Journal articles: 'Sexual behaviour surveys'

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Markos, A. R. "Alcohol and sexual behaviour." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462053057639.

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Alcohol, the oldest drug known to the human race, is widely perceived to affect sexual behaviour. The general public, scientific, medical and judicial establishments share and express interest in the potential effects of alcohol on the sexual behaviour of individuals. The understanding of the current state of medical knowledge, regarding the effect of alcohol on sexual behaviour, is of particular interest for the development of sexually transmitted diseases control strategies, and may be called upon for investigating alleged assault and rape. The perceived effects are influenced by historical, mythological, cultural, religious, physiological, pharmacological, expectancy, personal and legislative factors. The potential effects are investigated through surveys, global/situational association studies and placebo-controlled experiments. This article provides a review of literature and a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the correlation between alcohol and sexual behaviour.

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Aicken, C. R. H., A. Nardone, and C. H. Mercer. "Alcohol misuse, sexual risk behaviour and adverse sexual health outcomes: evidence from Britain's national probability sexual behaviour surveys." Journal of Public Health 33, no. 2 (August 12, 2010): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq056.

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Turner, Charles F., Alia Al-Tayyib, Susan M. Rogers, Elizabeth Eggleston, Maria A. Villarroel, Anthony M. Roman, James R. Chromy, and Phillip C. Cooley. "Improving epidemiological surveys of sexual behaviour conducted by telephone." International Journal of Epidemiology 38, no. 4 (May 15, 2009): 1118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp210.

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Turner, C. F., A. Al-Tayyib, S. M. Rogers, E. Eggleston, M. A. Villarroel, A. M. Roman, J. R. Chromy, and P. C. Cooley. "Improving epidemiological surveys of sexual behaviour conducted by telephone." International Journal of Epidemiology 38, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp302.

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Giami, Alain. "Partial non-response and “don't know” responses in surveys on sexual behaviour." Social Science Information 35, no. 1 (March 1996): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901896035001005.

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This article is based on a secondary analysis of non-responses (NR) and “don't know” (DK)-responses in two French surveys on sexual behaviour. The analysis is situated within a problem framework focusing on dissociating the respondent's ignorance concerning an experience or knowledge of a behaviour and the way they are measured by means of DKs and NRs. First, the specificity and diversity of the information collected in these surveys is described. Then the plurality of signification of non-responses (ignorance, embarrassment, selective amnesia) and of DKs is compared and the role of each type of response in the exploitation of survey data discussed. The article ends with a plea in favour of a qualitative approach to such responses in quantitative surveys.

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Dema, Emily, Andrew J. Copas, Soazig Clifton, Anne Conolly, Margaret Blake, Julie Riddell, Raquel Boso Perez, et al. "Methodology of Natsal-COVID Wave 1: a large, quasi-representative survey with qualitative follow-up measuring the impact of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in Britain." Wellcome Open Research 6 (August 16, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16963.1.

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Background: Britain’s National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) have been undertaken decennially since 1990 and provide a key data source underpinning sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many aspects of sexual lifestyles, triggering an urgent need for population-level data on sexual behaviour, relationships, and service use at a time when gold-standard in-person, household-based surveys with probability sampling were not feasible. We designed the Natsal-COVID study to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s SRH and assessed the sample representativeness. Methods: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 data collection was conducted four months (29/7-10/8/2020) after the announcement of Britain’s first national lockdown (23/03/2020). This was an online web-panel survey administered by survey research company, Ipsos MORI. Eligible participants were resident in Britain, aged 18-59 years, and the sample included a boost of those aged 18-29. Questions covered participants’ sexual behaviour, relationships, and SRH service use. Quotas and weighting were used to achieve a quasi-representative sample of the British general population. Participants meeting criteria of interest and agreeing to recontact were selected for qualitative follow-up interviews. Comparisons were made with contemporaneous national probability surveys and Natsal-3 (2010-12) to understand bias. Results: 6,654 participants completed the survey and 45 completed follow-up interviews. The weighted Natsal-COVID sample was similar to the general population in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, rurality, and, among sexually-active participants, numbers of sexual partners in the past year. However, the sample was more educated, contained more sexually-inexperienced people, and included more people in poorer health. Conclusions: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 rapidly collected quasi-representative population data to enable evaluation of the early population-level impact of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on SRH in Britain and inform policy. Although sampling was less representative than the decennial Natsals, Natsal-COVID will complement national surveillance data and Natsal-4 (planned for 2022).

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zambuko, oliver, and akim j. mturi. "sexual risk behaviour among the youth in the era of hiv/aids in south africa." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 5 (March 7, 2005): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004007084.

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the paper discusses factors associated with sexual risk behaviour, i.e. failure to use condoms consistently during sexual intercourse, among unmarried sexually experienced youths in south africa. data from the ‘transitions to adulthood in the context of aids in south africa’ surveys of 1999 and 2001 were analysed to identify factors associated with high sexual risk behaviour among the youth. the multinomial regression models for male and female youths were fitted separately for the 1999 and 2001 data sets. the results show increasingly consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and that high sexual risk behaviour among youths is predominantly determined by social factors such as ‘ever-pregnant’ or ‘ever made pregnant’, ‘ever given something for sex’, age of sexual partner, currently in school, pressured by friends to have sex, peer influence on safe sex and education level for males. there is evidence that availability of contraception information is important in strategic interventions that seek to change the sexual behaviour of the youth in south africa.

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Adedini, Sunday A., Jacob Wale Mobolaji, Matthew Alabi, and Adesegun O. Fatusi. "Changes in contraceptive and sexual behaviours among unmarried young people in Nigeria: Evidence from nationally representative surveys." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): e0246309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246309.

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Context Nigeria is a high-burden country in terms of young people’s health. Understanding changes in young people’s sexual and reproductive health (SRH) behaviours and the associated factors is important for framing appropriate interventions. Objective This study assessed changes in SRH behaviours of unmarried young people aged 15–24 and associated factors over a ten-year period in Nigeria. Data and method We analysed datasets from Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys of 2008, 2013 and 2018 to assess changes in inconsistent condom use, non-use of modern contraceptives; multiple sexual partnership; and early sexual debut. Using binary logistic regression, we assessed the association of selected variables with the SRH behaviours. Results Over four-fifths of unmarried young people (15–24) in Nigeria engaged in at least one risky sexual behaviour in each survey year. The pattern of changes in the four risky SRH behaviours was consistent over the 10-year period, with the highest rates of each behaviour occurring in 2018 while the lowest rates were in 2013, thus indicating an increase in the proportion of respondents engaging in risky sexual behaviours over the study period. Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge, male gender, older age category (20–24), residence in south-west Nigeria, urban residence, higher socio-economic status, secondary/higher education were mostly protective against the four SRH variables analysed across the different data waves. Conclusion Addressing the high and increasing level of risky SRH behaviours among young people in Nigeria is imperative to improve overall national health status and to ensure progress towards achieving SDG target 3.7 focusing on SRH.

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Odimegwu, Clifford, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun, and Vesper H. Chisumpa. "REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN POSITIVE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201800010x.

