Academic literature on the topic 'Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth'
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Journal articles on the topic "Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth"
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Jones, Trevor A., Grant M. Domke, and Sean C. Thomas. "Canopy tree growth responses following selection harvest in seven species varying in shade tolerance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 2 (February 2009): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-186.
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We used tree ring measurements to investigate the temporal response of basal area increment (BAI) of canopy trees following selection harvests by sampling across a chronosequence of stands with known harvest dates in tolerant hardwood (Great Lakes – St. Lawrence) stands in central Ontario. Seven tree species of various shade tolerances ranged widely in their responses to reduced competition. The more shade-tolerant species responded more positively: shade-tolerant species showed an average increase in BAI of 35% 4–15 years postharvest compared with 16% for mid-tolerant species and –7.5% for intolerant species. All species showed a time-lag in postharvest growth responses, with maximum growth responses occurring between 3 and 15 years postharvest. Tree size was the most important factor determining the magnitude of BAI response, with smaller trees consistently responding more than larger trees. We suggest that higher growth responses to selection harvests among shade-tolerant species may contribute to declines in mid-tolerant species abundance in selection-managed stands. More broadly, interspecific variability in canopy tree responses to forest disturbance appears to follow patterns distinct from seedling and sapling responses, with important implications to forest community dynamics in both managed and unmanaged forests.
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Wyckoff, Peter H., and James S. Clark. "Tree growth prediction using size and exposed crown area." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-142.
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We address the relationships between tree growth rate and growing environment for 21 co-occurring species. Tree growth rates are obtained from mapped plots at the Coweeta Long-Term Ecological Research site in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We employ high-resolution aerial photography to assess the light environment for trees growing in these plots, using exposed crown area (ECA) as a surrogate for light interception. The relationship between growth and ECA is compared with two other growth predictors: tree size and shade-tolerance classification. We find that ECA is an excellent predictor of tree growth (average R2 = 0.69 for nine species). When ECA is combined with tree size, growth rate prediction is improved (average R2 = 0.76). Tree size alone is also a strong predictor of tree growth (average R2 = 0.68). Shade-tolerance classification, by contrast, is a poor predictor of tree growth.
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Pantic, Damjan, Milan Medarevic, Matthias Dees, Dragan Borota, Bojan Tubic, Snezana Obradovic, Biljana Sljukic, Dusko Cukovic, and Marko Marinkovic. "Analysis of the growth characteristics of a 450-year-old silver fir tree." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 1 (2015): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs140919018p.
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The growth characteristics of silver fir are of high importance for selection forest management, and for the current aims laid out in Serbia?s forest management focused on increasing the share of silver firs in Serbia?s growing stock. With the objective of increasing the understanding of the growth characteristics of silver fir, the growth of two silver fir trees felled during forest site production research on Mt. Goc, located in Central Serbia, have been analyzed. Both trees showed significant differences in their growth dynamics over long periods as results of micro-site and micro-stand effects (primarily ambient light regime). The common growth characteristic of the two trees, a 450-year-old tree as the main study object (labeled Tree A) and a 270-year-old Tree B is a long stagnation stage. For Tree A the latent phase, with small interruptions, lasted 410 years; one phase lasted 330 years in continuity, which is the longest period of silver fir stagnation recorded in Europe. Tree B showed a long-lasting stagnation stage that lasted 170 years. The long stagnation stage of Tree A, characterized by an average diameter increment of 1.4 mm/year (average growth ring width of 0.7 mm) and an average height increment of 0.08 m/year, shows the extraordinary silver fir capacity for physiological survival in complete shade. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the shade tolerance of the silver fir. Therefore, the silver fir belongs to the group of extremely shade-tolerant tree species. This characteristic makes silver fir an irreplaceable tree species in the selection forest structure. It offers a wide range of silvicultural flexibility in the management of these forests, and is applicable to silver fir selection Serbia?s forests.
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Baker, Patrick J., and Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin. "Suppression, release and canopy recruitment in five tree species from a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2006): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003312.
