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Nash, Amelia, Timothy D. Aumann, Martina Pigoni, Stefan F. Lichtenthaler, Hiroshi Takeshima, Kathryn M. Munro, and Jenny M. Gunnersen. "Lack of Sez6 Family Proteins Impairs Motor Functions, Short-Term Memory, and Cognitive Flexibility and Alters Dendritic Spine Properties." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 2167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz230.
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Abstract Seizure-related gene 6 (Sez6), Sez6-Like (Sez6L), and Sez6-Like 2 (Sez6L2) comprise a family of homologous proteins widely expressed throughout the brain that have been linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we use Sez6 triple knockout (TKO) mice, which lack all three Sez6 family proteins, to demonstrate that Sez6 family proteins regulate dendritic spine structure and cognitive functions, motor learning, and maintenance of motor functions across the lifespan. Compared to WT controls, we found that Sez6 TKO mice had impaired motor learning and their motor coordination was negatively affected from 6 weeks old and declined more rapidly as they aged. Sez6 TKO mice had reduced spine density in the hippocampus and dendritic spines were shifted to more immature morphologies in the somatosensory cortex. Cognitive testing revealed that they had enhanced stress responsiveness, impaired working, and spatial short-term memory but intact spatial long-term memory in the Morris water maze albeit accompanied by a reversal deficit. Our study demonstrates that the lack of Sez6 family proteins results in phenotypes commonly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders making it likely that Sez6 family proteins contribute to the complex etiologies of these disorders.
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Wiedemeyer, Wolf R., Julia Gavrilyuk, Alexander Schammel, Xi Zhao, Hetal Sarvaiya, Marybeth Pysz, Christine Gu, et al. "ABBV-011, A Novel, Calicheamicin-Based Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Targets SEZ6 to Eradicate Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumors." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 986–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0851.
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Abstract In the past year, four antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) were approved, nearly doubling the marketed ADCs in oncology. Among other attributes, successful ADCs optimize targeting antibody, conjugation chemistry, and payload mechanism of action. Here, we describe the development of ABBV-011, a novel SEZ6-targeted, calicheamicin-based ADC for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We engineered a calicheamicin conjugate that lacks the acid-labile hydrazine linker that leads to systemic release of a toxic catabolite. We then screened a patient-derived xenograft library to identify SCLC as a tumor type with enhanced sensitivity to calicheamicin ADCs. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from primary and xenograft SCLC samples, we identified seizure-related homolog 6 (SEZ6) as a surface-expressed SCLC target with broad expression in SCLC and minimal normal tissue expression by both RNA-seq and IHC. We developed an antibody targeting SEZ6 that is rapidly internalized upon receptor binding and, when conjugated to the calicheamicin linker drug, drives potent tumor regression in vitro and in vivo. These preclinical data suggest that ABBV-011 may provide a novel treatment for patients with SCLC and a rationale for ongoing phase I studies (NCT03639194).
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Causevic, Mirsada, Kristina Dominko, Martina Malnar, Lea Vidatic, Stjepko Cermak, Martina Pigoni, Peer-Hendrik Kuhn, et al. "BACE1-cleavage of Sez6 and Sez6L is elevated in Niemann-Pick type C disease mouse brains." PLOS ONE 13, no. 7 (July 6, 2018): e0200344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200344.
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Pratsch, Katrin, Chie Unemura, Mana Ito, Stefan F. Lichtenthaler, Naotaka Horiguchi, and Jochen Herms. "New Highly Selective BACE1 Inhibitors and Their Effects on Dendritic Spine Density In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 12283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512283.
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β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered a therapeutic target to combat Alzheimer’s disease by reducing β-amyloid in the brain. To date, all clinical trials involving the inhibition of BACE1 have been discontinued due to a lack of efficacy or undesirable side effects such as cognitive worsening. The latter could have been the result of the inhibition of BACE at the synapse where it is expressed in high amounts. We have previously shown that prolonged inhibition of BACE interferes with structural synaptic plasticity, most likely due to the diminished processing of the physiological BACE substrate Seizure protein 6 (Sez6) which is exclusively processed by BACE1 and is required for dendritic spine plasticity. Given that BACE1 has significant amino acid similarity with its homolog BACE2, the inhibition of BACE2 may cause some of the side effects, as most BACE inhibitors do not discriminate between the two. In this study, we used newly developed BACE inhibitors that have a different chemotype from previously developed inhibitors and a high selectivity for BACE1 over BACE2. By using longitudinal in vivo two-photon microscopy, we investigated the effect on dendritic spine dynamics of pyramidal layer V neurons in the somatosensory cortex in mice treated with highly selective BACE1 inhibitors. Treatment with those inhibitors showed a reduction in soluble Sez6 (sSez6) levels to 27% (elenbecestat, Biogen, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), 17% (Shionogi compound 1) and 39% (Shionogi compound 2), compared to animals fed with vehicle pellets. We observed a significant decrease in the number of dendritic spines with Shionogi compound 1 after 21 days of treatment but not with Shionogi compound 2 or with elenbecestat, which did not show cognitive worsening in clinical trials. In conclusion, highly selective BACE1 inhibitors do alter dendritic spine density similar to non-selective inhibitors if soluble (sSez6) levels drop too much. Low-dose BACE1 inhibition might be reasonable if dosing is carefully adjusted to the amount of Sez6 cleavage, which can be easily monitored during the first week of treatment.
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Morgensztern, Daniel, Neal E. Ready, Melissa Lynne Johnson, Afshin Dowlati, Noura J. Choudhury, David Paul Carbone, Eric S. Schaefer, et al. "First-in-human study of ABBV-011, a seizure-related homolog protein 6 (SEZ6)–targeting antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with small cell lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.3002.
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3002 Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a dismal prognosis and new therapies are urgently needed. SEZ6 is a transmembrane protein expressed in SCLC tumors that may be used as a therapeutic target. ABBV-011 is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting SEZ6 with a calicheamicin payload, which has shown antitumor activity in preclinical models of SCLC. Preliminary results from the monotherapy dose-escalation and -expansion cohorts of the first-in-human ABBV-011 study are presented. Methods: Phase 1, open-label, multicenter study (NCT03639194) of ABBV-011 alone or in combination with budigalimab, a programmed cell death 1 inhibitor. Primary objectives were to assess the safety and tolerability and to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase 2 dose of ABBV-011. Adults (≥18 years) with relapsed/refractory SCLC (1–3 lines of prior therapy) were enrolled. Dose escalation was guided by Bayesian continual reassessment method. ABBV-011 was administered intravenously at doses from 0.3 to 2.0 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. Dose expansion was conducted in SEZ6-selected patients. Results: At data cutoff on August 22, 2022, 99 patients were treated with ABBV-011 monotherapy. Median age was 63 years (range, 41–79), 50% of patients were male, and 68% had received ≥2 prior therapies. ABBV-011 ADC pharmacokinetics were approximately dose-proportional with an elimination half-life of 4.6 days across the dose range of 0.3–2.0 mg/kg. In dose escalation (n=26), 1 patient had a dose-limiting toxicity of grade (G) 3 fatigue at 2.0 mg/kg. We report safety and efficacy results for 40 patients in the dose-expansion 1.0-mg/kg ABBV-011 cohort. Median duration of treatment was 12 weeks (range, 1.9–63.3). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 39 (98%) patients, the most frequent being fatigue (48%), nausea (45%), anorexia (38%), thrombocytopenia (38%), and vomiting (35%). G3 TEAEs occurred in 18 (45%) patients, the most frequent being fatigue, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia (10% each); 1 G4 TEAE of dyspnea was reported. Seven patients died due to malignant neoplasm/disease progression (n=6) or respiratory distress (n=1); none were related to ABBV-011. Hepatotoxicity was observed, including G≥2 TEAEs of hyperbilirubinemia (18%), increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (8%), ascites (5%), veno-occlusive liver disease (3%), and portal hypertension (3%). Confirmed objective response rate was 25% (10 partial responses [PR]), with median duration of response of 4.2 months (95% CI: 2.6, 6.7). Clinical benefit rate (CBR) was 65% (10 PR and 16 stable disease) and CBR lasting >12 weeks was 43%. The median progression-free survival was 3.5 months. Conclusions: The MTD was not reached and ABBV-011 was well tolerated at 1.0 mg/kg with promising antitumor activity observed. Further evaluation of ABBV-011 is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT03639194 .
