Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sexual selection

Academic literature on the topic 'Sexual selection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sexual selection"

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Cooper, W. E., and Malte Andersson. "Sexual Selection." Copeia 1995, no. 3 (August 18, 1995): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446782.

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Janicke, Tim, and Edward H. Morrow. "Sexual selection." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2019, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz007.

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Hosken, David J., and Clarissa M. House. "Sexual selection." Current Biology 21, no. 2 (January 2011): R62—R65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053.

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Andersson, Malte, and Yoh Iwasa. "Sexual selection." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 2 (February 1996): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81042-1.

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Vandermassen, Griet. "Sexual Selection." European Journal of Women's Studies 11, no. 1 (February 2004): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506804039812.

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Gibson, Robert. "Sexual selection." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 10 (October 1994): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90069-8.

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Symes, Laurel B., and Trevor D. Price. "Sexual Stimulation and Sexual Selection." American Naturalist 185, no. 4 (April 2015): iii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/680414.

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Tengo, Jan, and Mary Jane West-Eberhard. "Chemical Communication in Sexual and Social Selection." Entomologia Generalis 15, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/15/1990/81.

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Payne, Robert J. H., and David C. Krakauer. "Disruptive sexual selection." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, no. 10 (October 2000): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01955-8.

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Birkhead, Timothy R., and Tommaso Pizzari. "Postcopulatory sexual selection." Nature Reviews Genetics 3, no. 4 (April 2002): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg774.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sexual selection"

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Smith, C. A. M. "Sexual selection in yeast." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1336210/.

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Saccharomyces yeasts are unique as a model system in evolutionary biology. They offer all the traditional benefits of fast generation times and easy maintenance found in other microbes such as Escherichia coli. In addition, Saccharomyces are diploid eukaryotes capable of asexual and sexual reproduction. In this thesis I develop Saccharomyces as a model organism for the study of sexual selection. I show that its mating pheromone is costly to produce and maintain, and that this cost is greater for lower quality individuals. This suggests that the pheromone may have evolved as a sexual signal under the Handicap Principle. I show that size can offer direct benefits during mating and that these are in fact selected for. I show that preferential mating also takes place to help clear deleterious mutations from a population. I also investigate mating barriers in yeast to better understand how yeast mating may take place in nature.
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Cimiano, Lavin Philipp. "Sexual selection in GAs." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9578215.

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Lewis, Zenobia. "Sexual selection and sexual conflict in the Lepidoptera." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417749.

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Kunz, Katrin [Verfasser]. "Sexual selection in sexually dimorphic dwarf spiders / Katrin Kunz." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076377890/34.

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Lorch, Patrick D. "Life history and sexual selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0028/NQ50024.pdf.

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Bjork, Adam Clarence. "Postcopulatory sexual selection in Drosophila." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

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Higgins, Sahran Louise. "Sexual selection and insect genitalia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/83254.

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Sexual selection is generally accepted as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male genitalia and other primary reproductive characteristics in internal fertilisers, such as testes size and sperm length. Selection can act via three main processes: sperm competition, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict, however very few studies have directly addressed the patterns of selection, the degree of phenotypic and genotypic variability expected in genital morphology or the degree to which intromittent genitalia are dependent on male condition. The seedbug, Lygaeus equestris has greatly elongated intromittent genitalia, being almost as long the body. Here I determine whether this is a sexually selected trait and further assess the degree of genetic and phenotypic variability in the greatly elongated male intromittent organ in relation to other morphological components. Further to this, patterns of inheritance and allometry of such exaggerated genitalia were investigated, and of the degree of condition dependence of genital and general morphology was experimentally assessed by varying food availability during ontogeny. Finally, using experimental evolution, I manipulated the level of sexual selection by biasing adult sex-ratio (male-biased, equal-sex, female biased) and investigated potential correlated evolution of female reproductive morphology and fertile (eupyrene) and non-fertile (apyrene) sperm length and numbers in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The main findings indicated that genital length was sexually selected in L. equestris being negatively related to male fertilisation success and that there was great phenotypic variation in genitalia both across and within populations. Genital length was negatively allometric, in spite of being hugely elongated, and was significantly heritable with considerable evolvability. It was also evident that there was genetic variation in the condition dependence of genital length with a significant genotype-by-condition interaction and much reduced genetic variation in genital length in the poor food treatment. Male and female primary sexual traits of P. interpunctella were also shown to covary, but this pattern did not differ across treatments. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis do not support traditional hypotheses of genital evolution and instead suggests that male intromittent genital length of L. equestris is sexually selected in a similar way to secondary sexual characteristics. This is also true when examining primary sexual traits in P. interpunctella and further highlights the false dichotomy between primary and secondary sexual traits.
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Sharma, Manmohan Dev. "Sexual selection in Drosophila simulans." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3003.

