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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexually deceptive'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Phillips, Ryan D., Renate Faast, Colin C. Bower, Graham R. Brown, and Rod Peakall. "Implications of pollination by food and sexual deception for pollinator specificity, fruit set, population genetics and conservation of Caladenia (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08154.

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Caladenia is very unusual in that it contains species that attract pollinators by two different strategies, food and sexual deception. Among the sexually deceptive species, baiting for pollinators has shown that within populations orchid species are typically pollinated by a single species of thynnine wasp. However, some wasp species can be pollinators of more than one species of orchid usually when their ranges do not overlap. There is a trend for closely related orchids to exploit wasps from the same genus, with different lineages of orchids often pollinated by different genera. Very little is known about pollination of food-deceptive Caladenia species, although it is evident they attract a suite of generalist food-seeking insects. Food-deceptive species have a higher pollination rate than do sexually deceptive species. Studies of population genetics and pollen movements are few, although they suggest a pattern of fine-scale genetic structuring within populations, owing to predominantly restricted seed dispersal and low genetic differentiation among populations as a consequence of rare long-distance seed-dispersal events. Both evolutionary and ecological research of Caladenia will greatly benefit from a better understanding of the insect species involved in pollination, their ecological requirements and the ecological and genetic consequences of food and sexual deception.

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2

Milius, Susan. "Sexually Deceptive Chemistry." Science News 170, no. 12 (September 16, 2006): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017244.

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3

de Jager, Marinus L., and Allan G. Ellis. "Costs of deception and learned resistance in deceptive interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1779 (March 22, 2014): 20132861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2861.

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The costs that species suffer when deceived are expected to drive learned resistance, although this relationship has seldom been studied experimentally. Flowers that elicit mating behaviour from male insects by mimicking conspecific females provide an ideal system for such investigation. Here, we explore interactions between a sexually deceptive daisy with multiple floral forms that vary in deceptiveness, and the male flies that pollinate it. We show that male pollinators are negatively impacted by the interaction, suffering potential mating costs in terms of their ability and time taken to locate genuine females within deceptive inflorescences. The severity of these costs is determined by the amount of mating behaviour elicited by deceptive inflorescences. However, inexperienced male flies exhibit the ability to learn to discriminate the most deceptive inflorescences as female mimics and subsequently reduce the amount of mating behaviour they exhibit on them with increased exposure. Experienced males, which interact with sexually deceptive forms naturally, exhibit similar patterns of reduced mating behaviour on deceptive inflorescences in multiple populations, indicating that pollinator learning is widespread. As sexually deceptive plants are typically dependent on the elicitation of mating behaviour from male pollinators for pollination, this may result in antagonistic coevolution within these systems.

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4

Lehtonen, Jussi, and Michael R. Whitehead. "Sexual deception: Coevolution or inescapable exploitation?" Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.52.

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Abstract Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species’ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for prédation, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutìonary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were: the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfactory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments.

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5

Faast, Renate, Lachlan Farrington, José M. Facelli, and Andrew D. Austin. "Bees and white spiders: unravelling the pollination syndrome of Caladenia rigida (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08135.

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Orchids of the genus Caladenia have been shown to utilise two quite different pollination strategies, namely species-specific sexual deception of thynnine wasps and a more generalist strategy attracting a larger spectrum of foraging insects. While baiting techniques have enabled the identification of numerous pollinators of sexually deceptive Caladenia, insects that pollinate food-advertising species have received little attention. The present study employed a multidisciplinary approach to better evaluate the pollination syndrome of the white spider orchid, Caladenia rigida R.S.Rogers, a species previously reported to utilise both food and sexual deception. This included the observation and capture of potential pollinators of C. rigida through direct observation, pantraps, Malaise traps and pollinator-baiting experiments, and the use of molecular techniques to identify orchid pollinia isolated from carrier insects. We describe a suite of generalist insects visiting and bearing pollinia from C. rigida. In addition, samples collected from the labellum and column of C. rigida contained sugars at levels comparable to those of a known nectar-producing orchid, Microtis parviflora R.Br. Potential osmophores in the clubs and calli stained positively with neutral red and although this character is often associated with sexual deception, we found no evidence for this secondary pollination syndrome in C. rigida. The present study is the first one to provide a detailed description of the pollinators and pollination syndrome of a non-sexually deceptive species within the genus Caladenia and the first report to provide evidence of nectar production by a species within this genus.

