Journal articles: 'Sexual recidivism'

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Bader, Shannon M., Robert Welsh, and Mario J. Scalora. "Recidivism Among Female Child Molesters." Violence and Victims 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.349.

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During recent years, research about female sexual offender recidivism rates using official criminal justice records has increased. Although informative, rearrest or conviction rates may be insufficient for this population. This study examines two potential outcome measures for accurately studying recidivism among 57 female sexual offenders; a criminal recidivism measure based on formal legal charges and a reported recidivism measure based on child welfare reports. Based on the criminal recidivism outcome measure, 10 (17.5%) women were charged for a subsequent sexual crime. The broader reported recidivism measure identified six additional women with subsequent contact with police or child welfare agencies for sexually inappropriate behaviors. There were no significant differences found between the 41 nonrecidivists and the 16 recidivists. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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Ozkan, Turgut, Stephen J. Clipper, Alex R. Piquero, Michael Baglivio, and Kevin Wolff. "Predicting Sexual Recidivism." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 4 (June 6, 2019): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219852944.

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The current study focuses on adolescents with sex offense histories and examines sexual reoffending patterns within 2 years of a prior sex offense. We employed inductive statistical models using archival official records maintained by the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FDJJ), which provides social, offense, placement, and risk assessment history data for all youth referred for delinquent behavior. The predictive accuracy of the random forest models is tested using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve (AUC), and precision/recall plots. The strongest predictor of sexual recidivism was the number of prior felony and misdemeanor sex offenses. The AUC values range between 0.71 and 0.65, suggesting modest predictive accuracy of the models presented. These results parallel the existing literature on sexual recidivism and highlight the challenges associated with predicting sex offense recidivism. Furthermore, results inform risk assessment literature by testing various factors recorded by an official institution.

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Cale, Jesse, and Patrick Lussier. "Merging Developmental and Criminal Career Perspectives." Sexual Abuse 24, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063211403503.

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Currently, a majority of actuarial risk-assessment tools for sexual recidivism contain static risk factors that measure various aspects of the offender’s prior criminal history in adulthood. The goal of the current study was to assess the utility of extending static risk factors, by using developmental and criminal career parameters of offending, in the actuarial assessment of risk of violent/sexual recidivism. The current study was based on a sample of 204 convicted sexual aggressors of women incarcerated in the province of Quebec, Canada between April 1994 and June 2000. Semistructured interviews were used to gather information on the offender’s antisocial history prior to adulthood, and police records were used to collect data on the criminal career of these offenders in adulthood. For an average follow-up period of approximately 4 years, the violent/sexual recidivism rate for the sample was 23.7%. The results provided support for the inclusion of both developmental and criminal career indicators for the prediction of violent/sexual recidivism. More specifically, recidivists were characterized by an early onset antisocial trajectory and a pattern of escalation of antisocial behavior between childhood and adolescence. The findings suggest that risk assessors should look beyond broad adult criminal history data to include aspects of antisocial development to improve predictive accuracy.

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Sung, Hyeyeon. "Analysis on Research Trend of Recidivism of Sex Crimes using Keyword Network Analysis." Correction Welfare Society of Korea 79 (August 31, 2022): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35422/cwsk.2022.79.59.

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The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of future studies on the prevention of sexual recidivism by analyzing the trend in research related to the recidivism of sexual crime for the last 20 years. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed publication trends in research related to the recidivism of sexual crime by utilizing 139 studies published between 2000 and 2021 and conducted a keyword network analysis by using keywords extracted from these studies. The main results are as follows. First, results of publication trend by research area show that research related to the recidivism of sexual crimes was conducted in 11 areas order of 43.9% in law, 23.0% in public administration, and 17.9% in psychological science. Second, results of frequency analysis in keywords appeared in 139 studies show that the frequency was high in the following order; ‘sexual crime’, ‘prevention of recidivism’, ‘electronic monitoring system’, ‘risk of recidivism’, ‘child sex crime’, ‘medication treatment for sexual impulse’, and ‘personal information disclosure of sexual offender’. Third, results of degree centrality analysis using keywords show that the degree centrality was high in the following order; ‘sexual crime’, ‘prevention of recidivism’, ‘electronic monitoring system’, ‘recidivism of sexual crime’, ‘medication treatment for sexual impulse’, ‘risk of recidivism’, and ‘child sex crime’. Fourth, results of CONCOR cluster analysis with keywords show that research related to the recidivism of sexual crime was classified into nine clusters, and a major cluster was ‘study of electronic monitoring system’. Based on these results, this study suggests the directions of future studies on the prevention of recidivism from sexual crime.

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Hanson, R. Karl. "Will They Do It Again?" Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (June 2000): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00071.

