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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual selection in birds'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Price, Trevor. "Sexual selection and natural selection in bird speciation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1366 (February 28, 1998): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0207.

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The role of sexual selection in speciation is investigated, addressing two main issues. First, how do sexually selected traits become species recognition traits? Theory and empirical evidence suggest that female preferences often do not evolve as a correlated response to evolution of male traits. This implies that, contrary to runaway (Fisherian) models of sexual selection, premating isolation will not arise as an automatic side effect of divergence between populations in sexually selected traits. I evaluate premating isolating mechanisms in one group, the birds. In this group premating isolation is often a consequence of sexual imprinting, whereby young birds learn features of their parents and use these features in mate choice. Song, morphology and plumage are known recognition cues. I conclude that perhaps the main role for sexual selection in speciation is in generating differences between populations in traits. Sexual imprinting then leads to these traits being used as species recognition mechanisms. The second issue addressed in this paper is the role of sexual selection in adaptive radiation, again concentrating on birds. Ecological differences between species include large differences in size, which may in themselves be sufficient for species recognition, and differences in habitat, which seem to evolve frequently and at all stages of an adaptive radiation. Differences in habitat often cause song and plumage patterns to evolve as a result of sexual selection for efficient communication. Therefore sexual selection is likely to have an important role in generating premating isolating mechanisms throughout an adaptive radiation. It is also possible that sexual selection, by creating more allopatric species, creates more opportunity for ecological divergence to occur. The limited available evidence does not support this idea. A role for sexual selection in accelerating ecological diversification has yet to be demonstrated.

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2

ZUK, MARLENE. "Validity of sexual selection in birds." Nature 340, no. 6229 (July 1989): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340104b0.

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3

READ, ANDREW F., and PAUL H. HARVEY. "Validity of sexual selection in birds." Nature 340, no. 6229 (July 1989): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340105a0.

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4

Brown, Gillian R., and Tim W. Fawcett. "Sexual Selection: Copycat Mating in Birds." Current Biology 15, no. 16 (August 2005): R626—R628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.005.

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5

Møller, Anders Pape, and László Zsolt Garamszegi. "Sexual selection, range size and population size." Ornis Hungarica 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2013-0001.

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Abstract Sexual selection may impose fitness costs on both males and females due to the costs of developing and maintaining exaggerated sexual signals, reducing average fitness in strongly sexually selected species. Such reductions in average fitness could affect local extinction risk and hence distribution range. However, given that both sexually monochromatic and dichromatic species are common and widespread, benefits of sexual selection must be invoked to maintain equilibrium. We tested for differences in breeding range size and population size between monochromatic and dichromatic species of birds in a comparative analysis of species from the Western Palaearctic. In an analysis of standardized linear contrasts of the relationship between sexual dichromatism and range size and population size, respectively, that controlled for similarity among taxa due to common descent, we found no significant relationship. However, when we analyzed carotenoid-based sexual dichromatism sexually dichromatic species had larger distribution areas and higher northernmost distribution limits, but not southernmost distribution limits than sexually monochromatic species. In contrast, melanin-based sexual dichromatism was not significantly associated with range size or population size. Therefore, population density of sexually dichromatic species with carotenoid-based coloration was lower than that of monochromatic species, because dichromatic species had similar population sizes but larger ranges than monochromatic species. These findings suggest that the different physiological roles of pigments associated with sexual dichromatism have effects on total range size of birds.

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6

Seddon, Nathalie, Carlos A. Botero, Joseph A. Tobias, Peter O. Dunn, Hannah E. A. MacGregor, Dustin R. Rubenstein, J. Albert C. Uy, Jason T. Weir, Linda A. Whittingham, and Rebecca J. Safran. "Sexual selection accelerates signal evolution during speciation in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1766 (September 7, 2013): 20131065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1065.