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We used tree-rings to reconstruct long-term patterns of suppression, release and growth among five sympatric canopy tree species representing the full range of shade tolerance in a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand. We expected that the frequency and duration of suppression and release events would be positively correlated with shade tolerance. All five species showed evidence of major and moderate growth releases. As expected, Melia azederach, an extreme heliophile, had the fewest releases. However, among the other species the number of major releases was consistent across the range of shade tolerance. The most significant difference among the species was the number of moderate releases recorded. There was a general positive correlation between the number of moderate releases and shade tolerance; however, Chukrasia tabularis, a relatively shade-intolerant species, had an anomalously high number of moderate releases. The study species also showed considerable variation in canopy accession strategies. The least common canopy accession strategy was establishment in the understorey and growth into the canopy in the absence of any gaps. However, with the exception of Melia, all four study species had one or more individuals that successfully reached the canopy using each of the four canopy accession strategies. These results highlight the importance of periodic or episodic bouts of gap formation on canopy tree recruitment and the utility of tree-rings for reconstructing long-term growth patterns in tropical trees.
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Kobayashi, Kent D., Mary A. Young, David L. Hensley, H. C. Bittenbender, and Julie Ann T. Yogi. "Farmer's Bookshelf: Hypermedia Information System to Recommend Trees for Landscaping." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 652c—652. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.652c.
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A hypermedia information system was developed to recommend trees for landscaping and to obtain information on these individual trees. Using the software HyperCard on the Macintosh computer, we developed a system that uses the idea of index cards with information being stored on separate screens called “cards.” Using a mouse, the user navigates from one card to another by click on a “button” on the card. The user may select from several criteria including tree type, tree height, soil type, drought tolerance, wind tolerance, shade tolerance, salt tolerance, and growth rate. The program then finds which trees meet the desired criteria and provides information on these trees. This easy-to-use system requires no typing except to enter a word to search for. The user can quickly browse for the desired information and save it as a text file or print it. The Farmer's Bookshelf provides a tool for extension agents, growers, and homeowners to easily obtain vitally needed information. The program has further application for landscape companies, Master Gardener programs, and in horticultural courses.
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Lusk, C. H., K. M. Sendall, and P. J. Clarke. "Seedling growth rates and light requirements of subtropical rainforest trees associated with basaltic and rhyolitic soils." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 1 (2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13262.
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A trade-off between shade tolerance and growth in open conditions is widely believed to underlie the dynamics of humid forests. Little is known about how the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off interacts with other major trade-offs associated with differential adaptation to major environmental factors besides light. We asked whether the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off differed between subtropical rainforest tree assemblages native to basaltic (fertile) and rhyolitic (infertile) soils in northern New South Wales, because of the allocational costs of adaptation to low nutrient availability. Seedling relative growth rates of six basalt specialists and five rhyolite specialists were measured in a glasshouse and the minimum light requirements of each species were quantified in the field by determining the 10th percentile of juvenile tree distributions in relation to understorey light availability. A similar range of light requirements was observed in the two assemblages, and although the two fastest growing species were basalt specialists, seedling growth rates did not differ significantly between the two substrates. The overall relationship between light requirements and growth rate was weak, and there was no compelling evidence that the slope or elevation of this relationship differed between the two assemblages. Growth rates were significantly correlated, overall, with specific leaf area, and marginally with leaf area ratio. The apparent similarity of the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off in the two suites of species could reflect effects of leaf nutrient content on respiration rates; basalt specialists tended to have a smaller root mass fraction, but this may have been offset by the effects of leaf nitrogen status on respiration rates, with higher respiration rates expected on fertile basaltic soils. However, the results might also partly reflect impairment of the field performance of two basalt specialists that were heavily attacked by natural enemies.
