Journal articles: 'Sexually transmissible infections'

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Queirós, Catarina, and João Borges da Costa. "Oral Transmission of Sexually Transmissable Infections: A Narrative Review." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.12191.

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Over the last few decades, behavioral changes in sexual practices have made oral transmission of traditional sexually transmissible infections increasingly recognized. Patients harboring a sexually transmissible infection may first present lesions on the oral cavity, as these may be visible and interfere with basic functions such as speech or swallowing. Moreover, the oral cavity may function as a reservoir for future spread of these infections. In order to successfully control this problem, a greater focus on oral sex should be persued, along with promotion of the use of condom and education on safe oral sex practices. Furthermore, examination of the oral cavity should is essential when evaluating any patient suspected of harboring a sexually transmissible infection. In this article, oral transmission of several viral and bacterial infections is reviewed, including human papillomavirus infection, genital herpes, syphilis and gonorrhea, among others.

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Sturgiss, Elizabeth A., Fengyi Jin, Sarah J. Martin, Andrew Grulich, and Francis J. Bowden. "Prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections in patients with newly diagnosed anogenital warts in a sexual health clinic." Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09023.

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Background: Anogenital warts are a common initial presentation to the Canberra Sexual Health Centre. It is anticipated that the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination will reduce the incidence of anogenital warts. The present study determines the prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections in patients newly diagnosed with warts who may not have presented for screening without the impetus of a genital lump. Methods: The prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections in new patients presenting to the Canberra Sexual Health Centre diagnosed with anogenital warts was determined from a retrospective clinical audit from 2002 to 2007. Results: A total of 1015 new patients were diagnosed with anogenital warts. Of this total cohort, 53 (5.2%) were found to be co-infected with either chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea. Only 13.2% of co-infected patients reported symptoms other than genital lumps. Of co-infected patients 11.3% reported contact with a partner with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea. Not all patients were screened for other sexually transmissible infections: 762 (75.1%) were screened for chlamydia and 576 (56.7%) were screened for gonorrhoea. Of those tested, 6.8% of men and 6.9% of women were positive for chlamydia highlighting the importance of offering full sexually transmissible infection screening in those newly diagnosed with anogenital warts. Chlamydia was more common in younger patients who reported a higher number of sexual partners. Conclusions: It is anticipated that human papillomavirus vaccination will lead to a decline in anogenital wart incidence as well as other human papillomavirus associated disease. Although one opportunity for testing for other sexually transmissible infections may be lost in this population, the decrease in anogenital warts will leave clinicians with more time to pursue other screening programs. Education and screening campaigns should continue to focus on the asymptomatic nature of the majority of sexually transmissible infections.

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Refugio, Oliver N., Chelsea Roberts, Richard West, and Jeffrey D. Klausner. "Sexually transmissible infection control programs for men who have sex with men – what will they look like in 2020?" Sexual Health 14, no. 1 (2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16038.

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The resurgence of sexually transmissible infections among men who have sex with men is a concern for sexual health. Traditional strategies have relied on the promotion of condom use, regular testing, treatment, and partner management. Future sexually transmissible infection control programs must combine current prevention methods with novel approaches that target the providers, patients, and mechanisms of health care delivery.

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Donovan, Basil. "Sexually transmissible infections other than HIV." Lancet 363, no. 9408 (February 2004): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15543-8.

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McNulty, Anna, and Chris Bourne. "Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 14, no. 5 (2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17050.

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Transgender women across a range of different populations and settings have a high prevalence of HIV infection. There are fewer and often poorer quality studies of sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevalence. There are fewer studies in transgender men and, in general, the prevalence of HIV and STIs is lower than that of transgender women. Susceptibility to HIV and STI infection is inextricably linked to the increased vulnerability of transgender populations, a consequence of a lack of legal and social recognition that results in reduced access to educational and employment opportunities, which can result in high rates of transactional sex. Other measures of disadvantage, such as substance abuse and mental health problems, also increase the risk of HIV and STIs and have an effect on access to health care, highlighting the need for transgender-friendly multidisciplinary services offering individualised risk assessment, prevention advice and testing for STI and HIV.

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Poynten, I. Mary, David J. Templeton, and Andrew E. Grulich. "Sexually transmissible infections in aging HIV populations." Sexual Health 8, no. 4 (2011): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11027.

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There is limited published research on sexually transmissible infections (STI) among aging HIV populations. The available literature on sexual behaviour and STI among older people with HIV is reviewed here and contrasted with data from older individuals in the general population and from older populations at high risk of HIV. A sizeable minority of older people with HIV continue to engage in higher risk sexual behaviour and thus remain at high risk of STI. There is no clear evidence of a consistent effect of older age on STI rates, clinical presentation or clinical course among HIV-infected populations, although gay men with HIV aged in their 40s or older seem to be at higher risk than younger men of acquiring several STI, including syphilis and lymphogranuloma venereum. STI risks in older people living with HIV need to be regularly assessed. Higher risk sexual behaviour and disproportionately higher rates of STI indicate that regardless of age, a thorough STI assessment should be regularly undertaken for all HIV-positive gay men as part of their routine HIV care.

