Journal articles: 'Shadd'

1

van Gemert, Frank, and Hans Nelen. "Shadd Maruna." Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit 14, no. 1 (April 2024): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/tcc/221195072024014001006.

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Sumner, L. W. "Institutional refusal to offer assisted dying: A response to Shadd and Shadd." Bioethics 33, no. 8 (August 6, 2019): 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12641.

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Harris, Jennifer. "A Plea for Emigration by Mary Ann Shadd." Early American Literature 53, no. 1 (2018): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eal.2018.0010.

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Rhodes, Jane, Sylvia Sweeney, Peter Raymont, Lindalee Tracey, and Maria Pimentel. "Breaking The Ice: The Story of Mary Ann Shadd." Journal of Negro Education 69, no. 4 (2000): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696253.

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Clarke, George Elliott. "Canadian Biraciality and Its “Zebra” Poetics: For Adrienne Shadd." Intertexts 6, no. 2 (2002): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/itx.2002.0005.

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6

Gadd, David. "Review Essay: Making Criminology Good: A Response to Shadd Maruna." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 42, no. 3 (July 2003): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2311.00287.

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Sharafi, Sayed Mehran. "SHADD: A scenario-based approach to software architectural defects detection." Advances in Engineering Software 45, no. 1 (March 2012): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2011.10.012.

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Mozumder, Subrata Chandra. "Transgression of Race, Gender, and Class:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 14 (December 31, 2023): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v14i.483.

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This paper aims to explore Mary Ann Shadd’s transgression of race, gender, and class boundaries by employing a close reading of the text, A Plea for Emigration. I will explore the triangular relationship between race, class, and gender seen in the text from intersectional feminist perspectives. My contention is that, through her activism by pen, especially in A Plea for Emigration, Shadd exposes the feminist voice that enables her to protest against racism, slavery, gender stratification, and marginalization based on class hierarchy. In other words, I claim that Shadd’s transgression of the borders of race, gender, and class lies in her activism and ideology as a woman, black, and marginalized. This paper will, therefore, show that Mary Ann Shadd strongly transgresses the borders of race, gender, and class as the first black woman who owned and edited a newspaper, inspired American blacks towards freedom, confronted her contemporary male leaders, exposed the female gaze during a period of history when the male gaze was predominant and authoritative, became a public speaker making the world listen to her while working with the so-called socially aesthetic people despite being a “negro”.

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Calloway-Thomas, Carolyn. "Mary Ann Shadd Cary: Crafting Black Culture Through Empirical and Moral Arguments." Howard Journal of Communications 24, no. 3 (July 2013): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2013.805978.

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10

Scheerer, Sebastian. "Hayward, Keith/Maruna, Shadd/Mooney, Jayne (eds.), Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology." Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 95, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mks-2012-950108.

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Amorim, Paula de Campos Mattar. "PROBATION: A HINDER OR A HELPER TO REHABILITATION AND DESISTANCE FROM CRIME?" DELICTAE: Revista de Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre o Delito 3, no. 5 (December 7, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.24861/2526-5180.v3i5.80.

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Considering the rise of community sanctions and measures in the criminal justice system, as well as the relevance of understanding the process of desistance from crime and rehabilitation, this study will demonstrate how probation can help individuals to stop offending and what are the obstacles to be tackled. Through researches and studies’ findings of Sue Rex, Shadd Maruna, Stephen Farral, Fergus McNeill and Deirdre Healy, probation’s role will be critically assessed in terms of quitting a criminal career and reinserting in society.

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Steadman, Jennifer Bernhardt, and Jane Rhodes. "Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 18, no. 1 (1999): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/464352.

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Hutton, Frankie, and Jane Rhodes. "Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October 2001): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692999.

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Clifford Larson, Kate. "The Journey From Tollgate to Parkway: African Canadians in Hamilton By Adrienne Shadd." Ontario History 104, no. 2 (2012): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065445ar.

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Pitre, Merline, and Jane Rhodes. "Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Southern History 66, no. 2 (May 2000): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2587701.

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16

Olbey, Christian. "Unfolded Hands: Class Suicide and the Insurgent Intellectual Praxis of Mary Ann Shadd." Canadian Review of American Studies 30, no. 2 (January 2000): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-s030-02-03.

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17

Covolo, Robert. "Understanding Legitimacy: Political Theory and Neo-Calvinist Social Thought. By Philip D. Shadd." Journal of Church and State 59, no. 4 (2017): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csx069.