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Arévalo-Gardini, Enrique, Abel Farfán, Fiorella Barraza, César O. Arévalo-Hernández, Luis B. Zúñiga-Cernades, Julio Alegre, and Virupax C. Baligar. "Growth, Physiological, Nutrient-Uptake-Efficiency and Shade-Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081536.
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Cacao is an understory plant cultivated in full-sun monocultures, multistrata agroforestry systems, where cacao trees are planted together with fruit, timber, firewood, and leguminous trees, or within thinned native forests. In agroforestry systems of cultivation, cacao is subjected to excess shade due to high density, excess growth, and the unmanaged pruning of shade trees. Cacao is tolerant to shade, and the maximum photosynthetic rate occurs at an irradiance of around 400 μmol m−2 s−1. However, excess shade further reduces the irradiance, which is detrimental to photosynthesis and growth functions. Intra-specific variation is known to exist in cacao for the required saturation irradiance. A greenhouse study was implemented with 58 cacao genotypes selected from four geographically diverse groups: (i) wild cacao from river basins of the Peruvian Amazon (PWC); (ii) Peruvian farmers’ collection (PFC); (iii) Brazilian cacao collection (BCC); and (iv) national and international cacao collections (NIC). All of the cacao genotypes were subjected to 50% and 80% shade where photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Intra-specific variations were observed for growth, physiological and nutritional traits, and tolerance to shade. Cacao genotypes tolerant to shade were: UNG-77 and UGU-130 from PWC; ICT-2173, ICT-2142, ICT-2172, ICT-1506, ICT-1087, and ICT-2171 from PFC; PH-21, CA-14, PH-990, and PH-144 from BCC; and ICS-1, ICS-39, UF-613, and POUND-12 from NIC. Genotypes that tolerate excess shade may be useful plant types for maintaining productivity and sustainability in agroforestry systems of cacao management.
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Sherich, Kelsey, Amy Pocewicz, and Penelope Morgan. "Canopy characteristics and growth rates of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir at long-established forest edges." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 11 (November 2007): 2096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-105.
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Trees respond to edge-to-interior microclimate differences in fragmented forests. To better understand tree physiological responses to fragmentation, we measured ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws) and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) leaf area, crown ratios, sapwood area, basal area (BA) growth rates, and BA growth efficiency at 23 long-established (>50 year) forest edges in northern Idaho. Trees located at forest edges had more leaf area, deeper crowns, higher BA growth rates, and more sapwood area at breast height than interior trees. Ponderosa pine had significantly higher BA growth efficiency at forest edges than interiors, but Douglas-fir BA growth efficiency did not differ, which may relate to differences in photosynthetic capacity and drought and shade tolerance. Edge orientation affected BA growth efficiency, with higher values at northeast-facing edges for both species. Edge effects were significant even after accounting for variation in stand density, which did not differ between the forest edge and interior. Although edge trees had significantly greater canopy depth on their edge-facing than forest-facing side, sapwood area was evenly distributed. We found no evidence that growing conditions at the forest edge were currently subjecting trees to stress, but higher leaf area and deeper crowns could result in lower tolerance to future drought conditions.
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DeMeo, Robin A., and Thomas E. Marler. "Growth, Morphology, and Physiology of Intsia bijuga Trees Under Varied Light Conditions." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 480c—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.480c.
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Six studies were conducted with Intsia bijuga seedlings to determine the methods and extent of shade tolerance for this species. Growth differences were minimal among plants receiving varied light exposure, although treatments ranged from 19% to 100% sunlight exposure. Light saturated photosynthesis of leaves on plants receiving 24% sunlight was achieved at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of about one-fourth of that for the leaves on plants receiving 100% sunlight exposure. However, photosynthesis under conditions of extremely low PPF was higher for shade-grown plants than for full-sun plants. Shaded plants exhibited lower dark respiration, light compensation point, and light-saturated photosynthesis than full sun plants. Leaflet thickness, palisade layer number, and stomatal density of leaves of shaded plants were reduced compared with full sun plants. At seedling emergence and for several months thereafter, the plants responded to shade primarily with obligate sun plant characteristics. After the plants were established, however, responses to the varied light conditions indicated facultative structural and physiological characteristics.