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This article reviews the empirical research on the prediction of reoffending among sexual offenders. The major predictors of sexual-offense recidivism are factors related to sexual deviance (e.g., deviant sexual preferences, previous sex crimes) and, to a lesser extent, criminal lifestyle (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, total number of prior offenses). The factors that predict general recidivism among sex offenders are the same as the factors that predict general recidivism among nonsexual criminals (e.g., juvenile delinquency, prior violent offenses). Given that there are special predictors of sexual recidivism, evaluators should consider separately the risk for sexual and non-sexual recidivism.

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HANSON, R. KARL, KELLY E. MORTON, and ANDREW J. R. HARRIS. "Sexual Offender Recidivism Risk." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 989, no. 1 (January 24, 2006): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07303.x.

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Palermo, George B. "Recidivism in Sexual Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59, no. 6 (May 7, 2015): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15584984.

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8

Ralston, Christopher A., Amar Sarkar, Grace T. Philipp, and Douglas L. Epperson. "The Impact of Using Documented but Uncharged Offense Data on JSORRAT-II Predictive Validity." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215582011.

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Following the implementation of sexual offender notification laws, researchers have found a drop in the rate of prosecutions and an increase in plea bargains for sexual offenses committed by male juveniles. This type of prosecutorial hesitation has implications for the predictive validity of sexual recidivism risk assessments, such as the Juvenile Sexual Offender Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool–II (JSORRAT-II), that require data from officially adjudicated offenses in the scoring of several items. The present study sought to test the impact of including data from documented but uncharged (DBU) sexual offenses in the scoring of the JSORRAT-II on its predictive validity using an exhaustive sample of 1,095 juveniles who offended sexually from the states of Iowa and Utah. Although sexual recidivists had significantly more DBU data, the inclusion of those data did not improve the predictive validity of the tool. The authors discuss additional reasons why changes in prosecutorial practice might remain confound in risk assessment studies and suggest future research to investigate those hypotheses.

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9

Olver, Mark E., and Lindsay A. Sewall. "Cross-Validation of the Discrimination and Calibration Properties of the VRAG-R in a Treated Sexual Offender Sample." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 6 (March 14, 2018): 741–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818762483.

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The present study featured an examination of the predictive properties of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide–Revised (VRAG-R) in a treated sample of sexual offenders, using modern risk metrics. The Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) and the original Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) were examined for comparison purposes. The three measures were rated archivally on 296 treated sexual offenders followed up 17.6 years. VRAG-R scores demonstrated good discrimination of recidivists from nonrecidivists for sexual (area under the curve [AUC] = .60-.67) and violent (AUC = .70-.78) recidivism, and were incremental in the prediction of violent, but not sexual, recidivism after controlling for baseline sexual violence risk and treatment change. The VRAG-R bin structure demonstrated good calibration, although the present sample generated lower 5-year estimates of general violence compared with the normative sample. Application of the VRAG-R in the assessment and management of violence risk, via integration with dynamic risk assessment information, is discussed.

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van den Berg, Jan Willem, Wineke Smid, Jolanda J. Kossakowski, Daan van Beek, Denny Borsboom, Erick Janssen, and Luk Gijs. "The Application of Network Analysis to Dynamic Risk Factors in Adult Male Sex Offenders." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (May 2020): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620901720.

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Although dynamic risk factors are considered important in the assessment and treatment of adult male sex offenders, little is known about their interrelationships. We apply network analysis to assess their associations and to provide an analysis of their shortest pathways to sexual and violent (including sexual contact) recidivism. Analyses revealed a central position for general rejection/loneliness (in all networks), poor cognitive problem solving (in networks containing sexual or violent—including sexual contact—recidivism), and impulsive acts (only in the network including sexual recidivism). These variables represented links between clusters of dynamic risk factors composed of factors relating to sexual self-regulation, emotionally intimate relationships, antisocial traits, and self-management. Impulsive acts showed the strongest independent association with sexual and violent (including sexual contact) recidivism.

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Mpofu, Elias, James A. Athanasou, Christine Rafe, and Scott H. Belshaw. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Efficacy for Reducing Recidivism Rates of Moderate- and High-Risk Sexual Offenders: A Scoping Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 1 (April 26, 2016): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16644501.

