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1
Ali, Hammad, Basil Donovan, Bette Liu, Jane S. Hocking, Paul Agius, James Ward, Christopher Bourne, John M. Kaldor, and Rebecca J. Guy. "Chlamydia prevention indicators for Australia: review of the evidence from New South Wales." Sexual Health 9, no. 5 (2012): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11183.
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Background: Annual notifications of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) diagnoses have increased steadily in Australia in the last decade. To guide public health programs, we developed 10 national chlamydia prevention indicators and report on each indicator for New South Wales (NSW). Methods: Using systematic methods, we reviewed the literature to report on the 10 health and behaviour indicators for 15- to 29–year-old heterosexuals in NSW from 2000. We included data with two or more time points. Results: Chlamydia notification rates (Indicator 1) in 15- to 29–year-olds have increased by 299%, from 237 per 100 000 population in 2001 to 946 per 100 000 population in 2010; and the percent of 15- to 34-year-olds with an annual Medicare-rebated chlamydia test (Indicator 2) increased by 326%, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2010. Since 2004, sentinel surveillance showed a 28% increase in chlamydia prevalence (Indicator 3) in 15- to 29-year-old females tested at their first sexual health service visit (from 8.5% in 2004 to 10.9% in 2010) but no significant increase in males. No NSW-specific chlamydia incidence (Indicator 4) was available. Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalisation separations rate decreased from 0.58 per 1000 in 2001 to 0.44 per 1000 in 2010 in 15- to 29-year-old females (Indicator 5).Secondary school surveys in 2002 and 2008 showed chlamydia knowledge increased in males. The sexual risk-taking behaviour of young people remained unchanged (Indicators 6–10). Conclusions: Although notifications have risen steeply, the modest increase in chlamydia prevalence maybe a more realistic reflection of transmission rates. Strategies are needed to increase testing and to modify sexual risk behaviour. Crucial gaps in epidemiological data were identified.
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Hunt, Tim N., Simon J. Allen, Lars Bejder, and Guido J. Parra. "Assortative interactions revealed in a fission–fusion society of Australian humpback dolphins." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 914–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz029.
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Abstract Understanding individual interactions within a community or population provides valuable insight into its social system, ecology, and, ultimately, resilience against external stimuli. Here, we used photo-identification data, generalized affiliation indices, and social network analyses to investigate dyadic relationships, assortative interactions, and social clustering in the Australian humpback dolphin (Sousa sahulensis). Boat-based surveys were conducted between May 2013 and October 2015 around the North West Cape, Western Australia. Our results indicated a fission–fusion society, characterized by nonrandom dyadic relationships. Assortative interactions were identified both within and between sexes and were higher among members of the same sex, indicating same-sex preferred affiliations and sexual segregation. Assortative interactions by geographic locations were also identified, but with no evidence of distinct social communities or clusters or affiliations based on residency patterns. We noted high residency among females. Models of temporal patterns of association demonstrated variable levels of stability, including stable (preferred companionships) and fluid (casual acquaintances) associations. We also demonstrated some social avoidance. Our results point to greater social complexity than previously recognized for humpback dolphins and, along with knowledge of population size and habitat use, provide the necessary baseline upon which to assess the influence of increasing human activities on this endemic, Vulnerable species.
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Robertson, Courtney, Ashleigh Lin, Grant Smith, Anna Yeung, Penelope Strauss, Jennifer Nicholas, Elizabeth Davis, et al. "The Impact of Externally Worn Diabetes Technology on Sexual Behavior and Activity, Body Image, and Anxiety in Type 1 Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819870541.
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Background: We aimed to explore the impact of externally worn diabetes technologies on sexual behavior and activity, body image, and anxiety in adopters and nonadopters of these devices. Methods: People with type 1 diabetes aged 16-60 years living in Western Australia were invited to complete an online survey. Results: Of the 289 respondents (mean age 34.3 years), 45% used continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and 35% used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Approximately half of CSII users stated that the pump interferes with sex. Of these, 75% disconnect their pump during sexual activity to avoid this issue. Comfort during sex influenced the location of the CSII insertion site in 22% of respondents, with the abdomen being preferred. One in four non-CSII users cited sex-related concerns as a factor for not adopting the technology. CGM interfered with sexual activity in 20% of users, but did not commonly affect CGM placement (only 18%). Sexual activity was reported as a factor for not adopting the technology in 10% of non-CGM users. No differences in body dissatisfaction ( P = .514) or anxiety ( P = .304) between CSII and non-CSII users were observed. No differences in sexual activity and behavior between technology users and nontechnology users were observed. Conclusion: Wearable technologies impact upon sexual activity and this influences the decision to adopt the technology. Despite this, technology users are similar in terms of sexual behavior, anxiety, and body image compared to nontechnology users. Where appropriate, these data can be used to identify potential concerns, address strategies to mitigate them, and inform people with diabetes when considering adopting external technologies.
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Hutton, Alison, Allison Roderick, Rebecca Munt, Lidia Mayner, Mayumi Kako, and Paul Arbon. "Celebrating the End of School Life: A Pilot Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 1 (February 2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11006765.
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AbstractIntroduction: Celebrating the end of secondary schooling (“Schoolies Festival”) is an established part of the school culture in Australia, with thousands of young students converging at beachside locations to celebrate this rite of passage. The aim of this study was to identify what young people believe is important to remain safe and healthy at this mass-gathering event.Methods: This study was conducted using postcard surveys requesting demographic data and responses to the questions: (1) What do you think is important to stay safe and healthy at this event?; (2) What do you think is risky attending this event?; (3) Which of these is most likely to affect you at this event?; and (4) Where would you seek medical support? The surveys were distributed to attendees of a “Schoolies Festival” in Adelaide, Australia in 2008.Results: One hundred sixty-five of the 300 postcards were returned completed. The average age of the respondents was 17.7 years. “Not using drugs” was considered important to staying safe and healthy by 120 (73%) of respondents; “drinking alcohol responsibly” was considered important by 89 (54%); and “violent behavior” and “exposure to illicit drugs” were identified as important risks by 135 (82%) and 98 (59%) of participants, respectively. Only 35 (21%) of respondents indicated that they would seek on-site health care if needed.Conclusion: Young people attending mass-gathering celebrations have valid concerns about drinking responsibly, exposure to illicit drugs, and sexual harassment. Health messages or health promotion strategies aimed at their specific concerns would be helpful in the mitigation of illness or injury at such events.