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Sexual selection is proposed to be an important driver of diversification in animal systems, yet previous tests of this hypothesis have produced mixed results and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we use a novel phylogenetic approach to assess the influence of sexual selection on patterns of evolutionary change during 84 recent speciation events across 23 passerine bird families. We show that elevated levels of sexual selection are associated with more rapid phenotypic divergence between related lineages, and that this effect is restricted to male plumage traits proposed to function in mate choice and species recognition. Conversely, we found no evidence that sexual selection promoted divergence in female plumage traits, or in male traits related to foraging and locomotion. These results provide strong evidence that female choice and male–male competition are dominant mechanisms driving divergence during speciation in birds, potentially linking sexual selection to the accelerated evolution of pre-mating reproductive isolation.

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7

Briskie, James V., and Robert Montgomerie. "Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds." Journal of Avian Biology 28, no. 1 (March 1997): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677097.

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8

Moller, A. P., R. Dufva, and J. Erritzoe. "Host immune function and sexual selection in birds." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11, no. 6 (November 1998): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11060703.x.

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9

Wiley, R. Haven. "Arena Birds: Sexual Selection and Behavior.Paul A. Johnsgard." Quarterly Review of Biology 70, no. 2 (June 1995): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/419041.

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10

PRUETT-JONES, S. G., M. A. PRUETT-JONES, and H. I. JONES. "Parasites and Sexual Selection in Birds of Paradise." American Zoologist 30, no. 2 (May 1990): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/30.2.287.

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11

Edwards, S. V., S. B. Kingan, J. D. Calkins, C. N. Balakrishnan, W. B. Jennings, W. J. Swanson, and M. D. Sorenson. "Speciation in birds: Genes, geography, and sexual selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, Supplement 1 (May 3, 2005): 6550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501846102.

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12

Howlett, Rory. "Sexual selection by female choice in monogamous birds." Nature 332, no. 6165 (April 1988): 583–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332583a0.

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13

Møller, A. P., R. Dufva, and J. Erritzøe. "Host immune function and sexual selection in birds." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11, no. 6 (1998): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000360050114.

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14

Dunn, Peter O., Jessica K. Armenta, and Linda A. Whittingham. "Natural and sexual selection act on different axes of variation in avian plumage color." Science Advances 1, no. 2 (March 2015): e1400155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400155.

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The bright colors of birds are often attributed to sexual selection on males, but in many species both sexes are colorful and it has been long debated whether sexual selection can also explain this variation. We show that most evolutionary transitions in color have been toward similar plumage in both sexes, and the color of both sexes (for example, bright or dull) was associated with indices of natural selection (for example, habitat type), whereas sexual differences in color were primarily associated with indices of sexual selection on males (for example, polygyny and large testes size). Debate about the evolution of bird coloration can be resolved by recognizing that both natural and sexual selection have been influential, but they have generally acted on two different axes: sexual selection on an axis of sexual differences and natural selection on both sexes for the type of color (for example, bright or dull).

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15

Bell, Rayna C., and Kelly R. Zamudio. "Sexual dichromatism in frogs: natural selection, sexual selection and unexpected diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (September 19, 2012): 4687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1609.

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Sexual dichromatism, a form of sexual dimorphism in which males and females differ in colour, is widespread in animals but has been predominantly studied in birds, fishes and butterflies. Moreover, although there are several proposed evolutionary mechanisms for sexual dichromatism in vertebrates, few studies have examined this phenomenon outside the context of sexual selection. Here, we describe unexpectedly high diversity of sexual dichromatism in frogs and create a comparative framework to guide future analyses of the evolution of these sexual colour differences. We review what is known about evolution of colour dimorphism in frogs, highlight alternative mechanisms that may contribute to the evolution of sexual colour differences, and compare them to mechanisms active in other major groups of vertebrates. In frogs, sexual dichromatism can be dynamic (temporary colour change in males) or ontogenetic (permanent colour change in males or females). The degree and the duration of sexual colour differences vary greatly across lineages, and we do not detect phylogenetic signal in the distribution of this trait, therefore frogs provide an opportunity to investigate the roles of natural and sexual selection across multiple independent derivations of sexual dichromatism.

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16

Cally, Justin G., Devi Stuart‐Fox, Luke Holman, James Dale, and Iliana Medina. "Male‐biased sexual selection, but not sexual dichromatism, predicts speciation in birds." Evolution 75, no. 4 (March 7, 2021): 931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.14183.