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Tomasek, Kathryn M., and Jane Rhodes. "Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 2 (1999): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124969.

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19

Hacke, Uwe G. "Irradiance-induced changes in hydraulic architecture." Botany 92, no. 6 (June 2014): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0200.

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The ability to acclimate to a range of light regimes is important, given that shady understory habitats can receive only a fraction of the light available at the top of the canopy. Sun and shade leaves are known to differ in their set of biochemical and morphological characteristics. In recent years, much has also been learned about the effect of shade on xylem structure and function. Several studies found that shaded plants had narrower xylem conduits than plants growing in full sun. Among the most notable responses induced by shade is a shift of xylem vulnerability to cavitation. Shaded plants are typically more vulnerable to cavitation than plants exposed to full light. This appears to coincide with the construction of weaker intervessel and intertracheid pit membranes in shade. Before entering and after exiting the xylem, water moves through living cells in roots and leaves, respectively. This nonvascular pathway can be modified by aquaporins. Rapid changes in root and leaf hydraulic conductance in response to changes in light and transpirational demand have been described. The role of aquaporins in these responses is discussed.

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20

van Putten, Robert. "Understanding Legitimacy. Political Theory and Neo-Calvinist Social Thought, written by Philip D. Shadd." Philosophia Reformata 83, no. 1 (May 19, 2018): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23528230-08301009.

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21

Cohen, Mary L. "Choral Singing in Prisons: Evidence-Based Activities to Support Returning Citizens." Prison Journal 99, no. 4_suppl (July 10, 2019): 106S—117S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885519861082.

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Choral singing in prisons can help incarcerated individuals identify as returning citizens instead of felons. Shadd Maruna argues that while many legal and penal rituals exist to convince individuals to identify as “offenders,” few such rituals are in place to reconnect formerly incarcerated people to identify as community members outside of prisons. Maruna describes successful reintegration rituals as symbolic and emotive, repetitive, community-based, and infused with a dynamic of challenge and achievement; they give form to political and social processes that enable successful reentry. I maintain that choral singing models positive reintegration rituals that promote prosocial connections between returning citizens and the societies to which they are restored.

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22

McBrayer, Demetra. ""So Go to Editing": Mary Ann Shadd Cary and the Liminality of Editorship and Authorship." Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 40, no. 1-2 (2023): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/leg.2023.a917935.

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23

Moriah, Kristin. "“A Greater Compass of Voice”: Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield and Mary Ann Shadd Cary Navigate Black Performance." Theatre Research in Canada 41, no. 1 (January 2020): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.41.1.20.

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McCorkindale, Deirdre. "The Underground Railroad: Next Stop, Toronto! Edited by Adrienne Shadd, Afua Cooper, and Karolyn Smardz Frost." Ontario History 114, no. 2 (September 13, 2022): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092225ar.

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Yee, Shirley J. "Finding a Place: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and the Dilemmas of Black Migration to Canada, 1850-1870." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 18, no. 3 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3347171.

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Blakely, Jeffrey A., and Dror Czitron. "The Mamluk Bridge at Dayr Sunayd." Journal of Islamic Archaeology 7, no. 1 (November 7, 2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jia.18274.

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A long-overlooked Mamluk bridge spanning the W?d? al-Hasi (Na?al Shiqma) between Gaza andMajdal (Ashqelon) was built at the behest of Sultan Baybars about 1270, as mentioned by ?Izz al-D?n Ibn Shadd?d in his Ta?r?khal-M?lik al-??hir. It was also noted in a variety of travel accountsspanning the 17th through 19th centuries and it was even photographed in the 1880s. Later itbecame a point of interest during the Great War when it was shelled by the British Navy as partof the Third Battle of Gaza, yet it survived to be repaired. Since it was on an important road evenin 1948, it was destroyed by a unit of Palmach in an attempt to impact infrastructure. The bridgeis one of the smallest of the six known Baybars bridges, yet it fully fits with the technologicalcharacteristics of the other examples.

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Cognard-Black, Jennifer. "Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World, and: Breaking the Ice: The Story of Mary Ann Shadd (review)." NWSA Journal 14, no. 2 (2002): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2002.0029.

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Dagistanli, Selda. "Stephen Farrall, Mike Hough, Shadd Maruna and Richard Sparks (eds), Escape Routes: Contemporary Perspectives on Life After Punishment." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811432819a.

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Graebsch, Christine, and Shadd Maruna. "Desistance research and critical criminology: a conversation." Kriminologisches Journal, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3262/kj2203244.

