Journal articles: 'Sexually transmitted diseases Australia'

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Tapsall, John. "Laboratory issues in STD diagnosis and their application to disease control in an Australian context." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07004.

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This issue of Microbiology Australia features a selection of articles on novel and pragmatic contributions from Australian clinical laboratories to the diagnosis, management and control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

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Williams, Henrietta, and Sandra Davidson. "Improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health. A view from Australia: learning from world's best practice." Sexual Health 1, no. 2 (2004): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03023.

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There is increasing awareness worldwide of the importance of sexual and reproductive health in adolescents. Australia's high rates of teenage pregnancy and increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections in young people reflect a failure to prioritise adolescent sexual and reproductive health on the public health agenda. This paper reviews adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Australia in comparison with international data, and examines the systemic, social and cultural factors that influence it. Based on comparisons with international best practice, recommendations are included for improvement in adolescent sexual and reproductive health within the Australian context.

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Bowden, Francis J. "Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Disadvantaged Australian Communities." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 2 (July 9, 1997): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550020049032.

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Thng, Caroline Chun Mei. "A Review of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Australia – Considerations in 2018." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 4 (December 2018): 938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362118821492.

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) bear a high burden of disease and, subsequently, high health costs globally. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis contribute to nearly one million infections every day worldwide. Sexually transmitted infections continue to be the most frequently notified condition to the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and the numbers continue to increase. Australia has achieved several significant successes in reducing STIs and blood-borne viruses (BBV) including the significant decrease in genital warts in those less than 30 years old since 2007 following the launch of human papillomavirus vaccines in women, the virtual elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV, and the increased uptake of successful hepatitis C treatment following the availability of direct acting antiviral treatment on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. However, several challenges remain, including the ongoing rise of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis over the last five years; the emergence of antibiotic resistance; and the increasing disparity in the prevalence of STIs and BBV in men who have sex with men, young people, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and challenges in the delivery of services to rural and remote Australia. In this paper, we aim to provide a snapshot of the current landscape and challenges for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma, syphilis and HIV infections in Australia.

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Bourne, Chris, Barry Edwards, Miranda Shaw, Andrew Gowers, Craig Rodgers, and Mark Ferson. "Sexually transmissible infection testing guidelines for men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07092.

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Since 2002, biennial production of sexually transmissible infection testing guidelines for men who have sex with men has supported sexually transmitted infection control efforts in inner Sydney, Australia.

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Pope, Jeanette, and Megan Counahan. "Evaluating the utility of surveillance data to decision makers in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 2, no. 2 (2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04052.

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Objective. Evaluating the utility of surveillance data to decision makers in Victoria, Australia. Methods. A survey of all sexually transmitted infection program directors in Victoria, Australia, was undertaken to examine readership and use of annual and quarterly reports. Results. One hundred and sixteen programs in 86 organisations were identified as undertaking sexually transmitted infection control activities in Victoria. Around 17% of the directors never read the reports and others reported not finding the information contained in them useful. While we found the information generated from the surveillance system has an important role in triggering action for epidemics and pervades more general decision making by improving the general knowledge of sexually transmitted infection trends, the indicators are not seen as useful by most key stakeholders. Conclusions. Significant improvements in the utility of the system could be made by changes to the data output and key suggestions made by the stakeholders are outlined.

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Debattista, Joseph, Susan Hutton, and Peter Timms. "Chlamydial infections and Indigenous health." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 5 (2009): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09197.

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Chlamydia are obligate, intracellular, bacterial pathogens that cause three main diseases in humans worldwide: sexually transmitted disease (infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease), trachoma and respiratory infections. Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to C. trachomatis are increasing (a 61% increase in notifications in Australia between 2003 and 2007) and the levels in Indigenous Australians continue to be unacceptably high: nearly five times higher than in non-Indigenous people. C. trachomatis also causes the ocular disease trachoma and, unfortunately, this condition continues to be common in Indigenous Australians, a situation that is unacceptable in a developed country. The other chlamydial species that infects humans is C. pneumoniae. While clinically less severe, the Australian Aboriginal population in the Top End have high rates of serologically diagnosed C. pneumoniae infection, which may contribute to the higher rates of respiratory disease observed in this group.

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McCarthy, Melissa, Lewis J. Haddow, Virginia Furner, and Adrian Mindel. "Contact tracing for sexually transmitted infections in New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 4, no. 1 (2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06019.

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Background: Contact tracing is an important strategy in the control of sexually transmitted infections (STI) because it encourages individuals who may be unaware they have been exposed to an infection to be tested and treated. The aim of this study was to review STI contact tracing procedures in NSW by sexual health clinics (SHC), public health units (PHU) and general practitioners (GP). Methods: A questionnaire study carried out in 2004–2005 of SHC, PHU and a random sample of GP in NSW. SHC and PHU participated in structured interviews and GP completed questionnaires at educational workshops or through a mail-out. Interviews and questionnaires addressed current contact tracing practice and methods of improving the service. Results: All 35 SHC, 6/18 (33%) PHU and 172/212 (81%) of the GP who responded to the survey undertook contact tracing for STI. Chlamydia was the STI most commonly traced by SHC (34/35, 97%) and GP (165/172, 96%). HIV was the STI most commonly traced by PHU (5/6, 83%). Only 23/172 (13%) GP were familiar with the ‘Australasian contact tracing manual’. The commonest barriers to tracing for SHC and GP included patient reluctance (SHC 60%, GP 71%), and the lack of contact details for partners (SHC 46%, GP 60%). GP identified the availability of information for patients (82%) and more training (55%) as necessary resources for optimal contact tracing. Conclusions: SHC and GP frequently undertook contact tracing for some STI; PHU do so less frequently. Barriers to contact tracing are similar for all health-care providers. For GP, there is a need for increased training and the development of written policies and agreed pathways for referral.

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Schofield, Margot J., Victor Minichiello, Gita D. Mishra, David Plummer, and Jan Savage. "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Use of Sexual Health Services among Young Australian Women: Women's Health Australia Study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 5 (May 2000): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100507.