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SummaryThe question of youth sexual behaviour has been widely debated, with researchers such as Berhan and Berhan (2015) arguing that young adults aged 15–24 are more likely to engage in risky behaviours. However, research has not adequately addressed the issue of positive sexual behaviours, in particular among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. Adapting the compensatory model of risk and resiliency theory, this study examined the determinants of positive sexual behaviours among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Using recent data from Demographic and Health Surveys of sixteen countries representative of each African region (East, West, Southern and Central), it was hypothesized that positive sexual behaviours of youth (condom use at last sex and single sexual partnership) would be most strengthened by protective factors at the individual and family levels, and that these behaviours would differ by region due to regional variation in socio-cultural practices. Delayed age at sexual debut (first sex after the age of 15) was found to be the strongest protective factor for positive sexual behaviours among males and females in sub-Saharan Africa. Certain socioeconomic variables were found to be positively associated with positive sexual behaviours and the associations differed by gender.

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Staunton, S., J. Debattista, N. Roudenko, and C. Davis. "42. PILOT OF NON-INVASIVE (ORAL FLUID) TESTING FOR HIV WITHIN A COMMUNITY SETTING." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab42.

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An anonymous HIV surveillance study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HIV amongst patrons attending gay recreational venues, the level of undiagnosed HIV infection and to identify sexual risk behaviour associated with HIV positive, HIV negative and unknown serostatus. 427 men who have sex with men were recruited over a period of one week in various sex on premises venues and gay bars within the inner city of Brisbane. Oral fluid testing for HIV antibodies was undertaken using the Orasure collection system and assay. Each participant was invited to complete a brief behaviour questionnaire and submit an oral fluid specimen. Participants were also asked their HIV status. Surveys and specimens were linked using an anonymous numerical code. Surveys were analysed using Epi-Info. Oral swabs were tested for the presence of HIV antibodies and any reactive specimens were confirmed using an Orasure western Blot. Confirmed serology results were linked to reported sexual behaviours, testing patterns and HIV status. The results of this study - sexual and testing behaviour correlated with serostatus- and implications for HIV prevention programs will be presented. As well as that, discussions will be held regarding the community response to the project.

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Herlitz, Claes. "Sexual risk-taking in the general population of Sweden (1989 - 2007)." Sexual Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08095.

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Background: The aim of the study was to assess changes in sexual attitudes and sexual behaviour related to HIV/sexually transmissible infections (STI) during a long period of intensive efforts by the Swedish authorities to curb the spread of HIV. Methods: We conducted mailed questionnaire surveys in random samples of the Swedish general population in 1989, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2007 (total n = 16773). Each sample consisted of some 4000–6000 participants aged 16–44 years, stratified by age: 16–17, 18–19, 20–24, 25–34 and 35–44 years. The overall participation rate was 61.6% (for men, 53.5%; for women, 69.9%). Results: Between 1989 and 1994, the proportion of participants holding a restrictive view on sexual intercourse outside a stable relationship decreased significantly. The surveys since 1994 do not show any change in that respect. The prevalence of several sexual partners increased significantly throughout the period of study. The prevalence of casual sexual intercourse without the use of a condom also increased significantly from 1989 until 2003, but decreased slightly between 2003 and 2007. This change in sexual behaviour was more prominent in women than among men. The prevalence of several sexual partners and casual sexual intercourse without the use of a condom was significantly higher for the younger than for the older age cohorts. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the need for a continuous preventive campaign against HIV/STI in the general population in Sweden, particularly among young people.

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Pečiulytė, Greta, Giedrė Jonušienė, Laurynas Žemaitis, and Darijus Skaudickas. "AN INTERACTION BETWEEN CHRONIC PROSTATITIS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR." Health Sciences 30, no. 5 (September 21, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2020.112.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate symptoms, sexual function, personality traits and peculiarities of sexual behaviour in men with chronic prostatitis. The study included men aged 20-45 (n=81). Investigation group included 24 men with chronic prostatitis and the control group included 52 generally healthy men. The surveys, which were not filled in properly, were excluded from the statistical analysis (n=5). All the participants completed the survey describing socio-demographic factors, chronic prostatitis symptoms (NIH-CPSI), sexual function (BMSFI) and personality traits (B5PQ). There have been found correlations between the influences of symptoms on everyday activities, sexual drive, overall satisfaction, problem assessment, neuroticism and the score of pain. Neuroticism trait differed between the investigation group (score – 18.88±5.32) and the control group (score – 15.39±4.83) (p=0.007). Odds ratio for suffering from chronic prostatitis (95% CI) was 5.077 (1.634-15.772) (p=0.005) of men having dominant neuroticism trait, 3.429 (1.176-9.994) (p=0.024) of men having ≤11 problem assessment score and 3.200 (1.124-9.113) (p=0.029) of men having overall satisfaction score. There masturbated 44.4% of men scoring ≥3 and 100.0% of men scoring for BMSFI overall satisfaction (in age group 35 to 44) (p=0.038). In this age group 100.0% of investigation group and 36.4% of control group masturbated (p=0.017). There are correlations between the symptoms of chronic prostatitis, sexual function, personal traits and peculiarities of sexual behaviour. Neuroticism is dominant trait among chronic prostatitis patients. Neuroticism, worse problem assessment and low satisfaction indicate higher chances of having chronic prostatitis. Men, aged 35-44 years, complaining of low satisfaction or being already diagnosed with chronic prostatitis are more tend to masturbate.

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Liu, Yuning, Minhui Yang, Chunshan Zhao, Shihui Tan, and Kun Tang. "Self-identified sexual orientations and high-risk sexual behaviours among Chinese youth." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 45, no. 4 (August 14, 2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200150.

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PurposeHigh-risk sexual behaviour is a factor affecting the health of sexual minority students, yet few related studies have been completed among Chinese students. This article explores the distribution of sexual minority groups and its association with high-risk sexual behaviours and symptoms of sexually transmitted infections(STIs) among Chinese college students.MethodsAn internet-based questionnaire was applied, and a sample of 17 966 surveys from 130 Chinese colleges was collected. Based on their self-reports, participants were classified into the following groups: homosexual male or female, heterosexual, bisexual, and sexual orientation unknown. High-risk sexual behaviours were defined as having sexual intercourse before the age of 18 years, having one's sexual debut with a non-regular partner, having had more than four sexual partners before investigation, and having mostly had sexual intercourse without using condoms. Logistic regression models were constructed to analyse the associations.ResultsThe proportions of the homosexual males and females, and the bisexual groups were 1.62%, 0.88% and 5.07%, respectively. Homosexual males were more likely to have their sexual debut with a non-regular partner (OR 4.79, 95% CI 3.38 to 6.78), having more than four sexual partners (OR 5.81, 95% CI 4.06 to 8.32), having their sexual debut before the age of 18 years (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.76), and not using condoms for most episodes of sexual intercourse (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.17). Similar associations also existed among homosexual females. A positive association between sexual orientation and having symptoms of STIs (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.18) was found among homosexual males.ConclusionsSexual minority groups among Chinese college students had a greater risk of engaging in high-risk sexual behaviours and having STI symptoms. Future studies and interventions should focus on this population.

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O.O., Eunice, Oluebubechukwu A.U., Idang N.O., and Elizabeth N.O. "Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Variables and Risky Sexual Behaviour among Undergraduates in Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Survey." African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery 4, no. 5 (September 17, 2021): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm-shtrpjpg.