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Critical criminologists in Germany have been criticized for dealing with desistance research. In the opinion of Peters (in this volume) both perspectives of research are outright incompatible with each other. This critique is based on a certain understanding of the labeling approach that is prevalent in German-language critical criminology. From this perspective, crime is understood exclusively as an attribution. Desistance research is then perceived as a backlash towards an etiological understanding of crime. Peters addresses his critique especially towards the reception of Maruna’s work that in Peters’ eyes takes crime for “real” (as of a behavioral quality) and supports the hegemonial normative system. As opposed to this, critical criminology and desistance research seem to coexist quite peacefully in international criminology – with Maruna being one of the most prominent proponents of their combination. However, their relation to each other is usually not analysed and discussed. Therefore, Christine Graebsch asked Shadd Maruna for his respective contribution. It resulted in the following conversation.

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Jauharlina, J., H. Husni, M. Sayuthi, N. Pramayudi, N. F. Safitri, and M. H. Irba. "The abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and their ecological roles as predators in Arabica coffee plantations with different densities of shade trees." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1297, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012048.

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Abstract Shade-grown coffee, incorporated in an agroforestry system, is a common practice of coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Coffee is grown under the shade of a canopy of surrounding trees. Shade trees reduce excessive light and provide a home for various predatory animals, including predatory ants. Some growers plant a dense population of shade trees, while others plant less shade trees. A study to investigate the diversity of ants and their abundance in different densities of shade trees has been conducted from April until August 2023. Ants were sampled from coffee trees (arboreal ants) in two coffee plantations with dense populations of shade trees and two plantations with sparse shade trees. We found 13 ant species in both categories of plantations (combined). All ant species were found in sparsely shaded coffee plantations, and only five were recorded from densely shaded plantations. However, the abundance of ants was much higher in densely shaded plantations than in sparsely shaded plantations. The ant genera Technomyrmex and Componatus were the dominant ants found in sparsely shaded plantations, while the dominant ants in densely shaded plantations were the genera Componatus and Crematogaster. These ants are known as general predators and potentially are predators of coffee berry borer (CBB), a significant pest in the area. This research has shown how different densities of shade trees in coffee plantations affected the ant fauna, which could be used as a basis for ant conservation to increase their ecosystem service as predators.

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Garrison, S. E., J. M. Williams, and J. A. Barden. "EFFECTS OF SHADE ON NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF STRAWBERRIES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1108d—1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1108d.

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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shade treatments (0, 30, 47 and 63%) on photosynthetic and growth responses of `Redchief' strawberries. Net photosynthesis (Pn) measured on plants under shade decreased as % shade increased. Pn of plants grown under shade but measured under saturating light intensities decreased after 30% shade. Light saturation curves of leaves allowed to expand in full sun and then placed under shade indicated a decrease in the saturation rate and point under 63% shade. Leaves which expanded under shade had decreased saturation rates and points at all levels. Specific leaf weight and total plant dry weight decreased linearly as % shade increased.A field study in which plants were either shaded in the fall or in the fall and spring demonstrated a decreasing trend in berry number for plots which were shaded in the fall and spring. Berry number decreased in fall-shaded plants after 30% shade. In both cases, berry weight decreased with increasing shade.

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Famuwagun, Idowu Babadele, and Samuel O. Agele. "Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.31.

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Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa

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Famuwagun, Idowu Babadele, and Samuel O. Agele. "Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 25, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-f18s7i.

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Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa

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Silva, Anandra S., Jurandi G. Oliveira, Maura da Cunha, and Angela P. Vitória. "Photosynthetic performance and anatomical adaptations in Byrsonima sericea DC. under contrasting light conditions in a remnant of the Atlantic forest." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 22, no. 4 (2010): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202010000400004.