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Dodge, Brian, Barbara Van Der Pol, Michael Reece, David Malebranche, Omar Martinez, Gabriel Goncalves, Phillip Schnarrs, Ryan Nix, and J. Dennis Fortenberry. "Rectal self-sampling in non-clinical venues for detection of sexually transmissible infections among behaviourally bisexual men." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11068.

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Rectal sexually transmissible infections are a common health concern for men who have sex with men but little is known about these infections among men who have sex with both men and women. Self-obtained rectal specimens were collected from a diverse sample of behaviourally bisexual men. From a total sample of 75 bisexual men, 58 collected specimens. A relatively high prevalence of rectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection was found. Participants who collected specimens reported overall acceptability and comfort with self-sampling. Future efforts are needed focusing on increasing awareness of and options for rectal sexually transmissible infection testing among bisexual men.

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Mason, E., L. Tomlins, and Da Lewis. "Sexually transmissible infections: current approaches to management." South African General Practitioner 3, no. 3 (June 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/sagp.2022.3.3.0132.

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Huang, Wen-Yi, Richard Hayes, Ruth Pfeiffer, Raphael P. Viscidi, Francis K. Lee, Yun F. Wang, Douglas Reding, Denise Whitby, John R. Papp, and Charles S. Rabkin. "Sexually Transmissible Infections and Prostate Cancer Risk." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 17, no. 9 (September 2008): 2374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0173.

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Hoque, Syada Monira, Md Akram Hossain, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Chand Mahmud, Nazia Haque, and Md Annaz Mus Sakib. "Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis-An overview." KYAMC Journal 3, no. 1 (February 5, 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660.

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Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis are now recognized as highly prevalent sexually transmissible disease. In frequency, they surpass the classic sexually transmissible diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea and thus constitute a serious public health problem. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacterium which have a unique growth cycle and are placed in their own family (Chlamydiae).Chlamydia trachomatis is now one of the most Prevalent bacteria found in classic sexually transmissible disease and as such constitutes a serious Public heath problem. World Heath Organization (WHO) estimated that 92 million new chlamydial infections occur worldwide annually affecting more women (50 Million) then men (42million). And highest chlamydial infected population were in south and South-east Asia (43million) then sub- Saharan Africa (16million)(WHO 2001).This review article is a discussion on history,epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and modern trend of treatment, prevention of Chlamydial infections in age group. Effective delivery of prevention messages requires clientcentered counseling and education regarding specific actions that can reduce the risk for chlamydia transmission e.g., abstinence, condom use, limiting the number of sex partners,modifying sexual behaviors and vaccination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660 KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-1, June 2012 pp.244-249

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Cameron, Ewan, Chris C. Drovandi, Jannah Baker, Wei Xian Lim, James Urquhart, Laith Yakob, and James M. McCaw. "Estimating incidence of sexually transmissible infections in Australia." ANZIAM Journal 55 (December 13, 2014): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v55i0.8921.

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Khan, Asaduzzaman, David Plummer, Rafat Hussain, and Victor Minichiello. "Preventing sexually transmissible infections in Australian general practice." International Journal of STD & AIDS 19, no. 7 (July 2008): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.007297.

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Mindel, Adrian, and Shailendra Sawleshwarkar. "Condoms for sexually transmissible infection prevention: politics versus science." Sexual Health 5, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07054.

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The present review assesses the protection that condoms offer against sexually transmissible infections (STI) and the impact that social, political and religious opinion in the USA has had in the past 8 years on promoting condoms for safer sex. Condoms offer protection against most STI. However, the degree of protection depends on correct and consistent use, the type of sexual activity and the biological characteristics of different infections. Cross-sectional and case-control studies and other observational data provide the majority of evidence for STI prevention. Condoms provide a high level of protection against those infections that are transmitted mainly via infected secretions, including HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Protection against those infections transmitted via skin and mucous membrane contact, including Herpes simplex virus infection and human papilloma virus, appears to be less. The Bush administration, driven by conservative political, social and religious elements in the USA, has mounted a concerted campaign to undermine the role of the condom in health-promotion activities in the USA and overseas by undervaluing and misrepresenting scientific data, and through a sustained and well-funded promotion of abstinence-only education. However, this has lead to considerable controversy and disillusionment with abstinence-only education, both at home and abroad, and there is now incontrovertible evidence that abstinence-only programs are ineffectual.

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Chan, D. J., and D. L. Bradford. "A sexual health strategy for Australia — time for action." Sexual Health 1, no. 4 (2004): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04008.

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Australia still does not have a national sexual health strategy. Sexually transmissible infections such as chlamydia continue to plague the community, and the incidence of HIV is increasing. But a cohesive sexual health strategy cannot merely be disease-focussed, it must include the broader social and cultural aspects of sexual behaviour and sexuality. We propose a public health framework for the development of a national sexual health strategy that will bring Australia in line with the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

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Safer, Joshua D. "The prevalence of sexually transmissible infections in transgender people." Medical Journal of Australia 211, no. 9 (October 8, 2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50369.

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Fairley, Christopher K., Eric P. F. Chow, and Jane S. Hocking. "Early presentation of symptomatic individuals is critical in controlling sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15036.