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17

Pruett-Jones, Stephen. "Arena Birds: Sexual Selection and Behavior Paul J. Johnsgard." Auk 112, no. 2 (April 1995): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088758.

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18

Lyon, Bruce E., and Robert D. Montgomerie. "Conspicuous plumage of birds: Sexual selection or unprofitable prey?" Animal Behaviour 33, no. 3 (August 1985): 1038–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(85)80046-4.

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19

Winquist, Todd, and Robert E. Lemon. "Sexual Selection and Exaggerated Male Tail Length in Birds." American Naturalist 143, no. 1 (January 1994): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285597.

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20

Morrow, Edward H., and Trevor E. Pitcher. "Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1526 (September 7, 2003): 1793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2441.

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21

Gazda, Małgorzata A., Pedro M. Araújo, Ricardo J. Lopes, Matthew B. Toomey, Pedro Andrade, Sandra Afonso, Cristiana Marques, et al. "A genetic mechanism for sexual dichromatism in birds." Science 368, no. 6496 (June 11, 2020): 1270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba0803.

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Sexual dichromatism, a difference in coloration between males and females, may be due to sexual selection for ornamentation and mate choice. Here, we show that carotenoid-based dichromatism in mosaic canaries, a hybrid phenotype that arises in offspring of the sexually dichromatic red siskin and monochromatic canaries, is controlled by the gene that encodes the carotenoid-cleaving enzyme β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). Dichromatism in mosaic canaries is explained by differential carotenoid degradation in the integument, rather than sex-specific variation in physiological functions such as pigment uptake or transport. Transcriptome analyses suggest that carotenoid degradation in the integument might be a common mechanism contributing to sexual dichromatism across finches. These results suggest that differences in ornamental coloration between sexes can evolve through simple molecular mechanisms controlled by genes of major effect.

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22

MACEDO, REGINA H., JORDAN KARUBIAN, and MICHAEL S. WEBSTER. "EXTRAPAIR PATERNITY AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS BIRDS: ARE TROPICAL BIRDS DIFFERENT?" Auk 125, no. 4 (October 2008): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.11008.

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23

Iglesias-Carrasco, Maider, Michael D. Jennions, Simon Y. W. Ho, and David A. Duchêne. "Sexual selection, body mass and molecular evolution interact to predict diversification in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1899 (March 20, 2019): 20190172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0172.

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Sexual selection is a powerful agent of evolution, driving microevolutionary changes in the genome and macroevolutionary rates of lineage diversification. The mechanisms by which sexual selection might influence macroevolution remain poorly understood. For example, sexual selection might drive positive selection for key adaptations that facilitate diversification. Furthermore, sexual selection might be a general driver of molecular evolutionary rate. We lay out some of the potential mechanisms that create a link between sexual selection and diversification, based on causal effects on other life-history traits such as body mass and the rate of molecular evolution. Birds are ideally suited for testing the importance of these relationships because of their diverse reproductive systems and the multiple evolutionary radiations that have produced their astounding modern diversity. We show that sexual selection (measured as the degree of polygyny) interacts with the rate of molecular evolution and with body mass to predict species richness at the genus level. A high degree of polygyny and rapid molecular evolution are positively associated with the net rate of diversification, with the two factors being especially important for explaining diversification in large-bodied taxa. Our findings further suggest that mutation rates underpin some of the macroevolutionary effects of sexual selection. We synthesize the existing theory on sexual selection as a force for diversity and propose avenues for exploring this association using genome data.

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24

Remeš, Vladimír, Robert P. Freckleton, Jácint Tökölyi, András Liker, and Tamás Székely. "The evolution of parental cooperation in birds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 19, 2015): 13603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512599112.