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Our objective was to examine associations between self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sociodemographic, lifestyle, health status, health service use and quality of life factors among young Australian women; and their use of family planning and sexual health clinics and associations with health, demographic and psychosocial factors. The study sample comprised 14,762 women aged 18–23 years who participated in the mailed baseline survey for the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, conducted in 1996. The main outcome measures are self report of ever being diagnosed by a doctor with an STI, including chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts or other STIs, and use of family planning and sexual health clinics. The self-reported incidence of STI was 1.7% for chlamydia, 1.1% genital herpes, 3.1% genital warts, and 2.1% other STIs. There was a large number of demographic, health behaviour, psychosocial and health service use factors significantly and independently associated with reports of having had each STI. Factors independently associated with use of family planning clinic included unemployment, current smoking, having had a Pap smear less than 2 years ago, not having ancillary health insurance, having consulted a hospital doctor and having higher stress and life events score. Factors independently associated with use of a sexual health clinic included younger age, lower occupation status, being a current or ex-smoker, being a binge drinker, having had a Pap smear, having consulted a hospital doctor, having poorer mental health and having higher life events score. This study reports interesting correlates of having an STI among young Australian women aged 18–23. The longitudinal nature of this study provides the opportunity to explore the long-term health and gynaecological outcomes of having STIs during young adulthood.

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Garland, S. "68. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS [STIs] AND PREGNANCY." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab68.

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Routine antenatal screening tests currently recommended in Australasia and endorsed by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RANZCOG) include rubella, varicella-zoster, group b streptococcus [GBS], asymptomatic bacteriuria, as well as the following STIs: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBsAg), Chlamydia trachomatis (adolescent pregnancies) and offer of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Infections can infect the foetus or neonate by various routes (intrauterine, intrapartum and /or postnatal) and cause potentially serious disease. Such infections in the mother may be mild or commonly subclinical, yet can result in miscarriage, preterm birth, foetal damage, or even death, depending on the pathogen and stage of pregnancy. Consequently, diagnoses should be made definitively by instituting appropriate laboratory tests to ensure effective treatment and follow-up of the woman and her infant, as well as her contact(s). Specific treatment of the mother, where applicable, can prevent most of the impact on the fetus and newborn. The principles for the use and choice of screening tests are (1) if maternal infection occurs, there is a significant risk of fetal or neonatal infection and damage, or other adverse pregnancy outcome; (2) there are sensitive, specific, and inexpensive screening and confirmatory tests; (3) there is a safe, effective intervention and/or treatment regimen which can reduce morbidity and mortality in the fetus and/or the mother.

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Haese, Ethan C., Van C. Thai, and Charlene M. Kahler. "Vaccine Candidates for the Control and Prevention of the Sexually Transmitted Disease Gonorrhea." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070804.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has placed N. gonorrhoeae on the global priority list of antimicrobial resistant pathogens and is urgently seeking the development of new intervention strategies. N. gonorrhoeae causes 86.9 million cases globally per annum. The effects of gonococcal disease are seen predominantly in women and children and especially in the Australian Indigenous community. While economic modelling suggests that this infection alone may directly cost the USA health care system USD 11.0–20.6 billion, indirect costs associated with adverse disease and pregnancy outcomes, disease prevention, and productivity loss, mean that the overall effect of the disease is far greater still. In this review, we summate the current progress towards the development of a gonorrhea vaccine and describe the clinical trials being undertaken in Australia to assess the efficacy of the current formulation of Bexsero® in controlling disease.

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Townsend, Joanne, and Milton Lewis. "Thorns on the Rose: The History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Australia in International Perspective." Health and History 4, no. 1 (2002): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111429.

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MAK, D. B., G. H. JOHNSON, and A. J. PLANT. "A syphilis outbreak in remote Australia: epidemiology and strategies for control." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 5 (October 2004): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002882.

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This paper describes the epidemiology of a syphilis outbreak in remote Australia, and explores contributing factors and control strategies. Between 1 August 2000 and 31 January 2002, 74 cases of early syphilis (42 female, 32 male) were identified in 73 Kimberley residents. Syphilis rates in age groups 10–19 and 20–29 years were 583 and 439 per 100000 person years respectively. Factors contributing to the outbreak included incompleteness of sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinical management, untimely contact tracing, staffing and management issues, and poor community knowledge about STIs. Outbreak control strategies addressed factors that could be influenced by changes in health service delivery, and focused on providing education and support to health staff, and efforts to increase community knowledge about sexual health. Although some improvements have occurred, the outbreak is still continuing. Until open and honest discussion and a collaborative approach is taken toward STI problems affecting Indigenous Australians, outbreaks such as this will continue to occur.

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Kiple, Kenneth F. "Thorns on the Rose: The History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Australia in International Perspective (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73, no. 3 (1999): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1999.0119.

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Santella, A., A. Pollack, C. Harrison, S. Sawleshwarkar, H. Britt, and R. Hillman. "P2.168 Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections by Australian General Practitioners." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A139.3—A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0432.

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Johnston, V. J. "The management of sexually transmitted infections by Australian general practitioners." Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.006957.

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Richardson, Daniel, Hubert Chan, Rohan Bopage, David A. Lewis, Shailendra Sawleshwarkar, Charles Chung, and Jen Kok. "HIV-1 subtype variability and transmitted drug resistance in a culturally diverse population in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20013.

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Abstract Background Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance (TDR) is an important contributor to antiretroviral treatment failure, and is associated with HIV-1 transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), non-MSM clusters and individuals diagnosed with concurrent sexually transmissible infections (STI). Western Sydney has a culturally diverse population, with a high proportion of non-Australian-born individuals. This study describes the prevalence of TDR and non-B HIV-1 subtypes in a clinic-based population. Methods: A clinic database was examined for all newly diagnosed treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients and information on their HIV-1 resistance and subtype, demographics including country of birth and diagnosis of a bacterial sexually transmissible infection was collected. Results: Data were available from 74/79 individuals (62 cis-male, 16 cis-female and 1 transgender woman). Of the 74 genotypes, the prevalence of non-B subtypes and TDR was 43/74 (58%; 95%CI = 46.9–69.3) and 14/74 (19%; 95%CI = 10.0 to 27.8). It was also found that 30/79 (38%) had a concurrent bacterial STI. TDR was associated with subtype B infection (OR 3.53; 95%CI = 1.41–8.82; P = 0.007) and being born in Australia (OR 12.0; 95%CI = 2.45–58.86; P = 0.002). Conclusion: The relative prevalence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes and TDR is higher in Western Sydney than in the rest of Australia. TDR is associated with subtype B HIV-1 and being Australian born, suggesting ongoing local transmission. This highlights the diversity of the HIV epidemic locally and the need for interventions to prevent ongoing HIV transmission.