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Background: Significant empirical surveys have been made to investigate sociodemographic factors contributing to Risky Sexual Behaviours among young people. However, there are concerns regarding what influences Risky Sexual Behaviours. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between the sociodemographic variables and Risky Sexual Behaviours among undergraduate students in tertiary institutions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students at two tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic variables and Risky Sexual Behaviours. Undergraduate students in years one and two from departments of Nursing Science and Medicine and Surgery in PAMO University of Medical Sciences and University of Port Harcourt, College of Medicine were recruited for the study. Two hundred and eighty (280) undergraduate students were randomly selected from a total of 491 as participants in the study. Descriptive and inferential analysis of data using SPSS version 20 was done. Results: Data showed that 60% of the respondents were from the University of Port Harcourt, while 40% were from PAMO University of Medical Sciences. The majority of the students (78.9%) were between 16 -20years, while only 0.7% of the students were ≥31years. Findings revealed that there is no significant relationship between respondents’ sociodemographic variables and awareness of, attitude to risky sexual behaviour. It was found that only gender and age significantly influence practices with an R2 of 0.22. Conclusion: Risky sexual behaviour among young people is significantly associated with age and gender.

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Gaydos, C. A., Y.-H. Hsieh, J. S. Galbraith, M. Barnes, G. Waterfield, and B. Stanton. "Focus-on-Teens, sexual risk-reduction intervention for high-school adolescents: impact on knowledge, change of risk-behaviours, and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases." International Journal of STD & AIDS 19, no. 10 (October 2008): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.007291.

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A community-based intervention, Focus-on-Kids (FOK) has demonstrated risk-behaviour reduction of urban youth. We modified FOK to Focus-on-Teens (FOT) for high schools. High school adolescents ( n = 1190) were enrolled over successive school semesters. The small-group sessions were presented during the school-lunch hours. Confidential surveys were conducted at baseline, immediate, six-, and 12-month postintervention for demographics, parental communication/monitoring, sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/HIV/condom-usage knowledge. Sexually active participants were encouraged to volunteer for urine-based STDs testing at the School-Based Health Centres. Many (47.4%) students reported having had sexual intercourse at baseline. Overall behaviours changed towards ‘safer’ sex behaviours (intent-to-use and using condoms, communicating with partner/parents about sex/condoms/STDs) with time ( P < 0.05). Proportion of students with complete correct knowledge of STDs/HIV increased to 88% at time 4 from 80% at baseline after adjusting for age, gender and sexual activity ( P < 0.05). High prevalence of STDs was detected in 875 participants who reported for urine testing at time 1: trichomonas, 11.8%; chlamydia, 10.1% and gonorrhoea, 4.1%. Prevalence decreased significantly for 310 participants who re-tested; chlamydia: 27.4% to 6.1% and gonorrhoea: 11.3% to 3.2%. FOT was successfully implemented as an STDs/HIV risk-reduction intervention. Sustained improvements of knowledge about STDs/HIV/condom usage, decreases in sexual risk behaviours supported the effectiveness of this intervention.

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Kwon, Hanna, Hee Cheol Kang, and Jun Ho Lee. "Sexually transmissible infections in middle and high school students: experience rates, risk factors and relationship with mental health – results from the Korean youth risk behaviour web-based survey." Sexual Health 13, no. 1 (2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15147.

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Background Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in adolescents are an important heath problem. However, the understanding of STIs among adolescents is poor. Rates of and risk factors for ever having a STI and relationships between ever having a STI and mental health in adolescents was investigated. Methods: Data from the Korea Youth Risk Behaviour Web-based Survey (KYRBS) were used. The KYRBS is an anonymous, self-administered online survey. To achieve a representative sample of Koreans, researchers used a stratification, clustering and multi-stage sampling method. Data from adolescents who had not had sexual intercourse and surveys with missing data concerning sexual experience were excluded. Finally, 31363 participants were included. Results: The rate of ever having a STI was 10.0%. A total of 26.5% of adolescents who have had sexual experience report always using contraceptives, and condoms are the most popular contraceptives (69.0%). Contraceptive method (condom, OR: 0.601, 95% CI: 0.491–0.736) and elementary school sexual debut (elementary school, OR: 1.000, middle school, OR: 0.235, 95% CI: 0.181–0.305; high school, OR: 0.128, 95% CI: 0.094–0.173) were significantly correlated with ever having a STI in the multivariate analysis. Depressed mood (OR: 1.379, 95% CI: 1.130–1.683), suicidal ideation (OR: 1.358, 95% CI: 1.109–1.664) and suicide attempts (OR: 1.382, 95% CI: 1.029–1.856) were significantly associated with ever having a STI after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: STIs are common diseases in adolescents who have sexual experience and are significantly associated with mental health. Development of preventive measures and treatment policies including mental counselling for adolescents with STI are needed.

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Forster, Alice S., Laura A. V. Marlow, Judith Stephenson, Jane Wardle, and Jo Waller. "Human papillomavirus vaccination and sexual behaviour: Cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys conducted in England." Vaccine 30, no. 33 (July 2012): 4939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.053.

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Kalichman, Seth C., Lisa Eaton, Chauncey Cherry, Moira O. Kalichman, Howard Pope, Denise White, Christina M. Amaral, Connie Swetzes, and Rene Macy. "HIV super-infection beliefs and sexual practices of people living with HIV/AIDS." Sexual Health 7, no. 4 (2010): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09121.

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Background: People living with HIV can be reinfected with a new viral strain resulting in potential treatment resistant recombinant virus known as HIV super-infection. Individual’s beliefs about the risks for HIV super-infection may have significant effects on the sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV super-infection beliefs and sexual behaviours among people living with HIV/AIDS were examined in the present study. Methods: Three hundred and twenty men, 137 women, and 33 transgender persons completed confidential surveys in a community research setting. Results: A majority of participants were aware of HIV super-infection and most believed it was harmful to their health. Hierarchical multiple regressions predicting protected anal/vaginal intercourse with same HIV status (seroconcordant) partners showed that older age and less alcohol use were associated with greater protected sex. In addition, HIV super-infection beliefs predicted protected sexual behaviour over and above participant age and alcohol use. Conclusions: Beliefs about HIV super-infection exert significant influence on sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS and should be targeted in HIV prevention messages for HIV infected persons.

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Apostolopoulos, Y., S. Sönmez, and C. H. Yu. "HIV-risk behaviours of American spring break vacationers: a case of situational disinhibition?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202320753673.

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Young adults are at high risk for acquiring STDs/HIV due primarily to multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, and substance use combined with sexual activity. Contranormative settings — such as the annual spring break vacation — provide ideal conditions for the potentially lethal interaction between alcohol, drugs, and sexual risk-taking. As a steadily growing form of youth travel and characterized by binge drinking, illicit drug use, and unsafe sexual practices, spring break has become a North American institution involving large numbers of travellers. In this study, the theory of interpersonal behaviour was used to explain college students' health-risk behaviours in the context of spring break and pre- and post-spring break surveys were used to examine casual sex and condom use behaviours. Multivariate analyses revealed peer influences, prior experiences with casual sex, alcohol consumption prior to sex, and impulsivity to be significant predictors of casual sex, while impulsivity and condom availability were significant predictors of students' use of condoms during casual sex.

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Harvey, Brian, James Stuart, and Tony Swan. "Evaluation of a Drama-in-Education Programme to Increase AIDS Awareness in South African High Schools: A Randomized Community Intervention Trial." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 2 (February 2000): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100207.