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Over the last 100 years sexual selection has advanced into a vast field of theoretical and empirical research. While Darwin’s idea of female preference being an integral mechanism of sexual selection is no longer debated, our understanding of female preference is still very limited. For example, we know little about the genetic variation in female preference, and the costs of preference over and above the costs of mating with particular male phenotypes. Additionally, while costs of mate choice are well documented, the benefits of mate choice and their implications are still debated. For example, controversy exists over the inevitability of good gene benefits and their capability to promote adaptive sexual selection. Furthermore, the adaptiveness of sexual selection itself is debated. Our understanding of the traits involved in mate choice is also far from complete. Here I investigated aspects of sexual selection in Drosophila simulans, employing a range of behavioural approaches along with artificial selection and environmental manipulations. The findings presented here indicate that female preference can evolve when directly selected on, and that preference itself is not particularly costly. There was also no conclusive evidence for the good genes benefits of mate choice in D. simulans. These benefits are considered crucial in promoting the adaptiveness of sexual selection, and although we found sexual selection to be adaptive under some test conditions it was not adaptive in other conditions. Our investigations into traits involved in mate choice established sex-specific genetic variation in cuticular hydrocarbons and the genetic architecture of this trait was found to sex-specific evolution of cuticular hydrocarbons under natural and sexual selection. Additionally, we found that a secondary sexual character, the sex combs was positively allometric – just like most signalling and weapon traits, and there was no association between trait fluctuating asymmetry and trait size. These findings collectively indicate that sexual selection in D. simulans is consistent with classical models of this process.
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Stirrat, Michael. "Sexual selection and trust games." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1014.

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In economic games the facial attributes of counterparts bias decisions to trust and decisions to enter play. We report research supporting hypotheses that trust and reciprocation decisions in trust games are biased by mechanisms of sexual selection. Hypotheses that trust game behaviour is modulated by inter-sexual competition were supported. 1) Attractive individuals elicit more cooperation. 2) Male participants display trust and reciprocation toward attractive female counterparts in excess of perceived trustworthiness (and this display is modulated by male self-reported physical dominance). 3) Female participants appear to respond to male trust as a signal of sexual interest and are therefore more likely to exploit the trust of attractive males. 4) In explicitly dating contexts females are more likely to prefer attractive males to pay for the meal. These results indicate that participants are biased by mate choice and mating display considerations while playing economic games in the lab. Hypotheses that trust game behaviour is modulated by intra-sexual competition for resources were also somewhat supported. 1) Male participants reporting an ability to win fights with same-sex peers are more exploitative of other males. 2) Cues to current circulating testosterone level in counterpart’s faces are less trusted but elicit more reciprocation. 3) The male sexually dimorphic trait facial width-to-height ratio (a trait which is related to both aggression and dominance) is related to an increased proportion of decisions to exploit others in the trust game while also being used by others as a cue to untrustworthiness. We conclude that trusting and trustworthy behaviour in both sexes is biased by mating market considerations predicted by intra- and inter-sexual selection.
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Grieshop, Karl. "Sexual conflict, sexual selection, and genetic variance in fitness." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327304.