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Parental care is one of the most variable social behaviors and it is an excellent model system to understand cooperation between unrelated individuals. Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the extent of parental cooperation: sexual selection, social environment, and environmental harshness. Using the most comprehensive dataset on parental care that includes 659 bird species from 113 families covering both uniparental and biparental taxa, we show that the degree of parental cooperation is associated with both sexual selection and social environment. Consistent with recent theoretical models parental cooperation decreases with the intensity of sexual selection and with skewed adult sex ratios. These effects are additive and robust to the influence of life-history variables. However, parental cooperation is unrelated to environmental factors (measured at the scale of whole species ranges) as indicated by a lack of consistent relationship with ambient temperature, rainfall or their fluctuations within and between years. These results highlight the significance of social effects for parental cooperation and suggest that several parental strategies may coexist in a given set of ambient environment.

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25

Kirkpatrick, Mark, Trevor Price, and Stevan J. Arnold. "The Darwin-Fisher Theory of Sexual Selection in Monogamous Birds." Evolution 44, no. 1 (February 1990): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409533.

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26

Kirkpatrick, Mark, Trevor Price, and Stevan J. Arnold. "THE DARWIN-FISHER THEORY OF SEXUAL SELECTION IN MONOGAMOUS BIRDS." Evolution 44, no. 1 (February 1990): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04288.x.

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27

Møller, Anders Pape. "Immune defence, extra–pair paternity, and sexual selection in birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 264, no. 1381 (April 22, 1997): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0080.

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28

Durrant, Kate L., Tom Reader, and Matthew R. E. Symonds. "Pre- and post-copulatory traits working in concert: sexual dichromatism in passerines is associated with sperm morphology." Biology Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 20190568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0568.

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Passerine birds produce costly traits under intense sexual selection, including elaborate sexually dichromatic plumage and sperm morphologies, to compete for fertilizations. Plumage and sperm traits vary markedly among species, but it is unknown if this reflects a trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory investment under strong sexual selection producing negative trait covariance, or variation in the strength of sexual selection among species producing positive covariance. Using phylogenetic regression, we analysed datasets describing plumage and sperm morphological traits for 278 passerine species. We found a significant positive relationship between sperm midpiece length and male plumage elaboration and sexual dichromatism. We did not find a relationship between plumage elaboration and testes mass. Our results do not support a trade-off between plumage and sperm traits, but may be indicative of variance among species in the strength of sexual selection to produce both brightly coloured plumage and costly sperm traits.

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29

Cooney, Christopher R., Hannah E. A. MacGregor, Nathalie Seddon, and Joseph A. Tobias. "Multi-modal signal evolution in birds: re-examining a standard proxy for sexual selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1889 (October 17, 2018): 20181557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1557.

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Sexual selection is proposed to be an important driver of speciation and phenotypic diversification in animal systems. However, previous phylogenetic tests have produced conflicting results, perhaps because they have focused on a single signalling modality (visual ornaments), whereas sexual selection may act on alternative signalling modalities (e.g. acoustic ornaments). Here, we compile phenotypic data from 259 avian sister species pairs to assess the relationship between visible plumage dichromatism—a standard index of sexual selection in birds—and macroevolutionary divergence in the other major avian signalling modality: song. We find evidence for a strong negative relationship between the degree of plumage dichromatism and divergence in song traits, which remains significant even when accounting for other key factors, including habitat type, ecological divergence and interspecific interactions. This negative relationship is opposite to the pattern expected by a straightforward interpretation of the sexual selection–diversification hypothesis, whereby higher levels of dichromatism indicating strong sexual selection should be related to greater levels of mating signal divergence regardless of signalling modality. Our findings imply a ‘trade-off’ between the elaboration of visual ornaments and the diversification of acoustic mating signals, and suggest that the effects of sexual selection on diversification can only be determined by considering multiple alternative signalling modalities.

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30

Owens, Ian P. F., and Roger V. Short. "Hormonal basis of sexual dimorphism in birds: implications for new theories of sexual selection." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)88967-3.

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31

Bloch, Natasha I. "Evolution of opsin expression in birds driven by sexual selection and habitat." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2321.