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Khan, Asaduzzaman, Rafat Hussain, and Margot Schofield. "Correlates of sexually transmitted infections in young Australian women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462054308459.

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The study examined correlates of three common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Australian women. The sample comprised 9582 women aged 22–27 years who took part in the second postal survey in 2000, of the young cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Self-reported rates of diagnosis in past four years were: chlamydia 1.47%( n = 141), genital herpes 1.75% ( n = 168), and genital warts 3.45% ( n = 331). Multivariate analyses revealed that the odds of all three STIs increased with number of male sexual partners and illicit drug use. Younger and rural women had higher odds of being diagnosed with chlamydia. The odds of both genital herpes and genital warts were higher with longer oral contraceptive pill use and higher stress, while women who had experienced violence were found to have higher odds of herpes. The identification of factors associated with common STIs among young Australian women will inform better-targeted health promotion and disease prevention programmes.

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Minichiello, V., S. Paxton, V. Cowling, G. Cross, J. Savage, A. Sculthorpe, and B. Cairns. "University students' knowledge of STDs: labels, symptoms and transmission." International Journal of STD & AIDS 7, no. 5 (August 1, 1996): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462961918077.

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A sample of 630 Victorian university students, aged between 17 and 24, completed a questionnaire on knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Overall students demonstrated moderate levels of knowledge about the names of diseases which are transmitted by sexual contact, symptoms and medical facts and transmission modes of common STDs. However, they had more knowledge about the labels than they did about symptoms and transmission modes and were misinformed about certain clinical aspects of STDs. It was found that the different levels of knowledge varied with the type of STD. Knowledge about symptoms or transmission did not correlate with a disease's incidence or clinical aspects. Sexual experience and having an Australian born mother correlated with higher scores. This study suggests that young people do not have high levels of knowledge about common STDs they may encounter. Identification of a label is of limited personal value if there is no concurrent knowledge about disease transmission and prognosis.

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N. Tabrizi, Sepehr. "Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis using self-collected non-invasive specimens ? the Australian experience." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07010.

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Chlamydia trachomatis are small, non-motile, obligate intracellular bacteria that typically infect human eukaryotic columnar epithelial cells. C. trachomatis infections result in a number of diseases of worldwide public health concern, including trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and urogenital infections. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide and in Australia has exhibited a steady rise in prevalence 1. National notification rates of newly diagnosed chlamydia infections have increased nearly four-fold since 1994 and more than doubled since 1999.

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Zablotska, I. B., J. Imrie, C. Bourne, A. E. Grulich, A. Frankland, and G. Prestage. "Improvements in sexual health testing among gay men in Sydney, Australia, 2003–2007." International Journal of STD & AIDS 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 758–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008193.

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In order to be effective, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing should be comprehensive based on the clients' sexuality and risk practices. Using data from the Sydney Gay Community Periodic Survey, we explored trends in and factors associated with STI testing among gay men during 2003–2007. Among men who were not HIV-positive, 68% were tested for HIV in 2007. HIV testing was more common than STI testing and remained stable during 2003–2007. Use of swabs and urine samples increased significantly ( P-trend < 0.001 for each). However, until 2007, 33% of men were not tested. Sexual behaviours (higher number of partners, having casual partners and engaging in unprotected anal intercourse with them) were associated with STI testing. HIV-negative men were tested for STI less often than HIV-positive men (prevalence ratio = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47–0.68). STI testing among HIV-negative men has improved significantly but remains inadequate for STI control and HIV prevention. It should not be assumed that appropriate and comprehensive STI screening is always provided to clients.

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Cornelisse, Vincent J., Christopher K. Fairley, Tiffany Phillips, Sandra Walker, and Eric PF Chow. "Fuckbuddy partnerships among men who have sex with men – a marker of sexually transmitted infection risk." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417717647.

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‘Fuckbuddies’ are a type of regular sexual partner with whom men have ongoing sexual contact, generally in the absence of romantic attachment. We surveyed 989 men who have sex with men (MSM) at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, with the aim of determining the frequency of ‘fuckbuddy’ partnerships among sexual health clinic attendees and assessing their sexual risk. The majority (60%) of 1139 regular partnerships were described as ‘fuckbuddies’. Most MSM (63%) with a ‘fuckbuddy’ had multiple ‘fuckbuddies’. MSM with ‘fuckbuddies’ were more likely to also have casual sexual partners (odds ratio [OR] 5.7; 95% confidence interval 3.6–8.9) and had more casual sexual partners (median of 4 versus 1, p < 0.001) and more rectal chlamydia (12.4% versus 5.7%; adjusted OR 2.3; p < 0.05) than MSM without ‘fuckbuddies’, and this risk persisted after adjusting for total numbers of sexual partners. Our findings suggest that patients with ‘fuckbuddies’ are at particular risk of sexually transmitted infections. We argue that clinicians should specifically ask about ‘fuckbuddy’ partnerships as part of their risk assessment during patient interviews, as these patients may benefit from HIV prevention strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

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Khaw, Carole, Bin Li, and Russell Waddell. "Sexually transmissible infections and characteristics of men aged 60 years and over attending a public sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in South Australia." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15016.

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Background With society ageing, sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in the older population are of interest from an economic, health-related and social burden perspective. Few studies on STIs in men older than 60 years of age exist. Methods: A retrospective study was performed looking at characteristics of, and STIs in, 29 106 men (of which 689 were older than 60 years of age), at first presentation, visiting the only South Australian public sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic over a 13-year period. Results: Older men [men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW)] were less likely than younger men to have been tested for HIV. Conclusion: There is a need for increased HIV testing in older men.

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Boyle, Frances M., Michael P. Dunne, David M. Purdie, Jake M. Najman, and Michele D. Cook. "Early patterns of sexual activity: age cohort differences in Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/09564620360719787.