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The photosynthetic dynamics of the tropical pioneer species, Byrsonima sericea DC., were studied during the regeneration process of a native forest by evaluating ecophysiological (gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment contents) and anatomical parameters of plants in sunny and shady environments. Ecophysiological evaluations were carried out monthly for one year, encompassing both a dry and a rainy season. Byrsonima sericea DC. presents anatomical plasticity that enables it to establish in environments with contrasting light regimes. In sunny conditions, it produced a thicker leaf (about 420 mm) and flat adaxial epidermis, whilst in the shade, leaves had a thinner convex adaxial epidermis (about 395 mm). No differences were found in the compositions of the pigments in the different environments, however, during the dry season, the plants presented a significantly higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments. In the sun, plants showed decreases in Fv/F0 ratio (in the rainy season) and NPQ (in the dry season), but no difference was observed between plants that were in the sun or in the shade. A significantly higher net photosynthetic rate was found only in the rainy season in the plants in the sun, compared to shaded plants (9.9±0.8 and 7.4±0.3 µmol m-2s-1, respectively). Significant increase in transpiration was observed in plants in the shade during the dry season, but no alterations were observed in the water use efficiency. Ecophysiological data suggest that mainly plants overexposed to the sun underwent water limitations during the dry season and that, in the rainy season, these plants increased their net photosynthetic rate, possibly due to the greater drainage force resulting from increased growth during this period. Data suggest that anatomic alterations, namely the convex adaxial epidermis, could aid in the supply of light to shaded plants during both seasons, precluding changes in the pigments, such as the increase in chlorophyll b usually observed in shaded plants, but not detected in the present study. Another consequence of the greater quantity of light captured by these shade plants is that during the dry season their net photosynthetic rate was not different from that of plants in a sunny environment. However, when water was not a limiting factor, a better photosynthetic performance was observed in this pioneer specie in open spaces.

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Popma, J., and F. Bongers. "Acclimation of seedlings of three Mexican tropical rain forest tree species to a change in light availability." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 1 (February 1991): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005137.

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ABSTRACTA comparison is made of the light acclimation potential of seedlings of three canopy species of the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico: Cordia megalantha, Lonchocarpus guatemalensis, and Omphalea oleifera. These species showed similar growth rates in a range of microhabitats. Gap dynamics were simulated by transferring plants between three environments: beneath a closed canopy, a small gap, and a large gap. Plants of all three species were able to adjust their morphology and growth rates in response to changes in light availability. Growth rates increased when plants were moved to a (larger) gap, and decreased when plants were moved to a more shaded environment. Shade-grown plants were able to acclimate faster to increasing light availability than sun-grown plants to decreasing light availability. Also, plants moved from shady to sunny conditions showed higher relative growth rates than sun control plants, whereas sun-grown plants when moved to the shade showed lower relative growth rates than shade control plants. Species differed in their response to gap dynamics. Omphalea could not acclimate morphologically to shading, but reacted faster than the other species in response to the occurrence of a large gap. Acclimation potential seemed to be related to plasticity in physiological rather than in morphological traits. Suppressed seedlings of all three species performed well in the shade, and were able to acclimate rapidly to gap-conditions.

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Bidhari, Lesty Ayu, Roy Effendi, Nining N. Andayani, and Slamet Bambang. "Screening of shade tolerant hybrid maize based on stress tolerance index." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012018.

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Abstract The development of adaptive and high-yielding maize varieties tolerant to shade stress is the right strategy to increase productivity and national maize production by utilizing the land in shaded conditions or under annual stands with 40% shade intensity. This study aimed to assess the best genetic material before releasing new shade tolerant maize varieties. This experiment was conducted in shaded and unshaded conditions in the Indonesian Cereal Research Institute, Maros, from July-October 2018 in KP. Pandu, North Sulawesi under coconut trees from March-August 2019. The design is using a randomized block design with three replications. The genetic material used consisted of 10 three-lane cross-hybrid maize, SHD01, SHD02, SHD03, SHD04, SHD05, SHD06, SHD07, SHD08, SHD09, and SHD10, and two comparison varieties of three-lane cross-hybrid maize, Bima-19, and P-35. Shade causes a reduction in light intensity, impacting changes in the microclimate under the shade. This is indicated by the dynamics of changes in light intensity which are quite high between maize crops in shaded and unshaded conditions. Tolerance to shade stress was assessed by measuring the difference in yield between unshaded environmental conditions and shaded environmental conditions to assess average productivity under normal and shaded conditions using the stress tolerance index (STI). The adaptive level in shade conditions of the candidate varieties SHD02 and SHD10 was significantly better than that of the Bima 19 and P 35 varieties, with the STI values of these candidates being 0.87 and 0.80, while the two comparison varieties Bima 19 and P 35, were respectively only 0.62.

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Tabatabaian, Farhad, Khotan Aflatoonian, and Mahshid Namdari. "Effects of veneering porcelain thickness and background shade on the shade match of zirconia-based restorations." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 13, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2019.011.