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Theories of sexual and natural selection predict coevolution of visual perception with conspecific colour and/or the light environment animals occupy. One way to test these theories is to focus on the visual system, which can be achieved by studying the opsin-based visual pigments that mediate vision. Birds vary greatly in colour, but opsin gene coding sequences and associated visual pigment spectral sensitivities are known to be rather invariant across birds. Here, I studied expression of the four cone opsin genes ( Lws, Rh2, Sws2 and Sws1 ) in 16 species of New World warblers (Parulidae). I found levels of opsin expression vary both across species and between the sexes. Across species, female, but not male Sws2 expression is associated with an index of sexual selection, plumage dichromatism. This fits predictions of classic sexual selection models, in which the sensory system changes in females, presumably impacting female preference, and co-evolves with male plumage. Expression of the opsins at the extremes of the light spectrum, Lws and Uvs, correlates with the inferred light environment occupied by the different species. Unlike opsin spectral tuning, regulation of opsin gene expression allows for fast adaptive evolution of the visual system in response to natural and sexual selection, and in particular, sex-specific selection pressures.

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32

Jones, Ian L. "Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Extravagant Traits in Birds: Problems with Testing Good-Genes Models of Sexual Selection." Auk 109, no. 1 (January 1992): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088285.

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33

Birkhead, T. R., F. Fletcher, and E. J. Pellatt. "Testes asymmetry, condition and sexual selection in birds: an experimental test." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 265, no. 1402 (July 7, 1998): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0417.

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34

Calhim, Sara, and Robert Montgomerie. "Testis asymmetry in birds: the influences of sexual and natural selection." Journal of Avian Biology 46, no. 2 (October 15, 2014): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.00503.

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35

Irestedt, Martin, Knud A. Jønsson, Jon Fjeldså, Les Christidis, and Per GP Ericson. "An unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds-of-paradise." BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, no. 1 (2009): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-235.

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36

Cooney, Christopher R., Joseph A. Tobias, Jason T. Weir, Carlos A. Botero, and Nathalie Seddon. "Sexual selection, speciation and constraints on geographical range overlap in birds." Ecology Letters 20, no. 7 (May 16, 2017): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12780.

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37

Beltran, Roxanne S., Jennifer M. Burns, and Greg A. Breed. "Convergence of biannual moulting strategies across birds and mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1878 (May 16, 2018): 20180318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0318.

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Birds and mammals have developed numerous strategies for replacing worn feathers and hair. Moulting usually occurs on an annual basis; however, moults that take place twice per year (biannual moults) also occur. Here, we review the forces driving the evolution of various moult strategies, focusing on the special case of the complete biannual moult as a convergence of selection pressures across birds and mammals. Current evidence suggests that harsh environmental conditions or seasonality (e.g. larger variation in temperatures) drive evolution of a biannual moult. In turn, the biannual moult can respond to secondary selection that results in phenotypic alteration such as colour changes for mate choice dynamics (sexual selection) or camouflage requirements (natural selection). We discuss the contributions of natural and sexual selection to the evolution of biannual moulting strategies in the contexts of energetics, niche selection, functionality and physiological mechanisms. Finally, we suggest that moult strategies are directly related to species niche because environmental attributes drive the utility (e.g. thermoregulation, camouflage, social dynamics) of the hair or feathers. Functional efficiency of moult may be undermined if the pace of evolution fails to match that of the changing climate. Thus, future research should seek to understand the plasticity of moult duration and phenology, especially in the context of annual cycles.

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Snow, David W. "Sexual Selection, Lek and Arena Behavior, and Sexual Size Dimorphism to Birds Robert B. Payne." Auk 102, no. 1 (January 1985): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4086870.

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39

Hernández, América, Margarita Martínez-Gómez, René Beamonte-Barrientos, and Bibiana Montoya. "Colourful traits in female birds relate to individual condition, reproductive performance and male-mate preferences: a meta-analytic approach." Biology Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2021): 20210283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0283.