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Two papers in this issue by Williams et al. and Scott et al. describe the sexual risks and health-seeking behaviour of young Indigenous Australians. Their sexual risks and health-seeking behaviours are similar to the general Australian population, yet their risk of past sexually transmissible infections (STIs) is higher. These findings are consistent with previous findings and suggest that access to health care, and not sexual risk, remain critical to STI control in remote Indigenous communities.

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Edmiston, Natalie, John Chuah, and Mary-Louise McLaws. "An audit of contact tracing activities and records for chlamydia in an urban sexual health clinic." Sexual Health 3, no. 2 (2006): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06007.

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The National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy 2005–2008 emphasised the importance of control of chlamydia and recognised contact tracing as an important health tool for this. This paper reports on a recent audit of contact tracing conducted at the Gold Coast Sexual Health Clinic.

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Hercus, Matthew, Dan I. Lubman, and Margaret Hellard. "Blood-Borne Viral and Sexually Transmissible Infections Among Psychiatric Populations: What are we Doing About Them?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 2005): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01696.x.

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Objective: To discuss the prevalence of blood-borne viral and sexually transmissible infections among psychiatric populations, as well as current treatment approaches, both locally and internationally. Method: In this paper, we outline available epidemiological data, as well as interventions designed to target infectious disease risk among those with serious mental illness. Results: Within Australia, the prevalence of blood-borne viral and sexually transmissible infections among at-risk populations remains unacceptably high despite a number of successful harm reduction and prevention strategies. Although the highest rates of new infections occur among young people aged 15–29 years, recent research suggests that psychiatric populations are also at significant risk. However, despite increased rates, there is currently no coordinated strategy to educate, test and reduce disease risk among people suffering with mental illness within Australia. Conclusions: Although further epidemiological research at a local level is needed, interventions specifically targeting psychiatric populations and younger cohorts in particular, are essential. This will require multidisciplinary, collaborative service development, incorporating mental health, substance use and infectious disease specialists.

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Cwikel, Julie G., Tal Lazer, Fernanda Press, and Simcha Lazer. "Sexually transmissible infections among illegal female sex workers in Israel." Sexual Health 3, no. 4 (2006): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06048.

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Due to the mobile and clandestine nature of those who enter a country illegally, female sex workers (FSWs) who are working without papers or work permits often have no access to sexual health care. This study reports on the sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevalence among a sample of 43 sex workers working illegally. Brothel workers from republics of the Former Soviet Union (FSU), working in two locales in Israel were tested for the presence of eight pathogens and the presence of pathology by Pap smear. Of these brothel workers, 48.8% had at least one positive STI result, 14% had two STIs and one woman had three STIs. There were no cases of HIV, gonorrhoea or malignancy detected; high rates of ureaplasma (26.8%) and chlamydia were found (16.7%). Four cases of hepatitis C (9%) and three cases of hepatitis B (7%) and mycoplasma (7%) were detected. There was no relationship between reported symptoms and the detection of STIs. The level of STIs is high among this population of FSWs and it is imperative to develop more accessible health services for these women.

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Edmiston, Natalie, Catriona Ooi, Geoffrey Otton, and Michael Boyle. "Vulval Crohn's disease." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08059.

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Tyler, Kimberly A., Les B. Whitbeck, Xiaojin Chen, and Kurt Johnson. "Sexual health of homeless youth: prevalence and correlates of sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 4, no. 1 (2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06045.

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Background: The study examined risk factors for having ever contracted sexually transmissible infections (STI) among a high-risk sample in midwestern USA. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 428 homeless youth aged 16–19 years. Assessed correlates included child maltreatment, street exposure, sexual histories, street experiences and substance use. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed that males were 86% less likely to have had STI compared with females (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06–0.31). Blacks were almost four times more likely (AOR = 3.71; 95% CI = 1.80–7.63) and other races were over two times more likely (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.08–4.67) to have had STI compared with whites. For every one unit increase in the number of times youth ran away, there was a 3% increase in the likelihood of ever having had an STI (AOR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01–1.06). For every one unit increase in frequency of condom use there was a 61% decrease in the likelihood of an STI (AOR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.10–1.76). Finally, youth who traded sex were approximately 2.5 times more likely to have had STI compared with youth who did not trade sex (AOR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.04–5.34). None of the remaining correlates approached multivariate significance. Conclusions: The amount of time youth spend on the street, their sexual practices, and their subsistence strategies are important correlates of STI and females and non-whites are particularly vulnerable among this high-risk population.

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Smith, Anthony. "Sexual concurrency: driver or passenger in the spread of sexually transmissible infections?" Sexual Health 9, no. 3 (2012): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11106.

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Ali, Hammad, Basil Donovan, Christopher K. Fairley, Nathan Ryder, Anna McNulty, Marcus Y. Chen, Lewis Marshall, et al. "Are Australian sexual health clinics attracting priority populations?" Sexual Health 10, no. 5 (2013): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13066.