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This literature scoping review compared recidivism rates of moderate- and high-risk sexual offenders who received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) oriented treatments. Ten empirical studies from 2001 to 2014 were selected for review that met the following criteria: (a) Treatment program included a CBT-based intervention with a comparative intervention; (b) participants included adult, male, moderate- and high-risk sexual offenders only; and (c) follow-up data for up to 12 months. Data were analyzed using a summative metric for recidivism rate comparisons ( N = 3,073 for CBT and N = 3,588, for comparison approaches). Sexual offense recidivism rates varied from 0.6% to 21.8% (with CBT) and from 4.5% to 32.3% (with comparison intervention). The within-sample median rate of violent recidivism with a history of sexual offense was 21.1% (with CBT) versus 32.6% (comparison). Sexual offenders had a general felonies (within-sample) median recidivism rate of 27.05% (with CBT) versus 51.05% (comparison). The evidence supports the conclusion that CBT in its various forms is an efficacious treatment modality to prevent offense recidivism by sexual offenders. Suggestions for future research are considered.

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Etzler, Sonja, Reinhard Eher, and Martin Rettenberger. "Dynamic Risk Assessment of Sexual Offenders: Validity and Dimensional Structure of the Stable-2007." Assessment 27, no. 4 (February 6, 2018): 822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118754705.

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In this study, the predictive and incremental validity of the Stable-2007 beyond the Static-99 was evaluated in an updated sample of N = 638 adult male sexual offenders followed-up for an average of M = 8.2 years. Data were collected at the Federal Evaluation Center for Violent and Sexual Offenders (FECVSO) in Austria within a prospective-longitudinal research design. Scores and risk categories of the Static-99 (AUC = .721; p < .001) and of the Stable-2007 (AUC = .623, p = .005) were found to be significantly related to sexual recidivism. The Stable-2007 risk categories contributed incrementally to the prediction of sexual recidivism beyond the Static-99. Analyzing the dimensional structure of the Stable-2007 yielded three factors, named Antisociality, Sexual Deviance, and Hypersexuality. Antisociality and Sexual Deviance were significant predictors for sexual recidivism. Sexual Deviance was negatively associated with non-sexual violent recidivism. Comparisons with latent dimensions of other risk assessment instruments are made and implications for applied risk assessment are discussed.

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13

Greenberg, David M. "Sexual Recidivism in Sex Offenders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 5 (June 1998): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300502.

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Objective: To examine the recidivism rates of the various types of adult sex offenders including incest offenders, extrafamilial child molesters, exhibitionists, and rapists. Method: An examination of the literature over the past 4 decades and the data from our own study group. Results: Methodological shortfalls and differences across the studies make statistical appraisal of the results difficult. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that incest offenders are less likely to reoffend compared with extrafamilial child molesters. Rapists and exhibitionists are thought to be at a higher risk for recidivism. Conclusion: A combined actuarial predictive approach in conjunction with empirically guided clinical assessment is probably the best method to predict recidivism of sex offenders.

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14

Howey, Whitney, Brad Lundahl, and Andrea Assadollahi. "Effectiveness of Residential Treatment for Juveniles with Problematic Sexual Behavior: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 15625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315625.

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Juveniles with problematic sexual behaviors are often placed in residential treatment. However, little is known about the effectiveness of such treatments in terms of reducing recidivism or enhancing mental wellbeing. To better understand the impact of residential treatment for these juveniles we conducted a Systematic Review on studies that reported recidivism rates. PRISMA guidelines were followed. 1126 studies were initially identified, with only six meeting the final inclusion criteria. Sexual recidivism rates averaged 5.20% across the six studies, which is similar rates of non-residential treatments. The results suggest that certain client factors predict recidivism, for example youth labeled as obsessive offenders were more likely to recidivate compared to those labeled as opportunistic. Most studies also measured non-sexual crimes post treatment; recidivism rates for sexual misconduct tended to be lower than for other crimes. Despite the significant intrusion of residential treatment centers, remarkably few empirical studies exist to establish their effectiveness in reducing recidivism. The comparable recidivism rates to non-residential treatment programs begs the question of whether residential centers add value beyond outpatient care and suggest that less restrictive interventions may be sufficient. Helping youth evidencing problematic sexual behaviors involves complex dynamics, however caution is recommended on relying on residential treatment.

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Hanson, R. Karl. "Recidivism and Age: Follow-Up Data From 4,673 Sexual Offenders." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1046–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605-0201710-02.

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This study examined the relationship of age to sexual recidivism using data from 10 follow-upstudies of adult male sexual offenders (combined sample of 4,673). Rapists were younger thanchild molesters, and the recidivism risk of rapists steadily decreased with age. In contrast,extra familial child molesters showed relatively little reduction in recidivism risk until after theage of50. The recidivism rate of intra familial child molesters was generally low (less than 10%),except for the intra familial offenders in the 18-to24-year-old age group, whose recidivism riskwas comparable to that of rapists and extra familial child molesters. The results are discussed interms of developmental changes in sexual drive, self-control, and opportunities to offend.