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Understanding sex-specific genetic variance for fitness is of fundamental importance to our understanding of evolution. This thesis presents the findings of empirical investigations into sex-specific genetic variance in fitness. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the classic evolutionary paradoxes of what maintains genetic variance in fitness and what maintains sexual reproduction, as well as more specific implications regarding adaptation and population viability. Males and females reproduce and accrue fitness in fundamentally different ways, which inevitably comes at a detriment to the fitness of individuals of the opposite sex. This is known as sexual conflict, and because males and females use largely the same genome to develop, grow and reproduce, a genetic tug-of-war ensues. Alternative alleles at sexually antagonistic (SA) genes have opposing fitness effects in males and females. The consequence of this genetic tug-of-war is that alternative allelic variants at SA loci can be maintained in the population. Such SA genetic variation can therefore maintain genetic variance for fitness. Variance in fitness can also be maintained by a constant influx of mutations with weakly deleterious effects and weak selection against them, in what is referred to as mutation-selection balance. Because the average deleterious mutation will be detrimental to both sexes, this source of genetic variance in fitness will have predominantly sexually concordant (SC) effects. This thesis uses a wild-caught population of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus to investigate these two mechanisms of maintaining genetic variance in fitness, as well as the consequences they bear on adaptation, population viability, and the maintenance of sexual reproduction. Results largely support much of the theoretical expectations for sexual conflict, sexual selection and maintenance of genetic variance in fitness, as well as stimulate new thoughts and hypotheses about the nature of SA genetic variation and its interaction with weakly deleterious partially recessive mutations.
Vår kunskap om könsspecifik selektion och genetisk variation för fitness är central för förståelsen av evolutionära processer. I den här avhandligen presenteras resultaten av empiriska undersökningar av just könsspecifik genetisk variation för fitness. Resultaten diskuteras med fokus på deras betydelse för de klassiska evolutionära paradoxerna angående vad som bibehåller genetisk variation i fitness och varför organismer som förökar sig sexuellt är så vanliga, men även mer specifika konsekvenser för en populations anpassningsförmåga och livskraftighet avhandlas. Evolutionen har ofta gynnat olika reproduktiva strategier hos hannar och honor, och dessa strategier kan medföra kostnader för det motsatta könet. Den könskonflikt som uppstår på grund av detta kan också inbegripa en genetisk dragkamp eftersom könen delar genetisk arvsmassa men gynnas av olika anpassningar. Konsekvensen är att alternativa varianter av gener gynnas hos honor och hanar, vilket resulterar i en form av balanserande selektion som kan bibehålla genetisk variation i en population. Genetisk variation i fitness kan även upprätthållas genom en jämvikt mellan ett konstant inflöde av genetisk variation via mutationer med svagt negativ effekt och svag selektion mot dessa mutationer.  Eftersom en negativ mutation normalt kommer vara skadlig för båda könen kommer den här typen av källa till genetisk variation i fitness ha liknande effekt hos könen.  I arbetet med denna avhandlig har jag använt en vilt infångad population av fröbaggaen Callosobruchus maculatus för att undersöka dessa två underliggande mekanismer bakom upprätthållandet av genetisk variation för fitness, samt vilka potentiella konsekvenser de kan ha för en populations anpassningsförmåga och för bibehållandet av sexuell reproduktion. Resultaten i denna avhandling stödjer i stort många av de antaganden som ligger till grund för teorin om könskonflikter, sexuell selektion och vad som upprätthåller genetisk variation för fitness. Resultaten ger också upphov till nya idéer och hypoteser angående  genetisk variation med könsspecifika effekter och dess interaktion med partiellt recessiva negativa mutationer.

The alternative abstract I uploaded should be used as the Swedish summary.

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Books on the topic "Sexual selection"

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Gould, James L. Sexual selection. New York: Scientific American Library, 1989.

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Apostolou, Menelaos. Sexual Selection in Homo sapiens. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58999-2.

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Hoquet, Thierry, ed. Current Perspectives on Sexual Selection. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9585-2.

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Doorn, Gerrit Sander van. Sexual selection and sympatric speciation. [Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit], 2004.

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Woods, Jonathan Rodger. Fluctuating asymetry and sexual selection. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Johnsgard, Paul A. Arena birds: Sexual selection and behavior. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

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Etges, W. J., and M. A. F. Noor, eds. Genetics of Mate Choice: From Sexual Selection to Sexual Isolation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0265-3.

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1955-, Etges William J., and Noor Mohamed A. F, eds. Genetics of mate choice: From sexual selection to sexual isolation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Hunt, John, and David Hosken, eds. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Sexual Selection. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118912591.

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M, Kappeler Peter, and Schaik Carel van, eds. Sexual selection in primates: New and comparative perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sexual selection"

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Bell, Graham. "Sexual Selection." In Selection, 581–635. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5977-1_6.

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Fog, Agner. "Sexual Behavior." In Cultural Selection, 169–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9251-2_10.

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Durham, Justin D., Robert D. Mather, and Steven M. Dunn. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 4901–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1573.

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Bell, Graham. "Sexual Selection." In The Basics of Selection, 332–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5991-7_6.

