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1
Latvala, Tiina, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, and Anne H. Salonen. "18-Item Version of the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS-18): Validation of Screen for Assessing Gambling-Related Harm among Finnish Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 11552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111552.
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Background and aims: It is common for gambling research to focus on problem and disordered gambling. Less is known about the prevalence of gambling-related harms among people in the general population. This study aimed to develop and validate the 18-item version of the Short Gambling Harms Screen (SGHS-18). Methods: Population-representative web-based and postal surveys were conducted in the three geographical areas of Finland (n = 7186, aged 18 or older). Reliability and internal structure of SGHS-18 was assessed using coefficient omega and via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Four measurement models of SGHS-18 were compared: one-factor, six-factor, a second-ordered factor model and a bifactor model (M4). Results: The analysis revealed that only the bifactor model had adequate fit for SGHS-18 (CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.930, GFI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.027). The general factor explained most of the common variance compared to specific factors. Coefficient omega hierarchical value for global gambling harm factor (0.80) was high, which suggested that SGHS-18 assessed the combination of general harm constructs sufficiently. The correlation with the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measures (PPGM) was 0.44, potentially reflecting that gambling harms are closely—although not perfectly—aligned with the mental health issue of problem gambling. SGHS-18 scores were substantially higher for participants who gambled more often, who spent more money or who had gambling problems, demonstrating convergent validity for the screen. Discussion: The SGHS-18 comprehensively measures the domains of gambling harm, while demonstrating desirable properties of internal consistency, and criterion and convergent validity.
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Tripathi, Praveen Kumar, Vardan Kulshreshtha, Gaurav Jaiswal, and Tarun Kumar Gupta. "Large subgaleal hematoma producing turban head in 10 year boy with cerebral palsy: rare case report with review of literature." Romanian Neurosurgery 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2016-0091.
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Abstract Subgaleal hematomas (SGHs) are not uncommon. Because the subgaleal space has no anatomical boundaries, SGHs usually involve a large space and are typically limited to the parietal region. Cases of SGHs involving whole of head are relatively rare. In this study we report a rare case of massive enlargement of head after SGH causing severe pain and giving an appearance of turban. A 10 year old, male patient with cerebral palsy presented with progressive enlargement of head attaining a size of turban due to habitual head banging and self-punching overhead. SGH drainage and hematoma aspiration were performed and the patient’s head size was restored.
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Murray Boyle, Cailem, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, and Tracy Flenady. "Opportunity Costs or Not? Validating the Short Gambling Harm Screen against a Set of “Unimpeachable” Negative Impacts." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030549.
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Assessing the harmful consequences of gambling is an area of active investigation. One measure intended to capture gambling-related harm is the 10-item short gambling harm screen (SGHS). Although good psychometric properties have been reported, it has been suggested that the screen’s less severe probes may not represent genuinely harmful consequences, but rather may reflect rational opportunity costs. Consequently, it has been argued that the screen may lead to overestimation of the extent of gambling-related harm in the population. The current study sought to examine the psychometric performance of three less severe suspect items in the SGHS. Associations between each of these items and a specially constructed scale of relatively severe “unimpeachable” gambling harms were calculated from archival data from 5551 Australian and New Zealand gamblers. All three suspect items, both individually and upon aggregation, predicted greater endorsement of “unimpeachable” harms, and indicated the presence of gambling problems. Moreover, the SGHS as a whole is highly correlated with “unimpeachable” gambling harms. Including suspect items in the SGHS was found to improve predictions of low- and moderate-risk gambling status, but slightly decreased predictions of severe gambling problems. The results are inconsistent with the notion that SGHS harm probes capture either inconsequential consequences or opportunity costs. They confirm prior findings that harm symptomatology is unidimensional, and that the report of multiple more prevalent, but less severe, harms serves as an effective indicator of the spectrum of experienced harm.
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Muccioli, G., C. Ghe, MC Ghigo, M. Papotti, E. Arvat, MF Boghen, MH Nilsson, R. Deghenghi, H. Ong, and E. Ghigo. "Specific receptors for synthetic GH secretagogues in the human brain and pituitary gland." Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1570099.
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In vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterize specific binding sites for synthetic GH secretagogues (sGHS) on membranes from pituitary gland and different human brain regions. A binding assay for sGHS was established using a peptidyl sGHS (Tyr-Ala-hexarelin) which had been radioiodinated to high specific activity at the Tyr residue. Specific binding sites for 125I-labelled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin were detected mainly in membranes isolated from pituitary gland and hypothalamus, but they were also present in other brain areas such as choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and medulla oblongata with no sex-related differences. In contrast, negligible binding was found in the thalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cerebellum and corpus callosum. The binding of 125I-labelled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin to membrane-binding sites is a saturable and reversible process, depending on incubation time and pH of the buffer. Scatchard analysis of the binding revealed a finite number of binding sites in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland with a dissociation constant (Kd) of (1.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(-9) and (2.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(-9) mol/l respectively. Receptor activity is sensitive to trypsin and phospholipase C digestion, suggesting that protein and phospholipids are essential for the binding of 125I-labelled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin. The binding of 125I-labelled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin to pituitary and hypothalamic membranes was displaced in a dose-dependent manner by different unlabelled synthetic peptidyl (Tyr-Ala-hexarelin, GHRP2, hexarelin, GHRP6) and non-peptidyl (MK 0677) sGHS. An inhibition of the specific binding was also observed when binding was performed in the presence of [D-Arg1-D-Phe5-D-Trp7,9-Leu11]-substance P, a substance P antagonist that has been found to inhibit GH release in response to sGHS. In contrast, no competition was observed in the presence of other neuropeptides (GHRH, somatostatin, galanin or Met-enkephalin) which have a known influence on GH release. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that sGHS have specific receptors in human brain and pituitary gland and reinforce the hypothesis that these compounds could be the synthetic counterpart of an endogenous GH secretagogue involved in the neuroendocrine control of GH secretion and possibly in other central activities.
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M’zoughi, Fares, Izaskun Garrido, Aitor J. Garrido, and Manuel De La Sen. "Self-Adaptive Global-Best Harmony Search Algorithm-Based Airflow Control of a Wells-Turbine-Based Oscillating-Water Column." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134628.
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The Harmony Search algorithm has attracted a lot of interest in the past years because of its simplicity and efficiency. This led many scientists to develop various variants for many applications. In this paper, four variants of the Harmony search algorithm were implemented and tested to optimize the control design of the Proportional-Integral-derivative (PID) controller in a proposed airflow control scheme. The airflow control strategy has been proposed to deal with the undesired stalling phenomenon of the Wells turbine in an Oscillating Water Column (OWC). To showcase the effectiveness of the Self-Adaptive Global Harmony Search (SGHS) algorithm over traditional tuning methods, a comparative study has been carried out between the optimized PID, the traditionally tuned PID and the uncontrolled OWC system. The results of optimization showed that the Self-Adaptive Global Harmony Search (SGHS) algorithm adapted the best to the problem of the airflow control within the wave energy converter. Moreover, the OWC performance is superior when using the SGHS-tuned PID.
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Ao, Sheng, Yulan Guo, Shangtai Gu, Jindong Tian, and Dong Li. "SGHs for 3D local surface description." IET Computer Vision 14, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cvi.2019.0601.
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An, Ning, Yufeng An, Zhongai Hu, Bingshu Guo, Yuying Yang, and Ziqiang Lei. "Graphene hydrogels non-covalently functionalized with alizarin: an ideal electrode material for symmetric supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 44 (2015): 22239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05812k.
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Alizarin (AZ) with a multi-electron redox center is selected to functionalize three-dimensional self-assembled graphene hydrogels (SGHs) through non-covalent modification and the electrode material shows a good self-synergy and potential self-matching behavior.
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Dowling, Nicki A., Christopher J. Greenwood, Stephanie S. Merkouris, George J. Youssef, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, and Paul Myers. "The identification of Australian low-risk gambling limits: A comparison of gambling-related harm measures." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00012.
