Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual orientation bias'
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Briones-Robinson, Rhissa, Ràchael A. Powers, and Kelly M. Socia. "Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816660583.
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LGBT hate crimes are typically more violent and involve greater victim injury as compared to other victimizations, but they are substantially underreported. Victim reluctance to contact law enforcement may arise from perceptions of police bias. This study explores victim–police interactions, specifically reporting to the police, perceived police bias among victims who did not report, and differential police behavior among victims who reported. Using multiple years of National Crime Victimization Survey data, sexual orientation bias victimizations are compared with other forms of victimization. Logit regression models are examined before and after the Matthew Shepard Act. The pattern of results indicate that in the years following progressive policy reforms, LGBT bias victims continue to perceive the police as biased. Results do not significantly differ between sexual orientation bias victims and victims of other types of crime regarding police reporting and differential police response. Implications for policing efforts with the LGBT community are discussed.
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Steffens, Melanie C., Sören Landmann, and Silvia Mecklenbräuker. "Participant Sexual Orientation Matters." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 5 (June 1, 2013): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000209.
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Research participants’ sexual orientation is not consistently taken into account in experimental psychological research. We argue that it should be in any research related to participant or target gender. Corroborating this argument, an example study is presented on the gender bias in face recognition, the finding that women correctly recognize more female than male faces. In contrast, findings with male participants have been inconclusive. An online experiment (N = 1,147) was carried out, on purpose over-sampling lesbian and gay participants. Findings demonstrate that the pro-female gender bias in face recognition is modified by male participants’ sexual orientation. Heterosexual women and lesbians as well as heterosexual men showed a pro-female gender bias in face recognition, whereas gay men showed a pro-male gender bias, consistent with the explanation that differences in face expertise develop congruent with interests. These results contribute to the growing evidence that participant sexual orientation can be used to distinguish between alternative theoretical explanations of given gender-correlated patterns of findings.
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Stacey, Michele. "Distinctive Characteristics of Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 15 (December 13, 2010): 3013–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260510390950.
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Richmond, Tracy K., Courtney E. Walls, and S. Bryn Austin. "Sexual Orientation and Bias in Self‐Reported BMI." Obesity 20, no. 8 (August 2012): 1703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.9.
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Li, Gu. "Discussion paper: On the measurement of sexual orientation." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 101 (December 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2016.1.101.20.
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Whereas the concept of sexual orientation is no stranger to lay people, its measurement poses challenges to researchers. Self-report measures can be readily incorporated into large-scale surveys but is subject to self-report bias. Automatic measures may reduce self-report bias yet the findings are dependent on sample representativeness. Measures that overcome these shortcomings may bring fresh insight into studies of sexual orientation.
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Dunbar, Edward. "Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.3.323.
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This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.
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Liddle, Becky J. "Coming Out in Class: Disclosure of Sexual Orientation and Teaching Evaluations." Teaching of Psychology 24, no. 1 (February 1997): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009862839702400108.
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A lesbian assistant professor of counseling psychology disclosed her sexual orientation during lectures to 2 sections of an undergraduate course and did not disclose in 2 comparable sections of the same course. Group differences in means and variances of teaching evaluations were examined for possible student bias. No evidence of sexual orientation bias was found.
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Drydakis, Nick. "Sexual orientation discrimination in the Cypriot labour market. Distastes or uncertainty?" International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 720–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2012-0026.
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Purpose – Sexual orientation and employment bias is examined in Cyprus by implementing an experiment for the period 2010-2011. The design is aimed at answering three main questions. Do gay males and lesbians face occupational access constraints and entry wage bias than comparable heterosexuals? Do gay males and lesbians benefit from providing more job-related information? Does the differential treatment between gay male/lesbian and heterosexual applicants disappear as the information of the applicants increases? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The author sent applications to advertised vacancies and experimented with two information sets the “sexual orientation” and “information” of the potential applicants. Findings – The estimations suggest that gay male and lesbian applicants face significant bias than heterosexual applicants. Moreover, both heterosexual and gay male/lesbian applicants gain by providing more job-related information. However, the estimations suggest that the informational premium for sexual orientation minorities could not reduce the discriminatory patterns. Practical implications – The current results indicate that discrimination against sexual orientation minorities in the Cypriot labour market is a matter of preference, not the result of limited information. One strategy the Cypriot government may employ is to try to affect public opinion and people's attitudes towards sexual orientation minorities. Originality/value – This is the first nationwide field experiment in the Cypriot labour market and contributes to the literature as it is the first field study on sexual orientation which tries to disentangle statistical from taste-based discrimination in the labour market.
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Blandford, John M. "The Nexus of Sexual Orientation and Gender in the Determination of Earnings." ILR Review 56, no. 4 (July 2003): 622–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390305600405.
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This analysis of 1989–96 General Social Survey data reveals how sexual orientation and gender jointly influence earnings outcomes. Gay and bisexual men experienced a 30–32% income disadvantage relative to heterosexual peers, while lesbian and bisexual women enjoyed a wage premium of 17–23%. The disparate earnings effects of sexual orientation across genders suggest that workplace discrimination may be only one factor accounting for measured wage differentials associated with sexual orientation. These findings qualify pioneering work on the subject that indicated that wage differentials were attributable largely to employer bias. A further analysis that distinguishes the separate effects of gender, marital status, and sexual orientation suggests that differentials long attributed to marital status may in part reflect previously unobserved effects of sexual orientation.
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Nelson, Robert L., Ioana Sendroiu, Ronit Dinovitzer, and Meghan Dawe. "Perceiving Discrimination: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in the Legal Workplace." Law & Social Inquiry 44, no. 04 (June 25, 2019): 1051–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.4.
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Using quantitative and qualitative data from a large national sample of lawyers, we examine self-reports of perceived discrimination in the legal workplace. Across three waves of surveys, we find that persons of color, white women, and LGBTQ attorneys are far more likely to perceive they have been a target of discrimination than white men. These differences hold in multivariate models that control for social background, status in the profession and the work organization, and characteristics of the work organization. Qualitative comments describing these experiences reveal that lawyers of different races, genders, and sexual orientations are exposed to distinctive types of bias, that supervisors and clients are the most frequent sources of discriminatory treatment, and the often-overt character of perceived discrimination. These self-reports suggest that bias in the legal workplace is widespread and rooted in the same hierarchies of race, gender, and sexual orientation that pervade society.
