Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sexually abused boys'

Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sexual abuse of boys is regarded as a worldwide problem. Even in South Africa the sexual abuse of boys is described as an epidemic that as the social work phenomenon of women as perpetrators, can no longer be seen as rare. Although legislation, The South African Children’s Act, 38 of 2005 (2006) and The Sexual Offences Amendment Act, 32 of 2007, have contributed to a greater awareness with regards to the boy as victim of sexual abuse, there still is a lot of misconceptions with regards to the boy as victim of sexual abuse. A need for formal scientific research with regards to this problem was therefore identified and lead to the conducting of this study. Focusing on the sexual abuse of the boy in middle childhood was the purpose of this study, because the middle childhood is seen as the most vulnerable developmental phase for the boy to be sexually abused in. Social workers play a primary role in the prevention, early intervention, intervention and after care in this regard. This study was aimed at determining social workers’ opinions on the sexual abuse of boys in middle childhood. The purpose of the study was met through the five goals that were determined. The goals of the study were to discuss the middle childhood as developmental phase within a human developmental perspective and to describe the sexual abuse of boys as social work phenomenon, in order to develop insight with regards to the sexual abuse of boys. Goals determined for the purpose of this study also included the discussion of the sexual abuse of boys as social work phenomenon, focusing on the definition of sexual abuse, inclining factors to sexual abuse, the types of sexual abuse and the context and motivation for sexual abuse of boys. To discuss the different types of perpetrators in the sexual abuse of boys and to investigate the motivations of perpetrators with regards to the sexual abuse of boys were also goals that were determined. This study’s goals were also to investigate the opinions of social workers with regards to the sexual abuse of boys in middle childhood and to make recommendations regarding the promoting of social work service delivery to the sexually abused boy. The literature study that was undertaken builds a foundation for the problem of the sexual abuse of the boy in middle childhood to be seen, within the right context. An explorative and descriptive study was conducted with twenty seven social workers in the Western Cape, Olifantsrivervalley area as geographical area. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection. The results were purposefully processed and analyzed according to a qualitative- and quantitative research method. The empirical study’s findings enabled the researcher to come to certain conclusions. Using the literature study, the empirical study, findings and conclusions that followed on that, recommendations could be made to social workers in order to promote social work service delivery to the sexually abused boy in middle childhood.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die seksuele mishandeling van seuns word as ‘n wêreldwye probleem beskou. Ook in Suid- Afrika word die seksuele mishandeling van seuns as ‘n epidemie beskryf wat net soos die maatskaplike werk verskynsel van vroue oortreders, nie meer as raar beskou kan word nie. Alhoewel wetgewing soos Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kinderwet, 38 van 2005 (2006), asook Die Wysigingswet op die Strafreg (seksuele misdrywe en verwante aangeleenthede), 32 van 2007, bygedra het tot ‘n groter bewustheid van die seun as slagoffer van seksuele mishandeling, bestaan daar steeds baie wanbegrippe ten opsigte van die die seun as slagoffer van seksuele mishandeling. ‘n Behoefte aan formele wetenskaplike navorsing met betrekking tot hierdie probleem is geïdentifiseer met die gevolg dat hierdie studie onderneem is. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is daar gefokus op die seksuele mishandeling van die seun in sy middelkinderjare, aangesien die middelkinderjare as die mees weerloosste ontwikkelingsfase beskou word vir die seun om seksueel mishandel te word. Maatskaplike werkers speel ‘n primêre rol in die voorkoming, vroeë intervensie, intervensie en nasorg in hierdie verband. Hierdie studie het daarom ten doel gehad om maatskaplike werkers se sienings oor die seksuele mishandeling van seuns in die middelkinderjare te bepaal. Die doel van die studie is bereik na aanleiding van vyf doelwitte wat gestel is. Die doelwitte van die studie was om die middelkinderjare as ontwikkelingsfase binne ‘n menslike ontwikkelingsperspektief te bespreek en om die seksuele mishandeling van die seun as maatskaplike werk verskynsel te verduidelik ten einde begrip met betrekking tot die probleem van seksuele mishandeling van seuns te ontwikkel. Doelwitte wat gestel is ten einde die doel van die studie te bereik, het onder andere behels om seksuele mishandeling van seuns as maatskaplike werk verskynsel te beskou, deur te fokus op die definiëring van seksuele mishandeling, aanleidende faktore tot seksuele mishandeling, die vorme van seksuele mishandeling en die konteks en motivering van seksuele mishandeling van seuns. Om die verskillende tipes oortreders in die seksuele mishandeling van seuns te bespreek en om ondersoek in te stel na die motiverings van oortreders ten opsigte van die seksuele mishandeling van seuns, was ook as doelwit gestel. Hierdie studie se doelwitte was ook om ‘n ondersoek te doen na die sienings van maatskaplike werkers ten opsigte van die seksuele mishandeling van seuns in die middelkinderjare en om aanbevelings te maak ten opsigte van die bevordering van maatskaplike werk dienslewering aan die seksueel mishandelde seun. Die literatuurstudie wat gedoen is het ‘n fondasie geskep om die probleem van die seksuele mishandeling van die seun in sy middelkinderjare, in die regte konteks te kan beskou. ‘n Verkennende en beskrywende studie is gedoen en het sewe-en-twintig maatskaplike werkers in die Wes-Kaap, Olifantsriviervallei area as geografiese gebied ingesluit. Semigestruktureerde vraelyste is benut om inligting in te samel. Die resultate was volgens ‘n kwalitatiewe- en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode verwerk en geanaliseer. Die empiriese ondersoek se bevindinge het die navorser in staat gestel om sekere gevolgtrekkings te maak. Na aanleiding van die literatuurstudie, die empiriese ondersoek, die bevindinge en die gevolgtrekkings wat daarop gevolg het, kon aanbevelings gemaak word aan maatskaplike werkers ten einde die maatskaplike werk dienslewering aan die seksueel mishandelde seun in sy middelkinderjare te bevorder.

Estimates on the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse on boys vary from 8% to 35% globally. These figures are known to be well below the actual numbers that are believed to be much higher than those found in official data. Most cases of childhood sexual abuse are never reported, boys are less likely to report sexual abuse and if they ever do, they do so up to 10-20 years later than girls with similar experiences. This metasynthesis adds to the scarce qualitative literature on coping of male victims. It brings together the types of coping strategies men with histories of childhood sexual abuse use and allows for deeper understanding on how men cope with childhood sexual abuse. Aim: To explore coping strategies used by men who have been affected by childhood sexual abuse  Method: A qualitative metasynthesis Findings: Men affected by childhood sexual abuse reported the use of several coping strategies throughout their lives. These coping strategies were adapted to changes in their social environment. Meaningful inter-personal relationships were found to influence which coping strategies victims would resort to. Not all men felt affected by their experiences of childhood sexual abuse and some reject to be labelled as victims, while others felt empowered by the recognition of their victimhood. Conclusion: Men reported using similar coping strategies in different settings, but with different outcomes. Social support and social awareness about male victimisation were found to affect coping strategies used by men who have been affected by childhood sexual abuse.