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Patterns of first sexual activity among Australians born between the 1940s and 1980s were analysed using data from a national telephone survey of 1784 adults (876 males; 908 females). Sixty-one percent of those randomly selected from the Australian electoral roll and contactable by telephone responded. Many trends, including earlier first intercourse - from 20 to 18 years (females) and 18.8 to 17.8 years (males) - were established with the 40-49 year cohort, whose sexual debut was in the late 1960s-70s. Significant age-cohort effects saw women in the contemporary (18-29 year) cohort draw level with males for age at first intercourse and first sex before age 16 and before leaving school. First intercourse contraceptive use climbed from 30% to 80%. Condom use quadrupled to 70%. Australian age-cohort effects are remarkably consistent with those in similar western cultures: gender convergence in sexual experience and increasing avoidance of sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy. If such trends continue, positive long-term outcomes for health and social wellbeing should result.

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Miller, P. J. "Incident sexually transmitted infections and their risk factors in an Aboriginal community in Australia: a population based cohort study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.77.1.21.

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Grulich, Andrew E., Philip Cunningham, Mee-Ling Munier, Garrett Prestage, Janaki Amin, Clare Ringland, Denise Whitby, Susan Kippax, John M. Kaldor, and William Rawlinson. "Sexual behaviour and human herpesvirus 8 infection in homosexual men in Australia." Sexual Health 2, no. 1 (2005): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04029.

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Background: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a common sexually transmitted agent among homosexual men, but there are few Australian data. We aimed to describe the prevalence and risk factors for seropositivity to HHV-8 in Australian homosexual men. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 179 homosexual men in Sydney Australia in 1992–1998. Detailed data on sexual behaviour was collected annually, and HHV-8 status was determined at the end of the study by an algorithm based on results of an immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme-linked immunoassay to the K8.1 protein of HHV-8. HHV-8 DNA was detected in buffy coats using a nested qualitative PCR. Results: Data on sexual behaviour in at least three interviews and HHV-8 status were available in 174 (97%) of 179 men who agreed to participate. Of these, 31 (18%) were HHV-8 seropositive, and HHV-8 DNA was detected in 5 (16%) of these. The prevalence of HHV-8 infection was much higher in HIV positive (52%) than HIV negative (11%) men (OR 8.60, 95% CI 3.55–20.86). HHV-8 infection was related to more frequent reporting of unprotected receptive anal sex (OR for most frequent versus least frequent category 3.03, 95% CI 1.01–9.03, P trend 0.02), insertive oro–anal sex (OR for most frequent v. least frequent category 3.02, 95% CI 1.15–7.93, P trend 0.02) and receptive oro–anal sex (OR for most frequent v. least frequent category 3.09, 95% CI 1.11–8.60, P trend 0.05) with casual partners. Conclusions: These data are consistent with sexual transmission of HHV-8, but the precise mode of HHV-8 transmission remains unclear. Studies to elucidate the precise mode of sexual transmission of HHV-8 need to focus on potential salivary transmission, and should collect data on the HHV-8 infection and excretion status of the sexual partner.

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McNulty, Anna M., Richard Rohrsheim, and Basil Donovan. "Demand for sexual health services during the Olympic Games: both sides of the Sherman effect." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203321605495.

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To determine the impact of the Olympic Games the Sydney Sexual Health Centre database was accessed for demographic, health care utilization, and morbidity variables for two periods of interest: 15-29 September 2000 (the 'Olympic period'), and 1-30 September 1999 ('1999 comparison period'). Differences were tested by chi-square statistics and by calculation of odds ratios (ORs) using SPSS. During the Olympic period twice as many of the new patients had arrived in Australia that year (35% c.f. 18%: OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.49-4.05, P=0.0002). Per attendance the proportion with symptoms or a known sexually transmitted infection (STI) contact was higher during the Games (29% c.f. 16% OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.1.27-2.21, P=0.0002) and there was a marginally higher yield of bacterial STIs (6% c.f. 3%: OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06-3.13 P=0.03). The normal clinic population was replaced by an increased proportion of symptomatic patients who were recent arrivals in Australia.

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Greaves, Kate E., Christopher K. Fairley, Jaimie L. Engel, Jason J. Ong, Elena Rodriguez, Tiffany R. Phillips, and Eric P. F. Chow. "Sexual mixing patterns among male–female partnerships in Melbourne, Australia." Sexual Health 19, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh21161.

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Background Individuals who have both opposite- and same-sex partners have the potential to pass sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between high- and low-risk populations. Our aim was to examine assortative sexual mixing in terms of same-sex activity among male–female partnerships. Methods This was a retrospective repeated cross-sectional study of male–female partnerships attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) from 2015 to 2019. Sex of sexual partners was collected via computer-assisted self-interview. We calculated the proportion of partnerships where at least one individual reported same-sex partners in the previous 12 months and the degree of assortativity by bisexuality. Results A total of 2112 male–female partnerships (i.e. 4224 individuals) were included, with a median age of 27 years (IQR 23–31). Overall, 89.3% (1885/2112) of male–female partnerships did not report any other same-sex partners; however, in 9.5% (201/2112) of partnerships, same-sex partners were reported by one individual and in 1.2% (26/2112) of partnerships, both individuals reported same-sex partners. Bisexuality appeared to be slightly assortative in male–female partnerships (r = 0.163, 95% CI: 0.150–0.176; P < 0.001). Conclusion One in 10 individuals in male–female partnerships had at least one same-sex partner within the previous 12 months. Individuals were minorly selective by bisexuality, suggesting the patterns of bisexual mixing in male–female partners are more variable and this may have a significant impact on STI transmission in heterosexual populations.

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Templeton, D. J., F. Jin, G. P. Prestage, B. Donovan, J. Imrie, S. C. Kippax, J. M. Kaldor, and A. E. Grulich. "65. CIRCUMCISION STATUS AND RISK OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN THE HIM COHORT OF HOMOSEXUAL MEN IN SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab65.