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Craig, Leam A., Kevin D. Browne, and Ian Stringer. "Treatment And Sexual Offence Recidivism." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838002238946.

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17

QUINSEY, VERNON L., MARNIE E. RICE, and GRANT T. HARRIS. "Actuarial Prediction of Sexual Recidivism." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626095010001006.

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18

Lukic, Natalija. "Empirical analysis of sexual recidivism." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 63, no. 2 (2015): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/analipfb1502174l.

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Pellerin, Bruno, Jean Proulx, Marc Ouimet, Yves Paradis, André McKibben, and Jocelyn Aubut. "Étude de la récidive post-traitement chez des agresseurs sexuels judiciarisés." Criminologie 29, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017382ar.

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The aim of the current study was to assess the role of a treatment program (uncompleted; completed ; extended) on the posttreat-ment recidivism of sexual aggressors. Data on five types of recidivism (sexual ; violent ; property offense ; against a person ; total) were gathered for 102 pedophiles and 70 rapists. The recidivism rates for pedophiles who completed the treatment program was lower than for those of the pedophiles who did not complete the treatment. As to the rapists, the recidivism rates were lower for those who underwent an extended treatment program than for the other two groups. These data show that a treatment program reduces the recidivism rate in sexual aggressors. The optimal duration of treatment, however, varies according to the type of offender.

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Nunes, Kevin L., Chantal A. Hermann, J. Renee Malcom, and Kayla Lavoie. "Childhood sexual victimization, pedophilic interest, and sexual recidivism." Child Abuse & Neglect 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.008.

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Rojas, Erika Y., and Mark E. Olver. "Validity and Reliability of the Violence Risk Scale–Youth Sexual Offense Version." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 826–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219858064.

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The present study examined the validity and reliability of a youth sexual offense risk assessment and treatment planning tool, the Violence Risk Scale–Youth Sexual Offense Version (VRS-YSO), on a sample of 102 court-adjudicated youth referred to assessment and/or treatment outpatient services followed up an average of 11.7 years in the community. VRS-YSO scores demonstrated “good” to “excellent” interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] = .64-.83). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the static and dynamic items identified three latent dimensions consistent with the extant risk literature labeled Sexual Deviance, Antisocial Tendencies, and Family Concerns. VRS-YSO scores showed strong patterns of convergence with scores from the Estimate of Risk for Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR), Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–II (J-SOAP-II), and the Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool–II (J-SORRAT-II). VRS-YSO scores, in turn, demonstrated moderate to high predictive accuracy for sexual, violent (sexual and nonsexual), and general recidivism (significant areas under curve [AUCs] = .67-.88). Examination of pre–posttreatment change data on the subset of youth who attended treatment services found VRS-YSO change scores to be significantly associated with reductions in general recidivism, but not other recidivism outcomes. Future research and clinical applications of the VRS-YSO in youth sexual offense assessment and treatment planning are discussed.

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Lehmann, Robert J. B., David Thornton, L. Maaike Helmus, and R. Karl Hanson. "Developing Nonarbitrary Metrics for Risk Communication." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 12 (July 9, 2016): 1661–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816651656.

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Nominal risk categories for actuarial risk assessment information should be grounded in nonarbitrary, evidence-based criteria. The current study presents numeric indicators for interpreting one such tool, the Risk Matrix 2000, which is widely used to assess the recidivism risk of sexual offenders. Percentiles, risk ratios, and 5-year recidivism rates are presented based on an aggregated sample ( N = 3,144) from four settings: England and Wales, Scotland, Germany, and Canada. The Risk Matrix 2000 Sex, Violence, and Combined scales showed moderate accuracy in assessing the risk of sexual, non-sexual violent, and violent recidivism, respectively. Although there were some differences across samples in the distributions of risk categories, relative increases in recidivism for ascending risk categories were remarkably consistent. Options for presenting percentiles, risk ratios, and absolute recidivism estimates in applied evaluations are offered, with discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these risk communication metrics.

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HANSON, R. KARL, and ANDREW J. R. HARRIS. "Where Should We Intervene?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854800027001002.

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Effective intervention with sexual offenders requires the targeting of appropriate risk factors. In this study, information on dynamic (changeable) risk factors was collected through interviews with community supervision officers and file reviews of 208 sexual offense recidivists and 201 nonrecidivists. The recidivists were generally considered to have poor social supports, attitudes tolerant of sexual assault, antisocial lifestyles, poor self-management strategies, and difficulties cooperating with supervision. The overall mood of the recidivists and nonrecidivists was similar, but the recidivists showed increased anger and subjective distress just before reoffending. The dynamic risk factors reported by the officers continued to be strongly associated with recidivism, even after controlling for preexisting differences in static risk factors. The factors identified in the interview data were reflected (to a lesser extent) in the officers' contemporaneous case notes, which suggests that the interview findings cannot be completely attributed to retrospective recall bias.