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A community intervention trial was undertaken in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa to evaluate the effectiveness of a high school drama-in-education programme. Seven pairs of secondary schools were randomized to receive either written information about HIV/AIDS or the drama programme. Questionnaire surveys of knowledge, attitude and behaviour were compared before and 6 months after the interventions. One thousand and eighty students participated in the first survey and 699 in the second. Improvements in knowledge ( P=0.0002) and attitudes ( P<0.00001) about HIV/AIDS were demonstrated in pupils at schools receiving the drama programme when compared to pupils receiving written information alone. These changes were independent of age, gender, school or previous sexual experience. In schools receiving the drama programme, sexually active pupils reported an increase in condom use ( P<0.01). It is important to provide resources to sustain such programmes and to obtain stronger evidence of effect on behaviour by measuring changes in HIV incidence.

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Mitchell, Kirstin, Kaye Wellings, Gillian Elam, Bob Erens, Kevin Fenton, and Anne Johnson. "How can we facilitate reliable reporting in surveys of sexual behaviour? Evidence from qualitative research." Culture, Health & Sexuality 9, no. 5 (September 2007): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050701432561.

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Doyle, Aoife M., Sue Napierala Mavedzenge, Mary L. Plummer, and David A. Ross. "The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns and trends from national surveys." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 7 (May 18, 2012): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03005.x.

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Mahapatra, Bidhubhusan, Catherine M. Lowndes, Kaveri Gurav, Banadakoppa M. Ramesh, Stephen Moses, Reynold Washington, and Michel Alary. "Degree and correlates of sexual mixing in female sex workers in Karnataka, India." Sexual Health 10, no. 4 (2013): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12215.

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Background The degree of sexual mixing plays an important role in understanding disparities in sexually transmissible infections and HIV across social groups. This study examines the degree of sexual age mixing, and explores its individual and partnership level correlates among female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India. Methods: Data were drawn from special behavioural surveys conducted in 2006–07 among 577 FSWs in two districts of Karnataka: Belgaum and Bangalore. Sexual mixing in age was assessed as the difference in age between FSWs and their sexual partners, and the degree of assortativeness in sexual mixing was assessed using Newman’s assortativity coefficient. Results: A total of 577 FSWs were interviewed; 418 of whom reported two or more partnerships, resulting in 942 partnerships. In about half (52%) of these partnerships, the age difference between the FSW and her sexual partner was 5 years or more. The degree of assortativity in age mixing was 0.098, indicating minimally assortative mixing. The disassortativeness in age mixing was positively associated with young age and no formal education, and negatively with duration in sex work. Partnerships which were of a commercial nature were more likely to be disassortative than noncommercial partnerships. Conclusion: The minimally assortative age mixing indicates sexually transmissible infections can transfer from members of one age group to another. Efforts are required to limit the transmission of infection from one group to other by promoting safer sexual behaviour.

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Garenne, Michel, and Alan Matthews. "Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000634.

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AbstractThe study analysed the HIV/AIDS situation in Zambia six years after the onset of mass campaigns of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC). The analysis was based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 2001, 2007 and 2013. Results show that HIV prevalence among men aged 15–29 (the target group for VMMC) did not decrease over the period, despite a decline in HIV prevalence among women of the same age group (most of their partners). Correlations between male circumcision and HIV prevalence were positive for a variety of socioeconomic groups (urban residence, province of residence, level of education, ethnicity). In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as uncircumcised men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than uncircumcised men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.

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MASON, P. R., S. GREGSON, L. GWANZURA, P. CAPPUCCINELLI, P. RAPELLI, and P. L. FIORI. "Enzyme immunoassay for urogenital trichomoniasis as a marker of unsafe sexual behaviour." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 1 (February 2001): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801004873.

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Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to detect antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in sera from Zimbabwe. The EIA showed a sensitivity of 95 and 94% when compared with vaginal swab culture among women attending a family planning clinic (FPC) and female commercial sex workers (CSW) respectively. The specificity was 85 and 77% in the two groups. Culture-negative FPC women were sub-divided into high risk or low risk of exposure to trichomoniasis. The seroprevalence was 10% (6/61) among low risk women, 21% (10/48) among high risk women and 23% (9/39) among culture negative CSW. The EIA was positive in 46% (18/39) men with genital discharge but only 5% (2/37) healthy blood donors. None of 31 sera from prepubescent children was positive. The EIA may be useful for community surveys of trichomoniasis. Because T. vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease, the test may indicate behaviour that increases the risk of STD transmission.

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Evans, Alison R., Jonathan Elford, Graham Bolding, and Richard D. Wiggins. "A Comparison of Item Non-Response in Web and Pen-and-Paper Surveys of Sexual Behaviour." Methodological Innovations Online 2, no. 3 (October 2008): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4256/mio.2008.0002.

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Kalichman, Seth C., and Leickness C. Simbayi. "Sexual exposure to blood and behavioural risks among STI clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa." Sexual Health 2, no. 2 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04041.

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Background: Exposure to blood during sexual intercourse is potentially important and yet understudied in HIV transmission. Methods: The study included 415 men and 127 women receiving diagnostic and treatment services at a sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, who completed anonymous sexual health behaviour surveys. Results: More than 30% of both men and women reported engaging in sexual intercourse involving genital bleeding in the previous 3 months. Individuals who had engaged in sexual intercourse involving blood had significantly greater numbers of sex partners in the previous 3 months (OR = 1.6, 95%, CI = 1.1–2.3), engaged in higher rates of unprotected vaginal intercourse (OR = 1.2, 95%, CI = 1.1–1.2), were significantly more likely to have exchanged sex for money or materials (OR = 3.1, 95%, CI = 1.7–5.5) and were significantly more likely to have experienced condom breaks during intercourse (OR = 1.7, 95%, CI = 1.2–2.4). Conclusions: These findings suggest that exposure to blood during vaginal intercourse is prevalent among STI clinic patients in Cape Town and may be an important contributing factor to the rapid spread of HIV in South Africa.

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Eaton, L. A., D. N. Cain, A. Agrawal, S. Jooste, N. Udemans, and S. C. Kalichman. "The influence of male circumcision for HIV prevention on sexual behaviour among traditionally circumcised men in Cape Town, South Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 22, no. 11 (November 2011): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011006.

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We examined the relationship between HIV prevention beliefs related to male circumcision and sexual behaviour/sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition among traditionally circumcised men in Cape Town, South Africa. HIV-negative men (n = 304), circumcised for cultural/religious reasons, attending a health clinic in Cape Town, South Africa, completed cross-sectional surveys. Generalized linear models were used to analyse the relationships between unprotected vaginal sex acts, number of female sexual partners, STI diagnoses and male circumcision-related beliefs and risk perceptions. Men who were aware that circumcision offers protection against HIV (relative risk [RR] = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.32, P < 0.01), endorsed risk compensation related to male circumcision (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.11-1.12, P < 0.01) and perceived lower risk of HIV infection when circumcised (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04-1.12, P < 0.01) were more likely to report unprotected vaginal sex acts. Similar patterns were also identified when predicting number of female sexual partners. Men who were more likely to endorse risk compensation related to male circumcision were also more likely to be diagnosed with a chronic STI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.06-2.53, P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that we must not overlook the effects of beliefs towards male circumcision for HIV prevention among men traditionally circumcised; doing so may undermine current efforts to reduce HIV transmission through male circumcision.