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Stotzer, Rebecca L. "Youth Involvement in Anti-Gay and Anti-Lesbian Bias Crimes." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00021.
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There is currently little information available about youth who commit bias crimes. This article contributes to the literature by highlighting the similarities and differences between sexual orientation-motivated bias crimes committed by adult and youth suspects. Among 894 reported sexual orientation-motivated incidents in Los Angeles County between 2002 and 2008, this study found that, when compared to adult suspects, youth suspects were more likely to target other youths, were more likely to be in mixed-gender groups, were less likely to commit crimes against person, and were most likely to be reported as committing the crime at school. These preliminary findings highlight the need for additional research into bias-motivation among youth and to clarify the links between bullying and bias crimes.
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Meneguzzo, Paolo, Enrico Collantoni, Valentina Meregalli, Angela Favaro, and Elena Tenconi. "Addressing Weight Bias in the Cisgender Population: Differences between Sexual Orientations." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091735.
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(1) Background: Weight bias (WB) is an implicit psychological construct that can influence attitudes, beliefs, body experience, and evaluation of specific psychopathology relationships. Sexual orientation has played a crucial role in developing and maintaining psychiatric conditions linked to body evaluation, but few studies have evaluated possible connected biases. Thus, the paper aims to assess potential relationships between sexual orientation and WB, looking at potential roles in specific psychopathology; (2) Methods: A total of 836 cisgender subjects participated in an online survey, aged between 18 and 42 years old. Two specific aspects of WB were evaluated with validated scales about beliefs about obese people and fat phobia. Demographic variables, as well as depression and eating concerns were evaluated; (3) Results: Gay men and bisexual women showed higher levels of fat phobia, depression, and eating concerns. Regression analysis showed that sexual orientation significantly predicted fat phobia (p < 0.001) and beliefs about obese people (p = 0.014); (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the vulnerability of gay men and bisexual women to cognitive bias about their own bodies, showing a potential vulnerability about body and weight concerns.
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Dorland, Jeanne M., and Ann R. Fischer. "Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Individuals’ Perceptions." Counseling Psychologist 29, no. 4 (July 2001): 532–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000001294004.
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One hundred twenty-six participants who self-identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual read a vignette of an intake counseling interview. Half of the participants read a vignette that contained heterosexist language, and the other group reviewed a vignette that was free of heterosexist language bias. The authors hypothesized that the heterosexist bias-free group would (a) perceive and rate the counselor more positively, (b) express a higher likelihood of returning to see the counselor, (c) express greater willingness to disclose personal information to the counselor, and (d) express greater comfort in disclosing sexual orientation to the counselor than would the group that reviewed the vignette with heterosexist bias. Results were consistent with all four hypotheses, with the largest effects occurring for utilization intent and for comfort disclosing sexual orientation.
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Colombo, M., C. Baietto, D. Bechis, and S. Viola. "Adolescence Sexual Orientation: Comparison between Two Case Reports." Klinička psihologija 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-kp-op-0033.
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Objective: According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation “refers to a stable pattern of emotional, romantic and / or sexual appeal towards men, women, or both sexes.’ The sexual orientation is the result of a complex interaction of environmental and cultural factors, as well as biological elements. Literature confirms that adolescents with homosexual and bisexual orientations have a higher levels of psychological distress (including depression and suicide) than other adolescents. This epidemiological pattern is largely due to the interpersonal problems that sexual minorities experience at home and at school. Design and Method: We describe and compare two young girls who came to our clinic. Results: parents of the first girl (J, 15 years old) asked for help for her homosexual relationship, that they didn’t accept. During the therapy she also had a heterosexual relationship. She suffered of eating disorders and self- injures. Parents are freezing, father sometimes is aggressive. Her homosexual relationship could be a reaction to a negative man’s image. The second girl (E, 16 years old) had a typical gender identity and had a heterosexual relationship. Now she doesn’t feel ease in her female body, she would transit to the other sex and she’s living a homosexual experience. Conclusions: therapy’s aim is to help them not to feel alone in this difficult travel, helping teenagers to integrate their sexual orientation in their own personality, developing a positive self-image, return them the possibility of stand in uncertainty and overcoming any forms of bias present in the society.
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Burch, Annlee. "Health Care Providers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-efficacy for Working With Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Who Have Diverse Sexual Orientations." Physical Therapy 88, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060188.
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Background and Purpose This study, using an evaluative, cross-sectional design, explored the self-efficacy, knowledge, and attitudes of health care providers who treat people with spinal cord injury (SCI) who may be gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (GLBT). The study also designed and implemented a diversity training program and measured its effect on participants’ perceptions of their ability to change their knowledge levels, attitudes, and self-efficacy with regard to sexual orientation diversity. Subjects and Methods Health care professionals (N=402) participated in a diversity training program that included a pre-briefing questionnaire, a videotape, a post-briefing questionnaire, and discussion. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were performed on all variables of interest. Results The majority of the participants reported low levels of knowledge, attitudes of tolerance versus respect, and 0% to 20% confidence levels for providing culturally sensitive services for patients with diverse sexual orientations. Three hundred seventeen participants strongly agreed that watching the videotape increased their confidence levels in providing services for people who may be GLBT. Discussion and Conclusion Health care providers who treat people with SCI self-report low levels of knowledge, tolerance versus respect, and low levels of self-efficacy with regard to sexual orientation diversity. If a health care provider has a low level of knowledge, tolerance versus respect, and a low level of diversity self-efficacy toward others, there may be direct physical and mental health consequences for the patient. A limitation of the study was that social desirability bias may have increased the number of participants who reported increased levels of self-efficacy following the videotape. Further research is recommended (1) to determine whether current diversity training for health care professionals includes diversity of sexual orientation and (2) to examine the knowledge levels, attitudes, and self-efficacy of health care professionals with regard to sexual orientation diversity while attempting to control for social desirability bias in participants’ responses.
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LIDDLE, BECKY J. "Sexual Orientation Bias Among Advanced Graduate Students of Counseling and Counseling Psychology." Counselor Education and Supervision 34, no. 4 (June 1995): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1995.tb00198.x.
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Stacey, Michele. "Adapting Minority Group Threat to Examine the Social Control of Sexual Orientation Bias." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 20 (February 24, 2016): 3079–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516633687.