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6

Xu, Shuqing, Philipp M. Schlüter, and Florian P. Schiestl. "Pollinator-Driven Speciation in Sexually Deceptive Orchids." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/285081.

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Pollinator-mediated selection has been suggested to play a major role for the origin and maintenance of the species diversity in orchids. Sexually deceptive orchids are one of the prime examples for rapid, pollinator-mediated plant radiations, with many species showing little genetic differentiation, lack of postzygotic barriers, but strong prezygotic reproductive isolation. These orchids mimic mating signals of female insects and employ male insects as pollinators. This kind of sexual mimicry leads to highly specialised pollination and provides a good system for investigating the process of pollinator-driven speciation. Here, we summarise the knowledge of key processes of speciation in this group of orchids and conduct a meta-analysis on traits that contribute to species differentiation, and thus potentially to speciation. Our study suggests that pollinator shift through changes in floral scent is predominant among closely related species in sexually deceptive orchids. Such shifts can provide a mechanism for pollinator-driven speciation in plants, if the resulting floral isolation is strong. Furthermore, changes in floral scent in these orchids are likely controlled by few genes. Together these factors suggest speciation in sexually deceptive orchids may happen rapidly and even in sympatry, which may explain the remarkable species diversity observed in this plant group.

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7

Bohman, Bjorn, Ryan D. Phillips, Gavin Flematti, Rod Peakall, and Russell A. Barrow. "Sharing of Pyrazine Semiochemicals between Genera of Sexually Deceptive Orchids." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800605.

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It has recently been discovered that novel di-, tri- and tetra- substituted pyrazines are semiochemicals in Drakaea, an orchid genus that secures pollination by the sexual deception of male thynnine wasps. We examined if similar pyrazines were also present in the distantly related Caladenia barbarossa, a sexually deceptive orchid that is also pollinated by a thynnine wasp. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of two pyrazines, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate (1) and 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2) in the orchid genus Caladenia. The former is known as a semiochemical involved in pollinator attraction in Drakaea livida. This convergence of floral odour between distantly related plants provides an exciting opportunity to understand the evolution and molecular basis of this sophisticated chemical mimicry.

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8

Brundrett, Mark C. "A Comprehensive Study of Orchid Seed Production Relative to Pollination Traits, Plant Density and Climate in an Urban Reserve in Western Australia." Diversity 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11080123.

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The pollination of 20 common terrestrial orchids was studied in a 60-ha urban banksia and eucalypt dominated woodland in Western Australia. Five years of data (24,000 flowers, 6800 plants) measured fruit set relative to floral areas, capsule volumes, climate, phenology, pollination mechanisms, disturbance tolerance and demography. Pollination varied from 0–95% of flowers, floral displays from 90–3300 mm2 and capsules from 15–1300 mm3 per spike. Pollination traits strongly influenced outcomes, with self-pollination highest (59—95%), followed by sexually deceptive autumn or winter-flowering (18–39%), visual deception (0–48%) and sexually deceptive spring-flowering (13–16%). Pollination was limited by drought in autumn or spring and cool winter temperatures. Some orchids were resilient to drought and one formed seed after the leaves withered. Plant density had the greatest impact on fruit set for orchids forming large groups, especially for sexually deceptive pollination. Consequently, small group average (SGA) pollination was up to 4× greater than overall averages and peak seed production occurred in the best locations for genetic exchange and dispersal. SGA rates and seedpod volumes were strongly linked to clonality, but not to demographic trends. Resource competition limited flowering at higher plant densities and competition within spikes resulted in smaller, later-forming seedpods. Pollination data from co-occurring common orchids identified five evolutionary trade-offs linked to pollination, provided baseline data for rare species and revealed impacts of changing climate.