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DUNNE, MICHAEL P., NICHOLAS G. MARTIN, DIXIE J. STATHAM, THERESA PANGAN, PAMELA A. MADDEN, and ANDREW C. HEATH. "THE CONSISTENCY OF RECALLED AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097000011.

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It is widely believed that people can remember the age at which they first had sexual intercourse. Questions about age at onset are routinely asked in population sexual behaviour surveys and in clinical history-taking. However, there are limited test–retest data, especially with regard to individual differences in unreliable recall. In this study, telephone interviews and follow-ups an average of 15 months later were conducted with 570 non-virgin subjects aged between 28 and 73 years. Test–retest correlations for recalled age at first intercourse were 0·85 for females and 0·91 for males. Consistency was slightly lower among older people and women with a history of sexual abuse. There were no significant associations between consistency of recall and measures of personality, educational background or history of alcohol dependence and depression.

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Pedrana, Alisa E., Jamie Pina, Retna S. Padmawati, Ririh Zuhrina, Lutfan Lazuardi, Megan S. C. Lim, Margaret E. Hellard, and Yayi S. Prabandari. "A quasi-experimental text messaging trial to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health and smoking knowledge in Indonesia." Sexual Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18199.

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Background To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a text message intervention to improve young people’s knowledge of sexual reproductive health (SRH) and harms related to smoking in Indonesia. Methods: A quasi-experimental short message service (SMS) trial of young people aged 16–24 years receiving twice weekly SMS over a 10-week intervention period. Pre- and post-online demographic and risk behaviour surveys were used to assess changes in knowledge. Among respondents who completed both surveys, we assessed changes in knowledge before and after SMS intervention using paired McNemar’s test and differences in mean knowledge score using a paired t-test. Results: In total, 555 eligible young people were enrolled into the SMS intervention; 235 (42%) completed a follow-up survey, of which 198 (84%) were matched to a baseline survey. Median age of participants was 19 years and the majority were female (63%). The mean knowledge score significantly increased between baseline and follow-up surveys for SRH questions [2.7, (95% CI 2.47, 2.94) vs 3.4 (95% CI 2.99, 3.81) (P = <0.01)] and smoking-related questions [3.8 (95% CI 3.66, 3.99) vs 4.1 (95% CI 3.99, 4.28) (P = 0.03)]. A majority of participants reported that the SMS intervention increased their knowledge (95%) and were a useful reminder (95%). Conclusions: An SMS intervention was feasible, acceptable and improved adolescents’ SRH knowledge and smoking knowledge in a low- to middle-income setting. SMS interventions targeting young people need to be scaled up, with the potential to explore additional topics around healthy lifestyle, nutrition and physical activity.

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Biague, Antonio, Fredrik Månsson, Francisco Dias, Quinhin Nantote, José Costa, Sören Andersson, Anders Nauclér, Gunnel Biberfeld, Eva-Maria Fenyö, and Hans Norrgren. "High sexual risk taking and diverging trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the military of Guinea Bissau." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 05 (May 9, 2010): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.570.

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Background: HIV and other sexually transmitted infections are a growing problem in the military personnel of Africa, and information about this problem in Guinea-Bissau is lacking. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and trends of the HIV epidemics in the military forces of Guinea Bissau and to explore possible risk factors for HIV infection. Methodology: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of HIV-1 and HIV-2 were conducted between 1992 and 2005, and knowledge, sexual behaviour and risk factors for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in military personnel in Guinea-Bissau were assessed. Results: The seroprevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1+HIV-2 dual reactivity was 1.1%, 8.4% and 0.1% in 1992-95, and in 2005 7.7%, 5.1% and 1.9%, respectively. Both the increase of HIV-1 and the decline of HIV-2 between 1992-95 and 2005 were significant when adjusted for age (p < 0.001 for both changes). Only a minority did not know how HIV transmits, but sexual risk taking was high. Several significant risk factors were found in univariate analyses for HIV-1 and HIV-2, but the only risk factor that remained significant after multivariate regression analysis was previous contact with a prostitute among HIV-1-positive subjects (single and dually reactive) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The increasing trend of HIV-1 and the high risky sexual behavior illustrate the need for improvement in HIV/AIDS prevention efforts among military personnel in Guinea Bissau.

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Hoxmeier, Jill C. "Revising existing instruments for measuring bystander intervention opportunity and frequency of prosocial response for the prevention of sexual violence." Injury Prevention 25, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042653.

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Institutions of higher education increasingly offer training programmes to engage students’ as pro-social bystanders who can intervene in situations related to sexual violence. The purpose of this study was to assess the usage of a bystander behaviour measurement tool that captures both students’ intervention opportunities and frequency of prosocial response. University undergraduate students in the Northwestern USA (n=474) completed online surveys in the Fall of 2016. Results show that students have opportunities to intervene in a variety of situations at the three levels of prevention for campus sexual violence and they do not always intervene. The frequency of students’ prosocial bystander response ranged, for those with the opportunity, from ‘never’ to ‘always’; students reported varying degrees of intervention frequency depending on the situation. A bystander intervention behaviour instrument measuring opportunity and frequency of response can be a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of bystander training programmes.

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Vollmer, Nancy, Mansha Singh, Navika Harshe, and Joseph J. Valadez. "Does interviewer gender influence a mother’s response to household surveys about maternal and child health in traditional settings? A qualitative study in Bihar, India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e0252120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252120.

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Background Two probability surveys, conducted in the same districts of Bihar, India (Aurangabad and Gopalganj) at approximately the same time in 2016 using identical questionnaires and similar survey methods, produced significantly different responses for 37.2% (58/156) of the indicator comparisons. Interviewers for one survey were men while for the other they were women. Respondents were mothers of children aged 0–59 months living in a traditional rural setting. We examined the influence of interviewer gender on mothers’ survey responses and their implications for interpreting survey results. Methods We used qualitative methods including 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 33 in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the same locations as the 2016 surveys. FGD participants were purposefully selected mothers with children 0–59 months, husbands and other in-law family members. IDIs were carried out with frontline health-workers, enumerators and supervisors from the two previous household surveys. Results Findings revealed a preference for female interviewers for household surveys in study districts as they facilitated access to mothers and reduced their discomfort as survey participants. However, this gender preference was related to the survey question. Regardless of age, caste and educational level, most mothers were not permitted to communicate with men (aside from husbands) about female-specific health topics, including birth preparedness, delivery, menstrual cycles, contraception, breastfeeding, sexual behaviour, sexually transmitted disease, and domestic violence. Mothers in higher castes perceived these social restrictions more acutely than mothers in lower castes. There was no systematic direction of the resulting error. Mothers were willing to discuss child health issues with interviewers of either gender. Conclusions Interviewer gender is an important consideration when designing survey protocols for maternal and reproductive health studies and when selecting and training enumerators. Female interviewers are optimal for traditional settings in Bihar as they are more likely to obtain accurate data on sensitive topics and reduce the potential for non-sampling error due to their reduced social distance with maternal respondents.

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Madise, Nyovani, Eliya Zulu, and James Ciera. "Is Poverty a Driver for Risky Sexual Behaviour? Evidence from National Surveys of Adolescents in Four African Countries." African Journal of Reproductive Health 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25549733.

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Veldhuijzen, Nienke J., Chantal Ingabire, Stanley Luchters, Wilkister Bosire, Sarah Braunstein, Matthew Chersich, and Janneke van de Wijgert. "Anal intercourse among female sex workers in East Africa is associated with other high-risk behaviours for HIV." Sexual Health 8, no. 2 (2011): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10047.