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Hawkins, E. R., and D. F. Gartside. "Social and Behavioural Characteristics of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in northern New South Wales, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 30, no. 2 (2008): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08009.
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Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are one of the most common genera of cetacea encountered throughout the world?s tropical and temperate regions. However, there is relatively little knowledge on the populations of bottlenose dolphins in Australia. The present study assessed the pod characteristics, behaviour, movement patterns and social structure of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in coastal inshore waters off northern New South Wales, Australia, using vessel-based and land-based surveys. Dolphins spent most time travelling (38%), followed by milling (31%), feeding (19%), and socialising (12%). The mean pod size of dolphins in Byron Bay was 13 (S.D. = 12). The social foundation of this population was characterised by sexual segregation. Significant variations were found between the mean size of mother-calf pods (21; S.D. = 15) and adult-only pods (5; S.D. = 5). Two ?resident? groups of females were identified that occupied adjacent territories of between 177 km� and 320 km�. ?Resident? females appeared to maintain loose associations with other ?resident? females (HWI = 0.28; S.D. = 0.66). Despite the large differences in environmental conditions, habitats and prey species, it appeared that the social organisation, movement patterns and behaviour of T. aduncus populations in coastal regions is similar. The Byron Bay population of dolphins is not presently heavily impacted by interactions with humans, compared to populations with regular commercial dolphin-watching operations. This means the population may provide important base-line data for assessment of potential human impacts on dolphin populations.
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Jusaitis, Manfred, and Mark Adams. "Conservation implications of clonality and limited sexual reproduction in the endangered shrub Acanthocladium dockeri (Asteraceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 6 (2005): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04131.
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Allozyme electrophoresis was used to determine the extent of clonality in four naturally occurring populations of Acanthocladium dockeri F.Muell. from the mid-north of South Australia. A total of 33 loci was scored for at least 16 plants from each population. The four known populations of A. dockeri represent four quite distinct genetic clones. Each natural population consists of a single genet, and no indication of any correlation between geographical proximity and genetic similarity was found. Seed set in flowers was very low (0.6% of florets), probably owing to low pollen germinability. Seedlings raised from A. dockeri seed collected at Hart displayed obvious genetic affinities to their parent, but were nevertheless genetically distinct. Differences were consistent with the derivation of this seed by selfing of the Hart genet. A. dockeri is considered at high risk of extinction because of its low genetic diversity, poor seed production, lack of seedling recruitment and population growth by clonal reproduction alone. On the basis of the outcomes of this research, the following recommendations for conservation management of A. dockeri are made: (1) all four extant genets should be preserved in their respective habitats; (2) at least one ex situ collection of all four extant genets should be maintained at a secure site as an insurance against population loss; (3) further surveys are required to potentially locate new populations with superior fertility; and (4) mixing of clones or seed provenances into a single population should be avoided until appropriately designed experimental translocations have evaluated the possible consequences of such mixing on competitive, reproductive and genetic responses of populations.
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MOUND, LAURENCE A., and KAMB MINAEI. "New fungus-feeding thrips (Thysanoptera–Phlaeothripinae) from tropical Australia." Zootaxa 1150, no. 1 (March 14, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1150.1.1.
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Three new genera and seven new species of fungal-feeding thrips are described from the northern, tropical zone of Australia. Majerthrips barrowi gen. et sp. n. is a large species exhibiting polymorphism associated with wing development and sex, whereas Senithrips psomus gen. et sp. n. is a minute monomorphic species with little sexual dimorphism. Also monomorphic is Jacotia rhodorcha sp.n., the fourth species described in this genus from Australia. These three were all taken during a biodiversity survey of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Structural variation in Streptothrips tribulatius sp. n. from Cape Tribulation, Queensland, confirms the existence of dimorphism in this genus between winged and wingless individuals. Stomothrips mouldeni differs from the single described species in this genus in having the mouth cone directed ventrally not posteriorly; it was collected from Cycas pruinosa in the north of Western Australia. Also in this area but living at the base of Triodia grasses, Apostlethrips apostus and A. pygus gen. et spp. n. are remarkable amongst the Eurythrips group of leaf-litter phlaeothripines in lacking sense cones on antennal segment III, and lacking tergal wing retaining setae in macropterae, also in the setose abdominal apex.
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Pillon, Yohan, Helen C. F. Hopkins, Jérôme Munzinger, and Mark W. Chase. "A Molecular and Morphological Survey of Generic Limits of Acsmithia and Spiraeanthemum (Cunoniaceae)." Systematic Botany 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409787602410.
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A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the tribe Spiraeanthemeae (Cunoniaceae) to clarify relationships of Acsmithia and Spiraeanthemum. Three molecular markers, one plastid region (trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer) and two nuclear single copy genes (ncpGS and PHYC), were sequenced for this purpose. The independent analysis of the three markers and a combined analysis all showed that Acsmithia is paraphyletic since Spiraeanthemum is nested within it. A morphological survey of all species in the tribe confirmed the existence of two groups within Acsmithia. One comprises the species from Australia, New Guinea, and A. densiflora from New Caledonia and is characterised by multiple ovules per carpel. The other group contains all the remaining New Caledonian species plus A. vitiensis from Fiji and is characterized by a single ovule per carpel. The study shows that characters previously used to distinguish Acsmithia and Spiraenthemum, phyllotaxy and sexual system, are homoplasious as in several other groups of Cunoniaceae. A broad circumscription of the genus Spiraeanthemum is adopted here that includes the species formerly placed in Acsmithia. Two new combinations are proposed: Spiraeanthemum collinum and Spiraeanthemum meridionale. Spiraeanthemum austrocaledonicum is considered a synonym of Spiraeanthemum densiflorum.