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Objectives: To examine circumcision status as an independent risk factor for prevalent and incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the community-based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men. Methods: Between 2001 and 2004, 1427 initially HIV-negative men were enrolled. Circumcision status was self-reported at baseline and was validated by clinical examination in a sub-sample of participants. All participants were tested annually for HIV and offered testing for other STIs including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for urethral gonorrhoea and chlamydia, and serology for syphilis and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Demographic information and past history of STIs was collected at baseline and detailed information on sexual risk behaviours was collected every 6 months. At annual face-to-face visits, participants reported diagnoses of STIs made in the previous 12 months. Results: At baseline, 66% of participants reported being circumcised; mostly as infants. Uptake of STI testing was high with over 90% of participants tested each year. On multivariate analysis, controlling for age and sexual risk behaviour, circumcision was not associated with baseline seropositivity to syphilis (p�=�0.34), HSV1 (p�=�0.33) or HSV2 (p�=�0.92), nor with a history of self-reported genital warts (p�=�0.18). There was also no association with incident bacterial urethral infections (p�=�0.67 & p�=�0.89 for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, respectively), self-reported incident genital warts (p�=�0.35), incident HSV1 (p�=�0.70) or incident HSV2 (p�=�0.36). However, circumcision was associated with a significantly reduced risk of incident syphilis after controlling for age, number of casual partners in the previous 6 months and unprotected anal intercourse according to partners' HIV status (HR�=�0.35, 95% CI 0.14-0.87, p�=�0.024). Conclusion: Circumcised men had a reduced risk of incident syphilis in this cohort. Although most STIs were not associated with circumcision, these data suggest that circumcision may have an effect on syphilis acquisition in homosexual men.

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Lusk, M. Josephine, Ruby N. N. Uddin, Monica M. Lahra, Frances L. Garden, Ratan L. Kundu, and Pam Konecny. "Pharyngeal Gonorrhoea in Women: An Important Reservoir for Increasing Neisseria gonorrhoea Prevalence in Urban Australian Heterosexuals?" Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2013 (June 26, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967471.

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We aim to characterize sexual behavioral aspects of heterosexual Neisseria gonorrhoea (NG) acquisition in two Sexually Transmitted Diseases clinics in Sydney, Australia, in 2008–2012. Of 167 NG cases, 102 were heterosexually acquired with a trend of increasing NG prevalence in heterosexuals from 1.1% (95% CI 0.6–2.1) in 2008 to 3.0% (95% CI 2.0–4.0) in 2012 (P=0.027). Of heterosexual male cases, unprotected fellatio was the likely sexual activity for NG acquisition in 21/69 (30.4%) and commercial sex work (CSW) contact the likely source in 28/69 (40.6%). NG prevalence overall in CSW (2.2%) was not significantly higher than in non-CSW (1.2%) (P=0.15), but in 2012 there was a significant increase in NG prevalence in CSW (8.6%) compared to non-CSW (1.6%) (P<0.001). Pharyngeal NG was found in 9/33 (27.3%) female cases. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC ≥ 0.03 mg/L) occurred in 2.5% NG isolates, none heterosexually acquired. All were azithromycin susceptible. A significant trend of increasing prevalence of heterosexual gonorrhoea in an urban Australian STD clinic setting is reported. We advocate maintenance of NG screening in women, including pharyngeal screening in all women with partner change who report fellatio, as pharyngeal NG may be an important reservoir for heterosexual transmission. Outreach to CSW should be enhanced.

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McWhinney, Georgia. "Ian Howie-WillisVD: The Australian Army's Experience of Sexually Transmitted Diseases During the Twentieth Century." Health and History 23, no. 1 (2021): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hah.2021.0013.

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Sawleshwarkar, S., G. Eslick, C. Chung, R. Jones, and A. Mindel. "22. IS HELICOBACTER PYLORI A STI? - A PILOT STUDY." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab22.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori is responsible for chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and is associated with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Australian-born adult population is about 20% and increases with age. The exact mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection remains unknown and it has been suggested that sexual transmission may be important. This study is a preliminary investigation into a possible association between sexual risk factors and Helicobacter pylori infection. Subjects and methods: All patients aged 18 and above, presenting to the Parramatta Sexual Health Clinic and were having blood taken for any other purpose, were eligible for the study. Blood samples were collected for Helicobacter pylori serology using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Helicobacter pylori IgG. Demographic information and data regarding sexual behaviour and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections was obtained. The sample size to detect a 15% difference between the study population and the general Australian population with 90% power was 105. To allow for minor variations we plan to recruit 125 participants. Results: To date, 65 patients (75.4% males) have been enrolled in the study and 10 (7 males and 3 females) (15.4%) were positive for Helicobacter pylori. One additional result was equivocal. 24.6% of the participants were born outside Australia and out of 8 who belonged to middle and low-income countries, three had positive serology. The full results of the study, including seroprevalence and the demographic and sexual risk factors, will be presented.

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Gao, Y., Z. Z. Lu, R. Shi, X. Y. Sun, and Y. Cai. "AIDS and sex education for young people in China." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01082.

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Although China has had a rich sexual culture for thousands of years, Chinese people are usually unwilling to openly discuss issues of sex. Some parents are quite ignorant of the change in their children’s sexual attitude and behaviour. In China today, adolescents are becoming much more sexually liberated. Premarital sex and unplanned pregnancies among teenagers are increasing. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) including HIV/AIDS are also spreading rapidly. However, young people lack basic information on AIDS/STD and do not know how to protect themselves from these diseases or how to avoid unintended pregnancies. Several major youth peer education programmes in China are mentioned in this paper. Among them, a four-year programme entitled the Australian–Chinese AIDS/STD/Safer Sex Peer Education Programme for Youth, is discussed in some detail. The programme has so far reached over 40000 university and school students. Evaluation results show that the programme is effective in both significantly increasing students’ knowledge about AIDS/STDs and changing their attitude towards AIDS patients. In addition, the programme is highly praised by the students.

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Cullen, Trevor, and Ruth Callaghan. "Improving HIV and STI responses through media and community engagement." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i1.21.

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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Western Australia are at their highest in 20 years. In response to this worrying escalation and the public need for accurate and balanced information about these diseases, the journalism department at Edith Cowan University, in partnership with the WA AIDS Council (WAAC), developed a pilot project that consisted of a series of media training and education programmes to enable WAAC staff to share information and stories with the media on HIV and STIs in a more confident and proactive way. The project offers a model framework for media and community engagement that can be applied to a broader range of health promotion and disease prevention issues.

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Lal, Luxi, Jennifer Audsley, Dean A. Murphy, Christopher K. Fairley, Mark Stoove, Norm Roth, Richard Moore, et al. "Medication adherence, condom use and sexually transmitted infections in Australian preexposure prophylaxis users." AIDS 31, no. 12 (July 2017): 1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001519.

