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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sexual selection in animals

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sexual selection in animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

1

Janicke, Tim, and Salomé Fromonteil. "Sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in animals." Biology Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2021): 20210251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0251.

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Sexual selection is often considered as a critical evolutionary force promoting sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in animals. However, empirical evidence for a positive relationship between sexual selection on males and male-biased SSD received mixed support depending on the studied taxonomic group and on the method used to quantify sexual selection. Here, we present a meta-analytic approach accounting for phylogenetic non-independence to test how standardized metrics of the opportunity and strength of pre-copulatory sexual selection relate to SSD across a broad range of animal taxa comprising up to 95 effect sizes from 59 species. We found that SSD based on length measurements was correlated with the sex difference in the opportunity for sexual selection but showed a weak and statistically non-significant relationship with the sex difference in the Bateman gradient. These findings suggest that pre-copulatory sexual selection plays a limited role for the evolution of SSD in a broad phylogenetic context.

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Willson, Mary F. "Sexual selection in plants and animals." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 7 (July 1990): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90133-x.

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Beilharz, R. G. "Sexual selection: Testing the alternatives." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22, no. 3-4 (April 1989): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(89)90033-6.

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Knell, Robert J., Darren Naish, Joseph L. Tomkins, and David W. E. Hone. "Sexual selection in prehistoric animals: detection and implications." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.015.

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Kirkpatrick, M. "Sexual Selection by Female Choice in Polygynous Animals." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, no. 1 (November 1987): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.000355.

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Wellenreuther, Maren, Erik I. Svensson, and Bengt Hansson. "Sexual selection and genetic colour polymorphisms in animals." Molecular Ecology 23, no. 22 (October 13, 2014): 5398–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12935.

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Bell, Rayna C., and Kelly R. Zamudio. "Sexual dichromatism in frogs: natural selection, sexual selection and unexpected diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (September 19, 2012): 4687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1609.

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Sexual dichromatism, a form of sexual dimorphism in which males and females differ in colour, is widespread in animals but has been predominantly studied in birds, fishes and butterflies. Moreover, although there are several proposed evolutionary mechanisms for sexual dichromatism in vertebrates, few studies have examined this phenomenon outside the context of sexual selection. Here, we describe unexpectedly high diversity of sexual dichromatism in frogs and create a comparative framework to guide future analyses of the evolution of these sexual colour differences. We review what is known about evolution of colour dimorphism in frogs, highlight alternative mechanisms that may contribute to the evolution of sexual colour differences, and compare them to mechanisms active in other major groups of vertebrates. In frogs, sexual dichromatism can be dynamic (temporary colour change in males) or ontogenetic (permanent colour change in males or females). The degree and the duration of sexual colour differences vary greatly across lineages, and we do not detect phylogenetic signal in the distribution of this trait, therefore frogs provide an opportunity to investigate the roles of natural and sexual selection across multiple independent derivations of sexual dichromatism.

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Greeff, J. M., and N. K. Michiels. "Low potential for sexual selection in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1429 (August 22, 1999): 1671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0830.

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Hare, Robin M., and Leigh W. Simmons. "Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals." Biological Reviews 94, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 929–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12484.

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Serpell, James. "Anthropomorphism and Anthropomorphic Selection—Beyond the "Cute Response"." Society & Animals 10, no. 4 (2002): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853002320936926.

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AbstractThis article explores the origin and evolutionary implications of anthropomorphism in the context of our relationships with animal companions. On the human side, anthropomorphic thinking enables animal companions' social behavior to be construed in human terms, thereby allowing these nonhuman animals to function for their human owners or guardians as providers of nonhuman social support. Absence of social support is known to be detrimental to human health and well being. Therefore, anthropomorphism and its corollary, pet keeping, have obvious biological fitness implications. On the animal side, anthropomorphism constitutes a unique evolutionary selection pressure, analogous to sexual selection, which has molded the appearance, anatomy, and behavior of companion animal species so as to adapt them to their unusual ecological niche as social support providers. Although such species undoubtedly have benefited numerically from the effects of this process, the consequences of anthropomorphism are less benign when viewed from the perspective of individual animals. Indeed, anthropomorphic selection probably is responsible for some of the more severe welfare problems currently found in companion animals.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

1

Jennions, Michael D. "Signalling and sexual selection in animals and plants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670250.