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Zablotska, I., G. Prestage, A. Grulich, J. Imrie, and S. Kippax. "27. CAN UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE WITH REGULAR AND CASUAL PARTNERS EXPLAIN THE DIVERGING TRENDS IN HIV EPIDEMIC IN AUSTRALIA?" Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/shv4n4ab27.
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Introduction: Worldwide, increases in unprotected anal intercourse have been linked to the resurgence in HIV and STI in gay men. We assessed whether changes in UAI within regular and casual relationships may explain the diverging trends in HIV in three Australian states - NSW, Victoria and Queensland. Methods: We used the data from the annual cross-sectional Gay Community Periodic Surveys conducted annually in Sydney since 1996 and in Melbourne and Queensland since 1998. A short self-administered questionnaire asks about HIV serostatus, sexual health testing and behaviours relevant to HIV epidemic. We present time trends in seroconcordance and unprotected sex with regular and casual partners. Results: Currently, about one third of gay men report being in monogamous regular relationships, and this proportion has been slowly increasing everywhere. The self-reported UAI with regular partners (UAIR) was highest among men in seroconcordant positive relationships, lower among seroconcordant negative partners and lowest in non seroconcordant relationships. From 1998 to 2006, the rates of UAIR consistently increased by 10% in all three states and in all relationships by serostatus. The rates of UAI with casual partners (UAIC) were historically highest in NSW. From a peak in 2001, UAIC rates have consistently declined in NSW, but continuing increases were observed in Victoria and Queensland. Higher rates of nondisclosure of HIV were also observed in the context of UAIC in the latter two states. Conclusion: Changes in unprotected sex with casual partners may be responsible for the slowing of HIV epidemic in NSW. Sustained investment in policies and programs are important in achieving behaviour change.
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Butler, Tony, Eva Malacova, Juliet Richters, Lorraine Yap, Luke Grant, Alun Richards, Anthony M. A. Smith, and Basil Donovan. "Sexual behaviour and sexual health of Australian prisoners." Sexual Health 10, no. 1 (2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12104.
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Objective To describe prisoners’ sexual experiences and sexual practices while in the community, sexual identities, and sexual health (e.g. self-reported exposure to sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and female reproductive outcomes) using data from the Sexual Health and Attitudes of Australian Prisoners (SHAAP) survey. Methods: This study used a computer-assisted telephone interview to screen randomly selected prisoners using a questionnaire based on the Australian Study of Health and Relationships survey. Results: 2351 men and women prisoners from New South Wales and Queensland took part in the survey. Most men identified as heterosexual (95.7%) and reported sexual attraction (91.0%) and sexual experiences (86.6%) only with the opposite sex, but 28.5% of women prisoners identified as bisexual. Sexual attraction correlated with sexual experience (men: r = 0.63; women: r = 0.84) more than with sexual identity (men: r = 0.53; women: r = 0.54). Male prisoners reported more lifetime opposite-sex partners than women prisoners (median 24 v. 10). Women prisoners were more likely than men to report a prior STI (35.1% v. 20.0%). Conclusions: Prisoners are a high-risk group with regard to sexual health. There is a need for a better understanding of the sexual health of this population group so that education campaigns and interventions specific to this population group can be developed.
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Neira, Francisco J., Miriana I. Sporcic, and Andrew R. Longmore. "Biology and fishery of pilchard, Sardinops sagax (Clupeidae), within a large south-eastern Australian bay." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98067.
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Length–frequency and maturity data of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) are described from monthly purse-seine commercial catch samples obtained in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) between December 1994 and January 1997. These data, together with findings of a 12-month ichthyoplankton bay survey from September 1995 to August 1996, were used to determine the size at which pilchards recruit to the bay fishery and whether they spawn within this system. Monthly pilchard catch rates between January 1990 and June 1996 are also described and analysed in terms of environmental variables during that period. Results show that pilchards do not generally attain sexual maturity or spawn within the bay but use it as a nursery area, entering this system mostly as 0+ to 1+ year-o ld juveniles (4–12 cm fork length, FL) in late spring–early summer and returning to sea the following winter. This migration is supported by the marked seasonality in catch rates, which each year peak in March–May and are lowest in August–October. The seasonality was adequately explained by temperature lagged 2 months in a multivariate time-series model. Port Phillip Bay appears to be the only semi-enclosed, shallow marine embayment in temperate Australia that supports a substantial pilchard fishery that, in addition, is based predominantly on juveniles.
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Short, Jeff, and Bruce Turner. "Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 26, no. 5 (1999): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98039.
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Population structure, reproduction, condition, morphology, movements, habitat preference, and dynamics of the burrowing bettong were assessed on Dorre and Bernier Islands between 1988 and 1995. The data come from 982 captures of bettongs in 2661 trap-nights (an average of 37 captures per 100 trap-nights). Recaptures within a trip made up 39% of bettong captures. Bettongs were more abundant, as indexed by trap success, than were western barred bandicoots (the other species caught in considerable numbers on trapping grids). Sex ratio of bettongs (excluding recaptures) were skewed heavily towards males at 1.43: 1 despite approximate parity in pouch young. Production of young was concentrated in the wetter winter months and appeared to fall well below their theoretical capacity of 3 young per year. Bettong females were capable of producing young at 880–900 g (approximately 7–8 months of age) but incidence of females with pouch young or showing signs of recent lactation increased from 40% for females of 881–1000 g to 62% for females > 1000 g. The incidence of sub-adult bettongs in the population peaked in spring, but varied between years (range 0–14% of the population). There was an excess of males over females in the sub-adult population. Bettongs showed little sexual dimorphism but there were significant differences in morphology between the two island populations. Bettongs appeared to suffer substantial reductions in numbers in a prolonged drought extending from October 1986 to April 1989, reducing trap success for this species to 19% in the 1989 survey. Numbers grew strongly on both islands after the breaking of the drought in May 1989, showing an observed rate of increase of r = 0.75 on Dorre Island. Trap success had increased to 45% in September 1991. There was a high turnover of bettongs on trapping grids – 25–40% over 6 months to 80% over 3 years. Movements of bettongs appeared limited: the median distance moved by bettongs captured more than once within an 8-day trapping session was 160 m. Only 4% of recorded movements were greater than 1 km. There was no significant difference in movements between the sexes. Bettongs were widely dispersed in winter through the four habitats surveyed but tended to concentrate in dune and Triodia sandplain habitat in autumn and spring.