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Roitman, Maria, Laura E. Edgington-Mitchell, Jon Mangum, James Ziogas, Alexios A. Adamides, Paul Myles, Hearan Choo-Bunnett, Nigel W. Bunnett, and Jenny M. Gunnersen. "Sez6 levels are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflammatory pain–associated conditions." PAIN Reports 4, no. 2 (2019): e719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000000719.
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Chi, Manjiao. "Regulation of Special Economic Zones Through Regional Trade Agreements: Confronting the Synergy Issue." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab016.
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ABSTRACT Special economic zones (SEZs) and regional trade agreements (RTAs) are frequently used by states as policy tools to promote economic development. As SEZs and RTAs overlap in geographical coverage and regulation areas and are implemented in parallel, they could create profound synergies. As there is no specialized international legal framework for SEZ regulation, and national SEZ laws seldom touch upon the synergy issue, SEZ regulation is largely left to RTAs at the international level. Yet, existing SEZ-related provisions in RTAs almost exclusively focus on trade in goods and appear insufficient in addressing the synergy issue—especially ‘new synergies’ created by ‘advanced SEZs’ and ‘deep RTAs’. To properly address the synergy issue, states should treat SEZ policy-making and RTA rule-making in a coordinated way and consider adopting a regional or multilateral approach in SEZ regulation.
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Zhao, Shulan, and Chai Ching Tan. "A Comparative Analysis of the Japanese Overseas SEZ in Phnom Penh and the Chinese Overseas SEZ in Sihanoukville, Cambodia: from the Perspective of Porter’s Diamond Model." International Journal of China Studies 14, no. 1 (July 26, 2023): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijcs.vol14no1.7.
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This study focuses on the development and influence of special economic zones (SEZs), examining factors such as enterprise competitiveness, main industries, supply chain relationships, and the development environment of the zones. The lack of a consistent framework for assessing the performance and impact of SEZs has been a challenge in research. To address this, the paper employs Porterʼs Diamond Model to analyze the factors that contribute to the development and influence of SEZs, suggesting that this model can serve as a comprehensive framework for future SEZ research. The existing research on SEZs in developing countries is found to be inadequate. However, the SEZs established in Cambodia through collaborations with China and Japan have played a significant role in the countryʼs rapid economic growth. By examining two specific cases — the Japanese-invested Phnom Penh SEZ and the Chinese-invested Sihanoukville SEZ — this study identifies common operational challenges faced by developing countries in establishing SEZs. Furthermore, by exploring different collaboration models and assessing the impacts on local communities, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers and international investors in their decision-making processes.
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Nazarczuk, Jarosław Michał. "Do operations in SEZs improve a firm’s productivity? Evidence from Poland." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 10 (January 13, 2018): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3096.
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Special economic zones (SEZs) play a significant role in global, national and regional trade flows. Given the insufficient number of empirical contributions regarding firm-level consequences of operation in SEZs, an analysis in which implications for firms’ standings is undertaken. With the use of different estimation approaches, applied to a unique dataset comprising 155 SEZs firms and 155 non-SEZs firms (matched sample) obtained from various sources, the author investigates if SEZs firms obtain a competitive advantage through higher productivity compared to non-SEZs firms. The results prove that SEZ firms differ in this regard. However, the sign of its contribution is conditioned by the type of productivity analysed. Keywords: Special economic zones; SEZ; polish economy; productivity differentials; firm heterogeneity.
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Li, Dongxue, and Xingping Wang. "Land-Use Change and Efficiency in Laos’ Special Economic Zones." Land 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101012.
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Special economic zones (SEZs) are important in Laos due to their ability to attract foreign investment, realize industrialization, and promote economic globalization. Based on Laos’ SEZs in operation, this study explored land-use intensity, structural evolution and land-use efficiency in Laos’ SEZs via the land-use dynamic degree, information entropy, super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) and gray relational analysis (GRA). The study determined that the total land-use area in Laos’ SEZs continuously increased from 2014 to 2020. The land-use intensity changes in the SEZs can be divided into three types, i.e., high intensity, medium intensity and low intensity, and most SEZs belonged to the medium-intensity type. The proportion of land used in production systems in Laos’ SEZs increased the most, and the proportion of infrastructure land notably decreased. The overall information entropy of the land-use structure exhibited an initial downward and then an upward trend. In 2018, the land-use efficiency in the Savan-Seno SEZ, Vientiane Industrial and Trade Area, Dongphosy SEZ, and Golden Triangle SEZ was relatively optimal. The basic factors of the industrial space and the factors reflecting international cooperation attributes were highly related to the land-use efficiency in Laos’ SEZs.
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Qumba, Mmiselo Freedom. "Assessing the Legal and Regulatory Framework for Special Economic Zones in South Africa." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 2 (2022): 229–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i2a4.
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The previous industrial development zones (IDZs) programme did not generate the anticipated economic growth in South Africa. Thus, the recent special economic zones (SEZs) programme is aimed at addressing the deficiencies in the disappointing record of the IDZs. So, would the new SEZ programme succeed if the IDZs failed? Since the IDZ is considered to have failed to generate the expected levels of economic growth, it is important assess whether the new SEZ programme will be able to fulfil its intended objectives. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an insightful analysis of the South African SEZ programme from a legal and policy perspective and to proffer some reforms in areas that may be pertinent for the success of the SEZ programme. It traces South Africa’s experience with the IDZs and related industrial policies by assessing how the country has fared so far, looking at its transition from the IDZs to the SEZs and analyses the potential challenges it is likely to face in the future. It adopts a comparative method of analysis by examining key issues confronting SEZs in South Africa, India, and China. In particular, the article compares only the key aspects in the regulatory design of the SEZ as found in the SEZ Act. These aspects include: the governance and ownership structure of the SEZs; the incentives offered to investors; the establishment of one-stop shops and issues of infrastructure development.