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Blalock proposed that the threat of a minority group toward a majority in sheer size, economic competition, or power will result in an increase in discrimination toward that group. His original formulation of this theory of minority group threat, and its subsequent extensions, has focused almost exclusively on racial minority–majority relationships; however, Blalock asserted that his theory would apply to any minority–majority group relationship. Extensions to religious groups have shown this is likely the case. The current analysis assesses a further extension of minority group threat by reframing the arguments of the theory and adding two additional sources of threat to examine sexual orientation bias. Data from the Uniform Crime Reports Hate Crime Statistics program are used to assess whether the minority group threat hypotheses explain the reporting of sexual orientation bias crimes. The findings indicate that the original formulation of Blalock’s theory does not suffice to explain the reporting of anti–Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual bias crime, but the proposed extensions may explain some of this variation.
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Parker, Myra, Bonnie Duran, and Karina Walters. "The Relationship Between Bias-Related Victimization and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among American Indian and Alaska Native Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Two-Spirit Community Members." International Journal of Indigenous Health 12, no. 2 (September 20, 2017): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijih122201717785.
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, two-spirit, and American Indian and Alaska Native community members share long histories of discrimination and poorer health status as compared to mainstream Americans. In particular, these groups experience bias-related victimization, a type of discrimination based on inherent traits such as race or ethnicity and sexual orientation. This cross-sectional study (N = 334) used a revised bias-related victimization measure and examined the relationship between self-reported bias-related victimization and generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and substance abuse among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and two-spirit American Indians and Alaska Natives. The results showed that 84.4% reported experiencing bias-related victimization. Those with the highest levels of bias-related victimization had 2.79 times (p = .009; 95% CI [1.30, 6.02]) the risk of reporting symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder as compared to those with no bias-related victimization, controlling for income, education, sex, age, sexual orientation, and chronic disease. There was no significant relationship between bias-related victimization and major depression or substance dependence/abuse. Our results support a potential relationship between bias-related victimization and generalized anxiety disorder for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and two-spirit American Indians and Alaska Natives. Including diverse populations in research is essential to a better understanding of the impact on health outcomes. Inclusion of bias-related victimization questions in clinical treatment may help identify at-risk patients.
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Nadler, Joel T., Meghan R. Lowery, Jeff Grebinoski, and Robert G. Jones. "Aversive discrimination in employment interviews: Reducing effects of sexual orientation bias with accountability." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1, no. 4 (December 2014): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000079.
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Ogungbe, Oluwabunmi, Amal K. Mitra, and Joni K. Roberts. "A systematic review of implicit bias in health care: A call for intersectionality." IMC Journal of Medical Science 13, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42050.
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Background and objectives: Health disparities are a growing concern in health care. Research provides ample evidence of bias in patient care and mistrust between patient and providers in ways that could perpetuate health care disparities. This study aimed to review existing literature on implicit bias (or unconscious bias) in healthcare settings and determine studies that have considered adverse effects of bias of more than one domain of social identity (e.g., race and gender bias) in health care.
Methods: This is a systematic review of articles using databases such as EBSCO, Embase, CINAHL, COCHRANE, Google Scholar, PsychINFO, Pub Med, and Web of Science. Search terms included implicit bias, unconscious bias, healthcare, and public health. The inclusion criteria included studies that assessed implicit bias in a healthcare setting, written in English, and published from 1997-2018.
Results: Thirty-five articles met the selection criteria – 15 of which examined race implicit bias, ten examined weight bias, four assessed race and social class, two examined sexual orientation, two focused on mental illness, one measured race and sexual orientation, and another investigated age bias.
Conclusions: Studies that measured more than one domain of social identity of an individual did so separately without investigating how the domains overlapped. Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a widely used psychological test which is used to determine existence of an implicit bias in an individual. However, this study did not find any use of an instrument that could assess implicit bias toward multiple domains of social identities. Because of possible multiplicative effects of several biases affecting a single entity, this study suggests the importance of developing a tool in measuring intersectionality of biases.
IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 005
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Lick, David J., and Kerri L. Johnson. "Straight until proven gay: A systematic bias toward straight categorizations in sexual orientation judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 6 (June 2016): 801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000052.
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Gorsuch, Marina Mileo. "Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Behavioral Norms in the Labor Market." ILR Review 72, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 927–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919832273.
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The author examines bias and behavioral norms based on sex and sexual orientation in the labor market. Using an online laboratory setting, participants were asked to evaluate résumés that were manipulated on sex, perceived LGBT status, and use of traditionally masculine or feminine adjectives. Findings show that male participants penalized résumés that included an LGBT activity, and the penalty was slightly stronger for male résumés. Additionally, men evaluated non-LGBT women who used feminine adjectives more positively than when they used masculine adjectives. Résumés of women with the LGBT activity and men were both immune to this effect. This outcome suggests that perceived-heterosexual women are discouraged from masculine behavior that would be rewarded in the labor market, whereas perceived-LGBT women are not. Men who had the strongest reaction to perceived-heterosexual women using masculine adjectives also had the strongest negative reaction to résumés with an LGBT activity. This pattern suggests that male decision makers are biased in ways that harm LGBT men, LGBT women, and heterosexual women in the labor market.
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Tran, Nguyen, Neal Goldstein, and Seth Welles. "Bias Adjustment Techniques Are Underutilized in HIV Sexual Risk Estimation: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081696.
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Background: Valid measurement of determinants of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) is critical for intervention planning and resource allocation. However, sexual minority research concerning HIV risk often relies on proxy exposures of sexual behaviors such as sexual orientation and partner gender. Inferring high risk sexual behaviors (i.e., condomless anal intercourse) from these proxies inaccurately captures HIV risk, but few studies have attempted to correct for this bias. Methods: We performed a systematic review of methodological practices for estimating risk of HIV infection among MSM. Results: We identified 32 studies in which high risk sexual behavior was assessed: 82% (n = 26) measured and used sexual risk behaviors (e.g., condomless anal intercourse or sexual positioning) to assess risk of HIV infection; 9% (n = 3) used proxy measures; and 9% (n = 3) used both behavior and proxy variables. Various treatments of misclassification reported by investigators included the following: 82% (n = 26) discussed misclassification of sexual behavior as a potential limitation; however, among these studies, no attempts were made to correct misclassification; 12% (n = 4) did not report exposure misclassification, and 6% (n = 2) explicitly considered this information bias and conducted a Bayesian approach to correct for misclassification. Conclusions: Our systematic review indicates that a majority of studies engaging in collecting primary data have taken additional steps to acquire detailed information regarding sexual risk behaviors. However, reliance on population-based surveys may still lead to potentially biased estimates. Thus, bias analytic techniques are potential tools to control for any suspected biases.