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Introduction Epidemiological and HIV prevention studies in sub-Saharan Africa have almost exclusively focussed on vaginal transmission of HIV, the primary mode of transmission in the region. Little is known about the prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse (AI), its correlates and its role in the spread of HIV. Prevention messaging seldom, if ever, includes AI. Methods: Sexual and other risk behaviours (including frequency of AI) were assessed in two cross-sectional surveys of female sex workers (FSW) in Kigali, Rwanda (n = 800) and Mombasa, Kenya (n = 820). In addition, a subset of FSW surveyed in Kigali attended seven focus group discussions and four in-depth interviews. Results: AI was reported by 5.5% and 4.3% of FSW in the cross-sectional surveys, in Kigali and Mombasa, respectively. FSW practising AI reported multiple risk factors for HIV transmission: inconsistent condom use (odds ratio (OR) Kigali 5.9 (95% CI 1.4–24.7); OR Mombasa 2.1 (1.1–4.2)); more than five sexual partners in the past week (OR Kigali 4.3 (1.5–12.4); OR Mombasa 2.2 (1.1–4.3)); alcohol use before sex (OR Kigali 2.8 (1.4–5.8)); more than 5 years of female sex work (OR Mombasa 2.4 (1.2–4.9)); and history of genital symptoms in the past year (OR Mombasa 3.6 (1.7–7.9)). AI was, however, not associated with HIV prevalence (OR Kigali 0.9 (0.5–1.9); OR Mombasa 0.5 (0.2–1.2)). Negative connotations and stigma associated with AI were expressed during qualitative interviews. Conclusions: AI was associated with several indicators of sexual risk behaviour. Prevalence of AI was probably underreported due to social desirability bias. Stigma associated with AI poses methodological challenges in obtaining valid data.

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Curtis, S. L. "Measuring sexual behaviour in the era of HIV/AIDS: the experience of Demographic and Health Surveys and similar enquiries." Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, suppl_2 (December 1, 2004): ii22—ii27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.011650.

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Curtis, Tyrone J., Alison J. Rodger, Fiona Burns, Anthony Nardone, Andrew Copas, and Sonali Wayal. "Patterns of sexualised recreational drug use and its association with risk behaviours and sexual health outcomes in men who have sex with men in London, UK: a comparison of cross-sectional studies conducted in 2013 and 2016." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 3 (November 19, 2019): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054139.

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ObjectiveLondon has one of the highest identified prevalence of chemsex (sexualised recreational drug use) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe. We examine MSM’s patterns of chemsex and its association with HIV/STI risk behaviours, STI diagnoses and sexual healthcare-seeking behaviours, including if HIV testing behaviour met UK national guidelines (three monthly if engaging in chemsex).MethodsCross-sectional survey data from 2013 (n=905) and 2016 (n=739) were collected using anonymous, self-administered questionnaires from MSM recruited in commercial gay venues in London, UK. Descriptive and multivariable analyses, stratified by self-reported HIV status, were conducted. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsComparing the 2013 and 2016 surveys, chemsex prevalence in the past year remained stable, in both HIV-negative/unknown-status MSM (20.9% in 2013 vs 18.7% in 2016, p=0.301) and HIV-positive MSM (41.6% in 2013 vs 41.7% in 2016, p=0.992). Combined 2013–2016 data showed that compared with other MSM, those reporting chemsex were more likely to report HIV/STI risk behaviours, including condomless anal intercourse with serodifferent HIV-status partners (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.36, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.30; HIV-positive men: aPR 4.19, 95% CI 1.85 to 9.50), and STI diagnoses in the past year (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.10, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.69; HIV-positive men: aPR 2.56, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.20). 68.6% of HIV-negative/unknown-status men reporting chemsex attended sexual health clinics and 47.6% had tested for HIV more than once in the past year.ConclusionsChemsex in London MSM remained stable but high, particularly among HIV-positive men. Irrespective of HIV status, chemsex was associated with engagement in HIV/STI risk behaviours. Frequency of HIV testing in the past year among HIV-negative/unknown-status men was below national recommendations. Promoting combination prevention strategies, including three monthly HIV/STI testing, access to pre-exposure prophylaxis/antiretroviral treatment and behavioural interventions among MSM reporting chemsex, remains vital to address sexual health inequalities in MSM.

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Khajehkazemi, Razieh, AliAkbar Haghdoost, Soodabeh Navadeh, Hamidreza Setayesh, Leily Sajadi, Mehdi Osooli, and Ehsan Mostafavi. "Risk and vulnerability of key populations to HIV infection in Iran; knowledge, attitude and practises of female sex workers, prison inmates and people who inject drugs." Sexual Health 11, no. 6 (2014): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14165.

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Background In this study data of three national surveys conducted among female sex workers (FSW), prison inmates and people who inject drugs (PWID) were presented and compared in relation to knowledge, attitude, and practises. Methods: The surveys were conducted in 2009 and 2010 and included 2546 PWID, 872 FSW and 5530 prison inmates. Knowledge, attitude and practises towards HIV were measured through similar questions for each category. Results: Over 90% of all participants had ever heard of HIV/AIDS, although only approximately half of them perceived themselves at risk of contracting HIV. More than 80% were able to correctly identify the ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV; while more than two-thirds did not use condom in their last sexual contact. Approximately 20% of prisoners and FSW had a history of injecting drugs. Among all participants who have injected drugs, prisoners had the highest unsafe injecting behaviour at the last injection (61%), followed by FSW (11%) and PWID (3%). Conclusions: Despite major efforts to control the HIV epidemic in Iran, the level of risk and vulnerability among prisoners, FSW and PWID is still high. The level of comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS is relatively good; however, their risk perception of contracting HIV is low and high-risk behaviours are prevalent. Therefore, HIV prevention programs should be redesigned in a more comprehensive way to identify the best venues to reach the largest number of people at a higher risk of contracting HIV and decrease their risk overlaps and vulnerability factors.

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Sonnenberg, Pam, Clare Tanton, David Mesher, Eleanor King, Simon Beddows, Nigel Field, Catherine H. Mercer, Kate Soldan, and Anne M. Johnson. "Epidemiology of genital warts in the British population: implications for HPV vaccination programmes." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 5 (February 5, 2019): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053786.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of, and describe risk factors for, genital warts (GWs) in the British population, following the introduction of the bivalent (human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18) vaccination programme in girls, and prior to the switch to quadrivalent (HPV-6/11/16/18) vaccine (offering direct protection against GWs) and compare this with GW diagnoses in the prevaccination era.MethodsNatsal-3, a probability sample survey in Britain, conducted in 2010–2012, interviewed 9902 men and women aged 16–44. Natsal-2, conducted in 1999–2001, surveyed 11 161 men and women aged 16–44. Both surveys collected data on sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses using computer-assisted interview methods.ResultsIn Natsal-3, 3.8% and 4.6% of sexually experienced men and women reported ever having a diagnosis of GWs, with 1.3% of men and 1.7% of woman reporting a GWs diagnosis in the past 5 years. GWs were strongly associated with increasing partner numbers and condomless sex. Diagnoses were more frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM) (11.6% ever, 3.3% past 5 years) and in women reporting sex with women (10.8% ever, 3.6% past 5 years). In the age group who were eligible for vaccination at the time of Natsal-3 (16–20 years), a similar proportion of same-aged women reported a history of GWs in Natsal-2 (1.9%, 1.1–3.4) and Natsal-3 (2.6%, 1.5–4.4).ConclusionsThese data provide essential parameters for mathematical models that inform cost-effectiveness analyses of HPV vaccination programmes. There was no evidence of population protection against GWs conferred by the bivalent vaccine. Even with vaccination of adolescent boys, vaccination should be offered to MSM attending sexual health clinics.

