allows the user to read the terrain in an intuitive way. With the advent of digital elevation models (DEMs) analytical relief shading came into a wider use, since it is faster, requires less effort, and delivers reproducible results. In contrast to manual relief shading, however, it often lacks clarity when representing heterogeneous landscapes with diverse landforms. The aim of this work is to evaluate analytical hillshading methods against a set of landforms within an online survey. The responses revealed that the clear sky model performs best applied to most of the landforms included in the survey, in particular all the mountain and valley types. Cluster shading proved to work well for the mountainous and hilly areas but less so in the depiction of valleys. Texture shading and the multidirectional, oblique-weighted (MDOW) method deliver too much detail for most of the landforms presented. Glaciers were depicted in the best way using the aspect tool. For alluvial fans, the standard relief shading with custom lighting direction proved to work best compared to the other methods.

Abstract Non-homogeneous irradiation patterns and temperature levels immensely affect the performance of solar photovoltaic arrays. Partial shading conditions on solar arrays reduce the peak power and efficiency. This paper provides a new remedy called a novel Ramanujan reconfiguration (NRR) to eliminate this physical shading problem in solar photovoltaic systems. NRR is a static-based reconfigured technique that is built using a three-diode model with the help of the MATLAB®/Simulink® tool. The special feature of the proposed NRR technique is that when shade occurs on the solar modules, it gets realigned in a particular row, column, diagonal, corner, centre and middle peripheral cages. This helps over a wide range of shade dispersion on the solar array. The novel topology is tested against the conventional total cross-tied (TCT) model and recently introduced advanced reconfigured models, namely odd–even topology (OET) and Kendoku topology (KDT). The results are tested under certain shading conditions. The proposed NRR technique increases the peak power by 4.45, 2.15 and 2.17 W under the first shading condition regarding TCT, OET and KDT. Its efficiency is improved by 0.51–2.18% under the third shading condition compared with other considered models in this study. In addition, NRR leads to smooth output curves under the second, third and fourth shading conditions, effectively mitigating the local power peaks. The experimental results show the proposed enhanced performance of the novel model against the other models.

In recent years, a determined shading ratio of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been broadly reviewed and explained. Observing the shading ratio of PV systems allows us to navigate for PV faults and helps to recognize possible degradation mechanisms. Therefore, this work introduces a novel approximation shading ratio technique using an all-sky imaging system. The proposed solution has the following structure: (i) we determined four all-sky imagers for a region of 25 km2, (ii) computed the cloud images using our new proposed model, called color-adjusted (CA), (iii) computed the shading ratio, and (iv) estimated the global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and consequently, obtained the predicted output power of the PV system. The estimation of the GHI was empirically compared with captured data from two different weather stations; we found that the average accuracy of the proposed technique was within a maximum ±12.7% error rate. In addition, the PV output power approximation accuracy was as high as 97.5% when the shading was zero and reduced to the lowest value of 83% when overcasting conditions affected the examined PV system.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been used extensively worldwide over the past few years due to the mitigation of fossils fuels; it is the best source because of its eco-friendly nature. In PV systems, the main research area concerns its performance under partial shading (PS) and complex partial shading (CPS) conditions. PV sources perform perfectly under ideal conditions, but under practical conditions, their performance depends upon many factors, including shading conditions, temperature, irradiance, and the angle of inclination, which can bring a photovoltaic or solar system into a PS or CPS condition. In these conditions, many power peaks appear, and it is hard to find the global peak among many local peaks. The ability to track the maximum power peak and maintain it to avoid fluctuations depends on the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique used in a photovoltaic system. This article is based on the implementation of a hybrid algorithm, combining Harris hawk’s optimization (HHO), a new technique which is based on natural inspiration, and a conventional perturb and observe (P&O) technique. The hybrid technique was tested under different weather conditions in MATLAB Simulink and showed less computational time, a fast convergence speed, and zero oscillations after reaching a power point’s maximum limit. A performance comparison of the hybrid technique was made with bio-inspired particle swarm optimization (PSO), adaptive cuckoo search optimization (ACS), the dragonfly algorithm (DFO), and the water cycle algorithm (WCA). The hybrid technique achieves 99.8% efficiency on average and performs very well among the rest of the competing techniques.