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AbstractBackground and aimsProblem gambling severity and gambling-related harm are closely coupled, but conceptually distinct, constructs. The primary aim was to compare low-risk gambling limits when gambling-related harm was defined using the negative consequence items of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI-Harm) and the Short Gambling Harms Scale items (SGHS-Harm). A secondary aim was compare low-risk limits derived using a definition of harm in which at least two harms across different domains (e.g. financial and relationship) were endorsed with a definition of harm in which at least two harms from any domain were endorsed.MethodsData were collected from dual-frame computer-assisted telephone interviews of 5,000 respondents in the fourth Social and Economic Impact Study (SEIS) of Gambling in Tasmania. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyse were conducted to identify low-risk gambling limits.ResultsPGSI-Harm and SGHS-Harm definitions produced similar overall limits: 30–37 times per year; AUD$510–$544 per year; expenditure comprising no more than 10.2–10.3% of gross personal income; 400–454 minutes per year; and 2 types of gambling activities per year. Acceptable limits (AUC ≥0.70) were identified for horse/dog racing, keno, and sports/other betting using the PGSI definition; and electronic gaming machines, keno, and bingo using the SGHS definition. The requirement that gamblers endorse two or more harms across different domains had a relatively negligible effect.Discussion and conclusionsAlthough replications using alternative measures of harm are required, previous PGSI-based limits appear to be robust thresholds that have considerable potential utility in the prevention of gambling-related harm.
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Ding, Xiuzhen, Xiangzhen Kong, Yeming Chen, Caimeng Zhang, Yufei Hua, and Xiangyang Li. "Selective Extraction and Antioxidant Properties of Thiol-Containing Peptides in Soy Glycinine Hydrolysates." Molecules 23, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081909.
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A highly selective procedure to extract thiol-containing peptides (TCPs) from complicated soy glycinin hydrolysates (SGHs) was described. This procedure included the reduction of disulfide bonds by 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and enrichment of TCPs through Thiopropyl-Sephrose 6B covalent chromatography. TCPs were confirmed using a strategy based on mass shift after differential alkylation of sulfhydryl groups with iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of TCPs were evaluated using chemical assays. DTT reduction increased the concentration of sulfhydryl groups from 1.8 μmol/g to 113.8 μmol/g. The efficiency of the extraction was improved by optimizing the loading of sample, extraction and desorption time and the content of desorption reagent. Both of the adsorption and desorption process were found to fit a pseudo-second order model. MALDI-TOF-MS showed that 36 of the 45 extracted peptides were TCPs. The EC50 of TCPs for DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical was 0.1, 1.49 and 0.084 mg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of TCPs (0.2 mg/mL) was of 0.375. These results suggest that the combination of DTT reduction and Thiopropyl-Sepharose 6B covalent chromatograph was a successful pathway to extract TCPs from SGHs and the TCPs could be used as potential antioxidants.
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Ye, Fuzhou, Chao Wang, Qinqin Fu, Xin-Fu Yan, Sakshibeedu R. Bharath, Arnau Casanas, Meitian Wang, Haiwei Song, Lian-Hui Zhang, and Yong-Gui Gao. "Structural basis of a novel repressor, SghR, controlling Agrobacterium infection by cross-talking to plants." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 34 (July 10, 2020): 12290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.012908.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects various plants and causes crown gall diseases involving temporal expression of virulence factors. SghA is a newly identified virulence factor enzymatically releasing salicylic acid from its glucoside conjugate and controlling plant tumor development. Here, we report the structural basis of SghR, a LacI-type transcription factor highly conserved in Rhizobiaceae family, regulating the expression of SghA and involved in tumorigenesis. We identified and characterized the binding site of SghR on the promoter region of sghA and then determined the crystal structures of apo-SghR, SghR complexed with its operator DNA, and ligand sucrose, respectively. These results provide detailed insights into how SghR recognizes its cognate DNA and shed a mechanistic light on how sucrose attenuates the affinity of SghR with DNA to modulate the expression of SghA. Given the important role of SghR in mediating the signaling cross-talk during Agrobacterium infection, our results pave the way for structure-based inducer analog design, which has potential applications for agricultural industry.
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Zhu, Yonglin, Bo-Wei Zhu, Yingnan Te, Nurwati Binti Badarulzaman, and Lei Xiong. "Exploring the Key Factors of Old Neighborhood Environment Affecting Physical and Mental Health of the Elderly in Skipped-Generation Household Using an RST-DEMATEL Model." Systems 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11020104.
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Most elderly people choose to age in place, making neighborhood environments essential factors affecting their health status. The policies, economic status, and housing conditions of old neighborhoods have led many elderly people to live in skipped-generation households (SGHs), where they have gradually weakened physical functions and are responsible for raising grandchildren; this puts their health in a more fragile state than that of the average elderly person. Practical experience has shown that when faced with complex environmental renovation problems in old communities, many cases often adopt a one-step treatment strategy; however, many scholars have questioned the sustainability of such unsystematically evaluated renovation projects. Therefore, it is often valuable to explore the root causes of these old neighborhood problems and conduct targeted transformations and upgrades according to the interactive relationship between various influencing factors. This study attempted to establish a novel evaluation system to benefit the health of elderly families in old neighborhoods and develop an understanding of the impact relationship among the indicators, while avoiding any form of waste when collecting responses in regard to the future transformation of old neighborhoods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the elderly in the Guangzhou Che Bei neighborhood in China, and by applying the rough set theory of the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory model, we established a preliminary evaluation system, obtained key environmental factors affecting the health of elderly people living in SGHs, and clarified their mutual relationships. Finally, on this basis, we proposed corresponding neighborhood renewal suggestions. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for future research, and our research model can be applied to similar aging research in the future.
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Zhang, Ping, Mei Ling Li, Qian Han, Yi Ning Zhang, and Guo Jun Li. "Improved Global Harmony Search Algorithm for Numerical Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2295.
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To intend to improve the optimization performance of harmony search (HS) algorithm, an improved global harmony search (IGHS) algorithm was presented in this paper. In this algorithm, inspired by swarm intelligence, the global best harmony are borrowed to enhance the optimization accuracy of HS; and mutation and crossover operation instead of pitch adjustment operation to improved the algorithm convergence rate. The key parameters are adjusted to balance the local and global search. Several benchmark experiment simulations, the IGHS has demonstrated stronger convergence and stability than original harmony search (HS) algorithm and its other three improved algorithms (IHS, GHS and SGHS) that reported in recent literature.
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Ye, Fuzhou, Chao Wang, Qinqin Fu, Lian-hui Zhang, and Yong-gui Gao. "Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of a pair of novel virulence factors, SghA and SghR, fromAgrobacterium tumefaciens." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 71, no. 9 (August 25, 2015): 1139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x15012881.
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Two proteins, SghA and SghR, which were recently identified and characterized as novel bacterial virulence factors regulating the infection of plant hosts byAgrobacterium, were cloned, overexpressed and purified with high yield. Both SghA and SghR form dimers in solution. The purified SghA and SghR were crystallized and the crystals diffracted to 1.9 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively. Data were collected and processed, and the crystallographic parameters were within acceptable ranges. These results will help in the determination of their structures in order to uncover the molecular mechanism of how these two proteins together control the release of plant defence signals against agrobacteria during pathogen–host interaction.
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Wang, Chao, Fuzhou Ye, Changqing Chang, Xiaoling Liu, Jianhe Wang, Jinpei Wang, Xin-Fu Yan, et al. "Agrobacteria reprogram virulence gene expression by controlled release of host-conjugated signals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44 (October 11, 2019): 22331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903695116.
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It is highly intriguing how bacterial pathogens can quickly shut down energy-costly infection machinery once successful infection is established. This study depicts that mutation of repressor SghR increases the expression of hydrolase SghA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which releases plant defense signal salicylic acid (SA) from its storage form SA β-glucoside (SAG). Addition of SA substantially reduces gene expression of bacterial virulence. Bacterial vir genes and sghA are differentially transcribed at early and later infection stages, respectively. Plant metabolite sucrose is a signal ligand that inactivates SghR and consequently induces sghA expression. Disruption of sghA leads to increased vir expression in planta and enhances tumor formation whereas mutation of sghR decreases vir expression and tumor formation. These results depict a remarkable mechanism by which A. tumefaciens taps on the reserved pool of plant signal SA to reprogram its virulence upon establishment of infection.
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Browne, Matthew, Belinda C. Goodwin, and Matthew J. Rockloff. "Validation of the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS): A Tool for Assessment of Harms from Gambling." Journal of Gambling Studies 34, no. 2 (June 3, 2017): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9698-y.