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Rule, Nicholas O., Keiko Ishii, Nalini Ambady, Katherine S. Rosen, and Katherine C. Hallett. "Found in Translation." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 11 (August 1, 2011): 1499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211415630.
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Across cultures, people converge in some behaviors and diverge in others. As little is known about the accuracy of judgments across cultures outside of the domain of emotion recognition, the present study investigated the influence of culture in another area: the social categorization of men’s sexual orientations. Participants from nations varying in their acceptance of homosexuality (United States, Japan, and Spain) categorized the faces of men from all three cultures significantly better than chance guessing. Moreover, categorizations of individual faces were significantly correlated among the three groups of perceivers. Americans were significantly faster and more accurate than the Japanese and Spanish perceivers. Categorization strategies (i.e., response bias) also varied such that perceivers from cultures less accepting of homosexuality were more likely to categorize targets as straight. Male sexual orientation therefore appears to be legible across cultures.
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Lee, Anthony J., Morgan J. Sidari, Sean C. Murphy, James M. Sherlock, and Brendan P. Zietsch. "Sex Differences in Misperceptions of Sexual Interest Can Be Explained by Sociosexual Orientation and Men Projecting Their Own Interest Onto Women." Psychological Science 31, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619900315.
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Sex differences in misperceptions of sexual interest have been well documented; however, it is unclear whether this cognitive bias could be explained by other factors. In the current study, 1,226 participants (586 men, 640 women) participated in a speed-dating task in which they rated their sexual interest in each other as well as the sexual interest they perceived from their partners. Consistent with previous findings, results showed that men tended to overperceive sexual interest from their partners, whereas women tended to underperceive sexual interest. However, this sex difference became negligible when we considered potential mediators, such as the raters’ sociosexual orientation and raters’ tendency to project their own levels of sexual interest onto their partners. These findings challenge the popular notion that sex differences in misperceptions of sexual interest have evolved as a specialized adaptation to different selection pressures in men and women.
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Sloan, Colleen A., Danielle S. Berke, and Amos Zeichner. "Bias-motivated Aggression against Men: Gender Expression and Sexual Orientation as Risk Factors for Victimization." Sex Roles 72, no. 3-4 (December 23, 2014): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0443-z.
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Zahler, Lisa, Milena Meyers, Marcella L. Woud, Simon E. Blackwell, Jürgen Margraf, and Julia Velten. "Using Three Indirect Measures to Assess the Role of Sexuality-Related Associations and Interpretations for Women’s Sexual Desire: An Internet-Based Experimental Study." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 2471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01897-3.
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AbstractTheoretical models emphasize the role of both automatic appraisals (i.e., associations) and conscious appraisals (i.e., interpretations) for sexual desire. Studies on sexuality-related appraisals have not combined self-report measures and experimental paradigms in order to compare the relevance of associations or interpretations. The aim of this study was to assess the relative contribution of both associations and interpretations to the explanation of low sexual desire in women. Toward this goal, indirect measures assessing associations (via a Single Target Implicit Association Test [STIAT]) and interpretations (via a Scrambled Sentences Test [SST] and a scenario task) were administered in a sample of 263 women (Mage = 27.90, SD 8.27) with varying levels of sexual desire and different sexual orientations (exclusively heterosexual women: 54.6%). Negative sexuality-related interpretations as assessed with two variants of the SST as well as the scenario task added to the explanation of lower sexual desire in women. Negative associations as measured with the STIAT were predictive of lower sexual desire only in women who did not indicate an exclusively heterosexual orientation. In this study, sexuality-related interpretations were more relevant to women’s sexual desire than automatic associations. Future studies should assess the causal mechanism underlying sexuality-related interpretations (e.g., by evaluating whether these can be changed via cognitive bias modification techniques or psychological treatments).
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White, Thomas E., and Tanya Latty. "Flies improve the salience of iridescent sexual signals by orienting toward the sun." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 6 (October 14, 2020): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa098.
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Abstract Sunlight is the ultimate source of most visual signals. Theory predicts strong selection for its effective use during communication, with functional links between signal designs and display behaviors a likely result. This is particularly true for iridescent structural colors, whose moment-to-moment appearance bears a heightened sensitivity to the position of signalers, receivers, and the sun. Here, we experimentally tested this prediction using Lispe cana, a muscid fly in which males present their structurally colored faces and wings to females during ground-based sexual displays. In field-based assays, we found that males actively bias the orientation of their displays toward the solar azimuth under conditions of full sunlight and do so across the entire day. This bias breaks down, however, when the sun is naturally concealed by heavy cloud or experimentally obscured. Our modeling of the appearance of male signals revealed clear benefits for the salience of male ornaments, with a roughly 4-fold increase in subjective luminance achievable through accurate display orientation. These findings offer fine-scale, causal evidence for the active control of sexual displays to enhance the appearance of iridescent signals. More broadly, they speak to predicted coevolution between dynamic signal designs and presentation behaviors, and support arguments for a richer appreciation of the fluidity of visual communication.
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Russell, Jared A., Sheri Brock, and Mary E. Rudisill. "Recognizing the Impact of Bias in Faculty Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement Processes." Kinesiology Review 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2019-0043.
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Bias, an automatic—usually unconscious and unintentional—inclination, preference, or favoring of an individual or group over another, is an inherent aspect of an individual’s academic leadership and decision-making processes. Bias alone is not a detriment to building an inclusive and supportive environment for faculty. However, oftentimes an academic unit leader’s biases result in the justification, rationalization, and facilitation of exclusionary processes and practices toward faculty, particularly those from diverse and underrepresented backgrounds. This article discusses the impact of bias, specifically implicit bias, on academic leadership. Moreover, the impact of a leader’s biases toward diversity attributes (e.g., gender, sexual orientation/affinity, age, ethnicity, race) of faculty are highlighted. Specifically, key areas of academic leadership are explored: faculty recruitment (hiring), retention (evaluation), and advancement (promotion and tenure). Recommendations, promising practices, and strategies for minimizing the impact of implicit bias are provided.
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Wilson, Jacqueline K. "Unfolding Knowledge on Sexual Violence Experienced by Black Lesbian Survivors in the Townships of Cape Town, South Africa." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i1.p7-15.