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Background. Effects of veneering porcelain thickness and background shade on the shade match of zirconia-based restorations are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of veneering porcelain thickness and background shade on the shade match of zirconia-based restorations. Methods. Forty A2 shade veneered zirconia disk specimens (10 mm in diameter) were fabricated, with veneering porcelain thicknesses of 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 mm. Three backgrounds were made of A2 shade composite resin (A2), nickel-chromium alloy (NC) and amalgam (AM). The veneered zirconia specimens were placed on the backgrounds. CIELab values were measured with a spectrophotometer. ΔE values were measured to determine color differences between the specimens and the A2 VITA classical shade (target shade). ΔE values were compared with an acceptability threshold (ΔE=3.7). Repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, and 1-sample t-test were used to analyze data (P<0.05). Results. Mean ΔE values ranged between 1.9 and 5.0. The veneering porcelain thickness, the background shade and their interaction affected the ΔE (P<0.0001). The minimum veneering porcelain thickness for the shade match was 2 mm for NC and 1.8 mm for AM. Conclusion. Veneering porcelain thickness and background shade affected the shade match of zirconia-based restorations. With dark-shaded backgrounds, the amount of veneering porcelain thickness needed for the shade match might be beyond acceptable clinical limits. Tooth-shaded backgrounds are esthetically advocated rather than dark-shaded backgrounds in zirconia-based restorations.

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Laur, Savanah, Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez, and Timothy Coolong. "Impact of Shade and Fogging on High Tunnel Production and Mineral Content of Organically Grown Lettuce, Basil, and Arugula in Georgia." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070625.

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This study evaluated the impact of shade cloth and fogging systems on the microclimate at the plant canopy level and yield of basil (Oscimum basilicum L.), arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) planted in mid-September and early October in high tunnels. Fogging systems were installed at canopy level in plots within shaded (30%) and non-shaded high tunnels. Average air temperatures in the shaded high tunnels were 0.9 °C lower than non-shaded high tunnels during the day. Shade cloth significantly reduced soil temperatures during the day and night periods by 1.5 °C and 1.3 °C, respectively, compared to non-shaded treatments. Fogging systems did not have an impact on air temperature, soil temperature, or relative humidity, but did increase canopy leaf wetness. Shade and fogging did not impact the yield of any of the crops grown. Yield was impacted by planting date, with earlier planting result in higher yields of lettuce and basil. Yields for arugula were greater during the second planting date than the first. Planting date and shade cloth interacted to affect the concentrations of macronutrients.

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Hampson, Cheryl R., Anita N. Azarenko, and John R. Potter. "Photosynthetic Rate, Flowering, and Yield Component Alteration in Hazelnut in Response to Different Light Environments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1103.

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In hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), vigorous vegetative growth and traditional orchard practices that include little or no pruning combine to produce a dense, shady canopy. A study designed to quantify the effect of shade on reproduction and photosynthetic rate in this shade-tolerant species was undertaken to assess whether some degree of pruning might improve productivity. Shade cloth was used to exclude 30%, 47%, 63%, 73%, or 92% of ambient sunlight from whole `Ennis' and `Barcelona' trees from mid-May until harvest. Photosynthetic light response curves were obtained for leaves that had developed in full sunlight, deep inside the canopy of unshaded trees, or in 92% shade. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates were 12.0, 6.1, and 9.3 μmol·m-2·s-1 of CO2 and dark respiration rates were 2.0, 1.1, and 0.7 μmol·m-2·s-1 of CO2, respectively, for the three light regimes. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates of leaves from 30% or 63% shade differed little from the control (0% shade). Area per leaf increased by 49% and chlorophyll concentration (dry weight basis) by 157% as shading increased from 0% to 92%. Shading to 92% reduced specific leaf weight (68%), stomatal density (30%), light compensation point (69%), and dark respiration rate (63%) compared to controls. Female inflorescence density declined by about one-third and male inflorescence density by 64% to 74% in the most heavily shaded trees of both cultivars compared to controls. Shade was more detrimental to yield than flowering: yield per tree dropped by >80%, from 2.9 to 3.4 kg in full sun to 0.6 to 0.9 kg in 92% shade. Shade reduced yield primarily by decreasing nut number and secondarily by decreasing nut size. The incidence of several kernel defects increased as shade increased. Therefore, hazelnut leaves showed considerable capacity to adapt structurally and functionally to shade, but improving light penetration into the canopy would probably increase orchard productivity.

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Liu, Zhijun, Stanley B. Carpenter, and Roysell J. Constantin. "Camptothecin production in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings in response to shading and flooding." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-039.