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Pandey, Dip. "Solar Greenhouse as an Energy Alternative Solution for Growing Vegetable in High Altitude Region: A Case of Baragaon, Mustang." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32187.
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In cold and dry high desert climate such as in Mustang, Manang or Dolpa growing green vegetables is a challenging task despite solar radiation throughout the whole year. Harsh and snowy winter, turbulent wind, limited availability of arable lands and water impedes plant growth. Solar greenhouse (SGH) is a renewable energy-based alternative for growing vegetables in these zones round the year in surplus quantity. At present, a large quantity of vegetables is purchased from nearby market towns (Pokhara and Beni) at double the price. Promotion of greenhouse vegetable farming has not only potential to relieve local people from such financial burden but can even create new business opportunities. As vegetables produced at these altitudes use only organic manure, their quality is desirable for a market where demand for organic products is constantly increasing.
From a literature study of SGH cases in Ladakh, Humla and Khumbu region it was found that varieties of vegetables could be grown even during winter when temperatures drop to -25°C. For instance, owners of specially designed SGHs in Ladakh ate eight times the volume of vegetables they had eaten prior to acquiring these SGHs and have seen their incomes rise by 30%.
The following article presents a study on SGH possibilities for vegetable farming in the Baragaon rural municipality of Mustang district, applying methods such as observations, informal interviews and stakeholder inclusion. Currently, there exists only rudimentary samples of plastic greenhouses in most villages, where only green leafy vegetables grow during winter. During summer, vegetable growth is conducted in open fields rather than inside the greenhouses. This is mainly due to their overheating caused by lack of ventilation. In Chhengor, one of the villages in Baragaon, organic farming is already taking a promising leap towards organic vegetable business. After discussion with farmers and other stakeholders appropriate design of SGH seems a good solution for durability of SGH structure and to ensure that varieties of vegetables grow in surplus quantity round the year. The article presents possibilities for SGH design and discuses factors for SGH establishment such as affordability, monitoring and maintenance. Additionally, it pinpoints infrastructural support such as agriculture policy at local level, for example in forms of subsidies and training of farmers to grant successful implementation of SGH approaches for high altitude settlements.
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Frick, Claudia, Stefan Fink, Dominik Schmidbauer, Francis Rousset, Holger Eickhoff, Anke Tropitzsch, Benedikt Kramer, et al. "Age-Dependency of Neurite Outgrowth in Postnatal Mouse Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Explants." Brain Sciences 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090580.
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Background: The spatial gap between cochlear implants (CIs) and the auditory nerve limits frequency selectivity as large populations of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are electrically stimulated synchronously. To improve CI performance, a possible strategy is to promote neurite outgrowth toward the CI, thereby allowing a discrete stimulation of small SGN subpopulations. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is effective to stimulate neurite outgrowth from SGNs. Method: TrkB (tropomyosin receptor kinase B) agonists, BDNF, and five known small-molecule BDNF mimetics were tested for their efficacy in stimulating neurite outgrowth in postnatal SGN explants. To modulate Trk receptor-mediated effects, TrkB and TrkC ligands were scavenged by an excess of recombinant receptor proteins. The pan-Trk inhibitor K252a was used to block Trk receptor actions. Results: THF (7,8,3′-trihydroxyflavone) partly reproduced the BDNF effect in postnatal day 7 (P7) mouse cochlear spiral ganglion explants (SGEs), but failed to show effectiveness in P4 SGEs. During the same postnatal period, spontaneous and BDNF-stimulated neurite outgrowth increased. The increased neurite outgrowth in P7 SGEs was not caused by the TrkB/TrkC ligands, BDNF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Conclusions: The age-dependency of induction of neurite outgrowth in SGEs was very likely dependent on presently unidentified factors and/or molecular mechanisms which may also be decisive for the age-dependent efficacy of the small-molecule TrkB receptor agonist THF.
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Were, Philip, and Sarah Kimaru-Muchai. "Evaluation of Self-Help Groups in Promoting Women Socio-Economic Empowerment in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya." Journal of Global Awareness 2, Spring/Summer (May 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24073/jga/02/01/06.
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Women play a crucial role in developing the economy, but their contribution has been negatively affected by limited financial services access. The study investigated the role of self-help groups (SHGs) in promoting women's economic empowerment in Kibra, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample size was 108 SHGs as respondents. The study utilized primary means of data collection by using questionnaires, key informant interviews (KIIs) and focused group discussions (FGDs). The findings showed that SHGs utilize group savings to expand credit access to vulnerable women in the sub-county. Leadership experience in SGHs has changed women's ability to make major decisions in their lives and improve confidence. SHGs have positively boosted the economy by empowering women and diversifying income sources. The study recommends periodical training on leadership and income-generating activities. The government needs to offer market and build infrastructure for products produced by groups' projects and provide subsidized loans to SHGs. Great emphasis should be put on women education and creating awareness while encouraging young women to join SHGs to start earning their incomes at early ages and making savings for their projects.
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Cuevas-Acuña, Dulce Alondra, Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea, Hisila del Carmen Santacruz-Ortega, Wilfrido Torres-Arreola, and Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer. "Development of Chitosan/Squid Skin Gelatin Hydrolysate Films: Structural, Physical, Antioxidant, and Antifungal Properties." Coatings 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091088.
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Chitosan (85% deacetylated, viscosity > 400 MPa, and molecular weight of 570.3 kDa)/squid gelatin hydrolysates (SGH) were prepared by incorporating SGHs (10%, 20%, and 40%) into chitosan films. SGH were obtained from squid skin gelatin by hydrolysis with Alcalase. The effects of adding SGH on the physical, chemical structure, mechanical, degradability, antioxidant, and antifungal properties of the chitosan films were evaluated. Films containing SGH were opaquer and more colored than the reference. Scanning electron microscope imaging showed that the surface sections of the CH/SGH films were smooth and homogeneous, though a small amount of insoluble microparticles was observed. Atomic force microscopy indicated that the surface roughness of the chitosan films increased with the addition of SGH. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggested an excellent compatibility of the components due to hydrogen bonding. The flexibility and in vitro degradability of the films increased as the SGH content increased. The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging rate of films increased with the addition of SGH. Moreover, films containing 20% SGH improved the fungistatic activity against Aspergillus parasiticus of chitosan films. The chitosan/SGH composite films have the potential for use in food packaging.
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Jung, Dong Won. "Quadrilateral Shape Rib Forming by Roll Forming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 878 (February 2018): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.878.296.
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The roll forming is one of the simplest manufacturing processes for meeting the continued needs of various industries. The roll forming is increasingly used in the automotive industry to form High Strength Steel (HSS) and Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) for making structural components. In order to reduce the thinning of the sheet product, traditionally the roll forming has been suggested instead of the stamping process. The increased product performance, higher quality, and the lowest cost with other advantages have made roll forming processes suitable to form any shapes in the sheets. In this numerical study, a Finite Element Method is applied to estimate the stress, strain and the thickness distribution in the metal sheet with quadrilateral shape, ribs formed by the 11 steps roll forming processes using a validated model. The metal sheet of size 1,000 × 662 × 1.6 mm taken from SGHS steel was used to form the quadrilateral shape ribs on it by the roll forming process. The simulation results of the 11 step roll forming show that the stress distribution was almost uniform and the strain distribution was concentrated on the ribs. The maximum thinning strain was observed in the order of 15.5 % in the middle rib region possibly due to the least degree of freedom of the material.
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Valenzuela, Jesus G., Yasmine Belkaid, Mark K. Garfield, Susana Mendez, Shaden Kamhawi, Edgar D. Rowton, David L. Sacks, and José M. C. Ribeiro. "Toward a Defined Anti-Leishmania Vaccine Targeting Vector Antigens." Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, no. 3 (August 6, 2001): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.3.331.
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Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. Sand fly saliva is known to enhance Leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) or by infected sand fly bites (Kamhawi, S., Y. Belkaid, G. Modi, E. Rowton, and D. Sacks. 2000. Science. 290:1351–1354). We have now characterized nine salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major. One of these salivary proteins, extracted from SDS gels and having an apparent mol wt of 15 kD, was able to protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites plus SGH. A DNA vaccine containing the cDNA for the predominant 15-kD protein (named SP15) provided this same protection. Protection lasted at least 3 mo after immunization. The vaccine produced both intense humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. B cell–deficient mice immunized with the SP15 plasmid vaccine successfully controlled Leishmania infection when injected with Leishmania plus SGH. These results indicate that DTH response against saliva provides most or all of the protective effects of this vaccine and that salivary gland proteins or their cDNAs are viable vaccine targets against leishmaniasis.