The current study investigated characteristics and case variables of sexually abused male children, and how those variables affect the outcome of cases investigated by Child Protective Services. Data was obtained from the RIverside County Department of Social Services, Child Welfare System/Case Management System. It was found that the largest percentages of perpetrators were the siblings of the victims.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The present study has the title: "Men don't cry: the sexual abuse against boys". In Brazil, in 2012, it was registered 10425 cases of sexual abuse against children and youngsters, where 8677 were against girls. In the majority of cases the perpretator of the abuse is a male and from the trust circle of the child. The diference between male victims and female victims is very obvious and the perpetrators - in their majority - are men. Why do we study boys as victims? The invisibility of boys in the context of sexual victimisation called our attention and became the focus of this research. Some cultural factors corroborate for the boys' sexual victimisation concealing, such as: the understanding of the fact with naturality comprehending the event as "man's thing"; the heritage of resistance and male virility, by mean of which hide what happened, by fear of social reprisal and of futures questioning about the victim's masculinity. The study's objective consisted in investigate the consequences of the sexual abuse for the boy and analise the repercussion of the sexual violence against the man/boy in the familiar convivence and communitarian. Of qualitative nature, we performed profound interviews with three boys and a man that experienced sexual abuse, two mothers and one victimised boy's carer. The research's results revealed different meanings atributed to the suffered sexual abuse, according to trajectory and the experiences of each subject. The homossexuality fear developed from sexual abuse was present in some interviewed's speech, as well as the reproduction of the abuse. Several historical advances through the action of different social movements have gained a solid agenda about the topic in general agenda of public policy. However, the cultural transformation that can alter the rigidity of genres is still a challenge to be pursued, as well as advance our understanding of sexuality in its human dimension and authorization to talk about it, without configurating other violence for this
O presente estudo tem por título: Homem não chora: o abuso sexual contra meninos . No Brasil, em 2012, foram registrados 10425 casos de abuso sexual contra crianças e jovens, sendo 8677 deles contra meninas. Na maioria dos casos o autor do abuso é do sexo masculino e do círculo de confiança da criança. A diferença entre as vítimas femininas e masculinas é gritante e os autores - em sua maioria - são homens. Por que estudar os meninos como vítimas? A invisibilidade do menino no contexto de vitimização sexual chamou nossa atenção e se tornou foco desta pesquisa. Alguns fatores culturais corroboram para o ocultamento da vitimização sexual do menino, tais como: a compreensão do fato com naturalidade entendendo o evento como coisa de homem ; a herança da resistência e da virilidade masculina, por meio da qual se esconde o ocorrido, por medo de represálias sociais e de questionamentos futuros sobre a masculinidade da vítima. O objetivo do estudo consistiu em perquirir as consequências do abuso sexual para o menino e em analisar a repercussão da violência sexual contra o homem/menino na convivência familiar e comunitária. De natureza qualitativa, realizamos entrevistas aprofundadas com três meninos e um homem que vivenciaram o abuso sexual, duas mães e uma cuidadora de meninos vitimizados sexualmente. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram diferentes sentidos atribuídos ao abuso sexual sofrido, conforme a trajetória e as vivências de cada sujeito. O medo da homossexualidade desenvolvida a partir do abuso sexual se fez presente em alguns discursos dos entrevistados, bem como o da reprodução do abuso. Diversos avanços históricos por meio da ação de diferentes movimentos sociais conquistaram uma pauta contínua sobre a temática na agenda geral da política pública. Contudo, a transformação cultural capaz de alterar a fixidez dos gêneros ainda é um desafio a ser perseguido, assim como o avanço na compreensão da sexualidade em sua dimensão humana e a autorização para falar sobre ela, sem que para isso tenha que configurar-se outra violência

In the United States, there are advocacy groups that support sexual relationships between adults and children. These groups use justifications that make pedophile behaviors seem normal and appropriate. This thesis describes the physical, emotional, and psychological harms that result from child sexual abuse. The reader will understand how prominent child sexual abuse is and how it takes a lot of effort for abusers to take advantage of children. There are many psychological resources available to children and their families, but it does not make sexual abuse okay for society to ignore. The justifications used by pedophile advocates are irrational and should be fought against by society.

Objetivou-se conhecer a possível dinâmica da violência sexual contra meninos. A tese é composta por três artigos: um artigo no qual um modelo integrativo conceitual da dinâmica da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é proposto; um artigo empírico de apresentação e avaliação das parcerias estabelecidas para a coleta de dados; e um artigo empírico com os resultados do estudo sobre a dinâmica da violência sexual contra meninos. Participaram do principal estudo dessa tese quatro meninos vítimas de violência sexual e quatro psicólogos da rede de atendimento às vítimas de violência sexual. A análise das entrevistas evidenciou a menor visibilidade das situações de violência sexual contra meninos, a influência de padrões sociais de masculinidade e o despreparo da rede de atendimento para intervenção nesses casos. A maior compreensão da violência sexual contra meninos é necessária para a implantação de estratégias de intervenção adaptadas às necessidades de meninos vítimas.