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Bocharova, Yu H., O. B. Chernega, T. V. Kozhuhova, and O. V. Ishchenko. "SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES: STATE AND FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD." TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE, no. 2 (52) 2022 (2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2022-52-2-9-19.
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Objective. The objective of the present research is an analysis of the state and features of the development of special economic zones in the world. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. It was established that in 1975-2018, the number of countries in the world in which special economic zones were created increased more than 5 times, and the number of special economic zones - more than 67 times. As of 2018, there were almost 5,400 special economic zones in 147 countries. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world has a wave-like character, three main waves of the development of SEZs in the world were identified: the first wave - the 90s of the XX century; the second wave – the first decade of the 21st century; the third wave – the second half of the second decade of the 21st century. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world is characterized by significant national and macro-regional asymmetries and disproportions. SEZs are developing most actively in developing countries. The countries of the specified group account for 88.6% of the total number of SEZs created in the world, 95.1% - SEZs in the world that are in the process of development, 99% of SEZs that are planned to be created in the world. It was determined that in the group of developing countries, Asia is the macro-region where SEZs are most actively developing.Asia accounts for 75.2% of the total number of SEZs created in the world or almost 85% of SEZs created in developing countries; 78% of the total number of SEZs under development in the world, or 82.3% of SEZs under development in developing countries; almost 83% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in the world, or 83.5% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in developing countries. Asia as a macro-region is characterized by significant asymmetries in SEZ development. The most active development of SEZ is observed in the countries of East Asia. Thus, East Asian countries account for 65.4% of the total number of SEZs operating in Asian countries or 49.1% of the total number of SEZs operating in the world. The largest centers of SEZ development are China and India. The area of most SEZs operating in the world in 2018 varied between 100.1 and 500 hectares. Almost 2/3 of the SEZs operating in the world in 2018 can be identified as multi-sector SEZs or SEZs without specialization. It was determined that on a global scale SEZs prove their effectiveness, the activity of SEZs in different countries of the world, even in individual regions of the same country, is characterized by significant differences in the levels of efficiency. Successful development of SEZs takes place when governments apply a strategic approach to the formation of policy frameworks, SEZ development programs, take into account competitive advantages and opportunities of the space where SEZs are created, take into account the requirements of sustainable development, and implement a set of measures aimed at developing SEZ connections with all branches of the national economy, etc.
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Darmastuti, Shanti. "SPECIAL ECONOMIC AREA (SEZ) AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIA AND CHINA." Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/jdep.v1i2.72.
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Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has been one of the main drivers of economic development in many developing countries. One of the success stories of these SEZs is China. The giant country began its SEZs at the beginning of the 1980s and in several years, these SEZs have branched out elsewhere in the country. The ability of these SEZs to attract investors and spur economic growth in neighboring regions leading eventually to overall China’s economic success cannot be separated from the strong commitment of the Chinese government to developing these zones. However, commitment turns out not to be the only factor for the success of SEZ program. The ability to devise strategic plan considering all factors including the socio-cultural and geo-strategic variables is also the key to the success. What China has done to develop its SEZs can be an invaluable lesson for Indonesia who aspires to develop its own SEZs in order to spur regional growth.
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Singhal, L. B. "Evolution and Performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs." Foreign Trade Review 40, no. 3 (October 2005): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515050301.
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A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as a specially delineated duty free enclave for trade operations. This area is reckoned as a foreign territory for the purpose of duties and tariffs. Movement of goods/services between SEZ and Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is treated as exports and imports. SEZ units can be set up for export of goods and services including trading. Establishment of EPZs/SEZs is essentially a post World War-II syndrome when import substitution was gradually discarded to adopt export led growth – opened up/free trade policy. Rationale for setting up EPZs/SEZs emanates from natural endowments and other resources of different countries. The developing countries have plenty of cheep labour but they lack in export related infrastructure, technology and even access to their products in overseas markets. The first example of EPZ – Shannon Export Processing Zone – designed to liberalize trade/FDI debuted in Ireland during 1956. First FTZ in India was set up at Kandla in 1965. Then came the establishment of EPZs at SEEPZ (1974), Cochin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Falta, Noida and Surat. As a part of its Export & Import Policy, the Government of India had announced setting up of SEZs in April 2000. The Government of India has enacted SEZ Act, 2005 in June 2005. At present, 14 SEZs are operating and approvals have been given for establishment of 64 more such enclaves. The paper attempts to throw light on the major issues involving evolution and performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs.
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Theot Therith, Chuop. "Effect of Investment Promotion through the Special Economic Zone Mechanism on the Distribution of FDI in Cambodia." Economies 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10090231.
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This study examines the effect of investment promotion through the special economic zone (SEZ) mechanism on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow across Cambodia. We applied generalized methods of moments (GMM) to panel data constructed from 19 Cambodian provinces during 2015–2019. Our results show that the number of SEZs positively affects both FDI inflow and diversification across the country, while capital invested in developing SEZs increases only the latter. Other SEZ variables, including the presence of SEZ, its intensity, and the age of the first established SEZ in a province, are mostly found to be positively associated with FDI and diversified FDI but not notably significant. Supportably, the existence of SEZ is confirmed to be significant by the t-test method, meaning that the SEZ province can attract more FDI than the non-SEZ one. Some provincial efforts and characteristics, including annual government expenditure, number of public relations, population density, population 18 years old and up, deep-sea ports, and international gates, likely significantly influence FDI inflow into the provinces of Cambodia. All in all, the SEZ mechanism attracts more diversified foreign investment activities, and it has a significant effect on the distribution of FDI in Cambodia.
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Suryani, Nurafni Irma, and Ratu Eva Febriani. "KAWASAN EKONOMI KHUSUS DAN PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI REGIONAL: SEBUAH STUDI LITERATUR." Convergence: The Journal of Economic Development 1, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/convergence-jep.v1i2.10902.
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Special Economic Zones are very important for the progress of an area. SEZ is able to contribute to the regional economy and increase economic development by providing direct and indirect effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of special economic zones on regional economic development. The object of this study is to explore the establish SEZ in Indonesia just only refer to two SEZs namely SEI Mangke and Tanjung Lesung. This research used literature study as a method. The results show that SEZ make the regional economy is starting to move towards a better direction. The role of two SEZs observed have different impact on regional economy, SEI Mangke has a positive impact on macroeconomy indicator such as reduced unemployment, reduced poverty and an increased economic growth rate in Simalungun Regency. Otherwise, Tanjung Lesung just has a positive impact on MSMEsKeywords: Unemployment, Poverty, Economic Growth, Pengembangan UMKM, SEZ Sei Mangke, SEZ Tanjung Lesung
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Storonyanska, Iryna Z., and Khrystyna O. Patytska. "Economic zones as a tool for local economic development." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(155) (2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2022-3-1.