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Keshta, H. E., A. A. Ali, E. M. Saied, and F. M. Bendary. "Application of Static Var Compensator (SVC) With PI Controller for Grid Integration of Wind Farm Using Harmony Search." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 17, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2016-0159.
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Abstract Large-scale integration of wind turbine generators (WTGs) may have significant impacts on power system operation with respect to system frequency and bus voltages. This paper studies the effect of Static Var Compensator (SVC) connected to wind energy conversion system (WECS) on voltage profile and the power generated from the induction generator (IG) in wind farm. Also paper presents, a dynamic reactive power compensation using Static Var Compensator (SVC) at the a point of interconnection of wind farm while static compensation (Fixed Capacitor Bank) is unable to prevent voltage collapse. Moreover, this paper shows that using advanced optimization techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) such as Harmony Search Algorithm (HS) and Self-Adaptive Global Harmony Search Algorithm (SGHS) instead of a Conventional Control Method to tune the parameters of PI controller for SVC and pitch angle. Also paper illustrates that the performance of the system with controllers based on AI is improved under different operating conditions. MATLAB/Simulink based simulation is utilized to demonstrate the application of SVC in wind farm integration. It is also carried out to investigate the enhancement in performance of the WECS achieved with a PI Controller tuned by Harmony Search Algorithm as compared to a Conventional Control Method.
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Gurses, Muhammet Enes, Siyar Bahadir, and Burcak Bilginer. "Traumatic subgaleal hematoma in patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A rare case report." Surgical Neurology International 13 (June 23, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_186_2022.
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Background: A subgaleal hematoma (SGH) describes scalp bleeding in the potential space between the periosteum and the galea aponeurosis. This hematoma generally occurs after vacuum-assisted and forceps delivery, but may also be seen following head trauma. Despite its benign course, SGHs may complicate by life-threatening events. Case Description: We report a case of a 10-year-old male with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome presenting with scalp swelling following minor head trauma. On examination, a small swelling was observed in the occipital region. During the follow up, as the volume of subgaleal hematoma was increasing, we performed needle aspiration to achieve volume reduction, and dressed with a cap like bandage that wrapped and compressed scalp. The patient was hospitalized due to hemodynamic instability and a blood transfusion was performed. Due to extended usage of compressive bandage, a large area of scalp tissue became necrotic. The necrotic scalp tissue was debrided and reconstructed by plastic and reconstructive surgery. After surgery, another hematoma formed extending from the front of the ear to the ipsilateral neck caused facial paralysis, this hematoma was evacuated and a drain was placed. The patient was followed up for 1 year and no recurrent cephalhematoma was observed. Conclusion: Ehlers-Danlos is a rarely encountered connective tissue syndrome, this case underscores the importance for neurosurgery physicians to recognize the potential catastrophes, these patients may present with following even minor injury.
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Zhou, Heng, Yuanjie Lv, Mingyan Wang, Peng Cui, and Zhaojun Lin. "Study of electrical transport properties of GaN-based side-gate heterostructure transistors." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 212107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124626.
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In this study, GaN-based side-gate heterostructure transistors (SGHTs) with two electrical operating modes were fabricated. In the first operating mode, the SGHT was utilized as a common-source voltage amplifier with low power consumption and a broad input signal range. Analysis of the main scattering mechanisms affecting the electrical transport of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the channel revealed that polar optical phonon scattering and polarization Coulomb field (PCF) scattering play dominant roles under different side-gate voltages. In addition, channel current modulation of 2DEG electron mobility is primarily attributed to PCF scattering. Due to PCF scattering, the channel width also modulates the threshold voltage in this mode of operation. Moreover, in the second operating mode, the SGHT functioned as a traditional GaN high electron mobility transistor, allowing for electrically modulated threshold voltage and transconductance.
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Popoola, Bayode I., Funmi Togonu-Bickersteth, Joshua O. Aransiola, Akinjide Akintomide, and Opeyemi Ekundayo. "EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES OF CHILDREN IN SKIPPED GENERATION HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2458.
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Abstract The paper examined the challenges of accessing education by Nigerian children raised in an unusual family context, the skipped generation households. Specifically, it determined the proportion of Nigerian school-age children in skipped generation households enrolled in the formal school system and investigated the children’s perception of the effect of living in skipped generation household on their education. The paper also ascertained regional differences in education challenges experienced by children in skipped generation households. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The research procedure involved the collection of primary data through the administration of a survey questionnaire on 2144 indexed children from three purposively selected states representing the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. The results showed that 88.2% of Nigerian children in skipped generation households were enrolled in the formal school system, and that significant regional variations existed in school attendance by children in skipped generation households. Also, a substantial majority (74.1%) of grandchildren reported that living in SGHs had no negative effect on their academic performance. The specific education challenges of school-going children in skipped generation households included having to do assignment alone, not getting enough time to study, and difficulty in paying school fee. The results further indicated that the education challenges experienced by children in skipped generation households were significantly different across the selected states which constitute the study area. The paper highlighted the need for government to improve the welfare of older adults in Nigeria, especially those who serve as custodial grandparents for their grandchildren.
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Liu, Liqun, Jiuyuan Huo, Fei Xue, and Yongqiang Dai. "Harmony Search Method with Global Sharing Factor Based on Natural Number Coding for Vehicle Routing Problem." Information 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11020086.
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This paper proposes an improved Harmony Search algorithm, and gives the definition of the Global Sharing Factor of the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm. In the definition, the number of creations of the HS algorithm is applied to the sharing factor and calculated. In this algorithm, the natural harmony encoding method is used to encode the initial harmony, and the total path length of all vehicles is taken as the optimization objective function. A new harmony generation strategy is proposed as follows: each tone component in an evolution is calculated separately using the new learning strategy and update strategy. In the calculation process, the tone component is judged by whether it needs to be adjusted according to the adjustment strategy. In this way, the problems of singularity and randomness of the new harmony generation strategy of basic HS are solved to improve the diversity of algorithm solutions. Then, a new Harmony Search method with Global Sharing Factor based on natural number coding and decoding for the Vehicle Routing Problem (GSF-HS-VRP) is proposed. The improved Global Sharing Factor-Harmony Search-Vehicle Routing Problem (GSF-HS-VRP) algorithm is applied to capacity-limited vehicle path optimization problems compared with the HS, Improved Harmony Search (IHS), Global-best Harmony Search (GHS), and Self-adaptive Global Best Harmony Search (SGHS) algorithms. The small-scale data and Solomon examples were adopted as the experimental data. Compared with the other four algorithms, the GSF-HS-VRP algorithm has the shortest running time, more rapid convergence speed, and higher efficiency. In the multi-vehicle test, with the increase of the number of vehicles, the optimized path of the vehicle is more satisfied in relation to the actual needs of customers. The results showed that this method could effectively improve the optimization performance of the capacity-limited vehicle routing problem.
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Fauzi, Muhammad Arsyad, and Leni Sophia Heliani. "Perbandingan Pergerakan Titik Pantau Deformasi Kepulauan Sangihe Menggunakan Metode Perhitungan Periodik dan Simultan Berdasarkan Data GNSS Tahun 2014, 2015, dan 2016." JGISE: Journal of Geospatial Information Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jgise.53068.
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The study of deformation monitoring point movement of Sangihe Islands was conducted using the GNSS measurement methods. One of the factor that determines the accuracy of the deformation monitoring is the utilized data processing methods. Therefore, this research analyze the comparison of deformation monitoring point movement of Sangihe Islands using periodic and simultaneous GNSS data processing methods. This research used three observations epochs of GNSS, i.e. 2014, 2015 and 2016. The observational data were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software that tied to ITRF 2014 to produce coordinates and their accuracy. Based on the coordinate data and its accuracy, the velocity of movements calculation and their accuracy was done using the periodic and simultaneous methods. Based on the periodic method, the velocity of the SGH1 point on the N component is -1,11 ± 2,72 mm/year, on the E component is 9,21 ± 4,17 mm/year, and on the U component is -15,02 ± 50,64 mm/year, while the velocity of the SGH3 point on the N component is -4,93 ± 1,56 mm/year, on the E component is 16,50 ± 2,47 mm/year, and on the U component is -6,69 ± 19,42 mm/year. Based on the simultaneous method, the velocity of the SGH1 point on the N component is -1,56 ± 1,25 mm/year, on the E component is 9,40 ± 1,55 mm/year, and on the U component is -11,54 ± 5,83 mm/year, while the velocity of the SGH3 point on the N component is -5,18 ± 0,88 mm/year, on the E component is 16,91 ± 1,10 mm/year, and on the U component is -2,84 ± 3,49 mm/year. This research proves the hypothesis that the simultaneous GNSS data calculation results in higher accuracy than the periodic method.