The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to investigate the possible dynamics of sexual violence against boys. The dissertation is composed of three articles: an article proposing a conceptual integrative model of the dynamics of sexual violence against children; an empirical article regarding the evaluation of partnerships with assistance networks developed for data collection; and an empirical article with the results of the study on the dynamics of sexual violence against boys. Participants were four boys victims of sexual violence and four psychologists of assistance networks. The results showed a lower visibility of sexual violence against boys, the influence of social standards of masculinity, and the lack of professional specialization for delivering intervention for the victims. A greater comprehension of sexual violence against boys is necessary for the implementation of more effective intervention strategies adapted to the needs of boy victims.

The author conducted a case study for analysis of the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) "Youth Protection" campaign, a social action campaign, developed to increase awareness and educate members on how to prevent, identify, and deal with child sexual abuse (Scoutmaster Handbook, 1990; "Unacceptables Relevancy Program," 1985).The author looked for evidence of Bandura's social cognitive theory in the campaign by identifying the following elements of the theory: observational learning, modeling, enactive learning, and symbols, in campaign artifacts (Bandura, 1977).The author sought to suggest the use of Bandura's social cognitive theory in the formative research of social action campaigns and to help public relations planners in nonprofit organizations in understanding how social action campaign messages incorporating Bandura's social cognitive theory could be presented and transmitted.Procedures began with an examination of BSA organizational and "Youth Protection" campaign artifacts, supplemented by an interview with Lawrence Potts, Administrative Group Director of the BSA, who was responsible for the development of the campaign, followed by an analysis of the campaign for evidence of Bandura's social cognitive theory.The author followed Miles and Huberman's (1994) guidelines for addressing reliability and validity.The following elements of Bandura's social cognitive theory: observational learning, modeling, enactive learning, and symbols were evident in the campaign. Observational learning, modeling, and imaginal symbols were seen in two of the videos. Enactive learning was identified in a booklet. Verbal symbols were seen in various campaign artifacts. No single artifact was identified as containing all of the elements of the theory. Campaign artifacts targeted to youth contained the most elements. Symbols were identified in all artifacts targeted to youth but only the videos showed observational learning and modeling.The author's recommendations for improving the campaign would be to use observational learning, modeling, and enactive learning for encouraging the desired behaviors and skills of the volunteer leaders and parents, in a similar way these elements were part of the artifacts targeted to youth.Campaign artifacts targeted to volunteer leaders and parents provided a great deal of information about child sexual abuse, but often the information was only stated or printed, rather than coded into verbal or imaginal symbols and demonstrated through observational learning, modeling, or enactive learning. The author would also recommend verbal and imaginal symbols be used to help volunteer leaders and parents remember information about child sexual abuse.The boys serving as models in two of the videos only appeared in these artifacts. The author would further recommend these models be used in all campaign artifacts targeted to youth.Limitations of the study included the legitimacy of qualitative research, that the study may not be considered a case study in the strictest sense, and that BSA campaign planners did not intentionally incorporate elements of Bandura's social cognitive theory in their "Youth Protection" campaign, although elements of the theory were identified in campaign artifacts.Further research on the BSA's "Youth Protection" campaign should be to evaluate its effectiveness.
Department of Journalism

Objetivou-se adaptar e avaliar um modelo de intervenção cognitivo-comportamental para meninos vítimas de Violência Sexual (VS), derivado de um modelo avaliado com meninas. A dissertação é composta por um artigo teórico sobre VS contra meninos, um capítulo que descreve o processo de adaptação do modelo, um relato de experiência sobre a produção e utilização de um documentário sobre VS contra meninos utilizado na aplicação do modelo adaptado e um artigo com os resultados dessa aplicação. Três meninos vítimas de VS com idades entre oito e 16 anos foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção por meio de instrumentos psicológicos quanto a sintomas comumente presentes em vítimas de VS. A aplicação do modelo adaptado foi avaliada por três juízes independentes por meio de seis indicadores. As avaliações sintomatológicas dos participantes e a da aplicação do modelo adaptado se constituem como evidências iniciais sobre sua ação terapêutica.