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SEZs play varied roles in facilitating national, regional, local economic development, and global economic connections, with some remarkably successful in doing so. Despite the prevalence of special economic zones worldwide, their performance and impact on the economy and structural transformation are quite mixed. Among the many lessons learned from successful special economic zone programmes, the key elements include a strategic location, integration of zone strategy with the overall development strategy, understanding the market and leveraging comparative advantage, and, most importantly, ensuring that zones are ‘special’ in terms of a business-friendly environment —especially a sound legal and regulatory framework and an embodiment of sustainability and resiliency towards various external shocks. This paper offers a systematic review of the international literature addressing the impact of the Special Economic Zone model on local economic development. By identifying, critically assessing, and compiling the most relevant and high-quality studies on the topic, the basic conditions for the success or failure of this industrial policy model come to light. As a result of the analysis of the effectiveness of SEZs in Poland, the article concludes that the impact of SEZs on the Polish economy is positive, and additionally they are the source of value added for the market. The analysis shows that SEZs had a strongly positive impact upon the development of the least developed regions in Poland, while the effect was weak or even negative in relatively richer ones. The research on Special Economic Zones as regional development enablers discusses the diverse and international track records in the implementation of SEZs, the interplay of SEZ models and local institutional infrastructure and stakeholders, and the SEZ models that can best fit certain development states and/or settings. As the locational advantages change, the emphasis and the objectives of the SEZ must also change. Reliance on “generic” locational advantages must necessarily diminish, and greater emphasis needs to be placed on developing “specialized” locational advantages. Another key finding is that the benefits of a SEZ must intentionally “leak” beyond the perimeter of the zone. The pervasiveness of the direct, indirect, and induced extra-SEZ effects beyond the geographically bounded space of the SEZ determines its success or failure.
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Šimko, D. "Freihandelszone Shenzhen in der VR-China : Experiment im Rahmen der neuen Wirtschaftspolitik." Geographica Helvetica 40, no. 3 (September 30, 1985): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-40-153-1985.
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Abstract. Since 1979 the Chinese People's Republic has attempted to implement part of the new economic policy of reform in the Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The Shenzhen SEZ is the largest of the four existing SEZs and has an area of 327,5 Square kilometres and about 84'000 inhabitants. In the Shenzhen SEZ, most of the foreign investment is concentrated in the real estate/construction business and tourism and not exclusively in manufacturing. The joint-ventures have proved to be disappointing and currently account for only 2,8 % of the total investment.On the other hand, cooperative production is still the principal form of investment with 56,8 % of the total. The economic and technological dependence of Shenzhen SEZ on Hongkong is likely to have an adverse effect on production costs and the price of land. The accelerated development in Shenzhen SEZ has been accompanied by inadequate infrastructure Provision and serious social problems.
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Simo, Regis Y. "Special Economic Zones in an Era of Multilateralism Decadence and Struggles for Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery: Perspectives from the Global South." German Law Journal 24, no. 1 (February 2023): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.11.
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AbstractRecent years have seen a proliferation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in developed and developing countries. Developed in Europe in its modern shape, most SEZs are located outside the continent today, notably in the developing world, where SEZs form part of these countries’ export-oriented growth policy tools and overall economic development. At a period of growing unilateralism and the return of the State as an economic actor, this contribution seeks to tackle the rise of SEZ laws in the global south, with a particular focus on Africa. It will scrutinize the reasons for their establishment, the measures chosen to promote them, and the international ramifications in these respective regions and broadly on the global plane, notably at the WTO. With the entry into force of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement, African countries face challenges of multi-layered SEZ governance, which this contribution intends to address. These challenges also extend to the cross-regional trade agreements these countries conclude, individually and as a bloc. Since SEZs are often assimilated with a category of subsidies and are discriminatory trade measures, this contribution, in essence, investigates the extent to which current trade rules at multilateral and regional levels address these controversial aspects of SEZs.
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AGGARWAL, ARADHNA. "PROMOTING AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AND INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERING THROUGH SEZs: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 02, no. 02 (December 2011): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993311000282.
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This paper argues that traditional theoretical approaches to SEZs are unable to adequately explain the rationale and economic contribution of SEZs in India and proposes an alternative approach based on the economics of agglomeration, in general, and industrial clustering, in particular. It argues that although SEZs are not treated as clusters in the SEZ literature, they share characteristics with the latter. It uses the proposed approach to evaluate the role of SEZs in promoting cluster-based industrialisation and entrepreneurship in the country. The analysis presented in the paper is based on observations during field visits to selected operational SEZs across nine states and in-depth interviews with bureaucrats, developers, entrepreneurs and employees.
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Nesmashnyi, Alexander Dmitrievich, and Yulia Aleksandrovna Nikitina. "Local Hegemony: China’s Special Economic Zones in Mauritius and Zambia." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-97-114.
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Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa are part of the Belt and Road Initiative. They account for a fledgling research area in International Relations, with not much research on the topic. The authors regard traditional approaches in research of SEZs as incapable of grasping the difference between domestic (designed by the state on its own territory) and foreign (designed by a foreign state) SEZs. The concept of territoriality, though applicable only to foreign SEZs, has little to offer in terms of generating new knowledge. The research paper endeavours to offer new theoretical and conceptual frameworks for the study of foreign SEZs. The research is based on concepts of hegemony by different schools of thought, including Hegemonic Stability Theory, the three types of hegemony by Yan Xuetong and Neo-Gramscianism. The authors introduce the concept of “local hegemony”. The authors also highlight the fact that most foreign SEZs emerge in territories of limited statehood (or create them). In order to prove vitality of the concept, comparative research of China’s SEZs in Mauritius and Zambia is conducted. The authors point out relatively poor institutional development of Zambia and the existence of stable democratic institutions in Mauritius. The success of the Chinese SEZ in Zambia is also partially attributed to copper mining. Deriving from economic and institutional empirical data the authors try to detect success conditions of SEZs and analyze the related spillover effects that contribute to the development of African nations. The reasons behind the failure of the Chinese SEZ in Mauritius are traced. Authors conclude that the concept of local hegemony is suitable for studying foreign SEZs and suggest that zones of local hegemony could be sustainable and effective in terms of development.
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Sheldrick, W. S., and H. G. Braunbeck. "Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Cs4Se16 / Preparation and Crystal Structure of Cs4Se16." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 44, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1989-1113.
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The cesium polyselenide Cs4Se16 has been prepared by the methanolothermal reaction of Cs2CO3 and Se at 160 °C and 13 bar. [Se16]4- fragments may be regarded as containing an Se6 ring with Cs symmetry and two Se5 chains related by the crystallographic mirror plane. Se4 of the sixmembered ring, which displays a square planar geometry, participates in two relatively long Se4—Se5 bonds [2.989(4) A] to individual chains. The trans-sited Se4—Se3 bonds [2.425(4) A] are markedly longer than the remaining Se—Se bonds in the Se6 ring [2.344(4), 2.356(4) A]. Further Se—Se interactions of length 3.132(4) and 3.346(4) Å are observed between individual [Se16]4- fragments.
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Razlutskaya, Maria A., Nikita A. Smirnov, and Angelina A. Kolomeytseva. "The practice of operating high-tech special economic zones («ITU ARI Teknokent»)." Current Economic Trends 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55030/2713-0266-2021-1-4-38-58.