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Suero, Maria Aparcero, and Ashley Dickinson. "Moderating effects of age, employment status and level of education on the predictive utility of the LSI-R for sexual offenders." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v11i1.4770.

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Using a Midwestern sample of sex offenders, the current study reports findings on the utility of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) in predicting recidivism for offenders with a history of sexual crimes. The current study includes data from a sample of 250 sexual offenders over a 36-month period. This study aims to investigate how three variables – level of education, age and employment status – correlate to recidivism, and if they moderate the effectiveness of the tool in predicting future offending. This study found a statistically significant relationship between total LSI-R score and general recidivism, supporting the predictive utility of the LSI-R for sex offenders. These findings imply the need for intervention programmes focused on young sex offenders to reduce their potential for reoffending. The present study contributes to the available research by increasing the knowledge regarding sexual offender recidivism rates. Keywords: Sex offenders, recidivism, age, level of education, employment

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Calvert, James D., and Terri Bauer. "Juveniles with Sexual Behavior Problems: A Treatment Program Evaluation." Open Psychology 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0001.

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AbstractJuveniles commit a significant portion of the sexual abuse perpetrated on other children. Treatment for juveniles with sexual behavior problems has moved from modified adult treatments to more developmentally appropriate approaches. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most commonly used approach, research indicates that inclusion of significant others in the juvenile’s life is important when working with these youth. The inclusion of the juvenile’s family is seen as especially vital in treatment success. The current article reviews treatment outcomes, as measured by recidivism (re-offense) rates, for juvenile males completing a county juvenile sex offender treatment program. The program emphasizes family involvement and collaboration with juvenile probation officers, correctional officer, attorneys, and judges in the ongoing treatment as well as support of the juvenile and his/her family. Results indicate a sexual recidivism rate of 7.2% which is consistent with meta-analyses of research on sexual recidivism in treatment programs. The recidivism rate for non-sexual crimes was 33.7%, which is lower than typically reported in meta-analyses of treatment outcomes. The treatment program was equally effective for all juveniles, regardless of race.

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Hempel, Inge, Nicole Buck, Maaike Cima, and Hjalmar van Marle. "Review of Risk Assessment Instruments for Juvenile Sex Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 57, no. 2 (December 5, 2011): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11428315.

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Risk assessment is considered to be a key element in the prevention of recidivism among juvenile sex offenders (JSOs), often by imposing long-term consequences based on that assessment. The authors reviewed the literature on the predictive accuracy of six well-known risk assessment instruments used to appraise risk among JSOs: the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II), Juvenile Sexual Offence Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (J-SORRAT-II), Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offence Recidivism (ERASOR), Juvenile Risk Assessment Scale (JRAS), Structured Assessment of Violent Risk in Youth (SAVRY), and Hare Psychopathy Checklist:Youth Version (PCL:YV). Through a systematic search, 19 studies were reviewed. Studies showed differences in the predictive accuracies for general, violent, and sexual recidivism, and none of the instruments showed unequivocal positive results in predicting future offending. Not unexpectedly, the accuracy of the SAVRY and PCL:YV appeared to be weaker for sexual recidivism compared with specialized tools such as the J-SOAP-II or the ERASOR. Because of the rapid development of juveniles, it is questionable to impose long-term restrictions based on a risk assessment only. New challenges in improving risk assessment are discussed.

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Hill, Andreas, Niels Habermann, Dietrich Klusmann, Wolfgang Berner, and Peer Briken. "Criminal Recidivism in Sexual Homicide Perpetrators." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 52, no. 1 (July 5, 2007): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x07307450.

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Gerhold, Constanze K., Kevin D. Browne, and Richard Beckett. "Predicting recidivism in adolescent sexual offenders." Aggression and Violent Behavior 12, no. 4 (July 2007): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.10.004.

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Scurich, Nicholas, and Richard S. John. "The dark figure of sexual recidivism." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 37, no. 2 (March 2019): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2400.

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Firestone, Philip, Kevin L. Nunes, Heather Moulden, Ian Broom, and John M. Bradford. "Hostility and Recidivism in Sexual Offenders." Archives of Sexual Behavior 34, no. 3 (June 2005): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-3116-8.

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Nunes, Kevin L., Philip Firestone, Audrey F. Wexler, Tamara L. Jensen, and John M. Bradford. "Incarceration and recidivism among sexual offenders." Law and Human Behavior 31, no. 3 (2007): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9065-5.

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32

Grubin, Don, and Sarah Wingate. "Sexual offence recidivism: prediction versus understanding." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 6, no. 4 (November 1996): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.121.