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Schofield, Margot J., Victor Minichiello, Gita D. Mishra, David Plummer, and Jan Savage. "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Use of Sexual Health Services among Young Australian Women: Women's Health Australia Study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 5 (May 2000): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100507.
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Our objective was to examine associations between self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sociodemographic, lifestyle, health status, health service use and quality of life factors among young Australian women; and their use of family planning and sexual health clinics and associations with health, demographic and psychosocial factors. The study sample comprised 14,762 women aged 18–23 years who participated in the mailed baseline survey for the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, conducted in 1996. The main outcome measures are self report of ever being diagnosed by a doctor with an STI, including chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts or other STIs, and use of family planning and sexual health clinics. The self-reported incidence of STI was 1.7% for chlamydia, 1.1% genital herpes, 3.1% genital warts, and 2.1% other STIs. There was a large number of demographic, health behaviour, psychosocial and health service use factors significantly and independently associated with reports of having had each STI. Factors independently associated with use of family planning clinic included unemployment, current smoking, having had a Pap smear less than 2 years ago, not having ancillary health insurance, having consulted a hospital doctor and having higher stress and life events score. Factors independently associated with use of a sexual health clinic included younger age, lower occupation status, being a current or ex-smoker, being a binge drinker, having had a Pap smear, having consulted a hospital doctor, having poorer mental health and having higher life events score. This study reports interesting correlates of having an STI among young Australian women aged 18–23. The longitudinal nature of this study provides the opportunity to explore the long-term health and gynaecological outcomes of having STIs during young adulthood.
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Doran, Frances, and Paul Orrock. "Educating university allied health students about gender-based violence: Report of a pilot study." Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal 22, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/fohpe.v22i3.440.
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Introduction: Sexual harassment, bullying and discrimination occur across a range of healthcare settings, with frequent complaints made to health professional registration boards of Australia. Health professional education provides an ideal opportunity to ensure students understand the nature of gender-based violence (GBV) and how to prevent and address such behavior. However, there has been minimal health professional curricula that incorporates an integrated focus on gender. The aim of this study was to increase awareness and knowledge of pre-registration health students of the context of GBV and for participants to learn bystander approaches to effectively intervene to reduce violence.Methods: A violence prevention workshop incorporating a bystander approach was developed as a key component of the curriculum for a single discipline cohort of health students. Participants completed a survey pre and post workshop, where they provided responses, on a 5-point Likert scale, to statements exploring attitudes, knowledge and behaviours in relation to behaviours that constitute GBV. Within-subject pre- and post-intervention statistical analysis was completed.Results: The results demonstrated several significant positive changes to knowledge and attitude of the participants in relation to GBV.Conclusions: The findings of the project can inform the development of integrated gender-focused education as a core competency for preparing health professional students across a range of disciplines in clinical health and public health curricula.
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Short, Jeff, J. D. Richards, and Bruce Turner. "Ecology of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97131.
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Population structure, reproduction, condition, movements and habitat preference were assessed for western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville) on Dorre and Bernier Islands over seven trapping sessions between 1988 and 1995. Data comes from 372 captures of bandicoots in 2535 trap-nights (an average of 14·7 captures per 100 trap-nights). Trap success was 5.7–25.8% on Dorre and 5.7–7.6% on Bernier. Recaptures within a trip made up 29% of bandicoot captures. The overall sex ratio (excluding recaptures) was skewed heavily towards males at 1.7: 1 for trapped animals, but varied between male and female dominance at any time according to reproductive status of females. Sex ratio of pouch young was 1.2: 1. Production of young was concentrated in the wetter winter months. The smallest western barred bandicoot with pouch young weighed 175 g. Bandicoots showed a pattern of increasing litter size with size of mother. Females with young had an average litter size of 1.8, with young reaching independence at about 100 g body weight. Large testes size relative to body size in males suggested a promiscuous mating system. Body condition could be predicted by sex (females were typically in better condition than males) and by rainfall over the previous 2 months. Some sexual dimorphism was evident, with females having longer heads and typically being heavier than males. There was no detected dimorphism between island populations. Movements of bandicoots appeared limited, with the median distance moved by animals captured more than once within a 9–11-day trapping session being 154 m. There was no significant difference in movements between the sexes, with males moving a median distance of 160 m and females 138 m within trapping sessions. The greatest movement by a male was 1020 m while the greatest distance moved by a female was 490 m. Only 13% of recorded movements were greater than 400 m. Home ranges overlapped, with 51% of traps catching more than one individual and as many as five males being caught at the same trap site. Bandicoots were widely dispersed through all habitats surveyed. Bandicoots appeared to suffer a substantial reduction in numbers on Dorre Island in a prolonged drought extending from October 1986 to April 1989, reducing overall trap success to less than 6% in the 1988 survey.
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Dolan, Kate, David Lowe, and James Shearer. "Evaluation of the Condom Distribution Program in New South Wales Prisons, Australia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00457.x.
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Male to male unprotected anal sex is the main route of HIV transmission in Australia. The Australian Study of Health and Relationships, a large, representative population survey of sexual health behaviors, found that six percent of males in the general population have engaged in homosexual activity. These findings were consistent with studies in Europeand North America. Condoms have been shown to reduce the transmission of HIV in the community. Barriers to the use of condoms include access,stigma,and cost? Nevertheless, increased condom use has been reported among homosexual males, sex workers and injecting drug users although recent declines in condom use among homosexuals has presented new challenges in HIV prevention.The prevalence of male to male sexual activity may be higher in prison than in the general population. Sexual activity in prison can be consensual and non-consensual involving both homosexual / bisexual and heterosexual men.
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Lawrence, Chris G., Patrick Rawstorne, Peter Hull, Andrew E. Grulich, Scott Cameron, and Garrett P. Prestage. "Risk behaviour among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander gay men: comparisons with other gay men in Australia." Sexual Health 3, no. 3 (2006): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh05053.