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The article aims to investigate the international practices of Turkish high-tech SEZ «ITU ARI Teknokent». The purpose of the research is to identify the main challenges and further prospects for high-tech SEZs in Turkey in general and «ITU ARI Teknokent» in particular.The article analyses the «ITU ARI Teknokent» ecosystem and singles out the main trends in its development. The study reveals the industries and resident companies of «ITU ARI Teknokent». The governmental incentives for high-tech SEZs are listed. In order to assess the performance of «ITU ARI Teknokent», the authors consider its main economic indicators. Finally, major tasks and openings for the high-tech SEZ in question are pinpointed.
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Chen, Jieping, Xianpeng Long, and Shanlang Lin. "Special Economic Zone, Carbon Emissions and the Mechanism Role of Green Technology Vertical Spillover: Evidence from Chinese Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 11535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811535.
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Although the special economic zones (SEZs) are considered the backbone of rapid economic development in China, it is unclear whether they contribute to green economic development. From the perspective of the localized industrial chains formed as a result of the SEZ policy, this paper aims to analyze and explain how the development of SEZs influences carbon emissions in Chinese cities by promoting green technologies’ vertical spillover along the industrial chain. Based on the panel data of 264 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2016 and a relatively new and mostly disaggregated city-level MRIO (multi-region input–output) table in China, this paper constructs green technology vertical spillover as a mechanism variable and discusses the influence theoretically and empirically. The results show that the development of SEZs can reduce a city’s carbon emissions. More specifically, for every 10 m2 increase in the size of the SEZ area, the carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by 0.882 g per m2 of the city area. Moreover, mechanism analysis shows that the development of SEZs promotes green technology vertical spillover inside the city, through which the SEZs reduce the city’s carbon emissions. The mediation effect occupies 21.96% of the total effect. Furthermore, the impact of the development of SEZs on carbon emissions has regional heterogeneity due to the city’s industry structure, green technology stocks, and the zones’ administrative hierarchies. The finding of this study could provide several important implications for regional green development, especially in China.
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Ilham A Hamudy, Moh, and M. Saidi Rifki. "Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone: Expectation and Reality." Policy & Governance Review 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v5i1.337.
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Many countries have developed Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to spur economic growth. In Indonesia, SEZs have been around for more than a decade. However, the existing SEZs have not yielded the expected results. Likewise with the Tanjung Lesung Tourism SEZ, which is still facing major obstacles in its development. Studies related to the dimensions of the SEZ policy have not been fully carried out, specifically those related to local government involvement. This study aimed to analyze government policy in supporting the development of SEZ, particularly in Tanjung Lesung. This study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This study showed the many obstacles faced for the development of the Tanjung Kelayang SEZ, both of which stem from the weak commitment of the parties involved. Their attitude of blaming each other needs to be changed with the teamwork spirit of working together and creating synergy. Each party seems to wait for each other to make the first move. The limited resources and capabilities caused the policy implementation to come to a halt. The role of the Area Council (Dewan Kawasan) needs to be further optimized to solve problems at the local level. With better information, the central government, through the Directorate General of Territorial Administration Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, can play a more pivotal role in providing strategic considerations in driving the progress of SEZ.
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Ilham A Hamudy, Moh, and M. Saidi Rifki. "Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone: Expectation and Reality." Policy & Governance Review 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v5i1.337.
Full textAbstract:
Many countries have developed Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to spur economic growth. In Indonesia, SEZs have been around for more than a decade. However, the existing SEZs have not yielded the expected results. Likewise with the Tanjung Lesung Tourism SEZ, which is still facing major obstacles in its development. Studies related to the dimensions of the SEZ policy have not been fully carried out, specifically those related to local government involvement. This study aimed to analyze government policy in supporting the development of SEZ, particularly in Tanjung Lesung. This study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This study showed the many obstacles faced for the development of the Tanjung Kelayang SEZ, both of which stem from the weak commitment of the parties involved. Their attitude of blaming each other needs to be changed with the teamwork spirit of working together and creating synergy. Each party seems to wait for each other to make the first move. The limited resources and capabilities caused the policy implementation to come to a halt. The role of the Area Council (Dewan Kawasan) needs to be further optimized to solve problems at the local level. With better information, the central government, through the Directorate General of Territorial Administration Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, can play a more pivotal role in providing strategic considerations in driving the progress of SEZ.
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Hassan, Syed Ali, and Areeja Syed. "Special Economic Zones: A Comparative Analysis of China and Pakistan." Global Foreign Policies Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2021(iv-iii).05.
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Pakistan and China enjoy close bilateral relations, owing to the ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as China is developing a special economic zone across Pakistan under CPEC. SEZs are a new phenomenon for Pakistan and it’s the need of the hour for Pakistan to study the working mechanism of China’s SEZs to work on those challenges that Pakistan is facing due to non-expertise in this sector. China has a deep-rooted history as far as SEZs are concerned. With China’s experience and progress, a comparative analysis of Chinese SEZs could provide benefits for Pakistan. This study aims to give a comparative analysis of SEZs in both countries. A comparative analysis between China and Pakistan’s SEZ policies will help Pakistan in making better economic policies about Special economic zones.
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Kaushal, Vijay Kumar, and Vikrant Saklani. "SEZs: Lessons from Chinese Experience." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i1.94.
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China developed SEZs in late 1970s to encourage foreign investment, bringing much needed jobs, technical knowledge and future tax revenues. Chinese government’s objective was to bring back compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. The first four SEZs (Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen and Shantou) were set up along southeastern coastline and were close to trading and financial centres of these regions. Current SEZs are located in Guangdong province, Fujian province, Hainan province, Hunchun and Pudong development zone (Shanghai). Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou come under Guangdong province, Xiamen comes under fujian province while entire province of Hainan is designated as SEZ.
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Davies, Roland B., and Arman Mazhikeyev. "The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Exporting Behavior." Review of Economic Analysis 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 145–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v11i1.1520.
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Using firm level data from Africa and Asia, we estimate the impact of being in a special economic zone (SEZ) on a firm's probability of exporting, export intensity, and value of exports. At the extensive margin, we find that SEZ firms in open economies are 25% more likely to export than their non-SEZ counterparts, with a large negative effect in closed economies. At the intensive margin, we find that SEZs increase the value of exports, but only in countries with barriers to imports where the estimate increase is 3.6%. Thus, the estimated effect of introducing an SEZ can be meaningful, but is heavily contingent on the local economic environment.
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Parwez, Sazzad. "A Review of Special Economic Zone Led to Detrimental Implications: An Indian Experience." Emerging Economy Studies 6, no. 2 (November 2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901520977424.
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This article reviews the implications of special economic zones (SEZs) in the Indian context at both conceptual and empirical levels. It tries to draw attention toward detrimental modification in laws and actual implementation in the backdrop of judicial and executive practice. Implications in terms of socio-economic–legal–environmental taken together raise a question on the overall idea of SEZs. As evidences suggest, there are detrimental effects of SEZ operations in various forms.