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33

Caldwell, Michael F. "Sexual Offense Adjudication and Sexual Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 19, no. 2 (June 2007): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320701900203.

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SERIN, RALPH C., DONNA L. MAILLOUX, and P. BRUCE MALCOLM. "Psychopathy, Deviant Sexual Arousal, and Recidivism Among Sexual Offenders." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 16, no. 3 (March 2001): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626001016003004.

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35

Myers, Wade C., Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan, Eleanor Justen Vo, and Emily Lazarou. "Sexual sadism, psychopathy, and recidivism in juvenile sexual murderers." Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jip.113.

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36

Olver, Mark E., Justina N. Sowden, Drew A. Kingston, Terry P. Nicholaichuk, Audrey Gordon, Sarah M. Beggs Christofferson, and Stephen C. P. Wong. "Predictive Accuracy of Violence Risk Scale–Sexual Offender Version Risk and Change Scores in Treated Canadian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Sexual Offenders." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 3 (May 17, 2016): 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216649594.

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The present study examined the predictive properties of Violence Risk Scale–Sexual Offender version (VRS-SO) risk and change scores among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal sexual offenders in a combined sample of 1,063 Canadian federally incarcerated men. All men participated in sexual offender treatment programming through the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) at sites across its five regions. The Static-99R was also examined for comparison purposes. In total, 393 of the men were identified as Aboriginal (i.e., First Nations, Métis, Circumpolar) while 670 were non-Aboriginal and primarily White. Aboriginal men scored significantly higher on the Static-99R and VRS-SO and had higher rates of sexual and violent recidivism; however, there were no significant differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups on treatment change with both groups demonstrating close to a half-standard deviation of change pre and post treatment. VRS-SO risk and change scores significantly predicted sexual and violent recidivism over fixed 5- and 10-year follow-ups for both racial/ancestral groups. Cox regression survival analyses also demonstrated positive treatment changes to be significantly associated with reductions in sexual and violent recidivism among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal men after controlling baseline risk. A series of follow-up Cox regression analyses demonstrated that risk and change score information accounted for much of the observed differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal men in rates of sexual recidivism; however, marked group differences persisted in rates of general violent recidivism even after controlling for these covariates. The results support the predictive properties of VRS-SO risk and change scores with treated Canadian Aboriginal sexual offenders.

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Yoon, Dahlnym, Daniel Turner, Verena Klein, Martin Rettenberger, Reinhard Eher, and Peer Briken. "Factors Predicting Desistance From Reoffending: A Validation Study of the SAPROF in Sexual Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 3 (August 16, 2016): 697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16664379.

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The present study aims at validating the German version of the Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors (SAPROF) for violence risk in a representative sample of incarcerated adult male sexual offenders. Sexual offenders ( n = 450) were rated retrospectively with the SAPROF using the database of the Federal Evaluation Centre for Violent and Sexual Offenders (FECVSO) in the Austrian Prison System. Interrater reliability and predictive validity of the SAPROF scores concerning desistance from recidivism were calculated. Concurrent and incremental validity were tested using the combination of the SAPROF and the Sexual Violence Risk–20 (SVR-20). Interrater reliability was moderate to excellent, and predictive accuracy for various types of recidivism was rather small to moderate. There was a clear negative relationship between the SAPROF and the SVR-20 risk factors. Whereas the SAPROF revealed itself as a significant predictor for various recidivism categories, it did not add any predictive value beyond the SVR-20. Although the SAPROF itself can predict desistance from recidivism, it seems to contribute to the risk assessment in convicted sexual offenders only to a limited extent, once customary risk assessment tools have been applied. Implications for clinical use and further studies are discussed.

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Soldino, Virginia, and Enrique José Carbonell-Vayá. "Effect of treatment on sex offenders’ recidivism: a meta-analysis." Anales de Psicología 33, no. 3 (July 21, 2017): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.267961.

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This meta-analysis has the aim of measuring the effect of treatment on sex offenders. After a systematic review of the recent literature, seventeen studies were selected, containing a total sample of 6,681 sex offenders. The rates of sexual recidivism (13.12% vs. 17.94%), violent ─including sexual─ (25.5% vs. 29.1%) and general ─any type of recidivism─ (46.53% vs. 52.41%) of treated offenders were less than those of the control groups. The effectiveness of the treatment was clear in reducing the rates of sexual (OR = .69; p < .05) and general (OR = .66; p < .05) recidivism of the subjects treated, but not the rates of violent recidivism. This results demonstrated the abilty of psychological treatments for reducing the risk of sexual and general recidivism of sex offenders. However, the interpretation of such results requires caution, given that an independent analysis of the studies of a good methodological quality did not show significant effects of treatment. The need for new and better comparison studies to assess treatment effect is clear, especially in Europe.