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Smith, Herbie. "New models of sympatric speciation through sexual selection in animals." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310754.

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Servedio, Maria Rose. "Preferences, signals, and evolution : theoretical studies of mate choice copying, reinforcement, and aposematic coloration /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Thornhill, Gary Marshal. "Sexual selection in Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859497575.

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Hasson, Oren. "Theoretical studies of the evolution of male display by sexual selection." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184261.

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In this study I present a new mechanism for the evolution of male display as a consequence of female choice. I use a population genetic model to show that if female preferences for better males are based on a cue that is an integral part of male adaptation, a display may evolve if it amplifies the variance in this cue, and hence increases female resolution power with respect to male quality. This evolutionary mechanism is used as a core of a theory that explains the evolution of male display and adaptive female choice (i.e. female preferences that evolve because of their association with high quality genes). I argue that because an amplifying display (termed "amplifier") decreases mating success of males of poor quality, modifiers are likely to evolve that decrease the expression of the amplifier when associated with the poor quality males. As a result, the amplifier's expression becomes an indicator of male quality, and provides sufficient conditions for the evolution of a new type of female choice that is based on the amplifier's expression. This process may lead, in turn, to further changes in both female choice and male display, emphasizing either the amplifying effect of displays or their indicating effect. I show that the direction of these changes may depend on the cost that the amplifier confers on male viability, and on the degree of polygyny of the mating system in concern. I also outline explicit predictions for empirical tests.

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ZEH, DAVID WAYNE. "ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, PLEIOTROPY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN CHERNETID PSEUDOSCORPIONS (PHORESY, QUANTITATIVE GENETICS, SEXUAL SELECTION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183995.

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The determinants of sexual dimorphism in a family of false scorpions (Pseudoscorpionida, Chernetidae) were investigated experimentally and with a literature analysis of comparative morphometric and habitat data. Species vary in the extent to which males and females differ in size of the conspicuous, prehensile pedipalps. Patterns within the Chernetidae suggest that dimorphism is a highly variable condition, relatively unconstrained by phylogenetic influences. The evolution of species with enlarged male pedipalps appears to be associated with a change from nonpairing to pairing sperm transfer behavior, and aggressive mate acquisition by males. Experiments with Dinocheirus arizonensis demonstrate a high correlation between male combat ability and chela size. Comparison of male and female life histories show prolonged development in males, and morphological comparisons implicate pedipalp dimorphism as a causative factor in this developmental rate difference. Prolonged development may be particularly costly to males, given the pattern of female sexual receptivity in this species. Females were found to become unreceptive soon after mating and remain so throughout a protected period of brood development. Experimental manipulations suggest that the male developmental rate cost is only outweighed under high density conditions when superior combat ability results in increased mating success. Repeated measures experiments failed to show any correlation between male pedipalp size and number of spermatophores accepted by a female. Parent-offspring regressions suggest the existence of additive genetic variance for male chela size and indicate a strong genetic correlation between this trait and cephalothorax length. Full-sib phenotypic correlations suggest that in D. arizonensis sexual divergence through sexual selection may be constrained by a high genetic correlation between males and females. Finally, the role of phoresy in the colonization of ephemeral, patchy habitats is investigated. Results support the hypothesis that attachment of pseudoscorpions to larger, more mobile arthropods represents a behavior functioning specifically for dispersal.

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Head, Megan School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Evolutionary consequences of the costs of mate choice." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22414.