This work aimed to adapt and assess a cognitive-behavioral intervention model for boys who are victims of sexual violence that was derived from a model that evaluated girls. The master thesis consists of a theoretical article about sexual violence against boys; a chapter describing the process of adapting the model; a report on the experience of producing and using the documentary about sexual violence against boys while applying the adapted model; and an article with the results from this application. Three boys between the ages of eight and 16 who had been victims of sexual violence were evaluated, through psychological instruments before and after the intervention, in terms of symptoms common to sexual violence victims. Three independent judges evaluated the application of the adapted model through six indicators. The evaluations of the participants’ symptoms as well as of the adapted model’s application provide initial proof of therapeutic effectiveness.

M.Ed.
Child sexual abuse is a deep social concern in South Africa. Its impact affects all areas of development, which warrants a need for appropriate therapeutic intervention. Despite a need for such an intervention, many children, especially boys from disadvantaged African communities, are still without such services. This made me wonder, as an intern-Educational Psychologist, how to help such children. In my search to help them I found that available literature does not document sexual abuse among boys, especially from disadvantaged African communities. Instead it focuses on sexual abuse among girls, women and men. Hence, this study was proposed. The aim of this study is to describe and explore, from an Educational Psychology perspective, the life stories of boys who have been sexually abused. The study presents an in-depth exploration of how the five boys in the research group made meaning of their experiences with sexual abuse. The qualitative research paradigm with a phenomenological design was followed in this study. Data was mainly collected through Narrative Therapy sessions and other complementary methods. In analyzing data, the narrative method of data analysis categorical content mode, was followed. The findings were presented as metaphorical stories, which include: The story of ‘The Rubbish’, “it mixes up my mind” and “it tears what you like”. The conclusion was that boys who have been sexually abused can be aided in their healing process through psychotherapy. Therefore, further research should be done on an appropriate psychotherapy approaches for boys who have been sexually abused and as well as on strategies to encourage the boys to report the abuse immediately. The findings of this study may be helpful to educational psychologists and other therapists working with boys who have been sexually abused.
Dr. E. Fritz

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.
Advisor: Scott D. Ryan, Florida State University, College of Social Work. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 212 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis focuses on disclosure of sexual abuse by men who were sexually abused either as children or adolescents. The research questions that it set out to answer were 'why and how do males in Australia disclose to another person that they have been sexually abused?' Aims were to understand disclosure from the perspective of male survivors in Australia, identify the factors that inhibit, trigger and facilitate disclosure, and develop a theory of disclosure reflecting the processes involved.

This dissertation uses the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) to examine multi-systemic risk and resilience processes that lead to positive and negative outcomes in nationally representative sexually abused boys. This study focused on a sub-sample of 171 boys with reports of sexual abuse at the baseline. When weighting is applied this reflects a population of approximately 65,000 sexually abused boys involved in the child welfare system. The first aim of this study focuses on the impact of sexual abuse characteristics on behavioral problems, posttraumatic stress and academic achievement 1½, 3 and 5 years following the initial report of sexual abuse. The second aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of family context, as measured by cumulative family risk, across each of these outcomes. Finally, the third aim was to examine the moderating role of peer context, as measured by social skills and peer rejection, across each of these outcomes. Key findings indicated that cumulative family risk confers greater risk for internalizing problems, externalizing problems, posttraumatic stress and academic achievement; though not always in the expected directions. Social skills buffered the effect of a range of abuse characteristics on internalizing problems, externalizing problems and academic achievement but not posttraumatic stress. Peer rejection had a more prominent role in influencing internalizing outcomes and academic achievement; however this did not extend to externalizing problems, posttraumatic stress. Family and peer context moderators seemed to play a more central role at the most proximal and distal time points from the baseline report of maltreatment. This study finds a complex picture in the range and extent of the consequences associated with sexual abuse for young males. The results demonstrate the power in nurturing collaborative, multidisciplinary "healing communities" that can effectively target all levels of prevention and intervention; specifically, by incorporating the individual, family, peer/school and larger socio-cultural context. Future research should pay close attention to within group variation across socio-demographic and abuse characteristics and continue to disentangle the underlying mechanisms that contribute to adaptive and maladaptive outcomes for sexually abused boys given the multiple potential explanations for some of the unexpected findings in the present study.