The inconsistent irradiance, temperature, and unexpected behavior of the weather affect the output of photovoltaic (PV) systems, classified as partial or complex partial shading conditions. Under these circumstances, obtaining the maximum output power from PV systems becomes problematic. This paper proposes a population-based optimization model, the horse herd optimization algorithm (HOA), inspired by natural behavior, to solicit the maximum power under partial or complex partial shading conditions. It is an intelligent strategy inspired by the surprise pounce-chasing style of the horse herd model. The proposed technique outperforms the standard in different weather conditions, needs less computational time, and has a fast convergence speed and zero oscillations after reaching a power point’s maximum limit. A performance comparison of the HOA is achieved with conventional techniques, such as “perturb and observe” (P&O), the bio-inspired adaptive cuckoo search optimization (ACS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the dragonfly algorithm (DA). The following comparison of the presented scheme with the other techniques shows its better performance with respect to fast tracking and efficiency, as well as stability under disparate weather conditions and the ability to obtain maximum power with negligible oscillation under partial and complex shading.

Because of the unpredictable activity of solar energy sources, photovoltaic (PV) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is essential to guarantee the continuous operation of electrical energy generation at optimal power levels. Several works have extensively examined the generation of the maximum power from the PV systems under normal and shading conditions. The fuzzy logic control (FLC) method is one of the effective MPPT techniques, but it needs to be adapted to work in partial shading conditions. The current paper presents the FLC-based on dynamic safety margin (DSM) as an MPPT technique for a PV system to overcome the limitations of FLC in shading conditions. The DSM is a performance index that measures the system state deviation from the normal situation. As a performance index, DSM is used to adapt the FLC controller output to rapidly reach the global maxima of the PV system. The ability of the proposed algorithm and its performance are evaluated using simulation and practical implementation results for single phase grid-connected PV system under normal and partial shading operating conditions.

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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} --> <!--[endif] --> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">A novel image fusion technique based on multi-resolution singular value decomposition (MSVD) has been presented and evaluated. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of well known image fusion technique using wavelets. It is observed that image fusion by MSVD perform almost similar to that of wavelets. It is computationally very simple and it could be well suited for real time applications. Moreover, MSVD does not have a fixed set of basis vectors like FFT, DCT and wavelet etc. and its basis vectors depend on the data set.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><strong>Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(5), pp.479-484</strong><strong><strong>, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.705</strong></strong><br /></span></p>

Introduction. The huge demand of green energy over past few decades have drawn the interest of scientists and researchers. Solar energy is the most abundant and easily available source but there have been so many problems with its optimum extraction of output. The factors affecting the maximum power point tracking of PV systems are input irradiance, temperature, load etc. The variations in irradiance level lead to partial shading that causes reduction in performance by not letting system to operate at maximum power point. Many methods have been proposed in literature to optimize the performance of PV systems but each method has shortcomings that have failed all of them. The actual problem occurs when partial shading is very strong; this is where most of the methods totally fail. So proposed work addresses this issue and solves it to the fullest. The novelty in the proposed work is that it introduces a new nature-based algorithm that works on the principle of plant propagation. It is a natural optimization technique that plants follow to survive and propagate in different environmental conditions. The proposed method efficiently tracks the global peak under all shading conditions and is simple to implement with high accuracy and tracking speed. Purpose. Building an algorithm that can track global peak of photovoltaic systems under all shading conditions and extracts the maximum possible power from the system, and is simple and easy to implement. Methods. The method is implemented in MATLAB / Simulink on an electrical model that uses a PV array model. Different shadings are applied to check for the results. Results. The results have shown that for different photovoltaic configurations the algorithm performs very good under uniform and partial shadings conditions. Its accuracy, tracking efficiency and tracking time has increased reasonably. Practical value. The project can be very beneficial to people as it enhances the performances of PV systems that can make them self-sufficient in electrical energy, focuses on sustainable development and reduces pollution. This way it can have huge impact on human life.

This research utilized surface and shading highlights for blossom grouping. Standard data set of blossoms have utilized for tests. The pre-handling like clamor expulsion and division for end of foundation are applied on input pictures. Surface and shading highlights are separated from the portioned pictures. Surface component is removed utilizing GLCM (Gray Level Co-event Matrix) technique and shading highlight is separated utilizing Color second. For arrangement, neural organization classifier is utilized. The general precision of the framework is 96.0%.