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Zgoba, Kristen M., Wesley G. Jennings, and Laura M. Salerno. "Megan’s Law 20 Years Later: An Empirical Analysis and Policy Review." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 7 (May 17, 2018): 1028–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818771409.

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This present study examines the sexual and general recidivism rates of 547 convicted sex offenders released before and after the enactment of Megan’s Law in New Jersey. Presenting the longest Megan’s Law evaluation, participants were followed for an average of 15 years after release (range = 10-29 years). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression equations were estimated to identify covariates significantly associated with both sexual and general recidivism. Group-based trajectories of general recidivism within the 10 years post–prison release were also estimated and compared according to pre–Megan’s Law and post–Megan’s Law release status. No differences in recidivism rates were noted between the cohorts, but differences emerged in the offending trajectories of the high-risk group of offenders within 10 years of release. These results highlight the lack of impact that sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws have on sexual and general reoffending rates postrelease.

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Beaudry-Cyr, Maude, Wesley G. Jennings, Kristen M. Zgoba, and Richard Tewksbury. "Examining the Continuity of Juvenile Sex Offending Into Adulthood and Subsequent Patterns of Sex and General Recidivism." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15594442.

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Current sex offending legislation and public opinion present an image of sexual offenders as specialized predators who are likely to exhibit continued sexually deviant behavior over the life-course. Although sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has been independently assessed in prior research, the potential link between sex offending continuity and post-release recidivism has yet to be investigated. Using data collected at two different time points from a sample of sex offenders who served a prison sentence for an adult sex offense, the present study examines the prevalence of sex offending continuity, and its potential linkages with subsequent sex and general recidivism as well as identifying risk factors related to these outcomes. The multivariate results indicate a low rate of sex offending continuity in general but suggest the presence of identifiable risk factors that predict sex offending continuity. Specifically, non-sexual juvenile offending is the most notable of the numerous risk factors found to be associated with those displaying sex offending continuity from adolescence into adulthood. Subsequent analyses also reveal a significant association between sex offending continuity and sexual recidivism but not general recidivism. Policy implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.

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Stephens, Skye, Michael C. Seto, Alasdair M. Goodwill, and James M. Cantor. "The Relationships Between Victim Age, Gender, and Relationship Polymorphism and Sexual Recidivism." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 2 (February 19, 2016): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216630983.

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Victim choice polymorphism refers to victim inconsistency in a series of offenses by the same perpetrator, such as in the domains of victim age, victim gender, and victim–offender relationship. Past studies have found that victim age polymorphic offenders have higher rates of sexual recidivism than offenders against adults only and offenders against children only. Few studies, however, have examined gender and relationship polymorphism, or accounted for the impact of the number of past victims. The present study analyzed the relationship between polymorphism and sexual recidivism, while controlling for the number of victims. The sample consisted of 751 male adult sexual offenders followed for an average of 10 years, 311 of whom were polymorphic (41% of the total sample). The main finding suggested that there was an association between sexual recidivism and age and relationship polymorphism; however, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for the number of victims.

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McGrath, Robert J., Georgia Cumming, Joy A. Livingston, and Stephen E. Hoke. "Outcome of a Treatment Program for Adult Sex Offenders." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260502238537.

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This study examined the recidivism rates of 195 adult male sex offenders who were referred to a prison-based cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Of this sample, 56 participants completed treatment, 49 entered but did not complete treatment, and 90 refused treatment services. Although participants were not randomly assigned to treatment conditions, there were no between-group differences on participants’ pre-treatment risk for sexual recidivism as appraised on two actuarial risk measures, the RRASOR and Static-99. Over a mean follow-up period of almost 6 years, the sexual reoffense rate for the completed-treatment group was 5.4% versus 30.6% for the some-treatment and 30.0% for the no-treatment groups. Lower sexual recidivism rates were also found among those participants who received aftercare treatment and correctional supervision services in the community.

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Bonnar-Kidd, Kelly K. "Sexual Offender Laws and Prevention of Sexual Violence or Recidivism." American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 3 (March 2010): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.153254.

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Chu, Chi Meng, Kynaston Ng, June Fong, and Jennifer Teoh. "Assessing Youth Who Sexually Offended." Sexual Abuse 24, no. 2 (August 8, 2011): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063211404250.