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To answer a key question (‘Are Australian sexual health clinics attracting priority populations?’), we used data from 44 Australian sexual health clinics between 2004 and 2011. We assessed the proportion of patients that were from priority populations (deemed to be at risk of sexually transmissible infections) and compared this to their proportions in the general population using data from Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Study of Health and Relationships. A χ2-test was used. A total of 278 154 new patients attended during 2004–2011. The proportions from each priority population were significantly higher (P < 0.01 for all) than for the general population: young people aged 15–29 years (58.1% v. 20.1%), men who have sex with men (26.0% v. 6.0%), female sex workers (10.8% v. 0.5%), and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (4.2% v. 2.3%). This study confirms that Australian sexual health clinics attract higher proportions of priority populations and are thus meeting their mandate as defined in the 2010–2013 National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy.

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Strehlau, Verena, Iris Torchalla, Isabelle Linden, Kathy Li, and Michael Krausz. "Sexual health, vulnerabilities and risk behaviours among homeless adults." Sexual Health 11, no. 1 (2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14019.

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It is well known that homeless individuals are at risk for a variety of health problems, including sexually transmissible infections. Optimisation of health services for the homeless requires knowledge of their sexual health. The sexual health and sexual vulnerability factors of 500 homeless adults (196 women) were assessed in a cross-sectional survey in three Canadian cities. Our data indicate that a significant proportion of individuals and more women than men reported multiple experiences that compromise their sexual health exponentially. These findings may inform health policies related to sexuality to foster positive sexual health outcomes for all people, including marginalised populations.

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Jin, F., G. P. Prestage, J. C. G. Imrie, S. C. Kippax, C. M. Pell, B. Donovan, D. J. Templeton, et al. "25. ANAL SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS AS RISK FACTORS FOR HIV SEROCONVERSION." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab25.

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Objectives: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are believed to increase the risk of HIV acquisition, but few studies have focused on homosexual men. We examined sexual behaviour and common STIs as independent risk factors for HIV seroconversion in a community-based cohort of homosexual men in Sydney. Methods: Between 2001 and 2004, 1427 initially HIV-negative men were enrolled. They were tested annually for HIV, for gonorrhoea and chlamydia in the urethra and anus (strand displacement amplification, BDProbeTec), and for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) using type specific ELISA. Participants also reported diagnoses of STIs since their last interview. Detailed information on sexual risk behaviours was collected every 6 months. Results: There were 49 HIV seroconversions through 2006, an incidence of 0.80 per 100PY. A higher number of episodes of insertive and receptive unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with HIV positive or HIV status unknown partners was each significantly associated with HIV seroconversion. In multivariate analysis of behavioural risk factors, HIV seroconversion was significantly associated with a higher number of episodes of receptive UAI with a partner of unknown HIV status (p trend <0.001) or with a partner known to be HIV positive (p trend <0.001). After controlling for these sexual behaviours, a study diagnosis of anal gonorrhoea remained strongly related to HIV seroconversion (RR�=�7.41, 95% CI 1.75-31.75). Most cases of anal gonorrhoea diagnosed were asymptomatic. In addition, there was an independent association with anal warts (RR�=�3.43, 95% CI 1.43-8.19), and prevalent HSV-1 infection was of borderline significance (RR�=�2.78, 95% CI 0.99-7.80). Conclusion: Certain anal STIs were associated with HIV seroconversion, even after adjustment for UAI. For some anal conditions, in particular gonorrhoea, infection was frequently asymptomatic. Screening for anal STIs should be investigated as a potential HIV prevention intervention.

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McClean, H., K. Radcliffe, A. Sullivan, and I. Ahmed-Jushuf. "2012 BASHH statement on partner notification for sexually transmissible infections." International Journal of STD & AIDS 24, no. 4 (April 2013): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462412472804.

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Mahapatra, Bidhubhusan, Catherine M. Lowndes, Kaveri Gurav, Banadakoppa M. Ramesh, Stephen Moses, Reynold Washington, and Michel Alary. "Degree and correlates of sexual mixing in female sex workers in Karnataka, India." Sexual Health 10, no. 4 (2013): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12215.

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Background The degree of sexual mixing plays an important role in understanding disparities in sexually transmissible infections and HIV across social groups. This study examines the degree of sexual age mixing, and explores its individual and partnership level correlates among female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India. Methods: Data were drawn from special behavioural surveys conducted in 2006–07 among 577 FSWs in two districts of Karnataka: Belgaum and Bangalore. Sexual mixing in age was assessed as the difference in age between FSWs and their sexual partners, and the degree of assortativeness in sexual mixing was assessed using Newman’s assortativity coefficient. Results: A total of 577 FSWs were interviewed; 418 of whom reported two or more partnerships, resulting in 942 partnerships. In about half (52%) of these partnerships, the age difference between the FSW and her sexual partner was 5 years or more. The degree of assortativity in age mixing was 0.098, indicating minimally assortative mixing. The disassortativeness in age mixing was positively associated with young age and no formal education, and negatively with duration in sex work. Partnerships which were of a commercial nature were more likely to be disassortative than noncommercial partnerships. Conclusion: The minimally assortative age mixing indicates sexually transmissible infections can transfer from members of one age group to another. Efforts are required to limit the transmission of infection from one group to other by promoting safer sexual behaviour.

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Hocking, Jane S., Cathy Vaughan, Andrew Lau, Dorothy A. Machalek, and Simon Graham. "Reducing the burden of sexually transmissible infections in Papua New Guinea requires strengthening of clinical services and engaging men." Sexual Health 13, no. 5 (2016): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16058.