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One-year-old Camptotheca acuminata seedlings were grown under heavy shade (27% full sunlight), slight shade (67% full sunlight), or full sunlight for 2 weeks, then subjected to flooding for 4 weeks under continued shading schemes. Growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and camptothecin concentrations were determined. Flooding led to significant decreases in leaf biomass, while shading significantly increased stem biomass. Under full sunlight or slight shade conditions, lateral root biomass was significantly decreased by flooding, whereas under heavy shade, it was not significantly reduced by flooding. Shaded leaves displayed significantly higher chlorophyll fluorescence than the non-shaded leaves throughout the 6-week period. Onset of flooding caused immediate decline of chlorophyll fluorescence of nonshaded and slight-shaded seedlings, but the effect of flooding quickly diminished. Heavy shade led to elevated camptothecin concentrations in leaves, whereas flooding had no effect. Camptothecin concentrations in stems were not altered by either flooding or shading; however, they were substantially lowered in lateral roots under heavy shade compared with those grown in full sunlight. Flooding induced an additional camptothecin accumulation in lateral roots under slight shade, but it failed to do so under either heavy shade or full sunlight conditions. Key words: anti-tumor compounds, camptothecin, chlorophyll fluorescence, flooding, secondary metabolites, shading.

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Klein, Lauren F. "Dimensions of Scale: Invisible Labor, Editorial Work, and the Future of Quantitative Literary Studies." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 135, no. 1 (January 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2020.135.1.23.

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This essay calls for a conceptual reorientation of how quantitative methods in literary studies are currently framed, arguing for an expansion from a linear model bounded by the endpoints of distant and close to a space defined by multiple dimensions of scale. I explore the axis bounded by visible and invisible as an example of one of the additional dimensions that might constitute this expanded conceptual frame. In demonstrating its potential for producing new knowledge, I examine the editorial work of two women abolitionists, Mary Ann Shadd (1823–93) and Lydia Maria Child (1802–80). I show how topic modeling and statistical analysis can help identify and describe their invisible editorial labor. I thus provide an additional layer of evidence in support of the argument that positions women, and black women in particular, at abolition's vanguard. I also show how both women employed editing as a method of community formation and world building. I conclude by extending the example of editorial work to the labor required to perform quantitative work today, underscoring the importance of expanding the frame in which quantitative methods in literary study are conceptualized and deployed. (LFK)

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Gent*, Martin P. N. "Effect of Shade on Quality of Greenhouse Tomato." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 759A—759. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.759a.

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Shading a greenhouse increased the fraction of tomatoes that were marketable, and the marketable yield, in a comparison of greenhouse tomato yields across years, in some of which the greenhouses were shaded. In 2003, the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes were compared directly when grown in spring and summer in Connecticut in identical greenhouses that differed only in the degree of shade. Each half of four greenhouses was either unshaded or shaded using reflective aluminized shade cloth rated to reduced light transmission by 15%, 30%, or 50%. Each shade treatment was repeated in two houses. Tomatoes were germinated in February and transplanted in March The houses were shaded when fruit began to ripen in early June. Picking continued through August. The effect of shade on total yield developed gradually. Yields in June were unaffected by shade, but in August yield under no shade was about 30% higher than under 50% shade. In contrast, there was an immediate effect of shade on fruit size. Fruit picked in June from plants under 50% shade was 16% smaller than from plants grown under no shade. This difference declined later in the season, to 6 and 9%, in July and August respectively. The highest yield of marketable fruit in 2003 was picked from houses under no shade, but this was only 10% more than picked from the houses under 50% shade. Shade increased the fraction of marketable fruit, from 54% under no shade to 63% under 50% shade. Certain defects were decreased by shade. For instance the fraction of fruit with cracked skin was decreased from 33% to 25%. In general, effects on fruit quality varied linearly with the degree of applied shade.

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Rahim, Masuma. "Keynote lecture: The indefensible psychology of punishment Professor Shadd Maruna, Queen’s University Belfast. Prisons: An expensive way of making criminals worse." Forensic Update 1, no. 113 (January 2014): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2014.1.113.53.

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Cardoso, Clarissa Silva, Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, and Maria José Hötzel. "Dairy Heifer Motivation for Access to a Shaded Area." Animals 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092507.