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Objectives: To determine any differences in HIV-risk and drug-use behaviour among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander gay men and other gay men in Australia. Methods: The Gay Community Periodic Survey is a repeated cross-sectional prevalence study of the sexual and drug use behaviours of Australian gay men conducted since 1996. Responses from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) gay men were compared with those from non-ATSI gay men for the years 2000–2004. Results: Of 34 708 responses collected in major Australian cities over a 6-year period, 1208 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. There was little difference between ATSI and non-ATSI men in the reported prevalence of HIV, though ATSI gay men were more likely than non-ATSI gay men to engage in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners and to inject illicit drugs but were more likely to have been recently tested for HIV. Conclusions: These ATSI gay men were at increased risk of HIV and other blood-borne viruses, though this may be due to differences in socio-economic status as much as cultural background. These findings indicate the continued need for targeted sexual and injecting-drug-use health interventions among this population.
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Moreira, Edson D., Dale B. Glasser, Rosie King, Fernanda Gross Duarte, Clive Gingell, and for the GSSAB Investigators' Group. "Sexual difficulties and help-seeking among mature adults in Australia: results from the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviours." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07055.
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Background: The Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviours was a survey of 27 500 men and women in 29 countries. Here we report the sexual activity, the prevalence of sexual difficulties and related help-seeking behaviour among participants in Australia. Methods: A telephone survey was conducted in Australia in 2001–2002, with interviews based on a standardised questionnaire. A total of 1500 individuals (750 men and 750 women) aged 40 to 80 years completed the survey. The questionnaire covered demographic information, overall health, and sexual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. Results: Overall, 83% of men and 74% of women had engaged in sexual intercourse during the 12 months preceding the interview, and 38% of all men and 29% of all women engaged in sexual intercourse more than once a week. Early ejaculation (23%), erectile difficulties (21%) and a lack of sexual interest (18%) were the most common male sexual difficulties. The most frequently reported female sexual difficulties were: lack of sexual interest (33%), lubrication difficulties (26%) and an inability to reach orgasm (25%). Older age was a significant predictor of male erectile difficulties and of lubrication difficulties in women. Only a minority of men and women had sought help for their sexual difficulty(ies) from a health professional. Conclusions: Many middle-aged and older adults in Australia report continued sexual interest and sexual activity. Several sexual difficulties are highly prevalent in this population, but those experiencing these difficulties rarely seek medical help. This may be because they do not perceive such difficulties as serious or sufficiently upsetting.
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MacDermott, Therese. "The under-reporting of sexual harassment in Australian workplaces: are organisational processes falling short?" Legal Studies 40, no. 4 (June 18, 2020): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2020.24.
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AbstractSexual harassment is persistent, prevalent and under-reported in Australian workplaces despite its legal regulation over many decades. The most recent survey data in Australia indicate that the majority of individuals who are subject to sexual harassment at work do not make a formal report or lodge a complaint. The opportunity for voice that organisational processes provide to those who experience sexual harassment at work is a particular focus, given the under-reporting problem. The paper also considers the impact of organisational processes on those who observe the inappropriate behaviour and/or the organisational response. Ultimately, this paper argues that organisations should reduce their reliance on individual complaints by expanding the pathways by which concerns can be raised or observed behaviours addressed that offer alternative voice mechanisms, with an emphasis on problem-solving and early intervention where this is appropriate. The paper also considers different communications strategies, such as approaches to training, the sharing of information about workplace incidents, and leadership on the issue within organisations.
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Laird, Jessica, Bianca Klettke, Elizabeth Clancy, and Ian Fuelscher. "Relationships between Coerced Sexting and Differentiation of Self: An Exploration of Protective Factors." Sexes 2, no. 4 (November 8, 2021): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2040037.
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Pressure to send sexually explicit messages, or ‘sexting coercion’ is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and sexual risk behaviors. This study explores Differentiation of Self (DoS) as a potential protective factor to reduce susceptibility to sexting coercion. A convenience sample of 399 Australian participants, aged 18 to 21 years (Mage = 19.63; SD = 1.14, 68.2% women) completed an online survey measuring sexting behaviors and DoS. Women were four times more likely to send willing unwanted sexts, and seven times more likely to engage in coerced unwanted sexting than men. Participants with low DoS were four times more likely to engage in coerced unwanted sexting. DoS significantly mediated the relationship between gender and coerced unwanted sexting. Results support the proposal of a sexting coercion typology encompassing discrete sub-types of sexting coercion. Results also indicate DoS may operate as a protective factor for young people in Australia, reducing compliance with sexting when coerced.
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Powell, Anastasia, and Nicola Henry. "Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Victimization: Results From an Online Survey of Australian Adults." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 17 (October 3, 2016): 3637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672055.
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Online forms of sexual harassment and abuse as experienced by adults represent an emerging yet under-researched set of behaviors, such that very few studies have sought to estimate the extent of the problem. This article presents the results of an online survey of 2,956 Australian adult (aged 18 to 54 years) experiences of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) victimization. The prevalence of TFSV was analyzed in relation to a 21-item scale developed in accordance with prior conceptual research identifying multiple dimensions of TFSV including digital sexual harassment, image-based sexual abuse, sexual aggression and/or coercion, and, gender and/or sexuality-based harassment (including virtual sexual violence). Results revealed significant differences in lifetime TFSV victimization for younger (18-24) and non-heterosexual identifying adults. Lifetime TFSV victimization for men and women was not significantly different, though women were more likely to report sexual harassment victimization and men were more likely to report victimization through the distribution of non-consensual images, as well as gender and/or sexuality-based harassment. The authors conclude that although women and men report experiencing similar overall prevalence of TFSV victimization, the nature and impacts of those experiences differ in particular gendered ways that reflect broader patterns in both gender relations and “offline” sexual harassment.
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Prestage, Garrett, Jeffrey Grierson, Jack Bradley, Michael Hurley, and Jeff Hudson. "The role of drugs during group sex among gay men in Australia." Sexual Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09014.