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Sexual violence is conceptualised as a hate or bias-motivated crime, and is recognised as a social problem of global proportion. However, the platform for this paper focuses on incidents of rape in South Africa, a country where the most progressive legislation concerning sexual minorities is enforced, including gender non-conforming people namely Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex (LGBTI). South Africa still must address rape inflicted on black lesbians residing in Cape Town townships, despite gender equality being granted in on the basis of sexual orientation (Silvio, 2011). The same applies to same sex marriages, making South Africa the role model of other African countries yet to be included in the signatory to the 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. An alternative concept to categorising rape as a hate crime might be a more effective tool in the legislation to combat rape based on sexual orientation; justice will be served as a female homosexual enjoys equal citizenship as that of a heterosexual citizen. Preliminary findings show that some rape victims became mothers as a result of the rape. Rape victims discuss conception due to corrective rape and how this affects the mother-child relationship. Feedback from victims include coping mechanisms from religious beliefs to alcohol abuse. None of the rape-survivors interviewed in this study contracted HIV/AIDS as a consequence of the rape.
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Quinn, Gwendolyn P., Mandi L. Pratt-Chapman, Steve C. Meersman, Shine Chang, Charles Stewart Kamen, Shail Maingi, Janette K. Merrill, and Matthew B. Schabath. "Barriers and facilitators to sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data collection." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18520-e18520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18520.
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e18520 Background: Lack of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data collection is a barrier to inclusion of sexual and gender minority (SGM) patients in oncology. ASCO, NIH, and other groups have called for collection of SOGI data and documentation of SGM health disparities as a priority for clinical care and research. However, SOGI data are not routinely collected in most cancer care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine perceived barriers and facilitators to SOGI data collection among oncology professionals and researchers. Methods: An anonymous 54-item web-based survey was distributed to ASCO members which included two opened-ended items on barriers and facilitators to SOGI data collection. The survey was also promoted on listservs (Association of Community Cancer Centers, Association of Oncology Social Workers) and social media (e.g., Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook professional groups). Responses to the open–ended items (n = 152) were coded by three coders using content analysis and constant comparison methods. Inter-rater reliability was 0.95. Results: The majority of respondents noted individual and organizational barriers to collecting SOGI data, including Culture (no support, expressed value or awareness of need from institution); Electronic Health Record (no location for SOGI or workflow challenges); Provider Discomfort (lack of knowledge on how/why to collect SOGI data, concerns about expressed bias); Patient Discomfort (privacy concerns, mistrust, refusal); Lack of Training or Resources; and Time (insufficient time to collect). Facilitators included a need for Protocols (intake process, patient-initiated disclosure); Training (how to collect and what to do with data); Culture change (institutional and/or provider priority); and improving Community Trust (patient trust, particularly in conservative areas of the country). A few respondents were concerned about patient safety in disclosure and some respondents noted culture change would require more representation of SGM staff and “safe spaces” in oncology settings. Three respondents made negatively biased comments about SGM patients. Conclusions: Overall, specific feedback from oncology providers identified barriers to SOGI data collection and suggested facilitators to resolve them, although not all respondents expressed value for SOGI data collection. Conservative culture and lack of leadership prioritization were cultural barriers; culture change (organizational and social) was noted as a potential facilitator for SOGI data collection. While workflow challenges and lack of a place to document SOGI in the EHR were barriers, protocols for documentation and patient-led disclosure were suggested facilitators. The study supports the need for leadership, processes, structured data fields, implicit bias and cultural humility training, and reduction of stigma to respond to the ASCO and NIH call to action.
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Simoni, Jane M. "Confronting Heterosexism in the Teaching of Psychology." Teaching of Psychology 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2304_3.
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Psychology is not immune from the biases of its cultural context, including the devaluation of homosexuality. Historically, the profession has pathologized nonheterosexual orientations and failed to cultivate an appreciation of and sensitivity toward diversity in sexual orientation. Part of the instructor's role is to challenge prevailing heterosexist assumptions and provide accurate information about the psychology of lesbians and gay men. This article presents a rationale for making the psychology curriculum more inclusive of lesbian and gay male issues. Results are presented from a survey of current psychology textbooks that indicate inadequate coverage and segregated treatment of the topic of homosexuality. Finally, suggestions are provided to instructors for expanding coverage of lesbian and gay male psychological issues and avoiding heterosexist bias.
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Escobar-Viera, César G., Ariel Shensa, Jaime Sidani, Brian Primack, and Michael P. Marshal. "Association Between LGB Sexual Orientation and Depression Mediated by Negative Social Media Experiences: National Survey Study of US Young Adults." JMIR Mental Health 7, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e23520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23520.
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Background Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons are disproportionately affected by depression and have high social media use rates. Negative social media experiences may modify depressive symptoms among LGB persons. We sought to assess the potential influence of negative social media experiences on the association between LGB orientation and depression. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the potential influence of negative social media experiences on the association between LGB orientation and depression. Methods We performed a web-based survey of a national sample of US young adults aged 18-30 years. We assessed the respondents’ LGB orientation, negative social media experiences, and depression using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. We used generalized structural equation modeling to assess both the direct and indirect effects (via negative social media experiences) of LGB orientation on depression while controlling for relevant demographic and personal characteristics. Results We found a conditional indirect effect (ab path) of LGB orientation on depressive symptoms via negative social media experience (a: observed coefficient 0.229; P<.001; bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI 0.162-0.319, and b: observed coefficient 2.158; P<.001; bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% CI 1.840-2.494). The results show that among LGB respondents, for those who reported negative social media experiences in the past year, a 1 unit increase in these experiences was associated with a 0.494 unit increase in depressive symptomatology. Conclusions Our results suggest that higher rates of depression among LGB young adults are partially explained by negative social media experiences; these results could help inform future patient/provider conversations about mental health risk and protective factors related to social media use. Reducing these experiences and increasing positive social media experiences among LGB persons may mitigate depressive symptomatology in this population.
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Petsko, Christopher D., and Galen V. Bodenhausen. "Race–Crime Congruency Effects Revisited: Do We Take Defendants' Sexual Orientation Into Account?" Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617736111.