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Di Ruocco, Irina. "A preliminary analysis of the relationship between special economic zones (SEZs) and land usage. highlight accessibility between logistical nodes and transportation systems." Urban Resilience and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (2023): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/urs.2023009.
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<abstract> <p>Special economic zones (SEZs) are significant in South Italy and the Campania Region as a result of their capacity to promote industrialization, draw in foreign investment and accelerate economic globalization. To assess the effectiveness of land use in Campania's SEZs, this study examined the connections between land use, the transportation network and accessibility. SEZs require a lot of room, and land use in SEZs in Campania is always expanding. The accessibility indicator, which is associated with the adaptability of investments, activities and linkages, can be helpful to assess land use and potentiality. This study suggests examining the components of SEZ areas (residential, commercial and industrial) as well as an accessibility-based land use analysis between poles and nodes to provide a clustering between areas potential and where SEZs can improve.</p> </abstract>
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Cotula, Lorenzo, and Liliane Mouan. "Labour Rights in Special Economic Zones: Between Unilateralism and Transnational Law Diffusion." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab012.
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ABSTRACT Special economic zones (SEZs) have spread rapidly over the past 20 years, including in many low- and middle-income countries keen to attract private investment for industrial development. But while much debate has focused on their economic performance and success factors and on links with the wider architecture of international economic law, there are enduring concerns over respect for labour rights in SEZs. These concerns are partly rooted in features of the legal regimes that underpin SEZs, such as arrangements that qualify the application of ordinary labour law, or ineffective systems to ensure compliance. This article discusses the law governing labour rights in SEZs, drawing on the case studies of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Kenya—three countries reflecting different generations of SEZ legislation, types of SEZs, and regulatory approaches. The article explores the complex interplay of different ‘unilateral’ and international legal regimes, the structural features that affect labour rights in SEZs, and possible ways forward for research and practice.
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Sun, Man, Tao Song, Weidong Liu, and Zhe Cheng. "Rejuvenating SEZs through Internationalization: A Case Study of Chinese Domestic and International SEZs." Land 11, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050596.
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China’s special economic zones have been hailed as a flagship of her policy on ‘opening up’ to the outside world, as well as the China-led global Belt and Road Initiative. In this paper, we conceptualize the internationalization of Chinese SEZs, and frame the genealogy and underpinning dynamics of China’s international SEZs, both domestically and overseas. The paper critically probes the underlying logics of three parallel international developments of Chinese SEZs: (1) capital-oriented land expansion in the form of international SEZs combining both ‘bring in’ and ‘going out’, especially since BRI; (2) different industrial landscapes at various timelines and sites; (3) variegated transnational SEZs governance, bilateral central governments governance, marketized state or entrepreneurship state, or private ventures. We contribute to the SEZ land literature by delivering a novel framework which encompasses variegated internationalization trends among China’s vast domestic and overseas SEZs. These internationalization trajectories in turn contour and entrench global variegated capitalism.
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Progunova, L. V., and V. I. Masalytin. "THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO DEVELOPING ECONOMIES." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-3-16-29.
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The article analyzes the possibilities of developing countries to use special economic zones (SEZs) to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) as a source of economic growth, especially in times of global economic downturn. Special economic zones have played and continue to play an important role as drivers of the global economy, passing through themselves about 30 percent of world trade and affecting the growth of well-being and prosperity of people around the world. Each zone is unique and has its own specialization. Subject to a well-thoughtout concept, political will, the maintenance of an adequate infrastructure, and the use of world best practices, SEZs help to attract investments to create jobs, increase income and export, receive foreign exchange, connect to international supply chains and develop indirect employment outside the SEZ, but inside economies that accept FDI. The impact of SEZs on FDI inflows is examined using examples from different geographical regions. More than two thirds of the SEZ managed to attract FDI to their territory, and about half – significant. The leaders in attracting foreign direct investment are zones created on the territory of developing countries and especially Asian states. Among the top ten zones for attracting FDI, eight zones have been created in the developing world. In our opinion, these results can be considered essential for the further study, use and improvement of the SEZ instrument as an investment driver of developing economies.
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Cheng, Teresa. "Special Economic Zones: A Catalyst for International Trade and Investment in Unsettling Times?" Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 32–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340122.
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Abstract In the present unsettling times, the world is in need of an effective catalyst to drive the growth of international trade and investment. Special economic zones (SEZs) may have the strong potential to serve as such catalyst. Drawing on the experience of SEZs around the globe, this article seeks to illustrate how to make an SEZ work and how to do it right. In particular, the experience of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China can provide useful insights in this regard. This article will also look at how changing global trade and economic environment has given rise to new challenges and opportunities for SEZ development, including innovation in dispute resolution mechanisms, synergy with free trade agreement initiatives, greater use of modern technology, a ‘green’ development model and collaboration and partnerships among governments as well as international organizations.
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Griffiths, Michael. "Citizens and Land: Socioeconomic Effects of Relocation and Resettlement by the Thilawa Special Economic Zone." Journal of Burma Studies 27, no. 2 (2023): 291–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2023.a902623.
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Abstract: Special economic zones (SEZs) attract investment and political support based on promises of both macroeconomic growth and local economic benefit. Myanmar has numerous SEZs, including those in Thilawa, Dawei, and Kyaukphyu. Recent SEZ legislation requires investors and administrators to maintain the standard of living of communities displaced by the SEZ development. This paper studies the socioeconomic impact on households which have been relocated by the Thilawa SEZ, comparing them with those which remained in their original communities. Relocated households have experienced significantly higher rates of unemployment, debt, and lack of livelihood/income diversity. Due to a greater reliance on food purchases and income insufficiency, relocated households reported higher rates of food insecurity, and nearly one-third reported having taken out loans to meet food shortages in the past year. Overall, the pattern of coping amongst relocated households demonstrates significantly lower levels of resilience than non-relocated households, which results in a rapid erosion of economic capital, and subsequently a decline in future coping capacity. These findings challenge the assumptions around capital-based compensation approaches to relocation programs and argue instead that the process of relocation is best compared to a shock transition to an urban state, characterized by a rupturing of the relationship to land. The ensuing precarity demands a high level of adaptive capacity, which, in turn, requires not only new skills but access to resources, markets, and welfare mechanisms, many of which are not available. If SEZs are to fulfill both the wider economic promise and the legal requirements, a radically different approach to the processes of relocation is needed.
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Kismartini, Ali Roziqin, Hartuti Purnaweni, Bulan Prabawani, and Muhammad Kamil. "POLICY OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN BANGKA BELITUNG: A STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84134.
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Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this article was to categorize and identify the role of stakeholders in the development of SEZs policy. Furthermore, the researchers set limits on the development of SEZs policy in Tanjung Gunung and Sungailiat.
Methodology: This article used qualitative research with approach Participatory Action Research (PAR). The data were obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and a literature study about the focus of research. The researchers also conducted focus group discussions with related agencies or institutions within the Bangka Belitung Province Government, Bangka Regency, and Central Bangka Regency.
Main Findings: The results indicate that many stakeholders are involved in the SEZs policy from within both the central government and local governments. In addition, there are additional key stakeholders namely central government as represented by National Council . The primary stakeholders are local governments, and the secondary stakeholders are the mining entrepreneurs and the wider community.