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9

Spaethe, Johannes, Martin Streinzer, and Hannes F. Paulus. "Why sexually deceptive orchids have colored flowers." Communicative & Integrative Biology 3, no. 2 (March 2010): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.2.10333.

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10

Peakall, Rod, Lauren Jones, Colin C. Bower, and Brendan G. Mackey. "Bioclimatic assessment of the geographic and climatic limits to hybridisation in a sexually deceptive orchid system." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01021.

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Australia is a major centre of diversity for pollination by sexual deception, a pollination syndrome unique to orchids and characterised by highly specific pollinator relationships. Chiloglottis pescottiana is a rare natural hybrid between sexually deceptive C. trapeziformis and C. valida. We utilised bioclimatic models to predict the potential range of the parental orchid species, the hybrid and their pollinators. The predicted ranges of the parental orchid species rarely overlapped (only 2&percnt; of the core range), with the geographic separation of the species reflecting the occupation of largely distinct climatic niches and limiting opportunities for hybridisation. Comparison of the predictions with independent distributions of the orchid taxa revealed a close match. Unexpectedly, our results revealed that several related and morphologically similar orchid species are, nevertheless, ecologically distinct from C. valida. Our study demonstrates that bioclimatic modelling provides an additional tool for exploring a range of ecological and evolutionary questions.

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11

Brown, Julian, Alan York, and Fiona Christie. "Fire effects on pollination in a sexually deceptive orchid." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 8 (2016): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15172.

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Research into the effectiveness of prescribed fire in managing pollination has only recently begun. The effects of fire on pollination have not been explored in sexually deceptive systems. Further, the potential for multiple effects operating at different spatial scales has not been explored in any pollination system despite multiscale effects on pollination observed in agricultural landscapes. We observed the frequency of pollinator visitation to flowers of sexually deceptive Caladenia tentaculata and related it to the post-fire age class of the vegetation at local and landscape scales. We also related the number of the pollinator’s putative larval hosts (scarab beetles) captured at these sites to age class. At the local scale (i.e. the sample location), visitation was highest in recently burnt sites. At the landscape scale, positive associations were observed between (1) putative pollinator hosts and vegetation burnt 36–50 years ago, and (2) pollinator visitation and vegetation burnt ≥50 years ago. Local- and landscape-scale effects on visitation were synergistic, such that visitation was greatest when fire age was heterogeneous within pollinator foraging range.

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12

SCHIESTL, FLORIAN P., ROD PEAKALL, and JIM MANT. "Chemical communication in the sexually deceptive orchid genus Cryptostylis." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144, no. 2 (February 2004): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00249.x.

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13

Machaka-Houri, Nisrine, Ahmad Houri, Khouzama M. Knio, and Duncan B. Westbury. "Ecological interactions of the sexually deceptive orchid Orchis galilaea." Journal of Plant Interactions 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1478005.

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14

Schlüter, Philipp M., Paulo M. Ruas, Gudrun Kohl, Claudete F. Ruas, Tod F. Stuessy, and Hannes F. Paulus. "Evidence for progenitor–derivative speciation in sexually deceptive orchids." Annals of Botany 108, no. 5 (September 2, 2011): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr239.

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15

Brunton‐Martin, Amy L., Anne C. Gaskett, and Hanna Kokko. "Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants." Oikos 130, no. 11 (October 5, 2021): 2053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.08374.

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16

Mant, Jim G., Florian P. Schiestl, Rod Peakall, and Peter H. Weston. "A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF POLLINATOR CONSERVATISM AMONG SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHIDS." Evolution 56, no. 5 (2002): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0888:apsopc]2.0.co;2.