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Bowden, Francis J., Elissa J. O'Keefe, Ruth Primrose, and Marian J. Currie. "Sexually transmitted infections, blood-borne viruses and risk behaviour in an Australian senior high school population—the SHLiRP study." Sexual Health 2, no. 4 (2005): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05014.

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Objectives: To determine the feasibility and acceptability of screening for sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses and to study the profile of sexual activity and other risk behaviours in a senior high school population. Methods: In this descriptive study we provided sexual health education and screening to students from two senior high schools in the Australian Capital Territory. We collected behavioural data using a self-administered questionnaire. Urines and swabs were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Neisseria gonorrhoea (Ng), Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) and human papilloma virus (HPV). Blood specimens were tested for hepatitis B and C, HIV, herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and syphilis. Results: A total of 795 students participated (31% of the enrolled population; female to male ratio 60 : 40) and 67.0% were sexually active. Of 795 students, 644 (81.0%) were screened. Rates of infection were Ct 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4–2.6), HPV 11.7% (95% CI: 7.4–17.3), HSV-1 32.5% (95% CI: 28.9–36.3), HSV-2 2.4% (95% CI: 1.3–3.9), hepatitis B surface antigen 0.3% (95% CI: 0.04–1.1) and hepatitis C antibodies 0.7% (95% CI: 0.07–1.6). Only 22.3% (95% CI: 19.3–25.7) of students had immunity to hepatitis B. There were no cases of HIV, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis or syphilis. Of the sexually active students, 49.2% (95% CI: 38.9–59.2%) reported never or only sometimes using condoms, 41.5% (95% CI: 32.2–52.3%) reported unsafe drinking, 33.3% (95% CI: 23.9–43.1%) were smokers and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.2–7.0%) reported injecting drug use. Conclusions: Rates of STI and blood-borne viruses and immunity to hepatitis B were low in this population, but unsafe sex and other risk behaviours were common. We have demonstrated that STI screening, including serological testing, was well accepted in a senior high school population.

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Morrow, A., J. Chuah, E. L. Conway, C. K. Fairley, J. McCloskey, A. McNulty, R. Waddell, et al. "51. PATTERNS OF TREATMENT AND RESOURCE UTILISATION IN THE TREATMENT OF GENITAL WARTS IN AUSTRALIAN SEXUAL HEALTH CLINICS." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab51.

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The introduction of the quadrivalent vaccine (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18), GARDASIL, in the National HPV Vaccination program has the potential to eliminate a substantial proportion of the health burden of genital warts, currently the most common sexually transmitted viral disease in Australia. Although there are an estimated 10�000 cases per year managed through sexual health clinics in Australia, there is very limited data on treatment practices and resource use in this setting. A clinical audit was undertaken in five sexual health clinics in different states of Australia. A total of 500 cases (100 consecutive cases per clinic) were identified of patients aged 18 to 45 years with a first ever diagnosis of genital warts between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2004. The average age of cases was 27 years for females and 31 years for males with 43% cases female. There was an average of 2.7 visits per case (range 1-22). Ablative measures (cryotherapy, laser or diathermy) were the most common form of treatment applied in 58% cases (mean per case�=�2.4; range 1-16); topical treatments were prescribed in 44% cases (mean per case�=�1.5; range 1-8) and topical treatments were applied by the health care provider in 22% cases (mean per case�=�1.5; range 1-8). Additional analyses including type of treatment, variation in treatment practices by sexual health clinic and duration of cases will be presented. This study confirms the considerable individual and clinical burden of this common disease.

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Bourne, C., and C. Murray. "P6.033 Planning, Implementing and Managing Key Aspects of an Australian State Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A379.3—A380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1187.

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Lusk, M. Josephine, Frances L. Garden, William D. Rawlinson, Zin W. Naing, Robert G. Cumming, and Pam Konecny. "Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics." Sexually Transmitted Infections 92, no. 3 (November 19, 2015): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332.

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40

Hengel, Belinda, Rebecca Guy, Linda Garton, James Ward, Alice Rumbold, Debbie Taylor-Thomson, Bronwyn Silver, et al. "Barriers and facilitators of sexually transmissible infection testing in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Infections in Remote Communities, Improved and Enhanced Primary Health Care (STRIVE) Study." Sexual Health 12, no. 1 (2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14080.

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Background Remote Australian Aboriginal communities experience high rates of bacterial sexually transmissible infections (STI). A key strategy to reduce STIs is to increase testing in primary health care centres. The current study aimed to explore barriers to offering and conducting STI testing in this setting. Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken as part of the STI in Remote communities, Improved and Enhanced Primary Health Care (STRIVE) project; a large cluster randomised controlled trial of a sexual health quality improvement program. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews in 22 participating health centres across four regions in northern and central Australia. Results: Participants identified barriers including Aboriginal cultural norms that require the separation of genders and traditional kinship systems that prevent some staff and patients from interacting, both of which were exacerbated by a lack of male staff. Other common barriers were concerns about client confidentiality (lack of private consulting space and living in small communities), staff capacity to offer testing impacted by the competing demands for staff time, and high staff turnover resulting in poor understanding of clinic systems. Many participants also expressed concerns about managing positive test results. To address some of these barriers, participants revealed informal strategies, such as team work, testing outside the clinic and using adult health checks. Conclusions: Results identify cultural, structural and health system issues as barriers to offering STI testing in remote communities, some of which were overcome through the creativity and enthusiasm of individuals rather than formal systems. Many of these barriers can be readily addressed through strengthening existing systems of cultural and clinical orientation and educating staff to view STI in a population health framework. However others, particularly issues in relation to culture, kinship ties and living in small communities, may require testing modalities that do not rely on direct contact with health staff or the clinic environment.

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O'Keefe, Elissa J., Anne Gardner, Marian J. Currie, Suzanne Garland, Sepehr Tabrizi, and Francis J. Bowden. "Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus DNA in a sample of senior school-aged women in the Australian Capital Territory." Sexual Health 3, no. 2 (2006): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05047.