<p>For continuous target following under complex scene, an objective following calculation in light of multi-shading joint likelihood investigation model was introduced. The calculation embraced shading histogram to speak to the actual factual trademark with Camshaft standard and completed exploratory research in such angles as multichannel joint shading highlights measurements, projection delineate weighted preparing, the following window size and position ascertaining, calculation handling component of course. It utilised red, green, blue, tint, luminance channel shading as the objective watched attributes, and planned the computation technique given the likelihood measurement to recognise any shading focus from the compound scene. It likewise settled the counting method for following window size and position which adjusted the multi-shading model. Utilizing weighting projection outline strategy, the foundation obstruction around the objective potential territory was dispensed with. Finally, more reasonable joining judgment and the calculation cycle tenets were advanced. After the test accreditation, the ongoing execution and recognition proportion introduce a decent outcome.</p>

A new, simple, fast and effective method for moving object detection in outdoor environments, invariant to extreme illumination changes is presented as an improvement to the shading model method described in [8]. It is based on an analytical parameter introduced in the shading model, background updating technique and window processing.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules consist of solar cells connected in series to provide the required output power. The solar PV system is experiencing major challenges, which are mainly due to the partial shadows on the photovoltaic modules leading to mismatching power loss and hot spot problems. Hotspots have become a major cause of PV module failure. The Cell Partition Technique (CPT) is proposed to reduce hotspots and minimize mismatch losses caused by partial shadings. Specifically, each solar PV cell (Full cell) in a solar PV module is divided or partitioned into two half cells (known as Half-Cut Cells or HC) and three equal cells (known as Tri-Cut Cells or TC) in accordance with the proposed technique. The HC and TC types of cells are connected in a strings of series-parallel connection, and bypass diode is placed in middle of the solar PV module to ensure proper operation. The primary aim of this research is to model, evaluate, and investigate the performance of solar PV arrays using new PV modules are developed based on Cell Partition Technique (PVM-CPT), such as half-cut cell modules (HCM), and tri-cut cell modules (TCM) and compared with full-sized cell modules (FCM). These PVM-CPT are connected in Series–Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), and proposed static shade dispersion based TCT reconfiguration (SD-TCTR) for the array sizes of 3x4, 4x3 and 4x4, respectively. The purpose is to select the most appropriate solar PV array configurations in terms of the highest global maximum power and thus the lowest mismatch power losses under short and narrow, short and wide, long and narrow, long and wide type of cell level partial shadings. The Matlab/Simulink software is used to simulate and analyze all of the shading cases. The results show that, when compared to conventional module configurations under different shading conditions, the proposed static SD-TCTR arrangement with TC modules (SDTCTR-TCM) exhibits the lowest mismatch power losses and the greatest improvement in array power.

This paper presents a novel modified Complementary SuDoKu puzzle (MC-SDKP) topology for the static reconfiguration of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It was developed with the aim of enhancing the power output of a PV array which is exposed to partially shaded conditions (PSCs). To disperse patterns of both center shading and corner shading, the MC-SDKP technique modified and combined the Optimal SDKP and the Complementary SDKP (C-SDKP) topologies. An 8 × 8 PV array configured with the MC-SDKP topology was exposed to nine different shading patterns, and its performance was compared with that of the other four topologies. The results of the performance evaluation confirmed that, when configured according to the MC-SDKP, the PV array produced the highest average power output among all five topologies, with a 15.07% higher output on average than the total-cross tied. The PV array with the MC-SDKP topology also exhibited the lowest average power loss (1.34%). This study clearly established the effectiveness of the MC-SDKP topology at mitigating the effects of both center and corner shading. The advantages of the MC-SDKP reconfiguration technique are: an increase in extracted power, a reduction in current mismatch losses, an improvement in shade dispersion under conditions of center shading, and good scalability.