Boys in their middle childhood placed in clinic schools experience severe emotional and behavioural problems. Most of these boys have been sexually abused. The trauma of this sexual abuse may contribute to their problem behaviour. If the learners can be effectively supported in addressing the trauma of the male child sexual abuse during their time at the clinic school, some of their emotional and behavioural problems may also be addressed. Without these emotional and behavioural problems they may be able to develop without hindrance of the male child sexual abuse and may be integrated into the mainstream educational setting before they reach the age of twelve years. This study consisted of three phases. During the first phase the experiences of seven sexually abused boys placed in clinic schools in Gauteng Province in South Africa were explored in order to develop a better understanding of their support needs. It was achieved by means of three in-depth interviews with each participant. For the purpose of the first phase a qualitative design was used, which was of a phenomenological, descriptive and exploratory nature in order to explore and describe the phenomenon of male child sexual abuse. To obtain a clear picture of the unique view and subjective experiences of a participant in a clinic school, the phenomenon of male child sexual abuse was investigated. From the results it was clear that sexually abused boys placed in clinic schools exhibit intensified emotional reactions, as well as certain problems associated with male child sexual abuse. The intensified emotional reactions include a deep sense of sadness and helplessness, a sense of guilt and shame, a sense of dissociation and numbness, avoidance of situations associated with male child sexual abuse, fear of recurring incidents and the re-experiencing of the trauma. The problems associated with male child sexual abuse include concerns regarding their own sexuality, difficulties in interacting with other people, dealing with anger and aggression, displaying self-destructive behaviour and difficulties to cope with schoolwork. During the second phase of the study twenty-four psychologists, social workers, counsellors, teachers and child and youth care workers were included. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each of them to identify critical aspects to support victims of male child sexual abuse. For the purpose of the second phase the interpretive descriptive design was used. The results suggest that the following critical aspects should be considered in the conceptualisation of a proposed support strategy: Relationships as basis for support; strengthening the male child sexual abuse victims to deal with behavioural and emotional challenges; facilitating the safety of the male child sexual abuse victims to avoid continued exposure to abuse; providing a structured environment and coordinated support efforts to ensure sustainability. The third phase of this study consisted of the conceptualisation of a support strategy for male child sexual abuse victims. Two focus groups were conducted with fourteen psychologists, social workers, counsellors, teachers and child and youth care workers to conceptualise the support strategy. The proposed support strategy suggests the incorporation of different role players in a collaborative team approach for a multilevel support approach. The proposed support strategy involves three main facets, namely strengthening of the male child sexual abuse victim as an individual, sustaining a deep/trusting relationship, as well as the facilitation of a supportive context for the male child sexual abuse victim.