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Sendler, D., and M. Lew-Starowicz. "Motivation of sexual relationship with animal–Study of a multinational group of 345 zoophiles." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1692.

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IntroductionWe explore relationship-seeking behaviour of zoophiles (zoos), using Francoeur's (1991) definition of sexual orientation (as consisting of affection orientation, sexual fantasy orientation, and erotic orientation).ObjectivesThis study intends to be the largest in recent decades’ comprehensive analysis of self-identified zoophiles, living on all five continents. It describes similarities and differences between normative sexual orientations (hetero- and homo-) and zoophilic sexuality, using Francoeur's (1991) framework.MethodA qualitative observational study of user activity (n = 958) on discussion forums, combined with brief demographic survey. Data were analyzed according to principles of grounded theory. Next, surveys of own design (demographic, discreet + open ended questions) were received by n = 350 participants. Presented data show aggregate conclusions from mixed methods qualitative and quantitative analysis.ResultsTrend analysis yielded four main discussions among zoophiles – worldview, personal space, sex life, and online space. Within worldview category, zoos overwhelmingly discuss bad press (55%), as well as social (41%) and legal (22%) ostracism. In personal space, the primary concern is coming at easy with own sexuality (>60%) and forming lasting relationship with either human, animal, or both partners simultaneously. In terms of sex life, zoos are concerned with improving sex play (>40%) and figuring out legality of sexual encounters with animals (22%). Concerning online space, the biggest concern here is networking (40%) and meeting other zoos for dating (15%).ConclusionsModern zoophiles have a wide array of personal, social, legal, and sex life challenges that can be approximated using qualitative studies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Kenyon, Chris R., Kenny Wolfs, Kara Osbak, Maleeto Malataliana, Guido Van Hal, Sizwe Zondo, and Jacques van Lankveld. "Could differences in implicit attitudes to sexual concurrency play a role in generalized HIV epidemics?" F1000Research 7 (May 17, 2018): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14951.1.

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Background: Sexual partner concurrency has been implicated in the genesis of generalized HIV epidemic in South Africa. Most South Africans, however, disapprove of concurrency in surveys. These surveys test individuals’ explicit attitudes which are susceptible to a number of important biases such as the social desirability bias. Assessment of implicit cognitions have been found to be better predictors of behaviour in socially sensitive domains. We hypothesized that South Africans may have implicit attitudes more tolerant of concurrency than lower concurrency prevalence populations. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we developed a concurrency-implicit association test (C-IAT) and compared the C-IATs of samples of South African and Belgian university students. Results: We found a large and statistically significant difference in the C-IAT between the South Africans (D600-score = -0.009, indicating absence of preference for concurrency or monogamy) and Belgians (D600-score = 0.783, indicating a strong preference for monogamy; t-test = 13.3; P < 0.0001). The effect size measure, Cohen’s d, was found to be 0.88, which is considered a large effect size in this field. Conclusions: Our results are compatible with the thesis that differences in implicit attitudes to concurrency play a role in the genesis of generalised HIV epidemics.

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Kenyon, Chris R., Kenny Wolfs, Kara Osbak, Maleeto Malataliana, Guido Van Hal, Sizwe Zondo, and Jacques van Lankveld. "Could differences in implicit attitudes to sexual concurrency play a role in generalized HIV epidemics?" F1000Research 7 (October 18, 2018): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14951.2.

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Background: Sexual partner concurrency has been implicated in the genesis of generalized HIV epidemic in South Africa. Most South Africans, however, disapprove of concurrency in surveys. These surveys test individuals’ explicit attitudes which are susceptible to a number of important biases such as the social desirability bias. Assessment of implicit cognitions have been found to be better predictors of behaviour in socially sensitive domains. We hypothesized that South Africans may have implicit attitudes more tolerant of concurrency than lower concurrency prevalence populations. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we developed a concurrency-implicit association test (C-IAT) and compared the C-IATs of samples of South African and Belgian university students. Results: We found a large and statistically significant difference in the C-IAT between the South Africans (D600-score = -0.009, indicating absence of preference for concurrency or monogamy) and Belgians (D600-score = 0.783, indicating a strong preference for monogamy; t-test = 13.3; P < 0.0001). The effect size measure, Cohen’s d, was found to be 0.88, which is considered a large effect size in this field. Conclusions: Our results are compatible with the thesis that differences in implicit attitudes to concurrency play a role in the genesis of generalised HIV epidemics.

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Blaikie, Andrew. "Motivation and Motherhood: Past and Present Attributions in the Reconstruction of Illegitimacy." Sociological Review 43, no. 4 (November 1995): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1995.tb00712.x.

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‘Epidemics’ of teenage pregnancy and ‘amazing rises’ in illegitimacy are part of a recurrent moral panic about the social implications of sexual nonconformity. Simultaneously, major social surveys attempt to provide empirical assessments of actual sexual behaviour. There is often a yawning gulf between the images created by press and politicians and the experiences of their subjects. Similarly, in the 1850s when statistics first ruptured the cosy notion that rural Scotland was the home of all that was virtuous and that vice inhabited the cities, perplexed clerics and reformers set about creating convenient fictions to explain high levels of bastardy in farming districts. Their conclusions tell us far more about middle-class suppositions about sexual attitudes than they do about the motives of those that they purported to be investigating. Thus explanation of rural sexual behaviour needs to be sought in ways that reach beyond the ideology of social concern. This paper explores, first, the vocabularies of motive informing social investigation and, secondly, the local contexts in which women conceived, bore and reared their children, and the roles of poor relief, the churches, grandparents and fathers. Far from representing ‘an index of “disorganisation” in an urbanising epoch‘, unmarried motherhood appears to have been both a relevant and culturally sanctioned response to straitened circumstances (Goode, 1961). The discussion considers the pervasiveness of attempts to classify and contain illegitimacy within an underclass interpretation despite clear evidence to the contrary. Against such willing opacity, accessing the motives of the parents themselves remains a tantalizingly difficult exercise, especially when dealing with historical data beyond oral recall. The routes by which intentionality may be inferred are critically assessed.

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BLANC, ANN K., and STEVE GREY. "GREATER THAN EXPECTED FERTILITY DECLINE IN GHANA: UNTANGLING A PUZZLE." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 4 (September 24, 2002): 475–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002004753.

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This study examines fertility decline that is larger than expected on the basis of recorded increases in contraceptive prevalence in Ghana. The primary sources of data are three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the country in 1988, 1993 and 1998. First, the trend in fertility and contraceptive prevalence in Ghana is considered and compared with the trend that would be expected on the basis of prior research. Next, an attempt is made to uncover the explanation behind this unexpected trend. Measures of the quality of the survey data are looked at, as well as trends in the proximate determinants of fertility: contraceptive use, marriage and sexual activity, postpartum insusceptibility and induced abortion. Finally, evidence is presented that couples adjust their coital frequency in accordance with their fertility preferences, behaviour that would influence fertility rates but would not be captured by conventional measures of the proximate determinants of fertility.