Abstract: Maximum power point tracking(MPPT) is a very important technique which is employed in photovoltaic systems to extract maximum available power from the Photovoltaic panels under varying operating conditions. This paper presents a comparative study of different MPPT techniques, including traditional methods like Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (Inc Con), Constant voltage method, as well as intelligent methods like Fibonacci algorithm-based search MPPT and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed in detail, along with their suitability for different applications. The paper concludes by highlighting the limitations of existing techniques and proposing a problem statement for developing a novel MPPT technique that addresses these limitations. Traditional MPPT techniques like Perturb and Observe , Incremental Conductance, and constant voltage method are straightforward to deploy and computationally economical. However, they can encounter issues such as being trapped in local maxima and exhibiting slower tracking rates during swift changes in irradiance. Intelligent MPPT techniques, such as Fibonacci algorithm-based search MPPT, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Technique are more adaptable to complex operating conditions and have faster tracking speeds, but they are also more computationally complex and expensive to implement. The limitations of existing MPPT techniques include sensitivity to partial shading conditions, limited efficiency under dynamic irradiance conditions, and the requirement for accurate system parameters. To address these limitations, a novel MPPT technique should be developed that is efficient under partial shading and dynamic irradiance conditions, robust to inaccurate system parameters, and has low computational complexity and implementation cost.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a pivotal objective for photovoltaic (PV) systems. To test various MPPT techniques, a reliable and effective PV emulator is required. Therefore, this article proposes a low-cost PV emulator for partial shading conditions, in which a cascaded structure of a DC power source with a resistor is constructed to generate the multiple peaks of the power-voltage (P-V) curve. The proposed structure is simple and modular. Consequently, it can be extended to obtain several peaks in the P-V characteristics to emulate more complex partial shading conditions. The partial shading occurrence over the PV source (PV array) causes a significant power loss production from the PV system. To increase the PV system’s efficiency, optimization techniques are employed to harness the global power. Accordingly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to track the global peak. Furthermore, the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method is applied for comparison and investigation. The proposed PV emulation system is validated under different operating conditions using simulation and experimental hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results.

ABSTRACT This study suggests a design technique by evaluating and predicting the thermal performance of the passive design technique, which can be introduced in the early design stage, by focusing on office buildings in temperate climate conditions. In the case of office buildings, the thermal environment should be significantly improved, as the energy load ratio is high due to the climatic environment and physical environmental conditions. Therefore, among the passive design techniques introduced in our previous studies, the level of energy reduction in cooling and heating loads, focusing on the south orientation, sun shading form, courtyard, atrium, horizontal louver, vertical louver, raised roof, and green roof, which control the thermal environment, were comparatively analyzed through simulation. The relative energy load of the analysis model (compared to the base model) was calculated to compare and analyze the environmental performance between the passive design techniques. From the analysis, it was found that reducing the area of solar gain in summer or applying a solar shading device are the most effective passive design techniques for office buildings in temperate climates.

<p>Intercepted solar radiation by leaf will influence energy balance in plant. The energy balance in leaf is a complex process, which results in biomass growth. Here, we modeled leaf energy balance to estimate dry matter growth in soybean. In the field, we measured intercepted radiation in canopy (1 meter above surface) with two treatments: soybean with 50% shading (N50%M0) and no-shading (N0%M0) twice a week. Then we sampled a biomass with destructive technique every week in each treatment. Our results showed that the intercepted radiation in no-shading treatment was higher (400 J/m²) than those in shading one (250 J/m²). The results were consistence with the high biomass growth at 12 weeks after planting, which observed in no-shading treatment. Then we validated our model by 1:1 plot test. Our finding revealed that no-shading treatment showed a good agreement with the observed biomass (closed to 1:1 plot), whereas the shading treatment tended to predict under estimate of biomass.</p>

BACKGROUND: The color of all ceramic restorations has a significant effect on the final appearance of the restoration. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different shading techniques on the color stability of monolithic zirconia crowns cemented on the upper anterior teeth. METHODS: In this study, there were nine patients. Each patient has undergone a reduction for the upper six anterior teeth. Fifty-four zirconia jacket crowns were constructed using CAD/CAM technique. According to the shading technique, the crowns were categorized into two groups (pre-shaded and liquid shaded), where the upper right reduced teeth received pre-shaded zirconia crowns while the upper left reduced teeth received liquid-shaded zirconia crowns according to the selected shade. The color was assessed using easy shade after cementation and 1 year follow-up period. Data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Color change (ΔE) of the cemented pre-shaded zirconia crowns on the upper right central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 2.37, 2.84, and 1.92, respectively, while color change (ΔE) of the cemented liquid-shaded zirconia crowns on the upper left central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 2.52, 2.88, and 2.77, respectively. Color change of both pre-shaded and liquid-shaded zirconia crowns after 1 year follow-up was within the clinically acceptable range 1>E>3.7, and there was no significant difference between them. CONCLUSIONS: The aging and technique of shading had no significant effect on the color of zirconia ceramic.