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Background: A strong association between persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer is well established. Small numbers of international studies examining adolescent HPV infection and the risk factors associated are published, but there is currently no evidence on the prevalence and risk factors for HPV in an Australian, sexually active female adolescent population. Methods: To provide prevalence and risk factors for HPV in a female sexually active, senior high school population in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), a convenience sample of 161, 16–19-year-old females attending a senior high school was evaluated. The sample formed part of a larger sample recruited for a study of sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses in senior high school students. A clinical record was used to collect information about sexual and other risk behaviours, while self-collected vaginal swabs were tested for HPV DNA detection and genotyping using polymerase chain reaction. Results: The prevalence of HPV DNA in this sample overall was 11.2%, with multiple genotypes in 38%. No statistically significant associations were found between HPV DNA and the number of male partners, age of coitarche, time since first sexually active, condom use, smoking or alcohol intake. Conclusions: This is the first Australian study that has examined the prevalence and risk factors for genital HPV in this demographic group. The prevalence of HPV infection is slightly lower than reported in similar age groups overseas and is lower than other Australian studies in older women and those attending sexual health centres. Of HPV-positive young women, high-risk genotypes were found in over half, with more than one-third of HPV existing as multiple genotypes. Large community-based prevalence studies are needed to guide the development of recommendations for the vaccination of young women against HPV and to support other health promotion initiatives.

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Mossman, D., C. Ooi, M. Loewenthal, and M. Boyle. "57. GENOTYPING OF UROGENITAL CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN REGIONAL NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab57.

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Background: Chlamydia Trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in Australia and world wide. This study was undertaken to map the frequency of Chlamydia genotypes in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to explore the potential utility of genotype analysis in defining local sexual networks, and to investigate whether patterns of genotype frequency are correlated with demographic factors, including age and gender. Methods: We studied 204 urine samples infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, as determined by PCR analysis using the COBAS Amplicor system. Samples were collected from wide geographic area of regional New South Wales (Hunter, New England, Northern Rivers, South Eastern New South Wales). Sequencing and genotyping were performed after nested PCR of the omp1 gene. Results: Genotype E was found in 42.6% of infections, with genotypes F (23.5%) and G (16.7%) other common causes of infection. Mixed infection occurred in only 3 cases. There was no significant difference in genotype frequency based on gender or geographic location. There was a significant difference in gender frequency based on patient age, with older patients significantly more likely to demonstrate infection with genotype G (mean age (years) 23.7+/-7.29 sd, E: 21.7 +/-5.7 sd; G: 28.9; sd 10.18; p�=�0.022). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in genotype frequency in the various regions of New South Wales, suggesting genotype analysis is of limited use in defining sexual networks in regional NSW. The finding of a higher frequency of genotype G in older patients raises the possibility that genotypic variation may be driven by immune responses to genotypes that occur more frequently at a younger age. These results may have implications for the future design of a chlamydial vaccine.

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Conway, E. L., A. N. Stein, M. Pirotta, and S. Garland. "53. GENITAL WARTS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH CARE USE IN GENERAL PRACTICE IN AUSTRALIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab53.

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The introduction of the quadrivalent vaccine (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18), GARDASIL, in the National HPV Vaccination program has the potential to eliminate a substantial proportion of the health burden of external genital warts (EGW), currently the most common sexually transmitted viral disease in Australia. Approximately 60% of cases of EGW are managed in general practice. In this study both new and existing EGW cases were identified in the BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) database from April 2000 to September 2006. Extrapolating to the Australian population, there are approximately 34�000 new cases of EGW each year managed through general practice, accounting for 96�000 GP visits. Incidence extrapolated from new cases showed a peak in females in the age groups 15-19 and 20-24 years (5.6 and 6.6 per 1000 annually respectively) and a later peak in males in the age group 20-24 and 25-29 years (4.8 and 5.7 per 1000 respectively). Ablative therapies were the most common form of treatment applied at 33-40% visits for females and 30-64% visits for males (new and repeat visits respectively). Topical medications were prescribed in ~14% of cases. Assigning average costs, the direct health care costs, including GP visits, medications, other treatments and referrals, are at least ~$290 per case. This study confirms the considerable individual and clinical burden of this common disease.

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Pitts, Marian K., Suzanne J. Dyson, Doreen A. Rosenthal, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Knowledge and awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV): attitudes towards HPV vaccination among a representative sample of women in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 4, no. 3 (2007): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07023.

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Background: A vaccine program is underway to protect women against human papillomavirus (HPV) and thus cervical cancer. Previous studies have reported very low levels of HPV knowledge and there has been concern that preventative vaccines might not be readily accepted, given that HPV is transmitted sexually and the optimal time for vaccination is before sexual debut. Methods: A computer-assisted telephone survey was carried out with a representative sample of 1100 women aged 18 to 61 years, randomly selected from households in Victoria, Australia, to investigate knowledge and attitudes about HPV and attitudes towards HPV vaccination. Results: Half of the participants (51%) had heard of HPV; most reported learning about it from the media. Most women indicated they would trust their general practitioner (96.3%), a gynaecologist or specialist doctor (99.6%), or a women’s health service (97.0%) for information about HPV. Few women (11.9%) had ever sought information about HPV and only 14.8% of the total sample had ever discussed HPV with a friend. Strong support was found for vaccination in general and there was also significant support for a HPV vaccine. Conclusion: The present study documents ways in which women learn about HPV and indicates the potential for success of a vaccination program.

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Borg, A. J., G. Medley, and S. M. Garland. "Prevalence of HPV in a Melbourne Female STD Population: Comparison of RNA and DNA Probes in Detecting HPV by Dot Blot Hybridization." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 3 (May 1993): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400307.

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A total of 377 women, consecutively selected as first attenders to a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Melbourne, Australia, were examined for overt Condylomata acuminata and were screened for genital HPV DNA types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and (35) using 2 dot blot hybridization methods. Overall, there was a 90% positivity correlation between the 2 methods with HPV DNA being detected in 12% of ectocervical samples. Overt warts were found in 15% of the women and HPV DNA was detected at the cervix in 35% with cytology predicting HPV with or without dysplasia in 27%. Thirteen percent had a past history of warts but none on examination and HPV DNA was evident in 16% while 18% had cytological features of HPV. Those with no warts evident and no past history of warts had both HPV DNA and cytological features of HPV in 7%.

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Limnios, Athena, and John Tapsall. "The role of antimicrobial resistance monitoring in Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 1 (2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07026.