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In this edition of Sexual Health, Vallely et al. report the results of a cross-sectional prevalence survey of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) among women attending their first antenatal visit in three provinces of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This Editorial examines potential reasons for these high prevalence estimates and discusses strategies for addressing high STIs rates in PNG.

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Crosby, Richard, Ryan Pasternak, Laura F. Salazar, and Ivy Terrell. "How do young black men having sex with only women differ from those also having sex with men?" Sexual Health 10, no. 5 (2013): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13113.

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In the US, young Black men (YBM) disproportionately acquire sexually transmissible infections (STI), including infection with HIV. This secondary analysis compared sexual behaviours of YBM (n = 568) not reporting sex with men with those of YBM who have sex with men (YBMSM). In the present study YBMSM were generally less likely to report engagement in sexual risk behaviours, less likely to report incarceration and more likely to ever be tested for HIV. The findings suggest that elevated rates of HIV and/or STI among YBMSM may be a product of higher prevalence rates in sexual networks.

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Westwood, Jo, and Barbara Mullan. "Young people and sexual risk-taking behaviour in Central England." Sexual Health 6, no. 2 (2009): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08090.

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Background: Sexually transmissible infections and the rate of teenage pregnancy in the UK are among the highest in the industrialised world. Research has suggested that high rates of risk-taking behaviours may account for the concerning increase in the rates of sexually transmissible infections and higher rates of teenage pregnancy in the UK. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis investigated the sexual risk-taking behaviours of a group of sexually active 12–15-year-old school pupils from a single county in Central England (n = 493). Data were analysed to investigate the sexual risk activity of adolescents, urban/rural location, and gender. Results: In this sample, rural students were more likely than their urban counterparts to have used drugs or alcohol the first time they had sex. Female students were more likely than male students to report ever having had sex without contraception. Male students were more likely than female students to have ever had a one night stand. Conclusions: As expected there were differences in sexual risk-taking behaviour between pupils in urban and rural locations, and males and females. In most cases these differences were consistent with previous research on general trends, with a few exceptions that can be meaningfully interpreted using previous research in this area. In future, researchers may wish to investigate the underlying factors that determine these differences in risk-taking behaviour.

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Kang, Melissa, Arlie Rochford, Victoria Johnston, Julie Jackson, Ellie Freedman, Katherine Brown, and Adrian Mindel. "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among 'high risk' young people in New South Wales." Sexual Health 3, no. 4 (2006): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06025.

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International research on homeless adolescents has found that incidence and prevalence of sexually transmissible infections is relatively high. This study reports on a chlamydia prevalence survey conducted among high-risk young people (14–25 years) in New South Wales. The participants were recruited from youth health centres, which target homeless and high-risk youth. Of 333 clients (42.6% male), 84.1% were sexually active and mean number of sexual partners over the preceding 3 months was 1.4. Among sexually active participants, 24.6% claimed to use condoms always and 25% never. Sixteen of 274 available urine samples tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Further research is warranted to better define high-risk groups and clarify the nature of associations between various factors impacting on sexual health. Most importantly, research is now called for into effective strategies for engaging and attracting young people to screening, treatment and contact tracing.

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Callander, Denton, Teddy Cook, Phillip Read, Margaret E. Hellard, Christopher K. Fairley, John M. Kaldor, Emanuel Vlahakis, et al. "Sexually transmissible infections among transgender men and women attending Australian sexual health clinics." Medical Journal of Australia 211, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50322.

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McNair, Ruth. "Risks and prevention of sexually transmissible infections among women who have sex with women." Sexual Health 2, no. 4 (2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04046.

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Health care providers working with women who have sex with women (WSW) have been ill-informed about a range of sexual health issues for these women. Pertinent issues include sexual behaviours that carry risks of sexually transmissible infection (STI), prevention strategies for safer sex and understanding experiences of abuse. A relative silence continues in all of these areas within the mainstream medical literature, textbooks, research and policy documents, which perpetuates medical ignorance. There is evidence that the prevalence of STIs among WSW is at least as high as among heterosexual women, if not higher among some sub-groups. Risk factors include the sex and number of sexual partners, minimal use of protected sexual behaviours and low levels of knowledge of STI prevention among WSW. Importantly, marginalisation leading to poorer mental health and experiences of abuse can combine to influence risk taking including substance abuse and risky sexual behaviours. Safe-sex guidelines and the need to recognise the impact of sexual abuse are presented.

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Russell, Darren. "Do Australian female commercial sex workers still harbour sexually transmissible infections?" Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09143.

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Chen, Marcus Y., and Jade Bilardi. "Partner management for sexually transmissible infections: better options and guidelines please." Sexual Health 8, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10048.

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Browne, Jan, Victor Minichiello, and David Plummer. "Guided reflection: transcending a routine approach in the management of sexually transmissible infections." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/09564620260216335.