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17

Mant, Jim G., Florian P. Schiestl, Rod Peakall, and Peter H. Weston. "A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF POLLINATOR CONSERVATISM AMONG SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHIDS." Evolution 56, no. 5 (May 2002): 888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01402.x.

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18

Ayasse, Manfred, Johannes Stökl, and Wittko Francke. "Chemical ecology and pollinator-driven speciation in sexually deceptive orchids." Phytochemistry 72, no. 13 (September 2011): 1667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.023.

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19

Cozzolino, Salvatore, and Giovanni Scopece. "Specificity in pollination and consequences for postmating reproductive isolation in deceptive Mediterranean orchids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1506 (June 25, 2008): 3037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0079.

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The type of reproductive isolation prevalent in the initial stages of species divergence can affect the nature and rate of emergence of additional reproductive barriers that subsequently strengthen isolation between species. Different groups of Mediterranean deceptive orchids are characterized by different levels of pollinator specificity. Whereas food-deceptive orchid species show weak pollinator specificity, the sexually deceptive Ophrys species display a more specialized pollination strategy. Comparative analyses reveal that orchids with high pollinator specificity mostly rely on premating reproductive barriers and have very little postmating isolation. In this group, a shift to a novel pollinator achieved by modifying the odour bouquet may represent the main isolation mechanism involved in speciation. By contrast, orchids with weak premating isolation, such as generalized food-deceptive orchids, show strong evidence for intrinsic postmating reproductive barriers, particularly for late-acting postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. In such species, chromosomal differences may have played a key role in species isolation, although strong postmating–prezygotic isolation has also evolved in these orchids. Molecular analyses of hybrid zones indicate that the types and strength of reproductive barriers in deceptive orchids with contrasting premating isolation mechanisms directly affect the rate and evolutionary consequences of hybridization and the nature of species differentiation.

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20

Poldy, Jacqueline, Rod Peakall, and Russell Allan Barrow. "Synthesis of chiloglottones – semiochemicals from sexually deceptive orchids and their pollinators." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 7, no. 20 (2009): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b912233h.

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21

Schiestl, F. P. "Floral evolution and pollinator mate choice in a sexually deceptive orchid." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17, no. 1 (November 17, 2003): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00650.x.

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22

Bohman, Björn, Lynne Jeffares, Gavin Flematti, Lindsay T. Byrne, Brian W. Skelton, Ryan D. Phillips, Kingsley, W. Dixon, Rod Peakall, and Russell A. Barrow. "Discovery of Tetrasubstituted Pyrazines As Semiochemicals in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid." Journal of Natural Products 75, no. 9 (September 18, 2012): 1589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np300388y.

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23

Rakosy, Demetra, Martin Streinzer, Hannes F. Paulus, and Johannes Spaethe. "Floral visual signal increases reproductive success in a sexually deceptive orchid." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2012): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-012-9217-0.

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24

Xu, Shuqing, Philipp M. Schlüter, Ueli Grossniklaus, and Florian P. Schiestl. "The Genetic Basis of Pollinator Adaptation in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid." PLoS Genetics 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2012): e1002889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002889.

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25

Vereecken, Nicolas J., Salvatore Cozzolino, and Florian P. Schiestl. "Hybrid floral scent novelty drives pollinator shift in sexually deceptive orchids." BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-103.

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26

Steiner, Kim E., V. B. Whitehead, and S. D. Johnson. "Floral and pollinator divergence in two sexually deceptive South African orchids." American Journal of Botany 81, no. 2 (February 1994): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15428.x.

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27

Mant, J., R. Peakall, and P. H. Weston. "Specific pollinator attraction and the diversification of sexually deceptive Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 253, no. 1-4 (June 2005): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-005-0308-6.