Partial shading has a negative impact on the performance parameters of a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) array, because it shades certain panels while leaving others un-shaded. This article focuses on modeling, comparing and performance assessment of 6×6, 6×5 and 5×6 size shadowed solar PV arrays under different partial shading cases in the MATLAB/ Simulink software. For this purpose, the simulation of series-parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) and proposed shade dispersion based TCT (SD-TCT) type of array configurations was carried out under few shading cases. The proposed SD-TCT was designed using the shades dispersion technique, which is based on a number logic approach. In this technique, in order to effectively remove the row-current mismatches in the TCT PV array configuration, the shaded and un-shaded modules in an array were re-arranged, so that the shading on modules expands across the whole array. The physical placement of the TCT array modules has been reordered in accordance with the proposed number logic pattern exclusive of altering the electrical links among the panels. The simulation results showed that the performance of the SD-TCT type was superior to that of conventional array configurations.

Breast cancer is the overall most basic obtrusive tumour in females. The breast cancer can be dealt with successfully that they are analyzed at a beginning time. It can watch the principal indication of shaping up disease before mammography can recognize. The thermal data can be appeared in a pseudo shading where each shading speaks to a particular scope of temperature. Different techniques can be connected to extricate hot districts for distinguishing associated areas with interests in the thermograms and possibly suspicious tissues. in this paper at first the pre process of the thermogram pictures are done then they are improved. The upgraded pictures are divided by two picture segmentation strategy: K-means and level set technique are study and compared. The highlights have been extracted and classification for both the segmentation techniques.

Partial shading has a negative impact on photovoltaic systems by forcing the connected modules to generate lower power, creating severe unexpected power losses. To resolve this issue, numerous solutions have been proposed, among which configuration modification has recently attracted a greater audience. The preliminary approach to module reconfiguration was based on the alteration of electrical connections through switches, which introduces lag due to the large number of switches and sensors, complex algorithms, and impractical application. Hence, static techniques are considered to be a cost-effective, low-complexity and easy-to-adopt solution for efficiently reducing the losses due to shading. Hence, this paper proposes a two-step module replacement approach that is validated under multiple partial shading conditions, and the performance is compared with various conventional and hybrid configurations and a static electrical reconfiguration technique using mathematical analysis, comparative parameters and power curves analysis. The validation was performed using the MATLAB platform for two system sizes—6 × 6 and 18 × 3—proving its applicability for arbitrary system sizes. On the basis of the depth investigation, an average power increase of 17.49%, 14.47%, and 14.12% for the two-step approach compared to the conventional, hybrid and electrical reconfiguration was observed in the partial shading cases considered.

In partial shading situations, the power–voltage (P–V) characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems become more complex due to many local maxima. Hence, traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques fail to recognize the global maximum power point (MPP), resulting in a significant drop in the produced power. Global optimization strategies, such as metaheuristic approaches, efficiently address this issue. This work implements the recent “particle swarm optimization through targeted position-mutated elitism” (PSO-TPME) with a reinitialization mechanism on a PV system under partial shading conditions. The fast-converging and global exploration capabilities of PSO-TPME make it appealing for online optimization. PSO-TPME also offers the flexibility of tuning the particle classifier, elitism, mutation level, and mutation probability. This work analyzes several PSO-TPME parameter settings for the MPPT of partially shaded PV systems. Simulations of the PV system under varying shading patterns show that PSO-TPME, with balanced exploitation–exploration settings, outperforms PSO in terms of convergence speed and the amount of captured energy during convergence. Furthermore, simulations of partial shading conditions with fast-varying, smooth, and step-changing irradiance demonstrated that the proposed MPPT technique is capable of dealing with these severe conditions, capturing more than 97.7% and 98.35% of the available energy, respectively.

To increase energy yield from an installed photovoltaic (PV) array, particularly during partial shading condition (PSC), a new technique based on reconfigurable PV array interconnection is proposed in this work. The proposed technique works by dynamically changing the interconnection of PV modules to form a new configuration using a switching matrix inside the array. The criteria of good reconfigurable PV array interconnection techniques depend on the efficiency and accuracy of the control algorithm to optimally reconfigure the PV array to maximize the total output power. Hence, this paper proposes a new control algorithm using differential evolution (DE) for photovoltaic array reconfiguration (PVAR). To verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm, DE is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Results confirm that DE performs well in terms of the amount of energy production during PSC. For all the nine shading patterns tested on a 3 × 3 PV array, DE yields 1% to 5% more power than PSO.