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Background: Drug use has been associated with risk behaviour among gay men. We examined the use of drugs and sexual risk behaviour among homosexually-active men who engaged in group sex in Australia. Methods: We used an anonymous, self-complete survey about participants’ most recent occasion of group sex with other men and in-depth interviews with a small number of these survey participants. The 746 men who reported having engaged in group sex within the previous 6 months were included in these analyses. Results: Among 746 men who engaged in group sex within the previous 6 months, 63.0% reported using illicit drugs at the group sex encounter. Men commonly reported using drugs specifically to enhance their sexual experience and to intensify the pleasure of that experience. After controlling for each drug type and other risk factors, only use of methamphetamine (odds ratio = 1.74, confidence interval = 1.06–2.88, P = 0.030) and having more than five drinks (odds ratio = 2.41, confidence interval = 1.34–4.33, P = 0.003) were independently associated with unprotected anal intercourse with non-HIV seroconcordant partners in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Methamphetamine and heavy alcohol use are associated with increased sexual risk behaviour among men who engage in group sex. Within more ‘adventurous’ gay community subcultures, drug use is often for the explicit purpose of enhancing the sexual experience and this complex relationship may be key to understanding HIV risk among these men.
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Dean, Judith, Marion Mitchell, Donald Stewart, and Joseph Debattista. "Sexual health knowledge and behaviour of young Sudanese Queenslanders: a cross-sectional study." Sexual Health 14, no. 3 (2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16171.
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Background Forced migration is associated with sexual vulnerability. However, little is known about the sexual health literacy and needs of refugee-background youth post resettlement. Methods: Conducted in partnership with the Queensland Sudanese community, this study used a cross-sectional survey to explore the sexual health knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of a convenience sample of 16- to 24-year-old Sudanese-background youth in Australia (n = 229). Results: Sexually transmissible infection (STI) and HIV knowledge scores were generally low, although they were found to significantly improve the longer participants had lived in Australia (P < 0.001). Female participants reported significantly higher levels of both STI and HIV knowledge compared with the male cohort (P < 0.001). The aggregated sexual risk behaviour score suggests generally low levels of risk-taking behaviour. However, of the 140 sexually active participants, 3.1% reported a STI diagnosis, 9.0% reported sex leading to a pregnancy and 33.1% reported they had experienced unwanted sex. Participants also reported engaging in behaviours such as anal sex (33%) and sharing injecting drug equipment. Conclusions: Patterns of sexual behaviour among this predominately refugee-background group are not dissimilar to those of other young Australians. Nonetheless, the self-reported patterns of risk behaviour combined with the low and inaccurate levels of sexual health knowledge suggest this group of young people remain sexually vulnerable, particularly early within their resettlement experience. Culturally and contextually informed sexual health interventions are needed early within the resettlement experience.
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Lyons, Anthony, Joel Anderson, Mary Lou Rasmussen, and Edith Gray. "Toward making sexual and gender diverse populations count in Australia." Australian Population Studies 4, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v4i2.69.
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Background Comprehensive data on gender and sexual identity is critical for the planning and delivery of health, education, and social support services. This paper examines ways in which sexual and gender diverse populations are being counted in research, with a view to informing discussions about how to represent these populations in future research.
Aims To examine approaches used for the collection of data from sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia.
Data and methods We reviewed nine examples of large national surveys conducted in Australia over the past ten years and compared the approaches used for collecting data on gender and sexual identity.
Results A diversity of approaches and a range of limitations were identified in how these diverse populations are counted. The proportions of survey respondents across sex, gender and sexual identity categories, and the types of categories, were also found to vary across studies.
Conclusions There is currently no consistent approach for collecting data involving sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia despite the need for large-scale surveys that reflect sexual and gender diversity. This paper identifies conceptual and methodological questions for consideration when planning how to capture diversity related to gender and sexual identity.
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Hamilton, Deven T., and Martina Morris. "Consistency of Self-Reported Sexual Behavior in Surveys." Archives of Sexual Behavior 39, no. 4 (July 9, 2009): 842–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9505-7.
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Jenkinson, Rebecca, Anna Bowring, Paul Dietze, Margaret Hellard, and Megan S. C. Lim. "Young Risk Takers: Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Sexual Practices among a Sample of Music Festival Attendees." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2014 (December 14, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/357239.
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Background. Alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviour are increasing among young Australians, with associated preventable health outcomes such as sexually transmissible infections (STIs) on the rise. Methods. A cross-sectional study of young people’s health behaviours conducted at a music festival in Melbourne, Australia, in 2011. Results. 1365 young people aged 16–29 completed the survey; 62% were female with a mean age of 20 years. The majority (94%, n=1287) reported drinking alcohol during the previous 12 months; among those, 32% reported “binge” drinking (6+ drinks) at least weekly. Half (52%) reported ever using illicit drugs and 25% reported past month use. One-quarter (27%) were identified as being at risk of STIs through unprotected sex with new or casual partners during the previous 12 months. Multivariable analyses found that risky sexual behaviour was associated with younger age (≤19 years), younger age of sexual debut (≤15 years), having discussed sexual health/contraception with a doctor, regular binge drinking, and recent illicit drug use. Conclusion. Substance use correlated strongly with risky sexual behaviour. Further research should explore young people’s knowledge of alcohol/drug-related impairment and associated risk-taking behaviours, and campaigns should encourage appropriate STI testing among music festival attendees.
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Guy, Rebecca, Megan S. C. Lim, Yung-Hsuan J. Wang, Nicholas Medland, Jonathan Anderson, Norman Roth, and Margaret E. Hellard. "A new surveillance system for monitoring HIV infection in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 4, no. 3 (2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07011.