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We used an operant conditioning paradigm to test the motivation of non-pregnant dairy heifers to access shade during the summer and autumn months (January to June) in southern Brazil. Dairy heifers (n = 18) were trained to push a weighted gate to access either an experimental area containing both a shaded (simple tree shade and shade cloth) and unshaded area (WITH SHADE) or an experimental area with no shade (BARREN). The latency to push the weighted gate, and the maximum weight pushed by each heifer, were recorded in both the summer and the autumn. Temperature and humidity were recorded continuously for the duration of the study and were used to calculate the heat index. The maximum weight pushed to enter the WITH SHADE area was greater in summer than in autumn, and was inversely related to the latency to push the weighted gate. Heifers refused to work for access to the BARREN environment. As expected, both the maximum ambient temperatures and heat index were higher in summer than in autumn, and also higher in the non-shaded areas than under the shade in both seasons. Heifers of higher social rank displaced other heifers more often, and spent more time in the shaded areas, particularly in the area with trees plus a shade cloth, than the intermediate and subordinate heifers. We conclude that shade is an important and valued resource for heifers reared on pasture-based systems in sub-tropical environments, particularly during the hot summer months.

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Tantalo, Syahrio, Liman Liman, Fitria Tsani Farda, Agung Kusuma Wijaya, Yohanes Abrian Frastianto, and Ignatius Anjas Pangestu. "Productivity and nutrient value of some grasses under shading of rubber tree plantation." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v4i2.2502.

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This study aimed to determine the productivity and nutrient content of three grasstypes with or without rubber trees shading. It was conducted in May-September 2020at Sangga Buana Village, Seputih Banyak, Central Lampung and Animal Nutrition andFood Laboratory, University of Lampung. This study used nested design with two factorsof rubber trees shaded and grass types with six replications. Both factors were shadedconditions: N0 (land without shade) and N1 (land under rubber trees shade); and grasstypes: elephant grass (A1); setaria (A2); and odot (A3). The results showed the shadeddecreased (P<0.05) leave length of each grass compared to non-shading conditions.Grass under the shade decreased their production and odot grass showed the lowestproduction (P<0.05). The number of tillers and plant height under the shade decreasedsignificantly (P<0.05) on elephant grass and setaria grass. Leaf width under the shadedecreased significantly (P<0.05) on setaria and odot grass. The shaded effected (P<0.05)nutrient content on elephant grass, setaria, and odot. It was concluded that Setariagrass (Setaria sphacelata) had the best productivity under the shaded based on yield.The nutrient content of each grass varied depending on the ability of the grass to adaptto shaded conditions.

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Samarakoon, S. P., H. M. Shelton, and J. R. Wilson. "Voluntary feed intake by sheep and digestibility of shaded Stenotaphrum secundatum and Pennisetum clandestinum herbage." Journal of Agricultural Science 114, no. 2 (April 1990): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600072129.

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SUMMARYThe effects of shade (50% of ambient light transmission) on the quality of established swards of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) were examined at Wollongbar Research Station, northern New South Wales. Sarlon cloth was used to shade plots of the two species, after cutting to 8 cm, from November 1985 to March 1986. Herbage was harvested from shaded and adjacent unshaded plots for chemical analyses and for feeding as dry chaff to penned sheep at the University of Queensland research farm at Mt Cotton.Shade markedly decreased the voluntary feed intake (VI) of P. dandestinum by 30·7% over the two harvests while VI of S. secundatum was not significantly affected. Shade had no effect on the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of P. clandestinum herbage but marginally increased that of S. secundatum. These shade effects resulted in a 14·2% increase for S. secundatum and a 34% decrease for P. clandestinum in the intake of digestible dry matter of shaded compared with unshaded herbage.The reduced VI of the shade-grown herbage of P. clandestinum was associated with a higher proportion of stem (21 v. 8% for unshaded herbage), a lower proportion of leaf (48 v. 54%), and a lower concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) (0.9 v. 2.1%). In S. secundatum, there were similar, but smaller, changes in proportion of stem and TNC percentage in shade-grown herbage but, in contrast to P. clandestinum, these potential detriments to VI were offset by an increase in proportion of leaf and a decrease in the proportion of dead material. Average moisture content of shaded herbage (76%) was higher than that of unshaded herbage (70%). Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in plant tissue were higher in the shaded herbage.The higher yielding capacity and maintenance of nutritive quality of shaded S. secundatum compared with shaded P. clandestinum indicates the potential usefulness of S. secundatum for plantation agriculture.

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Silanikove, N., and M. Gutman. "Interrelationships between lack of shading shelter and poultry litter supplementation: food intake, live weight, water metabolism and embryo loss in beef cows grazing dry Mediterranean pasture." Animal Science 55, no. 3 (December 1992): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002105x.