The sustainability of reducing light in apple orchards under well-watered (ww) and water stress (ws) conditions was evaluated for water relations, plant gas exchanges, fruit growth, yield determinants, and fruit quality over three years. A black (B) 28% shading net was compared with two different 50% shading nets: red (R) and white (W). Each net was combined with two irrigation regimes (ww and ws) based on plant water status. Under ww and ws conditions, increasing shade from 28% to 50% was not detrimental for plant gas exchanges, yield, or quality over three years. Higher shade improved plant water status regardless of irrigation regime. Higher shading could be considered sustainable in apple orchards over several seasons. Fruit quality was more sensitive to plant water status than to light reduction. ws increased fruit soluble solid content and relative dry matter, regardless of shading, and this was positively reflected in consumer’s preference. When water availability is limited, increasing shading to 50% can help save water and maintain high-quality yields associated with water stress. Given the likely reductions of water availability in agriculture, growers and consultants may consider shading apple orchards as a sustainable and safe horticultural technique to save water.

Several applications require to estimate the power production of photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions. For example, dynamic reconfiguration of the array connections is needed to maximize the power production under partial shading conditions, which requires estimating the power generated by the PV array in several possible configurations. Therefore, a fast and accurate modeling technique is needed to perform those calculations in practical times and with low estimation errors. To address those kinds of problems, this paper proposes a modeling approach based on the double-diode model to provide high accuracy at low voltage and low irradiance conditions, which are important for partial-shading analysis. Moreover, the proposed modeling technique is designed to be implemented in parallel processing devices; thus, the calculation time is much shorter in comparison with classical serial solutions. The proposed model is tested in terms of accuracy and speed, obtaining satisfactory results. Finally, the applicability of the parallel model in reconfiguration applications is demonstrated using an application example.

Photovoltaic (PV) system output power greatly depends on environmental operating conditions. Partial shaded condition (PSC) operates PV string under mismatch. PV module mismatch has been one of the major causes for reduced amount of output power. Maximizing the amount of energy extraction from PV system under mismatch greatly influenced by conversion efficiency as well as the mismatch mitigation topology used. Differential power processing (DPP) is one of the advanced techniques to deal with mismatch conditions and enhance power output from a PV system. In this paper hybrid modular DPP topology is presented. The proposed technique mitigates the effect of mismatches at submodule and enhance power extraction from PV string. Since in majority shading on a PV module is nonuniform. The conversion efficiency of module level DPP shading mitigation techniques enhanced using submodule level DPP architecture. To demonstrate its applicability simulation study is carried out in MATLAB Simulink and results are compared with traditional bypass method and module level DPP. Simulation results showed the reduction in mismatch loss and improvement in efficiency and power output.

Abstract: In recent years, all around the world, considerable technological growth has been observed to improve the availability of electrical energy in the most ecological way. Under partial shading conditions, maximum power point tracking techniques track the point at which full power can be taken out. Thus the net efficiency of a photovoltaic system is improved. This paper evaluates, methods such as incremental conductance (INC) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are evaluated. The simulation results obtained are developed under the software MATLAB / Simulink. Both techniques (INC) and (FLC) are used with a boost DC / DC converter and a load. Theseresults show that the fuzzy logic controller is superior to and faster than the conventional incremental conductance (INC) technique in dynamic response and steady-state in regular operation. Keywords: MPPT; PV; technique INC; technique FLC; Boost DC/DC.

Optimal energy extraction under partial shading conditions from a photovoltaic (PV) array is particularly challenging. Conventional techniques fail to achieve the global maximum power point (GMPP) under such conditions, while soft computing techniques have provided better results. The main contribution of this paper is to devise an algorithm to track the GMPP accurately and efficiently. For this purpose, a ten check (TC) algorithm was proposed. The effectiveness of this algorithm was tested with different shading patterns. Results were compared with the top conventional algorithm perturb and observe (P&O) and the best soft computing technique flower pollination algorithm (FPA). It was found that the proposed algorithm outperformed them. Analysis demonstrated that the devised algorithm achieved the GMPP efficiently and accurately as compared to the P&O and the FPA algorithms. Simulations were performed in MATLAB/Simulink.