PhD (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Several studies suggest that sexual assaults are experienced differently by males than by females. In dominant discourses in which sexual perpetration is associated with males and sexual victimisation with females, males are expected to practice and exhibit hegemonic masculinity. This gendered perception of sexual assaults means that female perpetration of male child sexual abuse often goes unrecognised and that male perpetration is particularly problematic for male victims. Using a feminist critical paradigm and critical discourse analysis as a research design, this study explored how a sample of male victims in Zimbabwe experienced sexual abuse as children and how they were affected by it. The study, further, explored how the male victims of childhood sexual abuse sought to reconcile the experience of victimisation with their identity as males. Nine men participated in the study. The sample was, due to the sensitive nature of the topic, purposively selected using letters describing the nature of the study and inviting participation. The letters were distributed through diverse channels, including a newspaper with national coverage. Most participants reported experiences of female perpetrated abuse. The study found that, in keeping with dominant discourses of hegemonic masculinity, the participants struggled to construct themselves as victims. Many of the participants were considerably and negatively affected by having been sexually abused. Participants utilised a variety of methods to come to terms with the fact that they were males who had been victimised.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021
Survivors of child sexual abuse experience a lot but various challenges in their everyday lives. The overall aim of the study was to describe the experiences of male adult survivors of child sexual abuse at Ga-Matlala, Limpopo Province. The study objectives were to identify types of child sexual abuse cases at Ga- Matlala uperpetrated prior 1994; to determine how adult male survivors of child sexual abuse handle their life problems; to describe the social impact of child sexual abuse on male adult survivors; and to recommend appropriate professional intervention to male adult survivors of child sexual abuse. The study utilised descriptive research design. The data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews from three (3) survivors of child sexual abuse who were sexually abused prior 1994 who are residing at Ga-Matlala area. The sample consisted of survivors of child sexual abuse drawn from the database of Bakone Tribal Council compiled and administered pre 1994. A thematic analysis method was selected. Thematic analysis organises and describes data set in detail. The data was analysed in eight steps.Ethical considerations such as voluntary participation, permission to conduct the study, anonymity, confidentiality and no harm to respondents were considered.The researcher found that two survivors indicated to be having abilities to resolve their personal problems while one participant has indicated to be having problems in resolving his personal problems. All three survivors indicated to be engaged in an intimate relationships. All there survivors indicated to have had experienced child sexual abuse more than once and they also indicated to have had experienced more than one type of sexual abuse. Two participants out of three survivors had not reported of imitating what they experienced while one has adopted the lifestyle but he is not doing it with children like it was done to him. All survivors indicated to have forgiven their perpetrators. All of survivors indicated that their childhood experience had a negative impact in their childhood lives and it still has a negative influence in their adult life. All three survivors indicated to have not accessed professional assistance in their childhood even during their participation in the study they have not yet accessed professional intervention towards their past traumatic experience. However, all three survivors acknowledged the fact that post traumatic intervention is important to their personal growth with regard to finding closure, gaining confidence and finding coping strategies that will be helpful in facing their personal problems with an open mind and positivity of finding solutions without tracing their childhood past into it. The researcher concluded that all the participants of the study had experienced different kinds or types of child sexual abuse and it has negatively impacted them. Being involved in an intimate relationship was not difficult for the survivors as all of them were engaged in intimate relationships. All three survivors need to access professional help for them to overcome the impact of their past child sexual abuse experience. There is a huge difference/gap regarding the previous findings and the current findings mainly because most of the previous studies were European based than African Based (South Africa) and it was also showing a gap between European based Theories and African based theories when dealing with child sexual abuse. The main recommendation that the researcher had was to motivate the survivors to participate in the process of accessing professional help to enable them to deal with their current lives without tracing everything back to their childhood.

In Canada, the lifetime prevalence of the sexual abuse of boys is estimated at one in six (Dorais, 2009; Dube, Anda, Whitfield, Brown, Felitti, Dong, & Giles, 2005; Hopper, 2010; Briere & Elliot, 2003). Despite growing awareness of male victims of childhood sexual abuse, it is estimated that police reports are made in only 4.4% of cases (Priebe & Svedin, 2008). There continues to be little understanding as to why the reporting rate is so low. A sample of 155 male survivors of childhood sexual abuse was obtained through a community agency that provides support to this population. Data were gathered from participants’ intake forms on four variables that were expected to influence police reporting: 1) the survivors' age at the time of the first incident 2) the duration of the abuse; 3) the relationship between the survivor and the perpetrator; and 4) the sex of the perpetrator. It was predicted that the perpetrator's sex would be the most powerful predictor of a male's decision to report sexual abuse because of the ‘feminization of victimization’ phenomenon. This is the culturally based assumption that victims are female and perpetrators are male that leads male victims’ to question their own experiences and to a tendency by others to not take their victimization seriously. The findings revealed that perpetrator sex was not a significant predictor of police reporting. Only abuse duration was associated with whether a police report had been made. Other important findings were: 1) the mean age of this sample seeking support for childhood abuse was 50 years; 2) in almost 30% of cases, abuse began before the participant was six years old; 3) 49% of participants had been abused by family members; 4) 20% of participants had been abused by female perpetrators; and 5) in 75% of cases, a police report had not been made. Further research is needed to identify the factors influencing whether sexual abuse of boys is reported to police in order to enhance support services and police response.