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Liu, Liqun, and Jiuyuan Huo. "Apple Image Recognition Multi-Objective Method Based on the Adaptive Harmony Search Algorithm with Simulation and Creation." Information 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9070180.
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Aiming at the low recognition effect of apple images captured in a natural scene, and the problem that the OTSU algorithm has a single threshold, lack of adaptability, easily caused noise interference, and over-segmentation, an apple image recognition multi-objective method based on the adaptive harmony search algorithm with simulation and creation is proposed in this paper. The new adaptive harmony search algorithm with simulation and creation expands the search space to maintain the diversity of the solution and accelerates the convergence of the algorithm. In the search process, the harmony tone simulation operator is used to make each harmony tone evolve towards the optimal harmony individual direction to ensure the global search ability of the algorithm. Despite no improvement in the evolution, the harmony tone creation operator is used to make each harmony tone to stay away from the current optimal harmony individual for extending the search space to maintain the diversity of solutions. The adaptive factor of the harmony tone was used to restrain random searching of the two operators to accelerate the convergence ability of the algorithm. The multi-objective optimization recognition method transforms the apple image recognition problem collected in the natural scene into a multi-objective optimization problem, and uses the new adaptive harmony search algorithm with simulation and creation as the image threshold search strategy. The maximum class variance and maximum entropy are chosen as the objective functions of the multi-objective optimization problem. Compared with HS, HIS, GHS, and SGHS algorithms, the experimental results showed that the improved algorithm has higher a convergence speed and accuracy, and maintains optimal performance in high-dimensional, large-scale harmony memory. The proposed multi-objective optimization recognition method obtains a set of non-dominated threshold solution sets, which is more flexible than the OTSU algorithm in the opportunity of threshold selection. The selected threshold has better adaptive characteristics and has good image segmentation results.
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Amar, Arun P., Henry E. Aryan, Hal S. Meltzer, and Michael L. Levy. "Neonatal Subgaleal Hematoma Causing Brain Compression: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature." Neurosurgery 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000065180.07961.54.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Neonatal subgaleal hematomas (SGHs) are infrequent but underdiagnosed collections of blood beneath the galea, often caused by vacuum delivery. With massive bleeding into the subgaleal space, exsanguination and hypovolemic shock can cause death in 20 to 60% of newborn infants. We report the first two known patients with extracranial cerebral compression caused by SGH. Also, the surgical evacuation of neonatal SGH has not been described previously. CLINICAL PRESENTATION One patient was a full-term boy who was delivered via vacuum extraction after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Within a few hours, he developed an expanding fluid collection of the scalp and disseminated intravascular coagulation and shock requiring intubation, inotropic support, and blood transfusions. His head circumference grew from 33 cm at birth to 42 cm. He became progressively lethargic and developed posturing movements. Computed tomography of the head revealed a massive SGH causing gross overlapping of the cranial sutures and diffuse cerebral edema. The other patient was a full-term boy delivered via cesarean section after an unsuccessful attempt at vacuum extraction and forceps delivery. The initial head circumference was 34 cm. Within a few hours, he developed an expanding fluid collection of the scalp and became progressively lethargic with posturing. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a massive SGH with cranial compromise and diffuse cerebral edema. INTERVENTION Both children had radiographic features indicative of elevated intracranial pressure as well as neurological decompensation. The first patient was taken to the operating room, and the hematoma was evacuated through a small scalp incision. Initially, approximately 150 ml of blood was removed, and a Jackson-Pratt drain diverted another 200 ml of blood during the next 2 days. The infant made a good recovery. In the second case, the patient remained too unstable for operative intervention and died. CONCLUSION Extracranial cerebral compression represents another way by which neonatal SGH may jeopardize the infant's life. Management consists of measures to correct hypovolemic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation, as well as surgical intervention to control elevated intracranial pressure.
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Beniaminov, Artemy D., Galina V. Chashchina, Mikhail A. Livshits, Olga I. Kechko, Vladimir A. Mitkevich, Olga K. Mamaeva, Anna N. Tevyashova, Alexander A. Shtil, Anna K. Shchyolkina, and Dmitry N. Kaluzhny. "Discrimination between G/C Binding Sites by Olivomycin A Is Determined by Kinetics of the Drug-DNA Interaction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 26, 2020): 5299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155299.
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Olivomycin A (OA) exerts its cytotoxic potency due to binding to the minor groove of the G/C-rich DNA and interfering with replication and transcription. Screening of the complete set of tetranucleotide G/C sites by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the sites containing central GC or GG dinucleotides were able to bind OA, whereas the sites with the central CG dinucleotide were not. However, studies of equilibrium OA binding in solution by fluorescence, circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry failed to confirm the sequence preference of OA, indicating instead a similar type of complex and comparable affinity of OA to all G/C binding sites. This discrepancy was resolved by kinetics analysis of the drug–DNA interaction: the dissociation rate significantly differed between SGCS, SGGS and SCGS sites (S stands for G or C), thereby explaining the disintegration of the complexes during EMSA. The functional relevance of the revealed differential kinetics of OA–DNA interaction was demonstrated in an in vitro transcription assay. These findings emphasize the crucial role of kinetics in the mechanism of OA action and provide an important approach to the screening of new drug candidates.
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Zhu, Hongbing, Hanaa Sallam, Dennis D. Chen, and Jiande D. Z. Chen. "Therapeutic potential of synchronized gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis: enhanced gastric motility in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 5 (November 2007): R1875—R1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00821.2006.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects and mechanism of synchronized gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) on gastric contractions and gastric emptying. The first experiment was designed to study the effects of SGES on antral contractions in four randomized sessions. Sessions 1 (control) and 2 (atropine) were performed in the fasting state, composed of three 30-min periods (baseline, stimulation, and recovery). Sessions 3 (control) and 4 (SGES performed during 2nd 20-min period) were performed in the fed state, consisting of two 20-min periods; glucagon was injected after the first 20-min recording. The second experiment was designed to study the effect of SGES on gastric emptying and consisted of two sessions (control and SGES). SGES was delivered with train duration of 0.5–0.8s, pulse frequency of 40 Hz, width of 2 ms, and amplitude of 4 mA. We found that 1) SGES induced gastric antral contractions in the fasting state. The motility index was 1.3 ± 0.5 at baseline and 6.1 ± 0.7 ( P = 0.001) during SGES. This excitatory effect was completely blocked by atropine. 2) SGES enhanced postprandial antral contractions impaired by glucagon. 3) SGES significantly accelerated glucagon-induced delayed gastric emptying. Gastric emptying was 25.5 ± 11.3% without SGES and 38.3 ± 10.7% with SGES ( P = 0.006 vs. control). This novel method of SGES induces gastric antral contractions in the fasting state, enhances glucagon-induced antral hypomotility in the fed state, and accelerates glucagon-induced delayed gastric emptying. The effect of SGES on antral contractions is mediated via the cholinergic pathway.