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28

Peasant, Courtney, Erika A. Montanaro, Trace S. Kershaw, Gilbert R. Parra, Nicole H. Weiss, Jaimie P. Meyer, James G. Murphy, Tiarney D. Ritchwood, and Tami P. Sullivan. "An event-level examination of successful condom negotiation strategies among young women." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 7 (February 5, 2017): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317690598.

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This study examines the effect of condom negotiation strategies on condom use and partner type and substance use before sex as moderators of strategy effectiveness. Women reported their daily sexual behavior during the last month. Withholding sex was more strongly associated with condom use when utilized with a non-casual sex partner. Directly requesting condom use was more strongly and using deceptive reasons to influence condom use was less strongly related to condom use during substance use. Results underscore the importance of understanding the contexts in which condom negotiation strategies are successful in order to improve HIV/sexually transmitted infection prevention efforts among women.

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29

Ellis, Allan G., Samuel F. Brockington, Marinus L. de Jager, Gregory Mellers, Rachel H. Walker, and Beverley J. Glover. "Floral trait variation and integration as a function of sexual deception in Gorteria diffusa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0563.

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Phenotypic integration, the coordinated covariance of suites of morphological traits, is critical for proper functioning of organisms. Angiosperm flowers are complex structures comprising suites of traits that function together to achieve effective pollen transfer. Floral integration could reflect shared genetic and developmental control of these traits, or could arise through pollinator-imposed stabilizing correlational selection on traits. We sought to expose mechanisms underlying floral trait integration in the sexually deceptive daisy, Gorteria diffusa , by testing the hypothesis that stabilizing selection imposed by male pollinators on floral traits involved in mimicry has resulted in tighter integration. To do this, we quantified patterns of floral trait variance and covariance in morphologically divergent G. diffusa floral forms representing a continuum in the levels of sexual deception. We show that integration of traits functioning in visual attraction of male pollinators increases with pollinator deception, and is stronger than integration of non-mimicry trait modules. Consistent patterns of within-population trait variance and covariance across floral forms suggest that integration has not been built by stabilizing correlational selection on genetically independent traits. Instead pollinator specialization has selected for tightened integration within modules of linked traits. Despite potentially strong constraint on morphological evolution imposed by developmental genetic linkages between traits, we demonstrate substantial divergence in traits across G. diffusa floral forms and show that divergence has often occurred without altering within-population patterns of trait correlations.

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30

Weinstein, Alyssa M., Björn Bohman, Gavin R. Flematti, and Ryan D. Phillips. "Three Chemically Distinct Floral Ecotypes in Drakaea livida, an Orchid Pollinated by Sexual Deception of Thynnine Wasps." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030260.

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Sexually deceptive orchids are unusual among plants in that closely related species typically attract different pollinator species using contrasting blends of floral volatiles. Therefore, intraspecific variation in pollinator attraction may also be underpinned by differences in floral volatiles. Here, we tested for the presence of floral ecotypes in the sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea livida and investigated if the geographic range of floral ecotypes corresponded to variation in pollinator availability. Pollinator choice trials revealed the presence of three floral ecotypes within D. livida that each attracts a different species of thynnine wasp as a pollinator. Surveys of pollinator distribution revealed that the distribution of one of the ecotypes was strongly correlated with that of its pollinator, while another pollinator species was present throughout the range of all three ecotypes, demonstrating that pollinator availability does not always correlate with ecotype distribution. Floral ecotypes differed in chemical volatile composition, with a high degree of separation evident in principal coordinate analysis. Some compounds that differed between ecotypes, including pyrazines and (methylthio)phenols, are known to be electrophysiologically active in thynnine wasp antennae. Based on differences in pollinator response and floral volatile profile, the ecotypes represent distinct entities and should be treated as such in conservation management.

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31

Soliva, Marco, and Alex Widmer. "GENE FLOW ACROSS SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN SYMPATRIC, SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE OPHRYS (ORCHIDACEAE) SPECIES." Evolution 57, no. 10 (2003): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/02-442.