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AbstractThe objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of providing shade for beef cows grazing summer dry Mediterranean -pasture and supplemented with a food high in non-protein nitrogen (poultry litter). Two groups of 30 cows each, in the last trimester of pregnancy, were placed on 1 June in two paddocks of similar grazing pressure, topography, vegetation cover and botanical composition. In one of the sub-units the cows had free access to a large shaded area, provided by 10 to 12 large eucalyptus trees, whereas in the second sub-unit, access to shade was denied until 31 August. Respiration rate, used as an index of heat stress, was much higher in the non-shaded cows (102 breaths per min) than in the cows with access to shade (62 breaths per min). In response to the much higher heat stress in the non-shaded cows, total body water and haematocrit value (an index of plasma volume) were higher than in the cows with access to shade. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was apparently much lower in the non-shaded cows, as reflected in a much higher non-esterified fatty acid concentration in plasma. Consequently, large differences in live weight gradually developed during the course of the trial, the cows with access to shade becoming much heavier than those with no access to shade. An increase in the consumption of poultry litter by the non-shaded cows was interpreted as an effort to reduce internal heat load by avoiding grazing and by preferring food which induces a lower heat increment upon ingestion and digestion. Above-normal serum concentrations of cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase support previous results that the combination of low ME intake and high ammonia load induces a toxic effect on the liver. Although all the cows were pregnant at the onset of the study, successful parturition was recorded in 26 of the 30 cows having access to shade, and in only 20 of the 30 (F < 0·05 by t test) of the non-shaded cows. It is concluded that providing shade for beef cows under summer Mediterranean conditions will reduce the danger of embryonic loss. However, an interaction with metabolic burden, such as ammonia load and a negative energy balance, can make the situation much worse.

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Izso, Elena, and Fenton Larsen. "FRUIT QUALITY DEVELOPMENT OF `GRANNY SMITH' APPLES IN RESPONSE TO TREE CANOPY LIGHT MICROCLIMATE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1134G—1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1134.

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A preliminary study suggested light distribution (400-700nm) did not change from terminal bud set (July) to harvest (9/9/88). Therefore, limbs of 5-year-old trees were shaded the last 90 days of the season in 1988 and 7-year-old trees were shaded the last 60 days in 1989 with 30, 63, 95% or no shadecloth. Medium (63%) and heavy (95%) shade decreased fruit weight both years. Fruit soluble solids (SSC) decreased with increasing shade in 1988 but not in 1989 until after 60 days of storage. Fruit peel chlorophyll (chl) declined with time for all treatments. Apples from full sun and heavy shade treatments had the lowest chl and visually appeared the lightest. Evidence from both years suggested there was an optimal light level between 37-70% full sun for maximum fruit color and chl. Link of 7-year-old trees were shaded at intervals, light all season, mid-season and late season. Fruit weight and firmness were not affected by time of shading. SSC was liner for mid-season shaded fruit. Chl was highest for late season shaded fruit but differences evaporated by 90 days of storage.

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49

Izso, Elena, and Fenton Larsen. "FRUIT QUALITY DEVELOPMENT OF `GRANNY SMITH' APPLES IN RESPONSE TO TREE CANOPY LIGHT MICROCLIMATE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1134g—1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1134g.

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A preliminary study suggested light distribution (400-700nm) did not change from terminal bud set (July) to harvest (9/9/88). Therefore, limbs of 5-year-old trees were shaded the last 90 days of the season in 1988 and 7-year-old trees were shaded the last 60 days in 1989 with 30, 63, 95% or no shadecloth. Medium (63%) and heavy (95%) shade decreased fruit weight both years. Fruit soluble solids (SSC) decreased with increasing shade in 1988 but not in 1989 until after 60 days of storage. Fruit peel chlorophyll (chl) declined with time for all treatments. Apples from full sun and heavy shade treatments had the lowest chl and visually appeared the lightest. Evidence from both years suggested there was an optimal light level between 37-70% full sun for maximum fruit color and chl. Link of 7-year-old trees were shaded at intervals, light all season, mid-season and late season. Fruit weight and firmness were not affected by time of shading. SSC was liner for mid-season shaded fruit. Chl was highest for late season shaded fruit but differences evaporated by 90 days of storage.

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Crow, I. "Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. By Shadd Maruna (Washington: American Psychological Association, 2001. 211 pp. $34.95 hb)." British Journal of Criminology 42, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.4.812.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shadd'

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