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Song, Geng-Qing, and Jiande D. Z. Chen. "Synchronized gastric electrical stimulation improves delayed gastric emptying in nonobese mice with diabetic gastroparesis." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 5 (November 2007): 1560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2007.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of synchronized gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) on gastric emptying in nonobese mice with diabetic gastroparesis (DB-GP). Eight control mice and 48 nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with two pairs of gastric electrodes were used in this study. The study included seven groups in a randomized order [control, diabetes (DB), DB-GP, DB + SGES, DB-GP + SGES, DB-GP + Atropine, and DB-GP + SGES + Atropine groups]. In the control, DB, DB-GP, and DB-GP + Atropine groups, gastric emptying was measured in BLAB/cJ mice (control group) or NOD mice with a duration of diabetes of 0–7 days (DB group) or 28–35 days (DB-GP or DB-GP + Atropine group). In the DB + SGES, DB-GP + SGES, and DB-GP + SGES + Atropine groups, the experiment was the same as the corresponding DB, DB-GP, and DB-GP + Atropine groups except that SGES was applied during the experiment. SGES was applied via the proximal pair of electrodes and synchronized with the intrinsic gastric slow waves. The following results were obtained: 1) gastric emptying was delayed in NOD mice with a duration of diabetes of 28–35 days; 2) SGES was able to significantly increase gastric emptying in both diabetic mice and diabetic gastroparetic mice; and 3) the excitatory effect of SGES was completely blocked by atropine. SGES accelerates gastric emptying in NOD mice with diabetic gastroparesis. The effect of SGES on gastric emptying is mediated via the cholinergic pathway. These findings suggest that SGES may have a therapeutic potential for treating patients with diabetic gastroparesis.
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Vinterhøj, H. S. H., M. Duroux, and P. Gazerani. "Cell-based platform for studying trigeminal satellite glial cells under normal and inflammatory conditions." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.019.
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Abstract Aims Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In vitro, providing enough fresh primary SGCs poses some practical limitations; hence, frozen stocks of primary cells for culture could be an attractive alternative for cell-based studies or drug screening. This study was designed to investigate the morphology and marker expression of frozen and freshly isolated trigeminal SGCs under normal and inflammatory conditions. Methods SGCs from trigeminal ganglia of three male Sprague–Dawley rats and three frozen (sub cultured and passaged) batches of stored primary SGCs were cultured. Their morphology was observed by phase microscopy and the phenotype was characterized by immunocytochemistry of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to simulate a state of neurogenic inflammation in vivo. A pilot test was performed to determine the optimal concentration of LPS to activate SGCs based on GFAP expression. A long-term activation of the SGCs with 50 ng/mL LPS was chosen for further characterization. Results The fresh and frozen primary SGCs elicited similar phenotypes based on GS marker expression. However, frozen primary SGCs differed in terms of size and morphology. GFAP was constantly expressed in frozen primary SGCs regardless of LPS stimulation. Activation of primary fresh SGCs with LPS spread the GFAP expression from around the cell body throughout the longer processes and activation was only seen in the LPS treatment. Conclusions The phenotypic marker, GS was independent of culture conditions. There was no difference in upregulation of GFAP in thawed SGCs regardless of LPS stimulation. This indicates that freeze-thawing might activate SGCs and therefore frozen and passaged cells cannot be suitable for use in cell-based models for inflammation. Fresh primary cells are therefore optimal for studying SGCs under normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Suadicani, Sylvia O., Pavel S. Cherkas, Jonathan Zuckerman, David N. Smith, David C. Spray, and Menachem Hanani. "Bidirectional calcium signaling between satellite glial cells and neurons in cultured mouse trigeminal ganglia." Neuron Glia Biology 6, no. 1 (November 6, 2009): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740925x09990408.
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Astrocytes communicate with neurons, endothelial and other glial cells through transmission of intercellular calcium signals. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia share several properties with astrocytes, but whether this type of communication occurs between SGCs and sensory neurons has not been explored. In the present work we used cultured neurons and SGCs from mouse trigeminal ganglia to address this question. Focal electrical or mechanical stimulation of single neurons in trigeminal ganglion cultures increased intracellular calcium concentration in these cells and triggered calcium elevations in adjacent glial cells. Similar to neurons, SGCs responded to mechanical stimulation with increase in cytosolic calcium that spread to the adjacent neuron and neighboring glial cells. Calcium signaling from SGCs to neurons and among SGCs was diminished in the presence of the broad-spectrum P2 receptor antagonist suramin (50 μM) or in the presence of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone (100 μM), whereas signaling from neurons to SGCs was reduced by suramin, but not by carbenoxolone. Following induction of submandibular inflammation by Complete Freund's Adjuvant injection, the amplitude of signaling among SGCs and from SGCs to neuron was increased, whereas the amplitude from neuron to SGCs was reduced. These results indicate for the first time the presence of bidirectional calcium signaling between neurons and SGCs in sensory ganglia cultures, which is mediated by the activation of purinergic P2 receptors, and to some extent by gap junctions. Furthermore, the results indicate that not only sensory neurons, but also SGCs release ATP. This form of intercellular calcium signaling likely plays key roles in the modulation of neuronal activity within sensory ganglia in normal and pathological states.
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Xuan, Jian Y., Rhiannon M. Hughes-Benzie, and Alex E. MacKenzie. "A small interstitial deletion in the GPC3 gene causes Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome in a Dutch-Canadian family." Journal of Medical Genetics 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.36.1.57.
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Deletions in the heparan sulphate proteoglycan encoding glypican 3 (GPC3) gene have recently been documented in several Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) families. However, no precisely defined SGBS mutation has been published. We report here a 13 base pair deletion which causes a frameshift and premature termination of the GPC3 gene in the Dutch-Canadian SGBS family in whom the trait was originally mapped. Our analysis shows that a discrete GPC3 disabling mutation is sufficient to cause SGBS. Furthermore, our finding of a GPC3 normal daughter of an SGBS carrier with skeletal abnormalities and Wilms tumour raises the possibility of a trans effect from the maternal carrier in SGBS kindreds.
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Hu, Jinjing, Huabing Huang, Zhaohui Chi, Xiao Cheng, Zixin Wei, Peimin Chen, Xiaoqing Xu, Shengliang Qi, Yifang Xu, and Yang Zheng. "Distribution and Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes in Greenland during the 2016–2018 Melt Seasons." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010055.
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In recent decades, the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has become one of the major causes of global sea-level rise. Supraglacial lakes (SGLs) are typical hydrological features produced on the surface of the GrIS during the melt seasons. The existence and evolution of SGLs play an important role in the melting process of the ice sheet surface. To understand the distribution and recent changes of SGLs in Greenland, this study developed a random forest (RF) algorithm incorporating the texture and morphological features to automatically identify SGLs based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Sentinel-2 imagery was used to map the SGLs inventory in Greenland during the 2016–2018 melt seasons and to explore the spatial and temporal variability characteristics of SGLs. Our results show changes in SGLs from 2016 to 2018, with the total area decreasing by ~1152.22 km2 and the number increasing by 1134; SGLs are mainly distributed in western Greenland (SW, CW, NW) and northeastern Greenland (NE), where the NE region has the largest number of observed SGLs and the largest SGL was with the surface area of 16.60 km2 (2016). SGLs were found to be most active in the area with the elevation of 800–1600 m and the slope of 0–5°, and showed a phenomenon of retreating to lower elevation areas and developing to steeper slope areas. Our work provided a method for rapid inventory of SGLs. This study will help monitor the mass balance of the GrIS and predict future rapid ice loss from Greenland.
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Wang, Minhua, Syed Gilani, Haodong Xu, and Guoping Cai. "Salivary Gland-type Tumors of the Lung." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 145, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2021-0093-ra.
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Context.— Salivary gland-type tumors (SGTs) of the lung represent a distinct group of lung neoplasms. Pulmonary SGTs often pose diagnostic challenges, especially in small biopsy and cytology samples because of limited sample volume and overlapping morphology among pulmonary SGTs, metastatic SGTs of head and neck origin, and other lung tumors. Objective.— To identify the clinical characteristics, histomorphology, immunophenotypic features, and molecular alterations that are crucial for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pulmonary SGTs, especially in small biopsy and cytology specimens. Data Sources.— Literature review and authors' personal practice experience. Conclusions.— An accurate diagnosis of pulmonary SGTs can be achieved by careful evaluation of clinical findings and histomorphology in conjunction with immunohistochemical studies and molecular analysis.
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Lee, Kyung-Ann, Sang-Heon Lee, and Hae-Rim Kim. "Ultrasonographic Changes of Major Salivary Glands in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030803.