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While the existence of costs of mate choice is well accepted, the effects that these costs have on mating systems and the evolution of mate choice are controversial. The aim of this thesis is to explore a range of different types of costs, including costs of being choosy (using guppies, Poecilia reticulata) and costs of mating with attractive males (using house crickets, Acheta domesticus), and investigate how these costs influence female mating behaviour, sexual selection on males and the evolution of mate choice. I use a range of experimental techniques to investigate these questions including: comparisons of feral populations of guppies (Chapter Two), laboratory experiments that manipulate the social (sex ratio, density; Chapters Three and Four) and physical (water current; Chapter Five) environment in which guppies live, genetic paternity analysis and multivariate selection analysis (Chapter Four). I also conduct longitudinal studies of house crickets that estimate the net fitness consequences (Chapter Six) and indirect effects (Chapter Six and Seven) of mating with attractive males. My results demonstrate that the physical and social environment of individuals are important in determining the costliness of both sexual display and mate choice, and thus influence the mating behaviour of males and females. These differences in mating behaviour are often thought to lead to differences in sexual selection on males. My study of the effects of operational sex ratio and density on multivariate sexual selection, however, indicates that differences in behaviour may not necessarily translate into differences in selection. In contrast to predictions of recent theory, my results also indicate that although there are many costs to being choosy and to mating with attractive males, these may be outweighed by indirect benefits. Hence, despite direct costs of choice, mate choice may evolve via indirect benefits to females. Indirect benefits that are often neglected in sexual selection studies, that I show to be important in determining the net fitness of mating with attractive males, include the attractiveness of sons and the mate choice decisions of daughters. These results highlight the importance of examining the consequences of mate choice over multiple generations.

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Mountjoy, Donald James. "Male song and sexual selection in the European starling." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41726.

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The function of the complex song of the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was examined. Song playback experiments showed that both male and female starlings were attracted by song, and complex song inhibited males from entering nestboxes. Wild starlings (at least two years old when first recorded) showed extensive changes in the composition of their song phrase repertoires and most also increased the size of their repertoires, which will result in a correlation between age and repertoire size in this species. Females prefer males that have more complex song, and this preference remained significant when preferences for certain nest sites were controlled. Males with larger repertoires did not spend more time incubating or make more feeding visits to nestlings than did males with smaller repertoires. The evolution of complex song in the European starling is consistent with an age-indicator model of sexual selection, in which aspects of male quality correlated with age are advertised by the complexity of male song.

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Persaud, Kamini N. Galef Bennett G. "Male sexual coercion, female mate choice and control of fertilization in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) /." *McMaster only, 2005.

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Winquist, Steven Todd. "A comparative analysis of two secondary sexual characters in birds." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26184.

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This thesis investigates the evolution of two secondary sexual characters in birds, large male body size and exaggerated male tail length. To determine whether the elaboration of these two characters is associated with two correlates of sexual selection intensity, mating system and parental care, I collected and examined morphological information for 1,990 species and natural history data for 745 species. Comparative studies should account for the problem of related species sharing similarities through common descent, so here I investigate associations with contrast scores that measure the variation radiating from unique ancestral nodes in a phylogeny. I show that greater polygyny correlates strongly with increasing male size but only slightly with longer male tail length, and that lesser paternal care correlates strongly with both traits. These results indicate that the evolution of increased male body size and exaggerated male tail length in birds is substantially influenced by the intensity of sexual selection.

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Books on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

1

Gould, James L. Sexual selection. New York: Scientific American Library, 1989.

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Doorn, Gerrit Sander van. Sexual selection and sympatric speciation. [Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit], 2004.

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1955-, Etges William J., and Noor Mohamed A. F, eds. Genetics of mate choice: From sexual selection to sexual isolation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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4

Johnsgard, Paul A. Arena birds: Sexual selection and behavior. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

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5

Cronin, Helena. The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1991.

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Cronin, Helena. The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1991.

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Houde, Anne E. Sex, color, and mate choice in guppies. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1997.

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Togashi, Tatsuya. The evolution of anisogamy: A fundamental phenomenon underlying sexual selection. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Darwin, Charles. The descent of man. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2010.

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Darwin, Charles. The descent of man. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

1

Lessells, Catherine M. "5. Sexual Conflict in Animals." In Levels of Selection in Evolution, edited by Laurent Keller, 75–99. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691207018-007.

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Racevska, Elena, and Sam Hyde Roberts. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_565-1.

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Racevska, Elena, and Sam Hyde Roberts. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6398–409. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_565.

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Singh, Shailesh, Bhumika, and A. K. Singh. "Intra-sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_281-1.

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Singh, Shailesh, Bhumika, and A. K. Singh. "Intra-sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 3667–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_281.

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Kappeler, Peter M. "Sexual Selection: Evolutionary Foundations." In Animal Behaviour, 145–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82879-0_8.

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Schlicht, Emmi, and Bart Kempenaers. "Extra-Pair Paternity and Sexual Selection." In From Genes to Animal Behavior, 35–65. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_2.