Abstract This paper addressed the challenges posed by the limited windows and restricted areas in walk-up flats in Indonesia, resulting in improper indoor daylight performance. The study proposes using outdoor horizontally bent, adjustable louver screens as daylight reflectors to overcome this issue and improve daylighting performance in apartment buildings. The quasi-experimental technique implemented the Radiance Desktop Plug-in Version 1.02 and Ecotect 2011 lighting software. Variables, such as slat shading geometry, i.e., flat, one-bent, two-bent slats, and rotation opening angles, i.e., 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°, were examined for interior daylight performance regarding daylight intensity and distribution. The findings indicate that although shading can reduce the average lighting level in a room, shading types with bents can improve daylight performance in another important aspect, namely achieving a more even distribution. The most effective shading technique for harvesting and distributing daylight evenly in tropical walk-up apartments was a two-bent slat type, particularly with opening angles of 90°. The results also demonstrate that louvers with multiple bent slat geometry are particularly effective in reflecting high altitudes of incident light often encountered in tropical regions and scattering the incoming light evenly into the innermost area of the room.

Photovoltaic (PV) system has been extensively used over the last few years because it is a noise-free, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. Maximum Power Point (MPP) from the PV energy systems is a challenging task under modules mismatching and partial shading. Up till now, various MPP tracking algorithms have been used for solar PV energy systems. Classical algorithms are simple, fast, and useful in quick tracing the MPP, but restricted to uniform weather conditions. Moreover, these algorithms do not search the Global Maxima (GM) and get stuck on Local Maxima (LM). However, bio-inspired algorithms help find the GM but their main drawback is that they take more time to track the GM. This paper addresses the issue by using the combination of conventional Incremental Conductance (InC) with variable step size and bio-inspired Dragonfly Optimization (DFO) algorithms leading to a hybrid (InC-DFO) technique under multiple weather conditions, for instance, Uniform Irradiance (UI), Partial Shading (PS), and Complex Partial Shading (CPS). To check the robustness of the proposed algorithm, a comparative analysis is done with six already implemented techniques. The results indicate that the proposed technique is simple, efficient with a quicker power tracking capability. Furthermore, it reduces undesired oscillation around the MPP especially, under PS and CPS conditions. The proposed algorithm has the highest efficiencies of 99.93%, 99.88%, 99.92%, and 99.98% for UI, PS1, PS2, and CPS accordingly among all techniques. It has also reduced the settling time of 0.75 s even in the case of the CPS condition. The performance of the suggested method is also verified using real-time data from the Beijing database.

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are often affected by partial shading (PS), which can significantly reduce their power output. Dynamic reconfiguration is a promising technique for mitigating the negative effects of PS by adjusting the electrical connections of the PV modules in real-time. This paper introduces a hierarchical-based switching block scheme for the dynamic reconfiguration of PV arrays under PS conditions. With the aim of mitigating the negative impact of PS on PV arrays, the proposed system employs a low complexity and easily scalable architecture, making it well-suited for practical applications. Comparative assessments against conventional configurations such as bridge-linked (BL), total-cross-tied (TCT), and series–parallel (SP) reveal superior energy harvesting efficiency for the proposed system under various shading conditions. The hierarchical switching block architecture, featuring multiple levels of switching blocks, enables efficient and flexible reconfiguration of the PV array, even in the presence of complex shading patterns. Through extensive simulations, the system consistently outperforms conventional configurations by adapting effectively to changing shading patterns and optimizing the PV array’s output. The proposed switching block (SB) reconfiguration technique significantly outperforms existing methods like TCT, Sudoku, dynamic proposals, and Magic Square in terms of both power generation (up to 42.52% increase) and efficiency (up to 42.13% improvement) under diverse partial shading conditions. The proposed hierarchical-based switching block scheme thus presents a promising solution for enhancing the dynamic reconfiguration of PV arrays under PS conditions, offering a balance between low complexity, scalability, and superior energy harvesting efficiency for practical applications in the realm of solar energy.

Salinity stress affects the growth and productivity of various fruit crops, furthermore, salinity is considered one of the main determining factors for cultivation. Under fluctuation in climate conditions, citrus growers must use various techniques to deal with increasing salinity levels to alleviate injuries, such as grafting with resistance rootstocks, canopy management, the Shading net technique, and using plant growth substances to sustain citriculture