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This paper describes a distinctive approach to the sexually transmissible infections (STI) clinical consultation: 'the guided reflection approach'. The authors coined this term and identified the guided reflection approach through analysis of 22 in-depth interviews with practitioners who provide care for people with STI, and 34 people who had attended a healthcare facility in Australia for screening or treatment of an STI. A grounded theory method was used to collect and analyse this information. The data revealed when the STI consultation is conducted using the principles characterized by the guided reflection approach creates contexts for sexual empowerment that have the potential to effectively assist people to gain autonomy for safe sex. Routinely, most of the practitioners in this study were shown to direct the STI consultation towards risk behaviours and practices and prevention of transmission, with minimal intervention. However, this study shows that if clinical interaction is to make a difference to the patient's autonomy for sexual behaviour, two changes will be required. First, practitioners need to adopt the goal of assisting patients to attain levels of autonomy, and second, practitioners require education to assist them to develop the interactive skills needed to engage patients in dialogue and reflection about sexual behaviour.

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Warner, Lee, Maria F. Gallo, and Maurizio Macaluso. "Condom use around the globe: how can we fulfil the prevention potential of male condoms?" Sexual Health 9, no. 1 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11072.

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Despite a global epidemic of sexually transmissible infections and the availability and endorsement of condoms as an effective intervention, the overall use of condoms remains low. This review explores various challenges and opportunities to fully realizing the prevention potential for condoms.

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Rowen, D., C. A. Carne, C. Sonnex, M. Jones, M. E. Maloney, W. Lefort, and T. G. Wreghitt. "Testing for HIV Antibody: A Comparison of Two Services Offered in a Genitourinary Medicine Clinic." International Journal of STD & AIDS 6, no. 4 (July 1995): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249500600406.

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Summary: Rates of screening for sexually transmissible infections in patients using different services provided by a genitourinary medicine clinic for testing for HIV antibodies are presented. Those patients whose primary reason for attending the clinic was HIV antibody testing and used the same day result (SDR) service were significantly less likely to be screened for other infections than those using the normal waiting time (NWT) service, ( P < 0.00001). This was true for both males and females. Of those patients screened for other infections in the SDR and NWT groups 29% and 35% respectively were found to have a sexually transmitted infection. It would appear that an SDR service offers little benefit for the majority of patients as only a few patients would not have had an HIV antibody test had the SDR not been available.

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Beksinska, Mags E., Jennifer A. Smit, and Joanne E. Mantell. "Progress and challenges to male and female condom use in South Africa." Sexual Health 9, no. 1 (2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11011.

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South Africa has responded to the sexually transmissible infection and HIV epidemic with a rapid expansion of its national-level public sector condom program. Male condoms are available widely at no cost in the public sector, with expanded access via social marketing and the private sector. The female condom program is one of the largest and best established globally. National surveys show progressive increases in rates of condom use at last sex. However, inconsistent and incorrect condom use and the likelihood that condoms are discontinued in longer-term partnerships are some of the challenges impeding the condom program’s successes in the fight against sexually transmissible infections and HIV. This article reviews the current condom program, related guidelines and policies, and the existing data on male and female condom use, including distribution and uptake. We discuss the main challenges to condom use, including both user and service-related issues and finally how these challenges could be addressed.

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Low, Lynette C. M., Feng Ling G. Tan, Ellen Chan, Martin Chio, Roy Chan, and Priya Sen. "Analysis of females with Chlamydia trachomatis infections attending a sexually transmissible infection clinic in Singapore in 2010." Sexual Health 10, no. 5 (2013): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13095.

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Background Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmissible infection (STI) in Singapore, with rising incidence. Method: Random sampling was performed on all chlamydia-positive samples collected from female patients who attended a women’s clinic from January 2010 to December 2010. Some 250 electronic medical records were analysed. Population demographics, sexual histories, symptoms, diagnostic methods and management were recorded. Results: One hundred and forty-two (56.8%) patients were under 25 years of age. The predominant race diagnosed with Chlamydia cervicitis were Chinese (116 cases, 46.4%) followed by 86 (34.4%) Malays and 20 (8%) Filipinos. Sixty-three (25.2%) were skilled workers and (47) 18.8% were students. Professionals and office workers together formed 68 (27.2%) of the patients. Some 248 (99.2%) patients were heterosexual and 2 (0.8%) patients were bisexual; 229 (91.6%) patients had regular partners, 18 (7.2%) had casual partners and 3 (1.2%) had both. Concurrency prevalence accounted for 49 cases (19.6%) and condom use was less common. Patients were generally asymptomatic, with 114 (45.5%) presenting with symptoms. One hundred and eight (43.2%) patients had 2–5 sexual partners in their lifetime. Patients with a termination made up 12% of our cohort. This episode of infection was the first diagnosis of an STI for 198 (79.2%) patients; 24 (9.6%) of patients had been previously diagnosed with chlamydia. Conclusion: Chlamydia infection was most prevalent in skilled workers and their regular partners with heterosexual practices under 25 years old. Most patients had 2–5 sexual partners and did not use condoms consistently or at all.

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Wood, Jessica R., Robin R. Milhausen, Jessica M. Sales, Cynthia A. Graham, Stephanie A. Sanders, Ralph J. DiClemente, and Gina M. Wingood. "Arousability as a predictor of sexual risk behaviours in African-American adolescent women." Sexual Health 10, no. 2 (2013): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12055.