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Decades ago, social psychologists documented a juror decision-making bias called the race–crime congruency effect: a tendency to condemn Black men more than White men for stereotypically Black crimes but to do the reverse for stereotypically White crimes. We conducted two high-powered experiments ( N = 2,520) to see whether this pattern replicates and to examine whether it is attenuated when the defendant is gay. When participants reported on what the average American juror would do (Experiment 1), we observed greater harshness toward Black defendants accused of stereotypically Black crimes but not the previously documented reversal for stereotypically White crimes. Defendant sexual orientation did not moderate this pattern. When participants reported their own judgments about the same criminal cases (Experiment 2), they expressed greater harshness toward White (vs. Black) defendants and toward heterosexual (vs. gay) defendants. These effects were not moderated by crime type. Implications for the race–crime congruency effect are discussed.
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SCHUMM, WALTER R. "CHILDREN OF HOMOSEXUALS MORE APT TO BE HOMOSEXUALS? A REPLY TO MORRISON AND TO CAMERON BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF MULTIPLE SOURCES OF DATA." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (July 20, 2010): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000325.
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SummaryTen narrative studies involving family histories of 262 children of gay fathers and lesbian mothers were evaluated statistically in response to Morrison's (2007) concerns about Cameron's (2006) research that had involved three narrative studies. Despite numerous attempts to bias the results in favour of the null hypothesis and allowing for up to 20 (of 63, 32%) coding errors, Cameron's (2006) hypothesis that gay and lesbian parents would be more likely to have gay, lesbian, bisexual or unsure (of sexual orientation) sons and daughters was confirmed. Percentages of children of gay and lesbian parents who adopted non-heterosexual identities ranged between 16% and 57%, with odds ratios of 1.7 to 12.1, depending on the mix of child and parent genders. Daughters of lesbian mothers were most likely (33% to 57%; odds ratios from 4.5 to 12.1) to report non-heterosexual identities. Data from ethnographic sources and from previous studies on gay and lesbian parenting were re-examined and found to support the hypothesis that social and parental influences may influence the expression of non-heterosexual identities and/or behaviour. Thus, evidence is presented from three different sources, contrary to most previous scientific opinion, even most previous scientific consensus, that suggests intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation can occur at statistically significant and substantial rates, especially for female parents or female children. In some analyses for sons, intergenerational transfer was not significant. Further research is needed with respect to pathways by which intergenerational transfer of sexual orientation may occur. The results confirm an evolving tendency among scholars to cite the possibility of some degree of intergenerational crossover of sexual orientation.
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Porterfield, Victoria, Marc D. Weiner, and Paul C. Siracusa. "A Diagnostic Mechanism for Assessing Respondent Burden: Sensitive Item Nonresponse Bias in Student Surveys." Journal of Assessment and Institutional Effectiveness 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jasseinsteffe.6.2.165.
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Abstract This study evaluates unit and, more narrowly, sensitive item nonresponse to surveys in the university setting. Subgroups within the responding sample of a student survey at a large, public university in the United States are probed for patterns of differential nonresponse, with a focus on assessing sensitive item nonresponse. The standout result is that international students are significantly more likely than domestic students to be sensitive to items involving sexual orientation. This result aligns with literature on cultural differences between domestic and international students in US universities. Additionally, this study found nonsignificant nonresponse to other generally accepted sensitive items.
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Palmeira, Mauricio, and Shahin Sharifi. "Minority group favoritism in service encounters." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 8 (July 6, 2020): 1937–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-03-2019-0240.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate consumer reactions to minority retail employees. The paper argues that despite the persistence of racism and homophobia in society, the vast majority of the population is strongly against these forms of discrimination. Because of the profound negativity of such behavior, the study hypothesizes that consumers will be motivated to see themselves unequivocally as individuals free of prejudice. As a result, rather than treating all people equally, the study proposes that consumers will overcompensate and exhibit favoritism toward a retail employee when the latter is a member of a minority group. Design/methodology/approach This study presents ten studies in which participants evaluated employees who were a member of a minority or majority group. Studies 1a–1d use sexual orientation to contrast reactions to majority or minority bank managers in four countries (USÀ, Germany, Italy and South Korea), whereas Studies 1e and 1f use ethnicity (White vs Black) to examine the same question (UK and Canada). Study 1g offers a single-paper meta-analysis, testing the robustness of the observed effect. Studies 2 and 3 examine the roles of political ideology and its associated values, and Study 4 examines choice of an advisor in an online, but consequential setting. Findings Across several contexts and countries, the study finds a consistent pro-minority bias in evaluations of service employees. The study show that, in the USA, this bias is prevalent among liberals, but not among conservatives. This difference in the impact of political ideology is explained by adherence to traditionalism. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates consumer reactions to gays and Blacks and do not test for consumer reactions to other minority groups. Regarding employees’ sexual orientation, the findings of this study are limited to gay men only. Practical implications To elicit favorable evaluations from customers, managers may consider the match between employees’ sexual orientation or ethnicity and consumers’ liberal beliefs. In particular, managers may want to hire people from those minority groups in areas known for their liberal values. On the other hand, the findings suggest that managers should not worry about their new recruits’ sexual orientation and ethnicity in conservative areas, because the results suggest that conservatives show no favoritism toward employees in response to their group status. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first paper in marketing investigating consumer reactions to employees who belong to minority groups. The study reports a pro-minority bias that holds across samples and countries, thereby attesting to the population validity of the hypotheses. Further, the study identifies boundary conditions of the effect of employees’ group status by identifying managerially relevant moderators (i.e. political ideology and traditionalism).
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Walters, Karina L., Pamela F. Horwath, and Jane M. Simoni. "Sexual Orientation Bias Experiences and Service Needs of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Two-Spirited American Indians." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 13, no. 1-2 (August 3, 2001): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j041v13n01_10.
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Sohr-Preston, Sara L., Holly Kliebert, Olivia Moreno, Timothy Dugas, and Dylan Zepeda. "Expectations of Male and Female Adoptive Parents of Different Marital Status and Sexual Orientation." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n3p92.
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Adults in the U.S. (undergraduate college students and adults recruited online) read vignettes about a fictional individual seeking to adopt an infant. Based on random assignment, participants read versions in which the prospective adoptive parent described was either an implied male or female and single, married to someone of the opposite sex, or married to someone of the same sex. After reading the vignettes, participants rated their expectations of the prospective parent’s ability to parent and their perceptions of the prospective parent’s personal characteristics. Female participants reported significantly (p < .05) higher expectations of general ability to parent and perceived higher responsibility, greater likeability, and less selfishness. Both sexes endorsed significantly lower anticipation of ability to parent and less responsibility when the prospective parent was designated as single or in a same-sex marriage. Same-sex prospective parents were additionally rated as significantly higher in immorality. Prospective fathers were rated as less likeable than prospective mothers and participants approved less of their plan to adopt. The authors discuss findings as relevant to bias favoring traditional families headed by a man and a woman with the wife taking the lead in the transition to parenthood.