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Holt, Rebecca E., Andrew Foggo, Francis C. Neat, and Kerry L. Howell. "Distribution patterns and sexual segregation in chimaeras: implications for conservation and management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 6 (June 19, 2013): 1198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst058.

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Abstract Holt, R. E., Foggo, A., Neat, F. C., and Howell, K. L. 2013. Distribution patterns and sexual segregation in chimaeras: implications for conservation and management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1198–1205. Chimaeras such as Chimaera monstrosa and Hydrolagus mirabilis are commonly found in commercial bycatch of deep-sea fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic. Very little information exists on their life history, ecology or behaviour. Segregation of populations by sex and/or age classes has been demonstrated in several elasmobranchs, but whether segregation occurs in chimaeras, and if so what mechanisms are involved, remains unknown. This study investigates the distribution and sexual segregation of four species of chimaera (C. monstrosa, H. mirabilis, C. opalescens n. sp. and Harriotta raleighana) in relation to sex, size (maturity) class, bottom depth, and latitude. Data were obtained from annual trawl surveys undertaken by Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, from 1998–2009, at 400–2000 m in the Northeast Atlantic (55–59°N 5–11°W). A factorial General Linear Model (GLM) with planned contrasts indicated complex patterns of age- and sex-related segregation. All adult males and females were sexually segregated by depth: in all four species investigated females occurred at greater depths than males. Potential birthing grounds were identified for H. mirabilis. Latitudinal spatial segregation was not evident in relation to sex or maturity stage. The patterns of segregation reported here suggest a potential for differential exploitation of the sexes by spatially focused fisheries.

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Ali, Hammad, Basil Donovan, Bette Liu, Jane S. Hocking, Paul Agius, James Ward, Christopher Bourne, John M. Kaldor, and Rebecca J. Guy. "Chlamydia prevention indicators for Australia: review of the evidence from New South Wales." Sexual Health 9, no. 5 (2012): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11183.

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Background: Annual notifications of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) diagnoses have increased steadily in Australia in the last decade. To guide public health programs, we developed 10 national chlamydia prevention indicators and report on each indicator for New South Wales (NSW). Methods: Using systematic methods, we reviewed the literature to report on the 10 health and behaviour indicators for 15- to 29–year-old heterosexuals in NSW from 2000. We included data with two or more time points. Results: Chlamydia notification rates (Indicator 1) in 15- to 29–year-olds have increased by 299%, from 237 per 100 000 population in 2001 to 946 per 100 000 population in 2010; and the percent of 15- to 34-year-olds with an annual Medicare-rebated chlamydia test (Indicator 2) increased by 326%, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2010. Since 2004, sentinel surveillance showed a 28% increase in chlamydia prevalence (Indicator 3) in 15- to 29-year-old females tested at their first sexual health service visit (from 8.5% in 2004 to 10.9% in 2010) but no significant increase in males. No NSW-specific chlamydia incidence (Indicator 4) was available. Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalisation separations rate decreased from 0.58 per 1000 in 2001 to 0.44 per 1000 in 2010 in 15- to 29-year-old females (Indicator 5).Secondary school surveys in 2002 and 2008 showed chlamydia knowledge increased in males. The sexual risk-taking behaviour of young people remained unchanged (Indicators 6–10). Conclusions: Although notifications have risen steeply, the modest increase in chlamydia prevalence maybe a more realistic reflection of transmission rates. Strategies are needed to increase testing and to modify sexual risk behaviour. Crucial gaps in epidemiological data were identified.

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Strang, John, Beverly Powis, Paul Griffiths, and Michael Gossop. "Heterosexual Vaginal and Anal Intercourse Amongst London Heroin and Cocaine Users." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500211.

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A community-derived sample of 392 heroin users and 145 cocaine users were interviewed about their drug use and sexual behaviour, with (optional) collection of saliva specimen for linked anonymous HIV/HBV testing. The heroin sample was stratified (50/50) across current treatment and non-treatment status. For cocaine users 80% were not in current contact with any treatment. Overall levels of sexual activity were several times higher than reported in recent national surveys. Last-year prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse was 23% and 20% for heroin-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—12% and 10%); and 23% and 15% for cocaine-using males and females respectively (last-month figures—7% and 9%). Two-thirds of subjects rarely or never used condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse. For females, receptive anal intercourse was positively related to a history of sex-for-money activity, high scores of severity of dependence, and injecting as a current route of use.

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Wendell, Deborah A., Deborah A. Cohen, Daphne LeSage, and Thomas A. Farley. "Street outreach for HIV prevention: effectiveness of a state-wide programme." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203321605549.

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Street outreach is considered a key HIV prevention strategy in the United States. To determine whether street outreach to prevent HIV infection as practised by state-funded community-based organizations (CBOs) is effective in promoting condom use, we conducted an evaluation using a quasi-experimental design. Twenty-one CBOs involved in street outreach conducted cross-sectional surveys assessing risk behaviour and exposure to outreach activities in 66 intervention and 13 comparison areas in Louisiana over a 2-year period. Surveys were collected from 4950 persons at intervention sites and 1597 persons at comparison sites. After controlling for demographic characteristics and sexual risk factors, persons in intervention sites were more likely to use condoms than persons in comparison sites [odds ratio 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.20, 1.56; P<0.001)]. Contact with an outreach worker mediated condom use. The mechanism of effect may be related to direct contact with an outreach worker and condom distribution rather than to broader community mobilization.

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Kypri, Kypros, Brett Maclennan, and Jennie Connor. "Alcohol Harms over a Period of Alcohol Policy Reform: Surveys of New Zealand College Residents in 2004 and 2014." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030836.

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Background: We estimated the change in the prevalence of harms attributed by students to their drinking and to others’ drinking, over a decade of concerted effort by university authorities to reduce antisocial behaviour and improve student safety. Interventions included a security and liaison service, a stricter code of conduct, challenges to liquor license applications near campus, and a ban on alcohol advertising. Methods: We used a pre-post design adjusting for population changes. We invited all students residing in colleges of a New Zealand University to complete web surveys in 2004 and 2014, using identical methods. We estimated change in the 4-week prevalence of 15 problems and harms among drinkers, and nine harms from others’ drinking among all respondents. We adjusted for differences in sample sociodemographic characteristics between surveys. Results: Among drinkers there were reductions in several harms, the largest being in acts of vandalism (7.1% to 2.7%), theft (11% to 4.5%), and physical aggression (10% to 5.3%). Among all respondents (including non-drinkers), there were reductions in unwanted sexual advances (14% to 8.9%) and being the victim of sexual assault (1.0% to 0.4%). Conclusion: Alcohol-related harm, including the most serious outcomes, decreased substantially among college residents in this period of alcohol policy reform. In conjunction with evidence of reduced drinking to intoxication in this population, the findings suggest that strategies to reduce the availability and promotion of alcohol on and near campus can substantially reduce the incidence of health and social harms.

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Schaefer, Robin, Simon Gregson, and Clemens Benedikt. "Widespread changes in sexual behaviour in eastern and southern Africa: Challenges to achieving global HIV targets? Longitudinal analyses of nationally representative surveys." Journal of the International AIDS Society 22, no. 6 (June 2019): e25329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25329.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual behaviour surveys'

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