May 2016

Text in Afrikaans
Summaries in English and Afrikaans
Die teoretiese basis van die verhandeling behels 'n uiteensetting van die Jungiaanse teorie en 'n bespreking van die seksuele molestering van seuns. Met die uiteensetting van die Jungiaanse teorie word die psigodinamiese aspekte van die psige verduidelik en grafiese voorstellings van die strukturele komponente daarvan word weergegee. Die ontwikkelingsfase van die seun word aangespreek, met klem op die rol van die gesin in sy ontwikkeling. In die beskrywing van die terapeutiese proses word spesifiek gefokus op die benutting van die reekstekeningmodel. Die fokuspunt van die beskrywing van seksuele molestering van seuns, behels die aanbieding van die korttermyngevolge binne 'n multimodale raamwerk. Die definiering en tipes seksuele molestering, asook die bekendmaking en faktore wat die trauma van seksuele molestering intensiveer, word verder aangespreek. Twee gevallestudies word as empiriese data aangebied. In elke gevallestudie word tekeninge deur middel van toto's bespreek nadat agtergrondinligting omtrent elke respondent aangebied
The theoretical basis of the thesis compromises an exposition of Jungian theory, and a discussion of the sexual abuse of boys. In the exposition of Jungian theory, the psychodynamics aspects of the psyche are elucidated and graphic illustrations of the structural components thereof are provided. The developmental phase of the boy is addressed, with emphasis on the role of the family in his development. In the discussion of the therapeutic process, specific focus is placed on the utilisation of the serial drawing model. The focal point of the description of sexual abuse of boys comprises the presentation of the short-term consequences within a multimodal framework. The definition and types of sexual abuse, as well as the making known thereof and the factors which intensify the trauma of sexual abuse, are also addressed. Two case studies are presented as empirical data. In each case study, drawings are discussed by means of photographs after the presentation of background information concerning each respondent.
Social Work

Sexual abuse of children is a complex and sensitive subject that has an influence on children , families and the wider community . In referring to the term sexual abuse it is usually associated with girls. Although there is very little literature available that focus specially on the sexual abuse of boys, it can never be denied. The clinic involved school where the research was conducted is a school for behaviour difficult boys in middle childhood (6-12 years). There are a large number of sexually abused boys or boys who have been exposed to sexual abuse in the concerned school. It is clear that children who have been sexually abused sometimes have a variety of problems including behavioral problems. There is little research available in South Africa that focuses specifically on sexual abuse and behavioral problems. It seems that boys externalize trauma and that lead to behavioral problems. It was therefore necessary to determine the impact of sexual abuse on the boys, to ensure that appropriate services can be delivered to these boys. The purpose of this study was to investigate behavioral problems of sexual abuse of boys in a clinic school by means of a literature study and empirical research. The researcher conducted qualitative and quantitative approach at the same time. For the quantitative approach, the total population of the sexually abused boys in the clinic school was involved in the study and a questionnaire compiled by the researcher was completed. For the qualitative approach, focus group was held with " SBST " ( School Based Support Team ) , teachers and child and youth care workers. There are recommendations made that seek to ensure that proper services can be provided to the sexual abuse of boys in a clinic school, in order to address their problem behavior and rehabilitate them faster.
MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014