Application of this study: The importance of stakeholder analysis is to resolve any that arise in the development of SEZ policies in Bangka Belitung. Moreover, stakeholder analysis can help to limit the issues that can be solved in ways that are technically applicable and politically appropriate by prioritizing the common interests and greater good.
Novelty/Originality: No specific research discussing the SEZ policy in Bangka Belitung, especially stakeholder analysis, has been conducted before. Stakeholder analysis identifies policy actors to realize the development of SEZs policy in Bangka Belitung which environmental friendly.
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Chaisse, Julien, and Xueliang Ji. "The Pervasive Problem of Special Economic Zones for International Economic Law: Tax, Investment, and Trade Issues." World Trade Review 19, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000129.
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AbstractSpecial Economic Zones (SEZs) have been a huge success and brought a great number of benefits to the whole world. With different kinds of incentives, SEZs have created favorable conditions in order to attract foreign investors. In this article, several specific issues are considered. First, whether SEZs are legal under international economic law (IEL). Second, what kind of specific issues they raise under IEL. Thirdly, what measures governments can take in order not to be challenged. The first section illustrates the definition of SEZs and their rapid development; the second section will consider the interaction between SEZs and international tax law, especially the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Action 5; the third section focuses on the relationship between SEZs and investment agreements and the disputes raised as a consequence; the fourth section will talk about SEZs and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as some incentives used by SEZs may not be compatible with WTO regulations. The article shows that SEZs can be harmful. For one thing, tax incentives applied in SEZs may lead to tax evasion, and the competitive circumstances between states may be changed. For another thing, the frequent changes of policies in SEZs may result in indirect expropriation, and investor-state arbitration under investment treaties can be used by foreign investors to protect their SEZ-related benefits. In addition, although WTO rules do not explicitly regulate SEZs, a number of measures, such as subsidies, do fall under the ambit of WTO rules, and these measures cannot be discriminatory.
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Bondarenko, Nataliya Evgenievna. "Special economic zones as a regional investment policy tool: current situation, problems and ways of their solution." Lizing (Leasing), no. 1 (2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-03-2201-06.
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The article examines special economic zones (SEZs) as an integrative instrument of state investment policy, which ensures the attraction of direct domestic and foreign investment in Russian regions and key sectors of the domestic economy. There is a tendency to transfer the management of these territories to regional authorities, which makes it possible to achieve a higher budgetary and social efficiency of the SEZ development. The tax preferences in the SEZ and the features of their structure, which contribute to the mobilization of a larger number of investors in the regions of the Russian Federation, are considered. The performance indicators of the SEZ of various types for 2020 have been analyzed; a number of problems, indicating the need to improve the mechanisms for SEZ regulating at the regional level, have been identified, and possible ways to overcome them have been determined.
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Yong, Wang, and Chongsheng Yang. "Assessing special economic zones in China with the multi-sided platform model." Journal of Governance and Regulation 6, no. 1 (2017): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v6_i1_p7.
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Although many special economic zones (hereinafter SEZs) currently identified themselves as a “platform (often as physical constrictions for zone enterprises),” the academic support is inadequate. This paper offers an introduction to the burgeoning literature on two-sided (or multi-sided) markets and illustrates a feasible analysis on how to adopt this model in designing a well-operated system focusing on the land rentals within a apecial economic zone (SEZ), and provides some theoretical support in this research area. In many industries, platforms match relevant parties, e.g. customers to retailers, advertisers to readers, and facilitate interactions between them. Based on this, the paper tries to design a structure for analysing SEZs, which is considered as an efficient method for economic growth. Key characteristics of these markets, regarding network externalities, fee charging strategies and the relation between platform users are discussed first. Afterwards, the possibility of introducing this model into SEZs land use fee charging policies is examined. Finally, the paper provides some key economic insights on SEZs development under the suggested platform model.
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Xu, Chunwei, Wen xian Wang, Quxia Zhang, Yu Chen, Xiuyu Cai, Yong Fang, You-cai Zhu, et al. "Real-world large-scale study of ERBB2 gene fusions and its response to afatinib in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A multicenter study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e13002-e13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e13002.
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e13002 Background: ERBB2 mutation has been found to be an oncogenic driver gene in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and ERBB2-directed therapies have shown promising results in this unique population, while little is known about ERBB2 fusion association with outcomes of afatinib. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of afatinib in patients with advanced ERBB2 fusion NSCLC. Methods: A multicenter study in China was initiated from February 2014, and NSCLC patients have been enrolled as of December 2018. To determine the frequency of the ERBB2 fusions in NSCLC and other tumors, we analyzed data from 2743 clinical NSCLC cases, each of which had results from next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based 381 genes panel assay, analogous to the index patient. Results: Of this entire cohort, eight (0.29%) patients were identified with an ERBB2 fusion, including TNS4-ERBB2 (1), ERBB2-CD79B (1), IGFBP4-ERBB2 (1), ERBB2-PSMD3 (1), SEZ6-ERBB2 (1), ERBB2-PGAP3 (1), ARL5C-ERBB2 (1) and B3GNTL1-ERBB2 (1). The genes most frequently co-altered in patients with ERBB2 fusions were TP53 (37.50%), CDKN2A (25.00%), RB1 (25.00%) and RBM10 (25.00%). Overall TMB in the ERBB2 fusions was low (median 2.97 mut/Mb). For treatments, 25.00% patients chose afatinib, another patients chose chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, and case examples of advanced ERBB2 fusion driven NSCLC patients responding to afatinib were actively being sought thru our database. Conclusions: Patients with advanced ERBB2 fusion NSCLC showed a good outcome of afatinib compared to those with ALK/ ROS1 fusion which response to crizotinib, which strengthen the need for effective ERBB2-targeted drugs in clinical practice.
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K. Kanungo, Anil. "Setting Up of Special Economic Zones in China." Foreign Trade Review 42, no. 2 (July 2007): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515070201.
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Establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China has been a focus of study for many developing countries. It was initiated with a notion of experiment that foreign capital is an important instrument to put the country on a growth path of economic development and modernization while simultaneously integrating the inner regions with the main economic activity and development of the country. The Chinese experience of SEZs turned out to be a success in some sense as it could fulfil the desired goal of the Government. The paper makes an attempt to understand the concept behind this initiative; what political reforms were taken to set up SEZ; how it contributed to the growth of the Chinese economy; how FDI played a role in promoting exports and lastly, more importantly, what policy recommendations it suggests for future establishment of SEZs in China and in rest of the world.
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Neelum Nigar. "Special Economic Zones for Growth and Competitiveness in Pakistan’s Economy: Learning from Global Experiences." Strategic Studies 40, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.040.04.0064.