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Treatment regimens for most sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin are well established. For example, treatment of infections with Chlamydia trachomatis is usually now with macrolides, and Treponema pallidum is still reliably susceptible to penicillins. However, antibiotic treatment for gonorrhoea is more complicated because of the propensity of the gonococcus to develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR), so that standard treatment protocols for gonorrhoea require regular review. Additionally, treatment for gonorrhoea is usually by means of a single dose regimen (for better compliance with treatment) and is best given at first presentation/diagnosis (to reduce the potential for disease spread). Testing of individual isolates on an emerging basis is not a practical means of guiding treatment for this situation. Thus, standardised treatments are determinedfrom an epidemiologically-based assessment of the susceptibility of gonococci prevalent in a region or community. Another complicating factor for treatment of gonococcal infection is the frequency of gene recombination in Neisseria gonorrhoeae that results in continuing rearrangement of and within gonococcal populations. AMR patterns within different sexual networks are also affected and, in addition to changes over time, patterns of resistance also differ substantially in different parts of Australia.

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Holt, Martin, James MacGibbon, Brandon Bear, Toby Lea, Johann Kolstee, David Crawford, Dean Murphy, Cherie Power, Jeanne Ellard, and John de Wit. "Trends in Belief That HIV Treatment Prevents Transmission Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia: Results of National Online Surveys 2013–2019." AIDS Education and Prevention 33, no. 1 (February 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2021.33.1.62.

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We have tracked belief in the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) among Australian gay and bisexual men (GBM) since 2013. National, online cross-sectional surveys of GBM were conducted every 2 years during 2013–2019. Trends and associations were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Data from 4,903 survey responses were included. Belief that HIV treatment prevents transmission increased from 2.6% in 2013 to 34.6% in 2019. Belief in the effectiveness of TasP was consistently higher among HIV-positive participants than other participants. In 2019, higher levels of belief in TasP were independently associated with university education, being HIV-positive, using pre-exposure prophylaxis, knowing more HIV-positive people, being recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and use of post-exposure prophylaxis. Belief that HIV treatment prevents transmission has increased substantially among Australian GBM, but remains concentrated among HIV-positive GBM, those who know HIV-positive people, and GBM who use antiretroviral-based prevention.

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Kolstee, Johann, James MacGibbon, Garrett Prestage, Shawn Clackett, Heath Paynter, Benjamin R. Bavinton, Timothy R. Broady, et al. "Changing Attitudes Towards Condoms Among Australian Gay and Bisexual Men in the PrEP Era: An Analysis of Repeated National Online Surveys 2011-2019." AIDS Education and Prevention 34, no. 6 (December 2022): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2022.34.6.453.

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Condoms have been the primary form of HIV prevention for gay and bisexual men (GBM) for most of the HIV epidemic. The introduction of biomedical HIV prevention may have changed attitudes towards condoms. Data from repeated national online surveys of GBM in Australia were used to examine how attitudes towards condoms and confidence discussing condoms with partners changed in the period 2011-2019. The proportion of all participants who reported a positive experience in using condoms remained low and unchanged (9.6% in 2011 to 6.0% in 2019). Confidence in discussing condoms with partners decreased over time (from 72.2% in 2011 to 56.6% in 2019). Confidence in discussing condoms was associated with concern about sexually transmitted infections, and more consistent condom use. Sustaining confidence in using condoms may be more challenging as biomedical prevention methods become more commonly used.

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Petersen, Rodney W., Sepehr N. Tabrizi, Suzanne Garland, and Julie A. Quinlivan. "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a public colposcopy clinic population." Sexual Health 4, no. 2 (2007): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06050.

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Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a major public health issue, with notifications of this sexually transmitted disease continuing to rise in Australia. Women attending colposcopy clinics are referred for treatment of cervical abnormalities often associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. There is evidence that women who have acquired one sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, are at higher risk of acquiring another. Women attending colposcopy clinics may therefore be at risk of undiagnosed infection with C. trachomatis. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis in women attending a public metropolitan colposcopy clinic in Victoria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. Institutional ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. Consecutive women attending the colposcopy clinic completed a questionnaire and had a swab collected from the endocervix for analysis by polymerase chain reaction for C. trachomatis. Positive screens were treated in accordance with best practice. Data were analysed with Minitab Version 2004 (Minitab Inc, State College, PA, USA). Results: Of 581 women approached to participate in the trial, consent was obtained from 568 women (98%) and final outcome data was available on 560 women (99%). The overall rate of chlamydial infection was 2.1% (95% CI 1.5–2.7%). However, in women aged 25 years or less the rate was 5.8% (95% CI 3.8–7.8%) and in women over 25 years it was only 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.4%). Apart from age, no other demographic factor was significantly associated with chlamydial infection. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of chlamydial infection in the colposcopy clinic population as a whole does not warrant a policy for routine screening, screening directed at women aged 25 years or less would gain the greatest yields in terms of cost efficacy. Such a policy should be implemented as standard practice.

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Needleman, Robert, Eric P. F. Chow, Janet M. Towns, Vincent J. Cornelisse, Tim Z. T. Yang, Marcus Y. Chen, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Ria Fortune, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Access to sexual health services after the rapid roll out of the launch of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in Melbourne, Australia: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis." Sexual Health 15, no. 6 (2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17182.

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Background On 26 July 2016, Victoria began a large study of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, called PrEPX, that involved the creation of around 2600 appointments over 3 months across multiple sites in Melbourne, Australia. At this time, the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) appeared to have a larger demand on its services. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this apparent increase in demand was substantially different from other demand fluctuations. Methods: Patients presenting to the MSHC from 2014 to 2016 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, sexual risks and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses were extracted from the clinical database. Results: There were 115522 walk-in presentations for care and a rise in presentations in the week following the launch of the PrEPX study, but at least six similar peaks occurred that year. The peak coinciding with the launch of PrEPX was only apparent for men who have sex with men. There was a substantial increase in the proportion of patients who could not be seen (i.e. triaged out), from 10% in the week before PrEPX to 22.2% in the second week after, but this was primarily due to staff absences. At the time of the PrEPX study, data were collected on the duration of symptoms for common conditions and found no significant (P>0.29) change in the average duration of symptoms compared with that seen before the PrEPX launch. Conclusions: The increase in the number of medical consultations required for the PrEPX study did not result in excessive demand for public sexual health services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexually transmitted diseases Australia'

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