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Collins, Amanda, and Yasmin Carter. "Are Anatomical Gift Donors Demographically Representative of the American Aging Patient Population?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2379.
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Abstract Body donation for medical education is voluntary and open to all; however, it is undetermined if the donors studied at UMass Medical School (UMMS) are demographically representative of the national patient population. If not, medical students are missing the opportunity of experiencing normal variation within the population, which may promote bias in their clinical years. This cross-sectional study compared data from the UMMS Anatomical Gift Program (AGP) with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) population data. This study examined sex, race, ethnicity, veteran status, and sexual orientation. 5 years (n=540) of AGP data and 3 waves (n=5,037) of HRS data were examined. The results demonstrate that sex differences between the AGP and HRS populations (55% for females vs. 45% for males; p=.10) are NOT significant. A significant racial difference between populations is noted (p=.000), with 98.3% of the AGP vs. 72.7% of the HRS identifying as white. Veterans are overrepresented in the AGP (22.6% AGP vs. 9.6% HRS; p=.000). 12.3% of HRS participants report Hispanic ethnicity compared to 0% in the AGP. In 2016, HRS included sexual orientation, with 92.7% of respondents identifying as heterosexual, 2.6% gay or lesbian, 1.0% bisexual and 1.3% other. No data were collected by the AGP pertaining to sexual orientation and neither database ask about gender identity. Aging populations are not represented in the anatomy labs at UMMS and likely nationally. Efforts are needed to improve this and enhance the education of the medical professionals, while expanding the end-of-life options for all community members.
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Drill, Rebecca, Johanna Malone, Meredith Flouton-Barnes, Laura Cotton, Sarah Keyes, Rachel Wasserman, Kelly Wilson, Monica Young, Holly Laws, and Jack Beinashowitz. "Inclusive language regarding gender, sexual orientation, and relationship status: the ongoing process and outcome of revising psychiatric materials." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 14, no. 6 (October 24, 2019): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-02-2018-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the barrier to care experienced by LGBTQIA+ populations by binary language for gender, sexual orientation and relationship status. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the research that shows linguistic barriers are a significant obstacle to healthcare for LGBTQIA+ communities. The authors describe both a process and revisions for addressing language bias in psychiatric intake/research research materials as well as quantify its impact in an adult psychotherapy clinic in a public hospital. Findings Patients self-identified their gender, sexual orientation and relationship status in a variety of ways when not presented with binaries and/or pre-established response choices. In addition, the non-response rate to questions decreased and the authors received positive qualitative feedback. The authors also present the revisions to the intake/research materials. Practical implications Other healthcare settings/clinicians can revise language in order to remove significant barriers to treatment and in doing so, be welcoming, non-pathologizing and empowering for LGBTQIA+ consumers of mental health services (as well as for non-LGBTQIA+ consumers who are in non-traditional relationships). Social implications This work is one step in improving healthcare and the healthcare experience for LGBTQIA+ communities and for those in non-traditional relationships. Originality/value This work is set in a public safety-net hospital providing care for underserved and diverse populations. This paper describes the process of revising psychiatric materials to be more inclusive of the range of self-identity are: gender, sexual orientation and relationship status.
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Wood-Nartker, B. Jeanneane, Jungsywan Sepanski, Joe McCrady, and Andreea Gligor. "College Students' Perceptions of Sexual Orientation and Gender Given Job Descriptions and Titles for Interior Decoration, Interior Design, and Architecture." Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, no. 3 (June 2007): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.3.1025-1026.
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To examine perceptions of design professionals, this study was designed to examine possible gender-bias based on job title and description and whether there is a relationship between the two perceptions. A respondent's sex was significantly related to perceptions of a design professional's sex. Both respondents' sex and the perceived sex of the design professional had significant effects on the perceived sexual orientation of the design professionals. Furthermore, the results also indicated that if the design professional was perceived to be male, there was a higher tendency that he would be perceived as homosexual, especially by a male respondent.
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Nelson, Christi L., and Ross Andel. "DOES SEXUAL ORIENTATION RELATE TO HEALTH AND WELL-BEING? A PROPENSITY-SCORE MATCHED ANALYSIS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1111.
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Abstract Around 2.7 million adults over the age of 50 self-identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) in the United States. Past research suggests that additional stressors caused by being a socially stigmatized minority group can have a negative effect on health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between sexual orientation and self-rated health, memory, and psychological well-being in a 1:3 propensity score-matched subsample from 2016 wave of Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative study of older adults. Each lesbian/gay/bisexual (LGB) participant (n=140) was matched with three straight participants (n=420) on age, sex, and education. The average age was 53.8 years (SD=2.3 years), 54% were men, the average education was 14.3 years (SD=2.4 years). Logistic regression results indicated that LGB participants were almost twice as likely to report ever having depression (OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.23-2.80). Conversely, LGB participants were more likely to report having better health (OR=1.47, 95% CI= 1.04-2.07) than straight participants and the two groups did not differ significantly in memory (OR=1.16, 95% CI= 0.82-1.64) from their straight counterparts. In conclusion, it is possible that the stigma due to sexual orientation plays a role in psychological well-being but may also reflect in better physical health but not cognitive health. It is also possible that the better health in LGB participants reflects self-report bias.
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MORRISON, MELANIE A., and TODD G. MORRISON. "Sexual Orientation Bias Toward Gay Men and Lesbian Women: Modern Homonegative Attitudes and Their Association With Discriminatory Behavioral Intentions1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41, no. 11 (November 2011): 2573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00838.x.
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Gladden, Paul R., Aurelio José Figueredo, D. J. Andrejzak, Dan Nelson Jones, and Vanessa Smith-Castro. "Reproductive Strategy and Sexual Conflict Slow Life History Strategy Inihibts Negative Androcentrism." Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jmm.v4i1.17774.