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Manly, Bryan F. J. "Non-random mating and sexual selection." In The Statistics of Natural Selection on Animal Populations, 383–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4840-2_13.

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Greenfield, Michael D. "Phenotypic Plasticity and Genotype × Environment Interactions in Animal Communication." In Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Sexual Selection, 190–212. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118912591.ch8.

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Würsig, Bernd, Jacquline Rich, and Dara N. Orbach. "Sex and Behavior." In Sex in Cetaceans, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_1.

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AbstractWe provide a conceptual primer for sexual selection and conflict, mating systems, and socio-sexual behaviors and patterns among animals, largely with mammalian and cetacean examples. The important roles of mate choice are discussed (including female choice) and the occasional fluidity of sexual roles. An overview of topics pertinent to sex and behavior is described, including evolutionary drivers (the concept of “why sex after all?”) followed by general mammalian and cetacean mating strategies and tactics. We describe mating systems (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygynandry) with the present understanding that most cetaceans do not have monogamous or polyandrous mating systems. The primer includes brief introductions to historical knowledge and highlights emerging areas of research within the field of sex in cetaceans, with context for other chapters of this book. As part of overall sexual behavior, alloparental care, female reproductive senescence, and non-procreative behaviors including homosexual and necrocoital mating are also introduced.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

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LOREDO NETO, Francisco Antonio, Gabriela Santos FREITAS, Raquel Varella SERAPIÃO, Leticia Patrão GOMES, and Thiago Luiz Pereira MARQUES. "ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF BULLS OF THE TABAPUÃ BREED." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.43_abstract_loredo.pdf.

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Beef cattle is one of the main sectors that drive the national economy, given the great generation of employment, presence in the consumer market, and exports. Among the various services generated, technical assistance to producers stands out, who work in several areas and, especially reproduction, which is a great ally to bovine production, because through it it is possible to monetize the creation with the use of reproducers with high fertility potential boosting livestock productivity. Therefore, the andrological evaluation in the sires is an important factor in selecting superior animals, seeking to improve the fertility of the herd. The present study aimed to analyze the sexual behavior of bulls of the Tabapuã breed, through the libido test, as part of the andrological examination. Ten young bulls of the Tabapuã breed were used, aged between 24-43 months, with an average weight of 375kg, without sexual experience. The libido test was performed from the contact of males with females in estrus and out of estrus to assess sexual interest. It was observed that half of the animals were classified with low libido (50%) and the other part with medium (30%) and high (20%) libido. In addition, it was observed that the most frequent sexual events were the identification of estrus. Finally, given the results of animals classified with low libido, it is suggested that sexual inexperience is correlated, and it is recommended to insert these cattle with high libido bulls so that they can observe the behaviors and gain experience.

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ARAK, A. "FROG VOCALIZATIONS AND SEXUAL SELECTION." In Spring Conference '84 (Musical Acoustics and Biological Acoustics). Institute of Acoustics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25144/22600.

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Hintze, Arend, and Jory Schossau. "Sexual Selection Compared to Novelty Search." In The 2020 Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00275.

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BRISCOE, TED. "LANGUAGE LEARNING, POWER LAWS, AND SEXUAL SELECTION." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (EVOLANG6). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0003.

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Raghuwanshi, M. M., and O. G. Kakde. "Genetic Algorithm With Species And Sexual Selection." In 2006 IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2006.252229.

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Heath, Jeremy J. "Sexual selection on pheromone phenotype inHeliothis virescens." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113688.

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Samuels-Fair, Maya D., Gene Hunt, Maria João Fernandes Martins, T. Markham Puckett, Rowan Lockwood, and John P. Swaddle. "SEXUAL SELECTION AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM TRENDS IN CYTHEROID OSTRACODES FROM THE U.S. COASTAL PLAIN." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338969.

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"Sexual selection promotes ecological speciation in digital organisms." In ECAL 2017, the Fourteenth European Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_017.

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Canino-Koning, Rosangela, Jason Keagy, and Charles Ofria. "Sexual selection promotes ecological speciation in digital organisms." In Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL 2017. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/ecal_a_017.

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Takami, Yasuoki. "Detecting divergent sexual selection operating upon divergent genital morphologies." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93915.

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Reports on the topic "Sexual selection in animals"

1

Loehle, C. The pathogen transmission avoidance theory of sexual selection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/516036.