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Recent research suggested that the predictive validity of adult sexual offender risk assessment measures can be affected when used cross-culturally, but there is no published study on the predictive validity of risk assessment measures for youth who sexually offended in a non-Western context. This study compared the predictive validity of three youth risk assessment measures (i.e., the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism [ERASOR], the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II [J-SOAP-II], and the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory [YLS/CMI]) for sexual and nonviolent recidivism in a sample of 104 male youth who sexually offended within a Singaporean context ( Mfollow-up = 1,637 days; SDfollow-up = 491). Results showed that the ERASOR overall clinical rating and total score significantly predicted sexual recidivism but only the former significantly predicted time to sexual reoffense. All of the measures (i.e., the ERASOR overall clinical rating and total score, the J-SOAP-II total score, as well as the YLS/CMI) significantly predicted nonsexual recidivism and time to nonsexual reoffense for this sample of youth who sexually offended. Overall, the results suggest that the ERASOR appears to be suited for assessing youth who sexually offended in a non-Western context, but the J-SOAP-II and the YLS/CMI have limited utility for such a purpose.

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Eke, Angela W., L. Maaike Helmus, and Michael C. Seto. "A Validation Study of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT)." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 456–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218762434.

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The Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) is a seven-item structured tool to assess the likelihood of future sexual offending over a 5-year fixed follow-up. The current study examined 5-year fixed follow-up data (15% any new sexual offense, 9% any new child pornography offense) for a validation sample of 80 men convicted of child pornography offense(s). Although statistical power was low, results were comparable with the development sample: The CPORT had slightly lower predictive accuracy for sexual recidivism for the overall group (area under the curve [AUC] = .70 vs. .74), but these values were not significantly different. Combining the development and validation samples, the CPORT predicted any sexual recidivism (AUC = .72) and child pornography recidivism specifically (AUC = .74), with similar accuracies. CPORT was also significantly predictive of these outcomes for the child pornography offenders with no known contact offenses. Strengths and weaknesses of incorporating CPORT into applied risk assessments are discussed.

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Wijetunga, Charity, Ricardo Martinez, Barry Rosenfeld, and Keith Cruise. "The Influence of Age and Sexual Drive on the Predictive Validity of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–Revised." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16650681.

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The Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol–Revised (J-SOAP-II) is the most commonly used measure in the assessment of recidivism risk among juveniles who have committed sexual offenses (JSOs), but mixed support exists for its predictive validity. This study compared the predictive validity of the J-SOAP-II across two offender characteristics, age and sexual drive, in a sample of 156 JSOs who had been discharged from a correctional facility or a residential treatment program. The J-SOAP-II appeared to be a better predictor of sexual recidivism for younger JSOs (14-16 years old) than for older ones (17-19 years old), with significant differences found for the Dynamic Summary Scale and Scale III (Intervention). In addition, several of the measure’s scales significantly predicted sexual recidivism for JSOs with a clear pattern of sexualized behavior but not for those without such a pattern, indicating that the J-SOAP-II may have greater clinical utility for JSOs with heightened sexual drive. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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Brouillette-Alarie, Sébastien, Jean Proulx, and R. Karl Hanson. "Three Central Dimensions of Sexual Recidivism Risk: Understanding the Latent Constructs of Static-99R and Static-2002R." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 6 (February 9, 2017): 676–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217691965.

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The most commonly used risk assessment tools for predicting sexual violence focus almost exclusively on static, historical factors. Consequently, they are assumed to be unable to directly inform the selection of treatment targets, or evaluate change. However, researchers using latent variable models have identified three dimensions in static actuarial scales for sexual offenders: Sexual Criminality, General Criminality, and a third dimension centered on young age and aggression to strangers. In the current study, we examined the convergent and predictive validity of these dimensions, using psychological features of the offender (e.g., antisocial traits, hypersexuality) and recidivism outcomes. Results indicated that (a) Sexual Criminality was related to dysregulation of sexuality toward atypical objects, without intent to harm; (b) General Criminality was related to antisocial traits; and (c) Youthful Stranger Aggression was related to a clear intent to harm the victim. All three dimensions predicted sexual recidivism, although only General Criminality and Youthful Stranger Aggression predicted nonsexual recidivism. These results indicate that risk tools for sexual violence are multidimensional, and support a shift from an exclusive focus on total scores to consideration of subscales measuring psychologically meaningful constructs.

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LÅngström, Niklas, Gabrielle Sjöstedt, and Martin Grann. "Psychiatric Disorders and Recidivism in Sexual Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16, no. 2 (April 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600204.

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Thornton, David. "Age and Sexual Recidivism: A Variable Connection." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 18, no. 2 (April 2006): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320601800202.

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Nunes, Kevin L., R. Karl Hanson, Philip Firestone, Heather M. Moulden, David M. Greenberg, and John M. Bradford. "Denial Predicts Recidivism for Some Sexual Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 19, no. 2 (June 2007): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320701900202.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual recidivism'

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