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Recent findings indicate that a slow Life History (LH) strategy factor is associated with increased levels of Executive Functioning (EF), increased emotional intelligence, decreased levels of sexually coercive behaviors, and decreased levels of negative ethnocentrism. Based on these findings, as well as the generative theory, we predicted that slow LH strategy should inhibit negative androcentrism (bias against women). A sample of undergraduates responded to a battery of questionnaires measuring various facets of their LH Strategy, (e.g., sociosexual orientation, mating effort, mate-value, psychopathy, executive functioning, and emotional intelligence) and various convergent measures of Negative Androcentrism. A structural model that the data fit well indicated a latent protective LH strategy trait predicted decreased negative androcentrism. This trait fully mediated the relationship between participant biological sex and androcentrism. We suggest that slow LH strategy may inhibit negative attitudes toward women because of relatively decreased intrasexual competition and intersexual conflict among slow LH strategists. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v4i1_gladden
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Gladden, Paul R., Aurelio José Figueredo, D. J. Andrejzak, Dan Nelson Jones, and Vanessa Smith-Castro. "Reproductive Strategy and Sexual Conflict Slow Life History Strategy Inihibts Negative Androcentrism." Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v4i1.17774.
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Recent findings indicate that a slow Life History (LH) strategy factor is associated with increased levels of Executive Functioning (EF), increased emotional intelligence, decreased levels of sexually coercive behaviors, and decreased levels of negative ethnocentrism. Based on these findings, as well as the generative theory, we predicted that slow LH strategy should inhibit negative androcentrism (bias against women). A sample of undergraduates responded to a battery of questionnaires measuring various facets of their LH Strategy, (e.g., sociosexual orientation, mating effort, mate-value, psychopathy, executive functioning, and emotional intelligence) and various convergent measures of Negative Androcentrism. A structural model that the data fit well indicated a latent protective LH strategy trait predicted decreased negative androcentrism. This trait fully mediated the relationship between participant biological sex and androcentrism. We suggest that slow LH strategy may inhibit negative attitudes toward women because of relatively decreased intrasexual competition and intersexual conflict among slow LH strategists. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v4i1_gladden
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Lantz, Brendan, and Joonggon Kim. "Hate Crimes Hurt More, but so Do Co-Offenders: Separating the Influence of Co-Offending and Bias on Hate-Motivated Physical Injury." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818810314.
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One of the primary motivations for hate crime laws is that hate crimes “hurt more.” But hate crimes are often committed by groups, and research indicates that crimes committed by groups are also more violent than other crimes. This research focuses on one type of harm, physical injury, asking, are hate crimes more violent because they involve co-offenders or because of the bias motivation behind the incident? Results using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) indicate that hate crimes are positively associated with serious injury, but that this association is partially driven by co-offenders. More importantly, co-offending moderates this relationship: Incidents involving bias and co-offending are especially violent. Anti-sexual orientation incidents were an exception to this pattern, however, and are likely to be violent regardless of co-offending. These results suggest that hate crimes do hurt more, but that this relationship is partially attributable to the influence of co-offenders.
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Albrechta, Hannah E., Mira L. Katz, and Megan E. Roberts. "Health Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in Ohio." Ohio Journal of Public Health 4, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojph.v4i2.8561.
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Background: Many documented disparities associated with health behaviors and access to health care impact the health outcomes of sexual and gender minorities (SGM). The current study aimed to gain insight into the health dispari-ties experienced by SGM adults living in Ohio to obtain data to plan future health-related programs. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using 2018 Ohio Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. Health behaviors, health care access, and health outcomes were analyzed by sexual orientation (n=11 301) and gender identity (n=11 426) to determine health disparities faced by sexual minority males, sexual minority females and transgender individuals. Results: Significant SGM health disparities in Ohio are related to substance use (ie, binge drinking, current smoking status, e-cigarette use, and marijuana use); poor physical and mental health status; lack of health care coverage; and experiencing COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis (all p < 0.001). In addition, fewer sexual minority females reported being within recommended breast cancer screening guidelines than heterosexual females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Sexual and gender minority adults in Ohio report disparities associated with several health behaviors and access to health care. These findings may be due to factors at the patient level (eg, experiencing minority stress), provider level (eg, implicit bias), system level (eg, discrimination), and/or society level (eg, lack of legal protections). Study results will be used to plan health campaigns and programs targeted to SGM adults and providers to achieve health equity for the SGM population in Ohio.
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Ching, Terence H. W. "Intersectional insights from an MDMA-assisted psychotherapy training trial: An open letter to racial/ethnic and sexual/gender minorities." Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.017.
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The road to the current psychedelic renaissance in research on ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) – the active ingredient of the drug Ecstasy – for addressing treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder has been fraught with political and academic bias, as well as cultural stigma among underserved populations, all of which serve as barriers to minority inclusion and participation. In this open letter to ethnic/racial and sexual/gender minorities, the author details intersectional insights from his own experience being administered MDMA legally as part of a therapist training trial for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, in hopes of radically destigmatizing this treatment approach for marginalized populations. Themes covered include: set and setting; cultural pride; LGBTQIA+ pride; acceptance of intersectionality; and patience, perspective, and strength in retrospection. This letter concludes by tasking current investigators of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to emphasize issues of intersecting identities (e.g., in terms of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity) in their research agenda, attempt to improve minority participation in a culturally attuned manner, as well as increase minority stakeholdership in this field.
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Bartlett, Annie, Michael King, and Peter Phillips. "Straight talking: An investigation of the attitudes and practice of psychoanalysts and psychotherapists in relation to gays and lesbians." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 6 (December 2001): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.6.545.
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BackgroundEarly psychodynamic writing on same-gender sexual preference contributed to its pathologisation and an interest in treatment directed at changing sexual orientation.AimsTo establish the therapeutic approaches taken by contemporary psychotherapists and psychoanalysts to gay and lesbian clients/patients.MethodA random sample of individuals listed as working with adults in the British Confederation of Psychotherapists' register were sent postal questionnaires.ResultsData are available from 274 (69%) of 395 questionnaires. Only one of 218 respondents said that he/she was homosexual. One-third said that gay and lesbian patients did have a right to a gay or lesbian therapist. A total of 179 (82% of 218) respondents described work with gay and lesbian clients/patients, and in the majority of cases sexual orientation was an important aspect of the work.ConclusionsGays and lesbians seeking psychoanalysis or psychotherapy in the National Health Service or outside it for personal and/or training purposes will be unlikely to find a gay or lesbian therapist if they want one. The British Confederation of Psychotherapists' practitioners take on gay and lesbian clients/patients, although many do not see these social identities as relevant to the therapeutic process. Evidence from this study indicates that such clients/patients may encounter overt or covert bias, including the pathologisation of homosexuality per se.