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This study examined the impact of sexual excitation (arousability) on sexual risk-taking behaviours in a community sample of African-American adolescent women. A sample of 701 African-American adolescent women completed measures examining their propensity for sexual arousal, impulsivity and sexual behaviour. Compared with women with a lower propensity for sexual arousability, women with a higher propensity reported a greater number of sexual partners, more inconsistent condom use, a greater likelihood of having engaged in sexual intercourse with ‘risky’ partners, and sex while high on alcohol or drugs. These results indicate that women who have a greater propensity to become sexually aroused in a variety of situations may be at a greater risk for contracting HIV or sexually transmissible infections relative to women with a lower propensity for arousal. This suggests that individual differences in the propensity to become sexually aroused should be considered when developing intervention approaches targeting young African-American women.

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Maatouk, Ismael, and Roy Moutran. "The origins of the condom." Sexual Health 10, no. 3 (2013): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12183.

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We know little about the origins of one of the oldest forms of contraception in medicine, the condom. Condoms were initially recognised as being useful for the prevention of sexually transmissible infections. Later on, they were used as contraceptives. We present here a short presentation of the condom’s history.

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Santella, Anthony J., Allan Pollack, Christopher Harrison, Shailendra N. Sawleshwarkar, Helena C. Britt, and Richard J. Hillman. "Management rates of sexually transmissible infections by Australian general practitioners, 2000–2012." Sexual Health 11, no. 1 (2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13179.

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Background In Australia, general practitioners (GPs) manage the majority of sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Most STIs are diagnosed and treated by GPs as a result of symptom recognition or risk identification. We aimed to determine how frequently six common STIs were managed by GPs, the characteristics of the GPs and patients, and any changes over time. Methods: Data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program for April 2000–March 2012 were analysed. BEACH is a national study of GP activity. The overall management rates of genital herpes (herpes simplex virus, HSV), genital warts, HIV, chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and syphilis were calculated. Results: In total, 11 784 GPs recorded details of 1 178 400 patient encounters. These included: 115 cases of genital HSV per 100 000 encounters, 92 of genital warts, 67 of HIV, 39 of chlamydia, 6 of gonorrhoea and 7 of syphilis. Higher management rates occurred among patients who were male, 15–24 years old, more socially advantaged, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, resident in a major city or of English-speaking background. GPs who were female and those aged under 60 years had higher STI management rates than their counterparts. Conclusions: HSV and warts were the most common STIs managed. Lower management rates for the other STIs may reflect lower incidence or lower testing rates, because these other STIs are frequently asymptomatic. It is important to determine whether existing approaches effectively target the most at-risk communities and what barriers to presentation exist.

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Crosby, Richard A., Cynthia A. Graham, Stephanie A. Sanders, William L. Yarber, Marija V. Wheeler, Robin R. Milhausen, and Virginia J. Vitzthum. "Decision making over condom use during menses to avert sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 16, no. 1 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18136.

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Background The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that receptive partners in penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI) who exercise independent decision making over condom use during menses do so to avert sexually transmissible infection (STI) transmission or acquisition. Methods: Data were collected through a partnership with Clue, the industry-leading female health app. A brief web-based questionnaire was developed, translated into 10 languages, and made accessible via a URL link sent to Clue users and posted on social media. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥14 years, not being currently pregnant and engaging in PVI and condom use during menses in the past 3 months. The analytical subsample comprised 12889 respondents residing in 146 countries. Results: Twenty per cent indicated independent decision making about condom use during menses. Independent decision making was associated with lower odds of reporting that condoms were used for contraception (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.65; 99% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–0.73) and higher odds that they were used for the prevention of STIs (aOR 1.44; 99% CI 1.28–1.61). A third significant finding pertained to always using condoms during menses; this was less likely among those indicating independent (female only) decision making (aOR 0.69; 99% CI 0.62–0.78). Non-significant associations with another two outcomes were found: protecting the partner against menstrual blood and protecting themselves against semen. Conclusions: Findings from people in 146 countries strongly support the hypothesis that those exercising independent decision making over condom use during menses do so to avert STI transmission or acquisition. That only one-fifth of this global sample reported this type of independent decision making suggests that empowerment-oriented (structural-level) interventions may be advantageous for individuals who are the receptive partner in PVI that occurs during menses.

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Prestage, G., I. Zablotska, A. Frankland, J. Imrie, and A. Grulich. "30. TESTING FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS AMONG GAY MEN IN SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab30.

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Introduction: Recently, rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) have been increasing among gay men in Australia and elsewhere. We explored trends in STI testing among gay men in Sydney. Methods: We used behavioural data from the six-monthly Sydney Gay Community Periodic Survey (SGCPS). Men are recruited through gay community venues, clinics and events in Sydney. Since 2003 men were asked whether they had received the following tests in the previous year: Anal swab, throat swab, penile swab, urine sample, and blood test for STIs other than HIV. Men recruited from clinics were excluded from the following analyses. Results: In 2006, 3145 completed questionnaires were received from non-clinic sites, with 40.9% of respondents reporting having received an anal swab, 45.4% a throat swab, 34.6% a penile swab, 52.7% a urine sample, and 56.1% a blood test for STIs other than HIV. The majority (67.2%) reported at least one test for STIs, with 25.5% having received all five forms of STI test. Although there was no increase during 2003-2006 in having any STI tests, the proportion of men having received all five types of test increased. The largest increase was in the proportion reporting anal swabs: from 23.8% in 2003 to 40.9% in 2006. Among men reporting unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners (UAIC), as well as among men with more than ten casual partners in the previous six months, rates of STI testing were higher but the time trends were similar. Conclusion: The majority of men report STI testing in the previous year, and this testing has become more comprehensive, with men receiving a broader range of STI tests over time. Men at higher risk for STIs tested at increased rates.