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Loehle, C., and D. O. Logofet. Sexual selection as a consequence of pathogen avoidance behaviors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/519133.

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Mateo Davila, Mateo Davila. How does the struggle between sexual selection and natural selection drive the coloration of a tropical gecko? Experiment, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/13199.

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Zeng, Jian, Ali Toosi, Rohan L. Fernando, Jack C. M. Dekkers, and Dorian J. Garrick. Genomic Selection of Purebred Animals for Crossbred Performance in the Presence of Dominant Gene Action. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1249.

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Lazdane, Gunta, Dace Rezeberga, Ieva Briedite, Inara Kantane, Elizabete Pumpure, Ieva Pitkevica, Darja Mihailova, and Marta Laura Gravina. Sexual and reproductive health survey in the time of COVID-19 – Latvia, 2020. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/j5kxxd.

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The results of the anonymous online survey of people living in Latvia age 18 and over, using internationally (I-SHARE) and nationally validated questionnaire. Data include following variables: Selection, socio-demographics, social distancing measures, couple and family relationships, sexual behavior, access to condoms and contraceptives, access to reproductive health services, antenatal care, pregnancy and maternal and child health, abortion, sexual and gender-based violence, HIV/STI, mental health, and nutrition. (2021-02-08)

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Heslin, Kevin, and Johanna Alfier. Sexual Orientation Differences in Access to Care and Health Status, Behaviors, and Beliefs: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of Family Growth, and National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:115982.

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This report demonstrates uses of three National Center for Health Statistics data systems to study differences in health by sexual orientation. Sexual orientation differences in a broad selection of health indicators were examined using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the National Survey of Family Growth, and the National Health Interview Survey.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.

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Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.

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The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.

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Cantet, Natalia, Brian Feld, and Mónica Hernández. Is there discrimination against children of same-sex households? Evidence from an experimental study in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004741.

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We measure the extent of discrimination against same-sex couples by schools in Colombia using a matched-pair correspondence study. We send requests to visit private schools from several couples of different sexual orientation as conveyed by the names of the parents. We track the response rate from schools, the time to reply and the quality of the reply. We find that schools are 12 percentage points (22.3%) less likely to respond to a request sent by a homosexual couple with respect to one sent by a heterosexual one. When no information about sexual orientation is provided, the response rate decreases by 20pp. (37%) versus an explicitly heterosexual couple. Conditional on replying, we find no difference in the time schools take to respond or the quality of the reply across couples, a result plausibly driven by selection into responding. Our findings suggest that, despite a strong legal framework that protects LGBTQ rights, discrimination against same-sex couples is pervasive and can have intergenerational consequences.

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Ungar, Eugene D., Montague W. Demment, Uri M. Peiper, Emilio A. Laca, and Mario Gutman. The Prediction of Daily Intake in Grazing Cattle Using Methodologies, Models and Experiments that Integrate Pasture Structure and Ingestive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568789.bard.

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This project addressed the prediction of daily intake in grazing cattle using methodologies, models and experiments that integrate pasture structure and ingestive behavior. The broad objective was to develop concepts of optimal foraging that predicted ingestive behavior and instantaneous intake rate in single and multi-patch environments and extend them to the greater scales of time and space required to predict daily intake. Specific objectives included: to determine how sward structure affects the shape of patch depletion curves, to determine if the basic components of ingestive behavior of animals in groups differs from animals alone, and to evaluate and modify our existing models of foraging behavior and heterogeneity to incorporate larger scales of time and space. Patch depletion was found to be predominantly by horizon, with a significant decline in bite weight during horizon depletion. This decline derives from bite overlap, and is more pronounced on taller swards. These results were successfully predicted by a simple bite placement simulator. At greater spatial scales, patch selection was aimed at maximizing daily digestible intake, with the between patch search pattern being non-random. The processes of selecting a feeding station and foraging at a feeding station are fundamentally different. The marginal value theorem may not be the most appropriate paradigm for predicting residence time at a feeding station. Basic components of ingestive behavior were unaffected by the presence of other animals. Our results contribute to animal production systems by improving our understanding of the foraging process, by identifying the key sward parameters that determine intake rate and by improving existing conceptual and quantitative models of foraging behavior across spatial and temporal scales.

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