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We aimed to evaluate the changes over time in salivary gland (SG) abnormalities by ultrasound (US) in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Patients with pSS (n = 70) and idiopathic sicca syndrome (n = 18) underwent baseline salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) scans, and follow-up scans two years later. The semi-quantitative SGUS score (0–48) and intraglandular power Doppler signal (PDS) were assessed. We found that in the pSS group, the SGUS scores for total SGs and bilateral parotid glands significantly increased after the median 23.4-months follow-up. SGUS scores either worsened, improved, or were stable in 18.6%, 2.9%, and 78.6% of patients with pSS, respectively. The median changes from baseline in SGUS scores for total and parotid glands were +1.0 and +0.5, respectively. None of the SGUS scores changed significantly in the controls. The variables of homogeneity and hypoechoic showed a statistically significant progression of SGUS scores. In pSS patients, the baseline and follow-up PDS scores were significantly higher in the “worsening” group than in the “no change/improvement” group. Overall, the structural abnormalities in major SGs assessed using SGUS remained stable in patients with pSS. At the 2-year follow-up, SGUS scores worsened in 18.6% of patients with pSS. Intra-glandular hypervascularity was associated with the worsening of SG abnormalities.
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Wang, Wenying, Hyo Jeong Kim, Ping Lv, Bruce Tempel, and Ebenezer N. Yamoah. "Association of the Kv1 family of K+ channels and their functional blueprint in the properties of auditory neurons as revealed by genetic and functional analyses." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1751–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00290.2013.
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Developmental plasticity in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) ensues from profound alterations in the functional properties of the developing hair cell (HC). For example, prehearing HCs are spontaneously active. However, at the posthearing stage, HC membrane properties transition to graded receptor potentials. The dendrotoxin (DTX)-sensitive Kv1 channel subunits (Kv1.1, 1.2, and 1.6) shape the firing properties and membrane potential of SGNs, and the expression of the channel undergoes developmental changes. Because of the stochastic nature of Kv subunit heteromultimerization, it has been difficult to determine physiologically relevant subunit-specific interactions and their functions in the underlying mechanisms of Kv1 channel plasticity in SGNs. Using Kcna2 null mutant mice, we demonstrate a surprising paradox in changes in the membrane properties of SGNs. The resting membrane potential of Kcna2−/− SGNs was significantly hyperpolarized compared with that of age-matched wild-type (WT) SGNs. Analyses of outward currents in the mutant SGNs suggest an apparent approximately twofold increase in outward K+ currents. We show that in vivo and in vitro heteromultimerization of Kv1.2 and Kv1.4 α-subunits underlies the striking and unexpected alterations in the properties of SGNs. The results suggest that heteromeric interactions of Kv1.2 and Kv1.4 dominate the defining features of Kv1 channels in SGNs.
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Belzer, Vitali, Nathanael Shraer, and Menachem Hanani. "Phenotypic changes in satellite glial cells in cultured trigeminal ganglia." Neuron Glia Biology 6, no. 4 (November 2010): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740925x1100007x.
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Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are specialized cells that form a tight sheath around neurons in sensory ganglia. In recent years, there is increasing interest in SGCs and they have been studied in both intact ganglia and in tissue culture. Here we studied phenotypic changes in SGCs in cultured trigeminal ganglia from adult mice, containing both neurons and SGCs, using phase optics, immunohistochemistry and time-lapse photography. Cultures were followed for up to 14 days. After isolation virtually every sensory neuron is ensheathed by SGCs, as in the intact ganglia. After one day in culture, SGCs begin to migrate away from their parent neurons, but in most cases the neurons still retain an intact glial cover. At later times in culture, there is a massive migration of SGCs away from the neurons and they undergo clear morphological changes, and at 7 days they become spindle-shaped. At one day in culture SGCs express the glial marker glutamine synthetase, and also the purinergic receptor P2X7. From day 2 in culture the glutamine synthetase expression is greatly diminished, whereas that of P2X7 is largely unchanged. We conclude that SGCs retain most of their characteristics for about 24 h after culturing, but undergo major phenotypic changes at later times.
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Chen, Jie, Thillai Koothan, and Jiande D. Z. Chen. "Synchronized gastric electrical stimulation improves vagotomy-induced impairment in gastric accommodation via the nitrergic pathway in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): G310—G318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.90525.2008.
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Impaired gastric accommodation and gastric dysrhythmia are common in gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Recent studies have shown that synchronized gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) accelerates gastric emptying and enhances antral contractions in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of SGES on gastric accommodation and slow waves impaired by vagotomy in dogs. Gastric tone, compliance, and accommodation as well as slow waves with and without SGES were assessed in seven female regular dogs and seven dogs with bilateral truncal vagotomy, chronically implanted with gastric serosal electrodes and a gastric cannula. We found that 1) vagotomy impaired gastric accommodation that was normalized by SGES. The postprandial increase in gastric volume was 283.5 ± 50.6 ml in the controlled dogs, 155.2 ± 49.2 ml in the vagotomized dogs, and 304.0 ± 57.8 ml in the vagotomized dogs with SGES. The ameliorating effect of SGES was no longer observed after application of Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA); 2) vagotomy did not alter gastric compliance whereas SGES improved gastric compliance in the vagotomized dogs, and the improvement was also blocked by l-NNA; and 3) vagotomy impaired antral slow wave rhythmicity in both fasting and fed states. SGES at the proximal stomach enhanced the postprandial rhythmicity and amplitude (dominant power) of the gastric slow waves in the antrum. In conclusion, SGES with appropriate parameters restores gastric accommodation and improves gastric slow waves impaired by vagotomy. The improvement in gastric accommodation with SGES is mediated via the nitrergic pathway. Combined with previously reported findings (enhanced antral contractions and accelerated gastric emptying) and findings in this study (improved gastric accommodation and slow waves), SGES may be a viable therapy for gastroparesis.
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Simuyaba, Eunifridah, and Onoriode Collins Potokr. "(DIS)ENABLERS OF DEMOCRATIZATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL GOVERNANCE IN ZAMBIA." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 10, no. 3 (2022): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejss.2022.10.03.001.
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This study sought to explore the functioning of school governing bodies (SGBs) with a view to understand how SGBs enable or disenable democracy in selected secondary schools in the Southern Province of Zambia. The study utilized a qualitative research approach and was underpinned by the conceptual framework of decentralization. The sample comprised members of SGBs (2 chairpersons, 2 head teachers, 2 parent governors, and 2 teacher governors). Data collected from interviews were analyzed thematically, while observations and document review data were analyzed using content analysis. The study established the existence of both enabling and disenabling elements in SGBs. The study concluded that the SGBs were, in the main, democratic and had implemented the principle of decentralization with participation by all eligible stakeholders. Despite the presence of democratic features, certain undemocratic elements were identified in the SGBs. The study further revealed that the SGBs’ lack of adequate preparation impacted negatively on effective delivery by members, and this was in part attributed to some of the disenabling elements found among SGBs. The study, among other things, advocates for the training of school governors if they are to act more democratically.
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Wu, Lei-Lei, Jia-Yi Qian, Chong-Wu Li, Yu Zhang, Wei-Kang Lin, Kun Li, Zhi-Xin Li, and Dong Xie. "The Clinical and Prognostic Characteristics of Primary Salivary Gland-Type Carcinoma in the Lung: A Population-Based Study." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 4668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194668.
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This study aimed to explore the clinical and prognostic characteristics of primary salivary gland-type carcinoma (SGC). The entire cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to calculate the SGC proportion. In total, 253,096 eligible patients, including 165,715 adenocarcinomas (ADCs), 87,062 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and 319 SGCs, were selected to perform survival analyses. The data of 42 SGC patients from our hospital showed postoperative survival. Overall survival (OS) curves for different histological and surgical types were presented. The proportion of primary SGCs was 0.8 per 1000 patients. Patients with age ≤ 64 years old had a much higher proportion of SGC than those patients with age >64 years old. After adjusting for other confounders, among ADCs, SCCs, and SGC, SGCs had the best prognosis (HR 0.361, p < 0.001). Moreover, the 5-year OS rates of SGC patients were 55% and 7% in the group with surgery or without surgery, respectively (p < 0.001). The data of 42 patients from our hospital also showed a good survival of SGCs. Lobectomy improved the survival of SGCs significantly (adjusted HR 0.439, p = 0.016). In conclusion, pulmonary SGCs had the best prognosis among ADCs, SCCs, and SGCs. In addition, lobectomy could further improve the prognostic outcomes of SGCs.
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Wang, Xue, Yuechen Han, Man Wang, Chuan Bo, Zhenbiao Zhang, Lei Xu, Wenwen Liu, and Haibo Wang. "Wnt Signaling Protects against Paclitaxel-Induced Spiral Ganglion Neuron Damage in the Mouse Cochlea In Vitro." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7878906.