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Objectives: To establish a new mechanism for monitoring patterns of HIV infection, in the context of a sustained increase in HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria. Methods: Between April 2004 and August 2005, a linked voluntary HIV sentinel surveillance system was implemented at five medical clinics with a high case load of MSM. Using a questionnaire, doctors collected HIV testing history, demographic and sexual risk behaviour information from all clients undergoing voluntary HIV testing. Questionnaires were linked with HIV test results. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with HIV infection. Results: Of 3435 MSM tested for HIV at participating sites, 1.7%, (95% CI = 1.2–2.2) were newly diagnosed with HIV; between 2004 and 2005 the proportion increased from 1.3% (95% CI = 1.2–1.5) to 2.0% (95% CI = 1.8–2.2), P = 0.107. There was no significant change in the number of HIV tests conducted per month or in demographic characteristics, testing history and sexual behaviour characteristics between time periods. In multivariate analysis, reporting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with any partner, UAI with a HIV-positive partner/s and being aged 30–39 years or 40 years or greater were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: This new surveillance mechanism, based on linked testing at participating clinics, indicates that the increase in HIV notifications in 2005 was unrelated to changes in testing and data from a Melbourne sexual behavioural survey suggests the increase was more likely to be attributed to increases in transmission within the past few years. The sentinel system highlighted UAI, especially with HIV positive partner/s are important transmission factors.
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King, Bruce M. "The Influence of Social Desirability on Sexual Behavior Surveys: A Review." Archives of Sexual Behavior 51, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 1495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02197-0.
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AbstractResearch in fields for which self-reported behaviors can be compared with factual data reveals that misreporting is pervasive and often extreme. The degree of misreporting is correlated with the level of social desirability, i.e., the need to respond in a culturally appropriate manner. People who are influenced by social desirability tend to over-report culturally desired behaviors and under-report undesired behaviors. This paper reviews socially desirable responding in sexual behavior research. Given the very private nature of the sexual activity, sex researchers generally lack a gold standard by which to compare self-reported sexual behaviors and have relied on the anonymity of participants as the methodology to assure honest answers on sexual behavior surveys. However, indirect evidence indicates that under-reporting (e.g., of a number of sexual partners, receptive anal intercourse, condom use) is common. Among the general population, several studies have now reported that even with anonymous responding, there are significant correlations between a variety of self-reported sexual behaviors (e.g., use of condoms, sexual fantasies, exposure to pornography, penis size) and social desirability, with evidence that extreme under- or over-reporting is as common as is found in other fields. When asking highly sensitive questions, sex researchers should always include a measure of social desirability and take that into account when analyzing their results.
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Richters, Juliet, Paul B. Badcock, Judy M. Simpson, David Shellard, Chris Rissel, Richard O. de Visser, Andrew E. Grulich, and Anthony M. A. Smith. "Design and methods of the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships." Sexual Health 11, no. 5 (2014): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14115.
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Background This paper describes the methods and process of the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships. Methods: A representative sample of the Australian population was contacted by landline and mobile phone modified random-digit dialling in 2012–13. Computer-assisted telephone interviews elicited sociodemographic and health details as well as sexual behaviour and attitudes. For analysis, the sample was weighted to reflect the study design and further weighted to reflect the location, age and sex distribution of the population at the 2011 Census. Results: Interviews were completed with 9963 men and 10 131 women aged 16–69 years from all states and territories. The overall participation rate among eligible people was 66.2% (63.9% for landline men, 67.9% for landline women and 66.5% for mobile respondents). Accounting for the survey design and adjusting to match the 2011 Census resulted in a weighted sample of 20 094 people (10 056 men and 10 038 women). The sample was broadly representative of the Australian population, although as in most surveys, people with higher education and higher status occupations were over-represented. Data quality was high, with the great majority saying they were not at all or only slightly embarrassed by the questionnaire and almost all saying they were 90–100% honest in their answers. Conclusions: The combination of methods and design in the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships, together with the high participation rate, strongly suggests that the results of the study are robust and broadly representative of the Australian population.
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Lim, Megan S. C., Margaret E. Hellard, Campbell K. Aitken, and Jane S. Hocking. "Sexual-risk behaviour, self-perceived risk and knowledge of sexually transmissible infections among young Australians attending a music festival." Sexual Health 4, no. 1 (2007): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06031.
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Background: Prevalences of sexually transmissible infections (STI), unsafe sex and abortions are increasing in Australia and people aged 16 to 29 are particularly at risk. We conducted a survey of behaviour, knowledge and perceptions of STI risk among young people attending a longstanding annual music festival called the Big Day Out. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to a cross-sectional sample of people aged 16 to 29 years attending a music festival (Big Day Out). Results: Completed questionnaires were collected from 939 participants (507 females, 432 males) whose median age was 20 years. Of the participants, 751 (80%) had ever had vaginal or anal sex. In the previous year, 48% had multiple partners and in the past 3 months 66% had a new partner. Of these, 224 (39%; 30% of those who had ever had sex) did not use condoms all or most of the time and were classified as being at risk of STI; however, only 24% of those so classified perceived that they were at risk of an STI. In total, 43% of all sexually experienced participants had not used a condom because they reported being drunk or high at the time. STI knowledge was poor overall and male participants, those living in non-metropolitan regions, those under the age of 20 and those with less schooling scored relatively poorly. Conclusions: Our data suggest that young men and women who attend the Big Day Out are sexually active young adults with limited knowledge of STI and blood-borne viruses who regularly engage in behaviours that put them at risk of infection.
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Williams, Robyn, Chris Lawrence, Edward Wilkes, Maurice Shipp, Barbara Henry, Sandra Eades, Bradley Mathers, John Kaldor, Lisa Maher, and Dennis Gray. "Sexual behaviour, drug use and health service use by young Noongar people in Western Australia: a snapshot." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14038.
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Background This study aimed to describe sexual health behaviour, alcohol and other drug use, and health service use among young Noongar people in the south-west of Western Australia. Method: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among a sample of 244 Noongar people aged 16−30 years. Results: The sample was more disadvantaged than the wider Noongar population. Sexual activity was initiated at a young age, 18% had two or more casual sex partners in the previous 12 months, with men more likely to have done so than women (23% vs 14%). Condoms were always or often carried by 57% of men and 37% of women, and 36% of men and 23% of women reported condom use at last sex with a casual partner. Lifetime sexually transmissible infection diagnosis was 14%. Forty percent currently smoked tobacco and 25% reported risky alcohol consumption on a weekly and 7% on an almost daily basis. Cannabis was used by 37%, 12% used drugs in addition to cannabis and 11% reported recently injecting drugs. In the previous 12 months, 66% had a health check and 31% were tested for HIV or sexually transmissible infections. Additionally, 25% sought advice or assistance for mental health or alcohol and other drug issues. Discussion: Although some respondents engaged in risky sexual behaviour, alcohol and other drug use or both, most did not. Particularly encouraging was the engagement of respondents with the health care system, especially among those engaging in risky behaviours. The results confound negative stereotypes of Aboriginal people and demonstrate a level of resilience among respondents.