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This study examines the potentials of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in enhancing economic growth and competitiveness in Pakistan. In doing so, it analyses the experiences and best practices from Pakistan’s neighbouring countries in order to give policy recommendations for an effective SEZ policy for the country. Based on this, it emphasises that, over a short period of time, Pakistan should ensure improvement in business climate in the economic zones. This can be done through improved infrastructure and trade facilitation to attract investment by foreign and domestic firms in the zones. It furthers asserts that based on the successful experiences of other countries, Pakistan can use SEZs as a laboratory for policy experimentation in order to test the impacts of specific policies, which if successful, can later be replicated in other sectors of the economy. Finally, SEZs should generate a trickle-down effect such that it benefits the whole economy, workers and firms outside the zone.
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Kuznetsova, O. V. "Geography of Special Economic Zones and their analogues in Russia." Regional nye issledovaniya, no. 4 (2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2020-4-2.
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The article suggests using the UNCTAD approach to the allocation of special economic zones, according to which SEZs can be considered as entities that meet three criteria: clearly defined boundaries of the zone territory, economic activity regime different from the national one, developed infrastructure. The article analyzes the geography of SEZs in Russia in such a broad sense. It is concluded that the Russian SEZ system and its analogues are unreasonably complex, and it is proposed to create a full-fledged state information system for territories with preferential regimes for investors, and to increase the uniformity of existing regulations. It is shown that at present preferential regimes contribute to the socio-economic development of priority geostrategic territories (with the exception of the North Caucasus), but beyond their borders they rather contribute to the growth of interregional differences in the level of socio-economic development, rather than their reduction. it is proposed not to abandon the creation of SEZs and their analogues in problem regions, but to provide investors with sufficient favorable conditions and to differentiate approach to assessing the effectiveness of SEZs and their analogues in regions with objectively different levels of investment attractiveness.
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Alhassan, Tijani Forgor, Oksana Stepannikova, and Lali Chebukhanova. "The role of special economic zones (SEZs) in achieving sustainable development in Nigeria." E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 13009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340213009.
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The development and implementation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) has become one of the main directions of investment policies to many economies. The creation of SEZs is aimed at attracting foreign investment and boosting the entry of their manufacturers into the world market. This paper assesses the impact of SEZ programs on the sustainable development in Nigeria and define how SEZs contribute to employment and exports in selected sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, the effectiveness of certain types of financing in the main sectors and the level of their impact on sustainable development in Nigeria was analyzed. It was revealed that the mining sector financing methods do not seem to support or deliver on Nigeria's development goals, making it completely ineffective given the issues identified as well as the sector's contribution to improving the country's socio-economic performance. In other words, Nigeria should create various mechanisms and models for financing its manufacturing and agro-industrial complex through the creation of SEZs, as well as create the necessary preferential regimes in these sectors that can attract and direct huge investments in the manufacturing agricultural industries of these sectors. The authors developed a model for the relationship of investment with these indicators in African countries. A model was used to determine the degree to which job growth (p) and exports (e) are dependent on investment in special economic zones (SEZs). They conclude that the investment in SEZs is positively associated with job growth and exports.
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Aggarwal, Aradhna. "SEZ-led Growth in Taiwan, Korea, and India: Implementing a Successful Strategy." Asian Survey 52, no. 5 (September 2012): 872–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.5.872.
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Abstract The present study examines the ingredients of strategic state intervention in growth driven by special economic zones (SEZs). Analyzing the experiences of Taiwan, South Korea, and India, the research reveals that essential components of a strategic SEZ policy include the spirit of experimentation with strategic policy making informed by a medium- to long-term vision, as well as a strong commitment, pragmatic approach, dynamic learning, and institution-building.
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Sharopatova, Anastasia V., Tamara K. Narezhnaya, and Fatima K. Khutugova. "THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3/1, no. 135 (2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.03.01.005.
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This article discusses the essence of special economic zones (SEZ), which are able to favorably influence the development and economy of the state. In a dynamically developing society, it is necessary to introduce new technologies, which can be carried out by interested investors. Therefore, it is important to create favorable conditions for doing business, which is why SEZs are created. They are widely used in the Russian Federation.
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Ahmed, Waqas, Qingmei Tan, Yasir Ahmed Solangi, and Sharafat Ali. "Sustainable and Special Economic Zone Selection under Fuzzy Environment: A Case of Pakistan." Symmetry 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020242.
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The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is a lengthy, expensive, and long-term orientated endeavor. Proper selection of SEZs is indispensable to meet the objectives of export-led growth and value up-gradation. Consideration of sustainability issues in such planning under the Zone 3.0 paradigm is critical to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Multiple key factors such as location, linkages, labor force, suitability of industries, incentives and facilitation, and market orientation are important in decision-making process of establishing SEZs. Furthermore, environmental conditions and resource availability need to be considered in the planning and policy making processes to keep symmetry in the natural environment and ecosystem of the areas under consideration for SEZs. The present study uses Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods in the perspectives of green industrial zone planning and development in Pakistan under the flagship project of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This research uses Delphi method, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Fuzzy Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). The Delphi method has been used to identify the main criteria, sub-criteria, and their weights for 3 SEZs under consideration. The results of AHP analysis unfolded that the majority of the experts believe the location and land aspect is the most pivotal criteria in setting SEZs followed by linkages, subsidies, and facilities criteria. Finally, the results of Fuzzy VIKOR analysis considering environmental sustainability reveals that Faisalabad SEZ is the best suited under given criteria and sub-criteria.
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Fauzi, Achmad, Martani Huseini, and Amy Yayuk Sri Rahayu. "Designing Strategies to Improve the Competitiveness of Special Economic Zones." Technium Social Sciences Journal 31 (May 9, 2022): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v31i1.6358.
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The development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is a way for many countries to increase their economic growth and competitiveness. Indonesia has been one of the countries that has developed the SEZ model since 2009, although long before the economic zone model in other forms had been implemented. SEZ's main activities currently cover the processing and tourism industries. However, the development of SEZs in Indonesia has not been entirely able to become a driving force for the economy to increase economic growth and regional and national competitiveness. This study aims to identify the determinants and design strategies that can improve the competitiveness of SEZs in Indonesia. The qualitative multiple-case study method was applied to answer the research problem. Focus Group Discussions, Group Interviews, in-depth interviews, and document studies were carried out to obtain data, then processed by compiling them into open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and then identification, looking at the patterns formed and interpretation of the existing data using techniques cross-case synthesis analysis. There are six determinant factors in research findings: innovation, collaboration, human resources, governance, location, and incentives. Furthermore, these six factors become the basis for designing strategies to improve the competitiveness of SEZs in Indonesia.
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Anwar, Mohammad Amir. "New modes of industrial manufacturing: India’s experience with special economic zones." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, no. 24 (June 1, 2014): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0011.
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Abstract Special economic zones in India have gained prominence among the policy making circles in recent years. The argument by the policy makers was that these zones will allow industrialisation in India. This article reviews the emerging geography of SEZs (special economic zones) in India and the Indian government recent experiment with the SEZs as models of economic development. The article argues that current SEZ policy in India is designed along the lines of mainstream economic strategy for industrialisation of Washington Consensus, i.e. open economy with greater market freedom coupled with minimal government intervention leads to rapid economic growth and rising incomes. The evidence suggests that these zones are giving rise to uneven geographical development in India with certain regions, sectors and classes are deriving the benefits from this policy.