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Desir, Fidel A., Jessica H. Ladd, and Charlotte A. Gaydos. "Survey of partner notification practices for sexually transmissible infections in the United States." Sexual Health 13, no. 2 (2016): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15136.

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Background Partner notification (PN) for sexually transmissible infections (STIs) is a vital STI control method. The most recent evaluation of PN practices in the United States, conducted in 1999, indicated that few STI patients were offered PN services. The objectives of this study were to obtain a preliminary understanding of the current provision of PN services in HIV/STI testing sites throughout the US and to determine the types of PN services available. Methods: A convenience sample of 300 randomly selected testing sites was contacted to administer a phone survey about PN practices. These sites were from a large database maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sites were eligible to participate if they provided testing services for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV or syphilis and were not hospitals or Planned Parenthood locations. Results: Of the 300 eligible sites called, 79 sites were successfully reached, of which 74 agreed to participate, yielding a response rate of 24.7% and a cooperation rate of 93.7%. Most surveyed testing sites provided some form of PN service (anonymous or non-anonymous) on site or through an affiliate for chlamydia (100%), gonorrhoea (97%), HIV (91%) and syphilis (96%) infection. Anonymous PN services were available at 67–69% of sites. Only 6–9% of sites offered Internet-based PN services. Conclusions: Most surveyed testing sites currently offer some type of PN service for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV or syphilis infection. However, approximately one-third of surveyed sites do not offer anonymous services. Novel, Internet-based methods may be warranted to increase the availability of anonymous services.

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Tipple, Craig. "Impact of HIV-1 infection on the clinical presentation of syphilis in men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 12, no. 2 (2015): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14157.

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Men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those with HIV-1 infection, are disproportionately affected by syphilis in higher income countries. The course, and some of the clinical features of the disease, especially the development of neurosyphilis, can be affected by HIV-1 co-infection. This review documents potential differences in the clinical features of syphilis in HIV-1 infected and uninfected MSM and highlights the importance of a thorough examination and high index of suspicion when seeing and treating MSM at risk of sexually transmissible infections.

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Cornelisse, VJ, CK Fairley, and EPF Chow. "P04.07 “Summer loving”: an analysis of seasonal differences in sexual behaviour and sexually transmissible infections." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 2 (September 2015): A98.1—A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.261.

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Smith, Anthony M. A., Jeffrey W. Grierson, and Henry von Doussa. "Gay men's sex venues, the men who use them, and gay community perceptions: insights from a convenience sample of gay men attending a community festival in Melbourne." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09055.

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Background: Despite being understood as sites for the potential spread of sexually transmissible infections, we know remarkably little about gay men’s sex venues and how they are perceived in the gay community. The present paper aims to describe community attitudes to sex venues and towards the gay men who use them. Methods: Self-administered questionnaire at a gay community social event. Results: Men who use gay men’s sex venues differ from non-users in relation to their age, the number of casual sexual partners they have, their openness about their sexuality and their comfort with sexualised spaces. Also, not all venues are equal and appear to attract diverse clienteles with particular characteristics. Conclusion: Differentiation among gay men’s sex venues and the men who use them may offer opportunities for targeting interventions for sexual health promotion.

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Chan, Roy K. W., Hiok Hee Tan, Martin T. W. Chio, Priya Sen, Kar Woon Ho, and Mee Lian Wong. "Sexually transmissible infection management practices among primary care physicians in Singapore." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07079.

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Background: Primary care physicians manage a significant number of sexually transmissible infections (STI); however, there has not been a survey to assess the standard of medical care, completeness of notifications, provision of counselling and contact tracing by primary care physicians in Singapore. Methods: An anonymous postal survey was conducted in which 1557 questionnaires were mailed out to general practitioners (GP), and government primary care and emergency department doctors. Results: In all, 736 questionnaires (47.3%) were returned, and the majority of respondents were graduates from the local medical school, worked in solo or group practices and were males. One hundred and thirty doctors (17.7%) indicated they had received training attachments or postings in dermato-venereology departments. Almost one-third (30.8%) had been working as doctors for fewer than 10 years and 87.8% reported that they managed STI in their practice. Almost half did not investigate genital discharge patients, and one-third would still use ciprofloxacin to treat discharges. In the management of ulcers, over half indicated that they would order syphilis serology, and a significant minority would use parenteral penicillin. Most doctors provided history taking, screening for other STI, testing for HIV infection and STI counselling. A small minority of doctors undertook contact tracing, and there was incomplete notification of many STI. Conclusions: Overall medical management of STI by primary care physicians was acceptable. Skills in contact tracing and reminders on disease notification are areas that need particular attention.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexually transmissible infections'

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