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Colourful traits in females are suggested to have evolved and be maintained by sexual selection. Although several studies have evaluated this idea, support is still equivocal. Evidence has been compiled in reviews, and a handful of quantitative syntheses has explored cumulative support for the link between condition and specific colour traits in males and females. However, understanding the potential function of females' colourful traits in sexual communication has not been the primary focus of any of those previous studies. Here, using a meta-analytic approach, we find that evidence from empirical studies in birds supports the idea that colourful female ornaments are positively associated with residual mass and immune response, clutch size and male-mate preferences. Hence, colourful traits in female birds likely evolved and are maintained by sexual selection as condition-dependent signals.

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40

Whiteside, Mark A., Jayden O. van Horik, Ellis J. G. Langley, Christine E. Beardsworth, and Joah R. Madden. "Size dimorphism and sexual segregation in pheasants: tests of three competing hypotheses." PeerJ 6 (September 28, 2018): e5674. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5674.

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Fine scale sexual segregation outside of the mating season is common in sexually dimorphic and polygamous species, particularly in ungulates. A number of hypotheses predict sexual segregation but these are often contradictory with no agreement as to a common cause, perhaps because they are species specific. We explicitly tested three of these hypotheses which are commonly linked by a dependence on sexual dimorphism for animals which exhibit fine-scale sexual segregation; the Predation Risk Hypothesis, the Forage Selection Hypothesis, and the Activity Budget Hypothesis, in a single system the pheasant, Phasianus colchicus; a large, sedentary bird that is predominantly terrestrial and therefore analogous to ungulates rather than many avian species which sexually segregate. Over four years we reared 2,400 individually tagged pheasants from one day old and after a period of 8–10 weeks we released them into the wild. We then followed the birds for 7 months, during the period that they sexually segregate, determined their fate and collected behavioural and morphological measures pertinent to the hypotheses. Pheasants are sexually dimorphic during the entire period that they sexually segregate in the wild; males are larger than females in both body size and gut measurements. However, this did not influence predation risk and predation rates (as predicted by the Predation Risk Hypothesis), diet choice (as predicted by the Forage Selection Hypothesis), or the amount of time spent foraging, resting or walking (as predicted by the Activity Budget Hypothesis). We conclude that adult sexual size dimorphism is not responsible for sexual segregation in the pheasant in the wild. Instead, we consider that segregation may be mediated by other, perhaps social, factors. We highlight the importance of studies on a wide range of taxa to help further the knowledge of sexual segregation.

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41

Krüger, O., N. B. Davies, and M. D. Sorenson. "The evolution of sexual dimorphism in parasitic cuckoos: sexual selection or coevolution?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1617 (April 17, 2007): 1553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0281.

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Sexual dimorphism is ubiquitous in animals and can result from selection pressure on one or both sexes. Sexual selection has become the predominant explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism, with strong selection on size-related mating success in males being the most common situation. The cuckoos (family Cuculidae) provide an exceptional case in which both sexes of many species are freed from the burden of parental care but where coevolution between parasitic cuckoos and their hosts also results in intense selection. Here, we show that size and plumage differences between the sexes in parasitic cuckoos are more likely the result of coevolution than sexual selection. While both sexes changed in size as brood parasitism evolved, we find no evidence for selection on males to become larger. Rather, our analysis indicates stronger selection on parasitic females to become smaller, resulting in a shift from dimorphism with larger females in cuckoos with parental care to dimorphism with larger males in parasitic species. In addition, the evolution of brood parasitism was associated with more cryptic plumage in both sexes, but especially in females, a result that contrasts with the strong plumage dimorphism seen in some other parasitic birds. Examination of the three independent origins of brood parasitism suggests that different parasitic cuckoo lineages followed divergent evolutionary pathways to successful brood parasitism. These results argue for the powerful role of parasite–host coevolution in shaping cuckoo life histories in general and sexual dimorphism in particular.

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Morrow, Edward H., Trevor E. Pitcher, and Goran Arnqvist. "No evidence that sexual selection is an 'engine of speciation' in birds." Ecology Letters 6, no. 3 (March 2003): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00418.x.

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Owens, Ian P. F., Peter M. Bennett, and Paul H. Harvey. "Species richness among birds: body size, life history, sexual selection or ecology?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1422 (May 7, 1999): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0726.