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It has been reported that paclitaxel administration could cause sensorineural hearing loss, and Wnt activation is important for the development and cell protection of mouse cochlea. However, the effect of Wnt signaling in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) damage induced by paclitaxel has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we explored the effect of paclitaxel on SGNs in the mouse cochlea and the neuroprotective effects of Wnt signaling pathway against paclitaxel-induced SGN damage by using Wnt agonist/antagonists in vitro. We first found that paclitaxel treatment resulted in a degenerative change and reduction of cell numbers in SGNs and induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in SGNs. The expression levels of β-catenin and C-myc were increased, thus indicating Wnt signaling was activated in SGNs after paclitaxel treatment. The activation of Wnt signaling pathway protected against SGN loss after exposure to paclitaxel, whereas the suppression of Wnt signaling in SGNs made them more vulnerable to paclitaxel treatment. We also showed that activation of Wnt signaling in SGNs inhibited caspase-mediated apoptosis. Our findings demonstrated that Wnt signaling had an important role in protecting SGNs against paclitaxel-induced damage and thus might be an effective therapeutic target for the prevention of paclitaxel-induced SGN death.
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Chen, Jingnan, Dami Li, Guiyun Tang, Jinfen Zhou, Wei Liu, and Yanlan Bi. "Thermal-Oxidation Stability of Soybean Germ Phytosterols in Different Lipid Matrixes." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 4079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184079.
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The stability of soybean germ phytosterols (SGPs) in different lipid matrixes, including soybean germ oil, olive oil, and lard, was studied at 120, 150, and 180 °C. Results on the loss rate demonstrated that SGPs were most stable in olive oil, followed by soybean germ oil, and lard in a decreasing order. It is most likely that unsaturated fatty acids could oxidize first, compete with consumption of oxygen, and then spare phytosterols from oxidation. The oxidation products of SGPS in non-oil and oil systems were also quantified. The results demonstrated that at relatively lower temperatures (120 and 150 °C), SGPs’ oxidation products were produced the most in the non-oil system, followed by lard, soybean germ oil, and olive oil. This was consistent with the loss rate pattern of SGPs. At a relatively higher temperature of 180 °C, the formation of SGPs’ oxidation products in soybean germ oil was quantitatively the same as that in lard, implying that the temperature became a dominative factor rather than the content of unsaturated fatty acids of lipid matrixes in the oxidation of SGPs.
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Flores, Andrew R., Lynn Langton, Ilan H. Meyer, and Adam P. Romero. "Victimization rates and traits of sexual and gender minorities in the United States: Results from the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017." Science Advances 6, no. 40 (October 2020): eaba6910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba6910.
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Do sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in the United States encounter disproportionate rates of victimization as compared with their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts? Answering this question has proved elusive because nationally representative victimization data have not included victims’ sexual orientation or gender identity. The National Crime Victimization Survey, the nation’s primary source of representative information on criminal victimization, began documenting sexual orientation and gender identity in 2016 and released data publicly for the first time in 2019. We find SGMs disproportionately are victims across a variety of crimes. The rate of violent victimization for SGMs is 71.1 victimizations per 1000 people compared with 19.2 victimizations per 1000 people for those who are not SGMs. SGMs are 2.7 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime than non-SGMs. These findings raise the importance of further considering sexual orientation and gender identity in victimization and interventions.
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Buckley, Peter F. "Effective Dosing and Dose Equivalency of Second-Generation Antipsychotic Medications." CNS Spectrums 9, S9 (September 2004): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900004375.
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ABSTRACTDosing patterns with second-generation antipsychotic medications (SGAs) are dynamic, with some SGAs surpassing current recommendations while others are declining in dose since their initial regulatory guidelines. Pertinent recent studies and available pharmacoepidemiologic reports, information, and expert consenses are reviewed herein to illuminate current thinking on the topic of dosing with SGAs. There is a need for fixed-dose studies of each SGA. Additionally, dosing should be a primary consideration when designing and subsequently interpreting comparative studies between SGAs.
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Grishaeva, Tatiana M., Darya Kulichenko, and Yuri F. Bogdanov. "Bioinformatical analysis of eukaryotic shugoshins reveals meiosis-specific features of vertebrate shugoshins." PeerJ 4 (November 30, 2016): e2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2736.
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BackgroundShugoshins (SGOs) are proteins that protect cohesins located at the centromeres of sister chromatids from their early cleavage during mitosis and meiosis in plants, fungi, and animals. Their function is to prevent premature sister-chromatid disjunction and segregation. The study focused on the structural differences among SGOs acting during mitosis and meiosis that cause differences in chromosome behavior in these two types of cell division in different organisms.MethodsA bioinformatical analysis of protein domains, conserved amino acid motifs, and physicochemical properties of 32 proteins from 25 species of plants, fungi, and animals was performed.ResultsWe identified a C-terminal amino acid motif that is highly evolutionarily conserved among the SGOs protecting centromere cohesion of sister chromatids in meiotic anaphase I, but not among mitotic SGOs. This meiotic motif is arginine-rich in vertebrates. SGOs differ in different eukaryotic kingdoms by the sets and locations of amino acid motifs and the number of α-helical regions in the protein molecule.DiscussionThese structural differences between meiotic and mitotic SGOs probably could be responsible for the prolonged SGOs resistance to degradation during meiotic metaphase I and anaphase I. We suggest that the “arginine comb” in C-end meiotic motifs is capable of interaction by hydrogen bonds with guanine bases in the minor groove of DNA helix, thus protecting SGOs from hydrolysis. Our findings support independent evolution of meiosis in different lineages of multicellular organisms.
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Yang, Wei, Nian Wang, Xue Shi, and Jie Chen. "Synchronized Dual Pulse Gastric Electrical Stimulation Induces Activation of Enteric Glial Cells in Rats with Diabetic Gastroparesis." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/964071.
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Objective.The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) on gastric motility in different periods for diabetic rats and try to explore the possible mechanisms of the effects.Methods.Forty-six rats were used in the study. Gastric slow waves were recorded at baseline, 7–14-day diabetes and 56–63-day diabetes before and after stimulation and the age-matched control groups. SGES-60 mins and SGES-7 days (60 mins/day) were performed to test the effects on gastric motility and to evaluate glial marker S100B expression in stomach.Results.(1) Gastric emptying was accelerated in 7–14-day diabetes and delayed in 56–63-day diabetes. (2) The S100B expression in 56–63-day diabetes decreased and the ultrastructure changed. (3) The age-associated loss of EGC was observed in 56–63-day control group. (4) SGES was able to not only accelerate gastric emptying but also normalize gastric slow waves. (5) The S100B expression increased after SGES and the ultrastructure of EGC was partially restored. The effect of SGES-7 days was superior to SGES-60 mins.Conclusions.Delayed gastric emptying due to the growth of age may be related to the EGC inactivation. The effects of the SGES on gastric motility may be associated with EGC activation.
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Marsico, P. J., and S. C. Roe. "Detection of Stress-Generated Potentials in Fracture Callus." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 10, no. 02 (April 1997): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632579.
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SummaryStress generated potentials (SGPs) are present in cortical bone and are thought to contribute to osteocyte perception of load. Because callus also develops and remodels in response to mechanical stimulus, SGPs may be the signaling mechanism in this tissue. The feasibility of the measurement of SGPs in fracture callus was investigated in this study. Osteotomies were performed on the right ulna of 15 Mongrel dogs and allowed to heal without fixation. The ulnae were harvested at six, 12, and 18 weeks; each callus instrumented with electrodes and SGPs recorded during broad band dynamic vibrational excitation. The results of these measurements indicate that SGPs can be detected in fracture callus. Refinement of the measurement techniques may lead to a better understanding of these potentials and how they change with load magnitude and stage of healing. Understanding of SGPs in vivo may also contribute to development of electromagnetic fracture healing stimulation methodologies.Stress generated potentials (SGPs) are a probable mechanism through which cells in cortical bone sense and respond to load. In this study, SGPs were identified in fracture callus, a tissue that also responds to load by remodeling. Further study of these potentials may assist in the development of methods for stimulation of fracture healing.This material was presented at the American College of Veterinary Surgeous Magazine Meeting, Washington, DC, October, 1994.