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Hawkins, Ashley E., and Terry W. Henkel. "Native forest pathogens facilitate persistence of Douglas-fir in old-growth forests of northwestern California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 1256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-053.
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Forest pathogens and insects can accelerate tree mortality, increase stand structural heterogeneity, and alter tree community composition. In northern California, the canopy trees Abies concolor var. lowiana (Gord. & Glend.) Lemmon (white fir) and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas-fir) co-occur but vary in shade tolerance and regenerative abilities following disturbance. Field observations suggested that mortality and turnover of white fir exceeded that of Douglas-fir and that native pathogens may be important drivers in the absence of fire. Pathogens and bark beetles were sampled in old-growth white fir – Douglas-fir stands in northwestern California to assess their contribution to tree mortality, gap formation, and regeneration. We determined abundances and size class distributions of canopy trees, presence of pathogens and bark beetles, and causes of tree mortality. We sampled canopy gaps and closed-canopy forests for overstory species composition, cause of mortality of gap-maker trees, and regeneration of white fir and Douglas-fir. Root-rot fungi accounted for significantly higher mortality and gap formation in white fir than in Douglas-fir. Relative seedling–sapling density of Douglas-fir was higher in pathogen-induced canopy gaps than in closed-canopy forest. In the absence of fire, native forest pathogens enable regeneration and persistence of Douglas-fir by enhancing mortality of white fir, resulting in canopy gap formation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth"
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Turner, I. M. "The response of tree species to canopy gaps in a tropical forest." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235070.
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Ogilvy, Tanya. "Regeneration ecology of broadleaved trees in Caledonian Forest." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/831.
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This thesis quantifies aspects of shade tolerance in tree seedlings of species native to the Caledonian pinewood ecosystems of Glen Affric (Highland Region, Inverness-shire). Growth, allocation and morphological responses of 15 species to irradiance under simulated forest canopy light were investigated in a nursery-based shade house experiment. The same responses of four of the 15 species (Ilex aquifolium, Alnus glutinosa, Sorbus aucuparia and Betula pubescens) to different developmental stages of Pinus sylvestris woodland were investigated in the field. The spatial and temporal growth responses of naturally regenerating S. aucuparia seedlings to shade and gap microhabitats were also studied. Data from the shade house experiment enabled further detailed exploration of the relationship between relative growth rates (RGR) and irradiance and potential cross-overs of ranks of growth in high and low light conditions.
Books on the topic "Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth"
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Canham, Charles Draper William. Canopy recruitment in shade tolerant trees: The response of Acer saccahrum and Fagus gradifolia to canopy openings. 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth"
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Quevedo-Rojas, Ana, and Mauricio Jerez-Rico. "Mixed Forest Plantations with Native Species for Ecological Restoration in Cloud Forests of the Venezuelan Andes." In Silviculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95006.
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Tropical cloud forests play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle of mountain watersheds having the largest biodiversity per unit area. In Venezuela, cloud forests are subject to intense deforestation and fragmentation by farming and cattle-ranching causing soil erosion, water cycle alteration, and biodiversity loss. Reforestation projects used exotic species as Pines and Eucalyptus, native species were rarely planted by lacking knowledge on species requirements and management. We report the performance of 25 native cloud forest species differing in shade-tolerance, planted in mixed assemblies on degraded areas. Tree survival and the individual tree variables: total height, root-collar diameter, tree-slenderness, and crown-ratio were evaluated at 1, 2, 4.5 and 7 years-old. Data was analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance mixed model considering species shade-tolerance, light intensity at planting and age as explanatory factors. Survival was over 80%. Shade-intolerant species displayed faster height and root-collar diameter growth. Shade-tolerant species had larger crown ratios due to persistence of lower branches; whereas, shade-intolerant showed signs of crown recession at age 7. Slenderness values from age 4.5 were indicative of good trees stability and health across treatments. The positive results have motivated landowners to establish native species plantations in critical areas with our support.