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Pfennig, Karin S., and Allen H. Hurlbert. "Heterospecific interactions and the proliferation of sexually dimorphic traits." Current Zoology 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.3.453.

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Abstract Sexual selection is expected to promote speciation by fostering the evolution of sexual traits that minimize reproductive interactions among existing or incipient species. In species that compete for access to, or attention of, females, sexual selection fosters more elaborate traits in males compared to females. If these traits also minimize reproductive interactions with het-erospecifics, then species with enhanced risk of interactions between species might display greater numbers of these sexually dimorphic characters. We tested this prediction in eight families of North American birds. In particular, we evaluated whether the number of sexually dimorphic traits was positively associated with species richness at a given site or with degree of sympatry with congeners. We found no strong evidence of enhanced sexual dimorphism with increasing confamilial species richness at a given site. We also found no overall relationship between the number of sexually dimorphic traits and overlap with congeners across these eight families. However, we found patterns consistent with our prediction within Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and, to a lesser degree, Parulidae (New World warblers). Our results suggest that sexually selected plumage traits in these groups potentially play a role in reproductive isolation.

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Lees, John J., Robert L. Nudds, Lars P. Folkow, Karl-Arne Stokkan, and Jonathan R. Codd. "Understanding sex differences in the cost of terrestrial locomotion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (August 17, 2011): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1334.

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Little is known regarding the physiological consequences of the behavioural and morphological differences that result from sexual selection in birds. Male and female Svalbard rock ptarmigans ( Lagopus muta hyperborea ) exhibit distinctive behavioural differences during the breeding season. In particular, males continuously compete for and defend territories in order to breed successfully, placing large demands on their locomotor system. Here, we demonstrate that male birds have improved locomotor performance compared with females, showing both a lower cost of locomotion (CoL) and a higher top speed. We propose that the observed sex differences in locomotor capability may be due to sexual selection for improved male performance. While the mechanisms underlying these energetic differences are unclear, future studies should be wary when pooling male and female data.

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Young, Andrew J., and Nigel C. Bennett. "Intra-sexual selection in cooperative mammals and birds: why are females not bigger and better armed?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1631 (December 5, 2013): 20130075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0075.

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In cooperatively breeding mammals and birds, intra-sexual reproductive competition among females may often render variance in reproductive success higher among females than males, leading to the prediction that intra-sexual selection in such species may have yielded the differential exaggeration of competitive traits among females. However, evidence to date suggests that female-biased reproductive variance in such species is rarely accompanied by female-biased sexual dimorphisms. We illustrate the problem with data from wild Damaraland mole-rat, Fukomys damarensis , societies: the variance in lifetime reproductive success among females appears to be higher than that among males, yet males grow faster, are much heavier as adults and sport larger skulls and incisors (the weapons used for fighting) for their body lengths than females, suggesting that intra-sexual selection has nevertheless acted more strongly on the competitive traits of males. We then consider potentially general mechanisms that could explain these disparities by tempering the relative intensity of selection for competitive trait exaggeration among females in cooperative breeders. Key among these may be interactions with kin selection that could nevertheless render the variance in inclusive fitness lower among females than males, and fundamental aspects of the reproductive biology of females that may leave reproductive conflict among females more readily resolved without overt physical contests.

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Regosin, Jonathan V., and Stephen Pruett-Jones. "Sexual Selection and Tail-Length Dimorphism in Scissor-Tailed Flycatchers." Auk 118, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.1.167.

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Abstract Scissor-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus forficatus) exhibit elongated tails in both sexes, and sexual dimorphism in tail length. At Fort Sill, Oklahoma, during 1991 and 1992, Scissor-tailed Flycatchers exhibited sexual dimorphism (male–female) in tail length (1.48), with more moderate sexual dimorphism in wing length (1.09) and beak length (1.04). Based on an analysis of museum specimens, immature birds (<1 year of age) of both sexes in their first calendar year exhibited significantly shorter tails than adults (measured in the field). Furthermore, tail length was highly variable among both sexes relative to other morphological traits. Male tail length was correlated with early clutch initiation by the male's mate and, in 1991, with larger clutch size. Similarly, female tail length was correlated with early clutch initiation, and, in one year, larger clutches. Longer-tailed females also tended to arrive earlier on the breeding grounds in 1992, the only year for which such data were available. Assortative mating by tail length was observed. Those findings support the hypothesis that tail length is a sexually selected trait in this socially monogamous species, and that female tail length may be correlated with measures of female quality (e.g. early arrival and breeding, large clutches). However, confounding effects of age on tail length make it difficult to distinguish among various hypotheses for evolution of elongated tails in this species.