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Huneman, Philippe. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 1933. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_887.

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Heppner, John B., David B. Richman, Steven E. Naranjo, Dale Habeck, Christopher Asaro, Jean-Luc Boevé, Johann Baumgärtner, et al. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3358–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4154.

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Van Slyke, James A. "Sexual Selection." In The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, 65–81. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b23047-8.

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Lockshin, Richard A. "Sexual Selection." In The Joy of Science, 341–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6099-1_25.

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Durham, Justin D., Robert D. Mather, and Steven M. Dunn. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1573-1.

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Racevska, Elena, and Sam Hyde Roberts. "Sexual Selection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_565-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sexual selection"

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ARAK, A. "FROG VOCALIZATIONS AND SEXUAL SELECTION." In Spring Conference '84 (Musical Acoustics and Biological Acoustics). Institute of Acoustics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25144/22600.

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Hintze, Arend, and Jory Schossau. "Sexual Selection Compared to Novelty Search." In The 2020 Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00275.

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BRISCOE, TED. "LANGUAGE LEARNING, POWER LAWS, AND SEXUAL SELECTION." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (EVOLANG6). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0003.

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Raghuwanshi, M. M., and O. G. Kakde. "Genetic Algorithm With Species And Sexual Selection." In 2006 IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2006.252229.

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Heath, Jeremy J. "Sexual selection on pheromone phenotype inHeliothis virescens." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113688.

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Samuels-Fair, Maya D., Gene Hunt, Maria João Fernandes Martins, T. Markham Puckett, Rowan Lockwood, and John P. Swaddle. "SEXUAL SELECTION AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM TRENDS IN CYTHEROID OSTRACODES FROM THE U.S. COASTAL PLAIN." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338969.

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"Sexual selection promotes ecological speciation in digital organisms." In ECAL 2017, the Fourteenth European Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_017.

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Canino-Koning, Rosangela, Jason Keagy, and Charles Ofria. "Sexual selection promotes ecological speciation in digital organisms." In Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL 2017. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/ecal_a_017.

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Takami, Yasuoki. "Detecting divergent sexual selection operating upon divergent genital morphologies." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93915.

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Drezewski, Rafal, and Leszek Siwik. "Agent-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with sexual selection." In 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2008.4631296.

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Reports on the topic "Sexual selection"

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Loehle, C. The pathogen transmission avoidance theory of sexual selection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/516036.

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Loehle, C., and D. O. Logofet. Sexual selection as a consequence of pathogen avoidance behaviors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/519133.

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Mateo Davila, Mateo Davila. How does the struggle between sexual selection and natural selection drive the coloration of a tropical gecko? Experiment, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/13199.

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Heslin, Kevin, and Johanna Alfier. Sexual Orientation Differences in Access to Care and Health Status, Behaviors, and Beliefs: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of Family Growth, and National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:115982.

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This report demonstrates uses of three National Center for Health Statistics data systems to study differences in health by sexual orientation. Sexual orientation differences in a broad selection of health indicators were examined using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the National Survey of Family Growth, and the National Health Interview Survey.
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Lazdane, Gunta, Dace Rezeberga, Ieva Briedite, Inara Kantane, Elizabete Pumpure, Ieva Pitkevica, Darja Mihailova, and Marta Laura Gravina. Sexual and reproductive health survey in the time of COVID-19 – Latvia, 2020. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/j5kxxd.

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The results of the anonymous online survey of people living in Latvia age 18 and over, using internationally (I-SHARE) and nationally validated questionnaire. Data include following variables: Selection, socio-demographics, social distancing measures, couple and family relationships, sexual behavior, access to condoms and contraceptives, access to reproductive health services, antenatal care, pregnancy and maternal and child health, abortion, sexual and gender-based violence, HIV/STI, mental health, and nutrition. (2021-02-08)
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Cantet, Natalia, Brian Feld, and Mónica Hernández. Is there discrimination against children of same-sex households? Evidence from an experimental study in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004741.