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32

FLANAGAN, NICOLA S., DANIEL EBERT, CAROLYN PORTER, MAURIZIO ROSSETTO, and ROD PEAKALL. "Microsatellite markers for evolutionary studies in the sexually deceptive orchid genus Chiloglottis." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 1 (March 2006): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01161.x.

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33

Whitehead, Michael R., and Rod Peakall. "POLLINATOR SPECIFICITY DRIVES STRONG PREPOLLINATION REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN SYMPATRIC SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHIDS." Evolution 68, no. 6 (March 26, 2014): 1561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12382.

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34

Ayasse, Manfred, Florian P. Schiestl, Hannes F. Paulus, Fernando Ibarra, and Wittko Francke. "Pollinator attraction in a sexually deceptive orchid by means of unconventional chemicals." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1514 (March 7, 2003): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2271.

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35

Soliva, Marco, and Alex Widmer. "GENE FLOW ACROSS SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN SYMPATRIC, SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE OPHRYS (ORCHIDACEAE) SPECIES." Evolution 57, no. 10 (October 2003): 2252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00237.x.

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36

Robbirt, Karen M., David L. Roberts, Michael J. Hutchings, and Anthony J. Davy. "Potential Disruption of Pollination in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid by Climatic Change." Current Biology 24, no. 23 (December 2014): 2845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.033.

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37

Streinzer, M., T. Ellis, H. F. Paulus, and J. Spaethe. "Visual discrimination between two sexually deceptive Ophrys species by a bee pollinator." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4, no. 3 (May 22, 2010): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-010-9093-4.

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38

Phillips, R. D., G. R. Brown, K. W. Dixon, C. Hayes, C. C. Linde, and R. Peakall. "Evolutionary relationships among pollinators and repeated pollinator sharing in sexually deceptive orchids." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, no. 9 (July 17, 2017): 1674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13125.

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39

Alcock, J. "Interactions between the sexually deceptive orchidSpiculaea ciliataand its wasp pollinatorThynnoturneriasp. (Hymenoptera: Thynninae)." Journal of Natural History 34, no. 4 (April 2000): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002229300299480.

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40

Gervasi, Daniel D. L., Marc-Andre Selosse, Mathieu Sauve, Wittko Francke, Nicolas J. Vereecken, Salvatore Cozzolino, and Florian P. Schiestl. "Floral scent and species divergence in a pair of sexually deceptive orchids." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 15 (June 28, 2017): 6023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3147.

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41

Thalwitzer, Liezl, Dave Kelly, Rob D. Smissen, Ruth Butler, David M. Suckling, and Ashraf El-Sayed. "Species-specific male pollinators found for three native New Zealand greenhood orchids (Pterostylis spp.) suggest pollination by sexual deception." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17111.

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Many orchids achieve pollination by deceptive means. Sexually deceptive orchids are pollinated by male insects, which are lured to flowers that mimic the sex pheromones and/or appearance of their female conspecifics. This specialised pollination strategy was recently confirmed for the first time in a Pterostylis species in Australia. We investigated whether this pollination strategy may also be operating in Pterostylis species in New Zealand where generalised plant–insect pollination strategies are most commonly documented. The breeding systems of Pterostylis oliveri Petrie and Pterostylis irsoniana Hatch were investigated in the field with pollination treatments. Sticky traps were set up over flowering P. oliveri, P. irsoniana and Pterostylis venosa Colenso to catch potential pollinators of the flowers. Insects caught carrying orchid pollinia were identified, and the pollinia were identified to plant species with nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences. Both P. oliveri and P. irsoniana were found to be self-compatible, but dependent on insects for pollination. Pollinia from each of the three Pterostylis spp. were found to be carried species-specifically by male fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): only Mycetophila latifascia fungus gnats carried the pollinia of P. oliveri, Morganiella fusca gnats carried the pollinia of P. irsoniana, and Tetragoneura sp. carried the pollinia of P. venosa. The pollinator specificity indicates that each of the male fungus gnat species was attracted to the flowers of a specific Pterostylis orchid. This strongly suggests that each of the orchid species emit a specific floral volatile, most probably resembling the sex pheromones of the female conspecifics, to lure their male pollinators. These are the first documented cases of highly specialised sexually deceptive pollination in New Zealand orchids, which were thought to be predominantly self-pollinating.