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Isvaran, Kavita, and Sumithra Sankaran. "Do extra-group fertilizations increase the potential for sexual selection in male mammals?" Biology Letters 13, no. 10 (October 2017): 20170313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0313.

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Fertilizations by males outside the social breeding group (extra-group paternity, EGP) are widespread in birds and mammals. EGP is generally proposed to increase male reproductive skew and thereby increase the potential for sexual selection, but the generality of this relationship is unclear. We extracted data from 27 mammals in seven orders and used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of EGP and social mating system on measures of inequality in male fertilization success, which are indices of the potential for sexual selection. We find that EGP and social mating system can predict the potential for sexual selection in mammalian populations, but only when considered jointly and not individually. EGP appears to increase the potential for sexual selection but only when the degree of social polygyny is relatively low. When social polygyny is high, EGP appears to result in a more uniform distribution of reproduction and a decrease in the potential for sexual selection. A possible explanation to be investigated is that the phenotype of extra-group fathers differs systematically across social mating systems. Our findings have implications for the use of EGP and social mating system as indices of sexual selection in comparative analyses of trait evolution under sexual selection.

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Lindsay, Willow R., Justin T. Houck, Claire E. Giuliano, and Lainy B. Day. "Acrobatic Courtship Display Coevolves with Brain Size in Manakins (Pipridae)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 85, no. 1 (2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369244.

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Acrobatic display behaviour is sexually selected in manakins (Pipridae) and can place high demands on many neural systems. Manakin displays vary across species in terms of behavioural complexity, differing in number of unique motor elements, production of mechanical sounds, cooperation between displaying males, and construction of the display site. Historically, research emphasis has been placed on neurological specializations for vocal aspects of courtship, and less is known about the control of physical, non-vocal displays. By examining brain evolution in relation to extreme acrobatic feats such as manakin displays, we can vastly expand our knowledge of how sexual selection acts on motor behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that sexual selection for complex motor displays has selected for larger brains across the Pipridae. We found that display complexity positively predicts relative brain weight (adjusted for body size) after controlling for phylogeny in 12 manakin species and a closely related flycatcher. This evidence suggests that brain size has evolved in response to sexual selection to facilitate aspects of display such as motor, sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive abilities. We show, for the first time, that sexual selection for acrobatic motor behaviour can drive brain size evolution in avian species and, in particular, a family of suboscine birds.

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Thornhill, Randy, Kristine Johnson, J. David Ligon, and Marlene Zuk. "Parasites and Male Ornaments in Free-Ranging and Captive Red Jungle Fowl." Behaviour 114, no. 1-4 (1990): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00149.

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AbstractThe morphology and parasite burdens of culled free-ranging red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) from the San Diego Zoo were compared with those of captive roosters used previously in sexual selection experiments, to determine if results obtained with the captive birds were relevant to more natural situations. Zoo roosters had three helminth gut parasites: Ascaridia galli, tapeworms, and Heterakis. Parasite distribution was generally over-dispersed, with most individuals having none or few worms and some having heavy parasite burdens. These levels were comparable to those artificially induced in test roosters. The appearance of the zoo birds was similar to test roosters as well. Higher parasite burdens in the zoo birds was negatively related to hackle feather redness, comb length, and especially testis volume. The latter finding is discussed in light of information about the relationship between testosterone levels, sexual selection, and the immune system. A new analysis of female choice of uninfected controls versus experimentally infected roosters suggests that females prefer a multivariate array of traits perceived as a continuous, rather than categorical, variable.

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