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We measure the extent of discrimination against same-sex couples by schools in Colombia using a matched-pair correspondence study. We send requests to visit private schools from several couples of different sexual orientation as conveyed by the names of the parents. We track the response rate from schools, the time to reply and the quality of the reply. We find that schools are 12 percentage points (22.3%) less likely to respond to a request sent by a homosexual couple with respect to one sent by a heterosexual one. When no information about sexual orientation is provided, the response rate decreases by 20pp. (37%) versus an explicitly heterosexual couple. Conditional on replying, we find no difference in the time schools take to respond or the quality of the reply across couples, a result plausibly driven by selection into responding. Our findings suggest that, despite a strong legal framework that protects LGBTQ rights, discrimination against same-sex couples is pervasive and can have intergenerational consequences.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.

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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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8

Lucas, Brian. Approaches to Implementing National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security. Institute of Development Studies, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.049.

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This report aims to identify a selection of programmes and projects undertaken by countries under their respective National Action Plans. It focuses on discrete, large-scale initiatives that specifically target aspects of the WPS agenda and aim to influence change outside the implementing agencies, rather than changing agencies’ own policies and practices. Common themes that appear frequently across these programmes and projects include: supporting global pools of technical capacity on WPS and on peacebuilding generally; training military, police, and other personnel from partner countries, including building women’s professional capacities as well as training personnel in WPS-related good practices; supporting WPS networks and forums to share experience and expertise; extensive use of multilateral mechanisms for channelling funding and for sharing technical capacity; extensive support to and collaboration with civil society organisations; initiatives focusing on combating violent extremism and counter-terrorism; initiatives focusing on preventing sexual exploitation and abuse in peacekeeping and humanitarian contexts; a wide range of commitments to stopping gender-based violence; and support for sexual and reproductive health initiatives. All of the countries discussed in this report also undertake considerable efforts to change policies and practices within their own agencies. In addition, all of the countries discussed in this report undertake a range of initiatives focused on individual countries; smaller donors, in particular, often focus many of their own programmes on single countries while using multilateral mechanisms to engage at the regional and global scales. However, in accordance with the terms of reference for this report, these types of activities are not discussed below. In the time available for this report, it was possible to review six countries’ activities. These countries were selected for inclusion because they had sufficient documentation readily accessible in the form of action plans, implementation plans, and progress reports; they are donor countries with significant international activities that may be considered peers to the UK; and/or they have been cited in the literature as being leaders in promoting the WPS agenda.
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9

Olson, Hannah, Madeleine Haas, and Megan L. Kavanaugh. State-Level Contraceptive Use and Preferences: Estimates from the US 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Guttmacher Institute, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2024.300488.

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Contraception plays a key role in people’s realization of their sexual and reproductive health and well-being. The factors that shape contraceptive behaviors are complex and dynamic, and there is growing recognition among reproductive health service providers and advocates that contraceptive service delivery must prioritize patients’ values and preferences to help them exercise their reproductive autonomy.1 Similarly, research and public health surveillance systems that measure not only contraceptive use and method selection but also contraceptive preferences are best suited to evaluate service quality and track progress toward meeting the needs of reproductive-aged people. Building on findings from two previous Guttmacher Institute reports describing Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data on contraceptive use in 20172 and 2019,3 this report uses data from the 2022 BRFSS to provide an expanded set of state-level estimates of contraceptive use and preferences. In 2022, scientists at Guttmacher collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to modify existing questions and include additional questions in the BRFSS family planning module. The resulting data set allows analysis not only of people’s primary contraceptive method use but also of multiple method use, overall contraceptive preferences and method-specific contraceptive preferences. Data collection for the 2022 BRFSS occurred during a pivotal time for reproductive health and rights due to the US Supreme Court’s June 2022 ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overturned the federal right to abortion. A wave of restrictive state laws and policies have followed, and as legislation concerning sexual and reproductive health care becomes increasingly politicized, state-level policies are key determinants of the quality and accessibility of contraceptive care.4 In this environment, state-level data, especially on person-centered measures of contraceptive preferences, are of paramount importance in understanding how shifts in reproductive health policy and service delivery are felt in the population. This report finds that contraceptive use is high across all reporting jurisdictions, but there is considerable variation in whether people are realizing preferences for which contraceptives they use or whether to use at all. People who report having used a method that requires some interaction with a provider, for example, are more likely than people using exclusively provider-independent or over-the-counter methods to report their current method as their preferred method of contraception. Throughout this report, we will explore how patterns of contraceptive use and preferences vary by type of method or combination of methods and jurisdiction. Given the elevated barriers to contraception that young people have historically experienced,5,6 we also highlight differences between two age-groups (18–24 and 25–49) where possible.*
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10

Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.

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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.
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