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Crawley, Michael J. "Plant population dynamics." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209989.003.0009.
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Plants exhibit an extraordinary range of sizes and generation times, from single-celled algae with body sizes of the order of 5 mm and generation times of the order of 1 day, to massive forest trees more than 50 m tall that can live for over 1000 years. Diatoms and trees have the virtue of being easy to count, so it is natural to seek to model the dynamics of changes in numbers. On the other hand, many herbaceous perennials (like clonal herbs or turf-forming grasses) are difficult or impossible to count, and for these plants it is natural to model the dynamics of fluctuation in biomass or proportional space occupancy. The theory of plant population dynamics is linked to the rest of plant biology through a series of fundamental trade-offs, reflecting the fact that individual plants are constrained in what they can do. There are important trade-offs in reproduction because a plant could produce many small seeds or a few large seeds, but it is not an option to produce many large seeds. Other trade-offs involve investment decisions: for instance a plant can invest in growth or defence and this leads to a trade-off between competitive ability and palatability to herbivores. Alternatively, high growth rate in full sun may trade-off against a high death rate in low light (the cost of shade tolerance). An important set of trade-offs involve competing demands for resource capture. Thus a plant could invest in its root system to forage for phosphorus, or in its shoot system to forage for light, but it cannot maximise investment in competitive ability for light and soil nutrients. Finally, there is an important trade-off between competition and colonization because good dispersers tend to be inferior competitors; this is exemplified by the r-K continuum where colonizers (r strategists) have a set of traits like rapid generation time, small seeds, wind dispersal, and high light requirements, whereas late successional species (K strategists) tend to live longer, produce fewer, larger seeds, and to have more shade-tolerant, slowergrowing juveniles. Underpinning the theory of plant population dynamics is the invasion criterion, which states that all persistent populations must exhibit the tendency to increase when rare.
Conference papers on the topic "Shade tolerance in trees][Tree growth"
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ŠIDLAUSKAS, Giedrius, Marius MIKALAJŪNAS, Ainis PIVORAS, Inga JUONYTĖ, and Gintaras PIVORAS. "INTEGRATED EFFECT OF METEOROLOGY, AIR POLLUTION AND SURFACE OZONE ON CROWN CONDITION AND STEM INCREMENT OF SCOTS PINE TREES UNDER DIFFERENT SITE CONDITIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.174.
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Adaptation of the local tree species to recent environmental conditions rather often is found to be very low even when it affects tree health integrally with air pollutants, and surface ozone. The aim of the study was to quantify the relationships between environmental factors, annual stem basal area increment and crown defoliation of Scots pine trees located in the north-eastern part of Lithuania. The obtained data revealed that Scots pine is the most sensitive species to environmental changes. Its reaction to both negative and favorable environmental factors was best expressed, what indicated its highest level of resilience and adaptive capacity to recent global changes. Air concentrations of sulphur species and ammonium as well as their deposition were the main drivers resulting in changes in mean defoliation of Scots pine trees in Lithuania. The data on stem basal area increment collected on two different forest sites (FS): mineral olygotrophic and organic mesoeutrophic soils confirmed that since the 1980 growing season the annual increment of the pine trees has increased. The causes of this rapid growth were as follows: higher air temperatures during the dormant period and, to a lower extent, the higher temperatures from May through August. The effect of precipitation was negligible. During vegetation nitrate deposition as fertilizing compound stimulated the pine tree stem BAI formation especially on mineral soil FS. Negative ozone effect on pine growth intensity was significant for pine trees on mineral soil FS. Higher moisture regime significantly increased the tolerance of pine trees to the negative effect of air concentration of acidifying compounds, their wet deposition and surface ozone. The study is based on the results obtained conducting national project supported by Lithuanian Council of Research “FOREstRESS” (SIT- 3/2015).