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Phillips, Ryan D., and Rod Peakall. "An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31, no. 11 (October 8, 2018): 1732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13370.

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Bower, Colin C. "Specific pollinators reveal a cryptic taxon in the bird orchid, Chiloglottis valida sensu lato (Orchidaceae) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05043.

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Orchid species belonging to the sexual-deception pollination syndrome exhibit highly specific, usually one-to-one, relationships with their pollinators. This specificity is mediated by the orchid’s mimicry of the sex-attractant pheromones emitted by females of the pollinator species. Chiloglottis valida D.Jones sensu lato is a widespread, sexually deceptive, terrestrial orchid found in south-eastern New South Wales, and eastern and southern Victoria from sea level to at least 1600 m in the Australian Alps. Flowers from 38 C. valida s.l. populations from throughout this area were compared in field choice experiments for the specificity of attracted pollinator species. Four potential pollinator wasps in the thynnine genus Neozeleboria Rohwer were attracted. The data demonstrate the existence of two attractant odour types among C. valida s.l. and its pollinators, and support the recognition of two partially sympatric cryptic species in the orchid, each with two potential pollinators. The copheromone pollinator pairs replace each other on the altitudinal gradient, albeit with some overlap. In alpine areas the pollinators of the two cryptic orchid species are themselves sibling species within Neozeleboria monticola Turner s.l. The results indicate that C. aff. valida, the sister species of C. valida s.s., has two geographically replacing pollinators.

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Peakall, Rod, and Steven N. Handel. "Pollinators Discriminate among Floral Heights of a Sexually Deceptive Orchid: Implications for Selection." Evolution 47, no. 6 (December 1993): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410212.

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Stökl, Johannes, Philipp M. Schlüter, Tod F. Stuessy, Hannes F. Paulus, Günter Assum, and Manfred Ayasse. "Scent variation and hybridization cause the displacement of a sexually deceptive orchid species." American Journal of Botany 95, no. 4 (April 2008): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.4.472.

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Phillips, Ryan D., Tingbao Xu, Michael F. Hutchinson, Kingsley W. Dixon, and Rod Peakall. "Convergent specialization – the sharing of pollinators by sympatric genera of sexually deceptive orchids." Journal of Ecology 101, no. 3 (April 24, 2013): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12068.

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MANT, J., C. C. BOWER, P. H. WESTON, and R. PEAKALL. "Phylogeography of pollinator-specific sexually deceptive Chiloglottis taxa (Orchidaceae): evidence for sympatric divergence?" Molecular Ecology 14, no. 10 (September 2005): 3067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02659.x.

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GASKETT, ANNE C. "Floral shape mimicry and variation in sexually deceptive orchids with a shared pollinator." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 106, no. 3 (April 17, 2012): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01902.x.

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BENITEZ-VIEYRA, S., A. M. MEDINA, and A. A. COCUCCI. "Variable selection patterns on the labellum shape ofGeoblasta pennicillata, a sexually deceptive orchid." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, no. 11 (November 2009): 2354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01840.x.

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Peakall, Rod, and Steven N. Handel. "POLLINATORS DISCRIMINATE AMONG FLORAL HEIGHTS OF A SEXUALLY DECEPTIVE ORCHID: IMPLICATIONS FOR SELECTION." Evolution 47, no. 6 (December 1993): 1681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01260.x.

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