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Yeung, Anna, Peter Aggleton, Juliet Richters, Andrew Grulich, Richard de Visser, Judy M. Simpson, and Chris Rissel. "Sex education: findings from the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships." Sexual Health 14, no. 3 (2017): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16215.
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In a national telephone-based survey, information on sexual behaviour and outcomes were collected from 20091 randomly selected Australians in 2012–13. Data were weighted and analysed to determine the proportion of those who had received school-based sex education and to examine the associations between sex education and sexual health outcomes, specifically a history of a sexually transmissible infection (STI), early pregnancy, contraception use at first sex, and level of STI knowledge. Just over half the respondents (53%; n = 19836) reported receiving sex education that included information about condoms and contraception. Using logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, education and non-English-speaking background, we found that sex education was strongly associated with increased odds of using contraception at first vaginal intercourse (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–1.71; P < 0.001) and higher levels of STI knowledge (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.46–2.12; P < 0.001).
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Michaels, Stuart, and Brigitte Lhomond. "Conceptualization and measurement of homosexuality in sex surveys: a critical review." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 22, no. 7 (July 2006): 1365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2006000700002.
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This article reviews major national population sex surveys that have asked questions about homosexuality focusing on conceptual and methodological issues, including the definitions of sex, the measured aspects of homosexuality, sampling and interviewing technique, and questionnaire design. Reported rates of major measures of same-sex attraction, behavior, partners, and sexual identity from surveys are also presented and compared. The study of homosexuality in surveys has been shaped by the research traditions and questions ranging from sexology to the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Sexual behavior has been a central topic at least since Kinsey. Issues of sexual attraction and/or orientation and sexual identity have emerged more recently. Differences in the treatment of men and women in the design and analysis of surveys as well as in the reported rates in different surveys, in different countries and time periods are also presented and discussed. We point out the importance of the consideration of both methodological and social change issues in assessing such differences.
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Santelli, John S., Laura Duberstein Lindberg, Joyce Abma, Clea Sucoff McNeely, and Michael Resnick. "Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Estimates and Trends from Four Nationally Representative Surveys." Family Planning Perspectives 32, no. 4 (July 2000): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2648232.
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Peckston, Dane Christopher, Rachel Urwin, Ryan McMullan, and Johanna Westbrook. "Student and clinician perceptions of medical student mistreatment: a cross-sectional vignette survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e061253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061253.
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ObjectivesThe mistreatment of medical students remains pervasive in medical education. Understanding the extent to which clinicians and students recognise mistreatment can assist in creating targeted interventions that reduce mistreatment. The objective of this study was to use clinical vignettes to assess perceptions of medical student mistreatment among medical students and clinical faculty at an Australian university.Design, setting and participantsThis cross-sectional study used a survey of medical students and clinical faculty in a Doctor of Medicine (MD) programme at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected via an online survey between 13 July and 27 July 2020.Outcome measuresFourteen clinical vignettes were developed based on commonly reported themes of mistreatment. An additional control vignette was also included, and these 15 vignettes were distributed via email to all 169 MD students and 42 teaching faculty at this teaching site. Participants were asked to rate whether the vignettes portrayed mistreatment on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree).ResultsRespondents included 83 MD students and 34 clinical faculty. On average, students perceived mistreatment in 9 of 14 vignettes and faculty in 8 of 14 vignettes. Faculty and student perceptions aligned in themes of sexual abuse, physical abuse and in the control vignette depicting a constructive teaching style. Perceptions differed significantly between faculty and students (p<0.05) for five vignettes across the themes of gender discrimination, requests of students to perform non-educational tasks, humiliation, specialty choice discrimination and requests to perform a task beyond the student’s capacity.ConclusionAgreement on what constitutes appropriate behaviour is crucial to ensuring that a culture of mistreatment can be replaced with one of kindness, equity and respect. This study demonstrated the successful use of vignettes to compare perceptions of mistreatment, with faculty and student perceptions differing across a variety of themes.
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Brener, Loren, Jeanne Ellard, Dean Murphy, and Denton Callander. "Perceptions and deflections: associations between attitudes towards people with hepatitis C and testing for hepatitis C among Australian gay and bisexual men." Sexual Health 10, no. 3 (2013): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12179.
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Background Research indicates that the incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) is increasing. Although injecting drug use remains the predominant means of transmission of HCV in the developed world, there is evidence of sexual transmission of HCV among MSM. Stigma associated with HCV has been shown to negatively impact HCV testing and health-seeking behaviour. There is little research that addresses attitudes towards HCV testing among this population. Methods: The current exploratory study focussed on HCV knowledge, HCV testing, sexual practices, perceptions of HCV risk and attitudes towards people with HCV among Australian MSM. The sample consisted of 590 men who completed an online survey. Results: The findings suggest that attitudinal factors related to HCV were associated with HCV testing behaviour. The more negatively respondents felt about people with HCV, the less likely they were to have ever had an HCV test. Behavioural risk factors related to sexual practices (i.e. is condom use and sexual risk activities) were not associated with HCV testing. Testing for HCV was associated with HIV-positive status, more knowledge about HCV and a greater likelihood of ever having injected drugs. Conclusions: The attitudes of MSM towards those who inject drugs are negative, mirroring that of society more generally. Furthermore, these attitudes, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the risk of sexual transmission of HCV among gay men, especially those who are HIV-positive, may act to prevent routine HCV testing among some MSM at potential risk of acquiring HCV.
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Patrick, Kent, Wendy Heywood, Marian K. Pitts, and Anne Mitchell. "Demographic and behavioural correlates of six sexting behaviours among Australian secondary school students." Sexual Health 12, no. 6 (2015): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15004.
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Background There has been increasing attention on assessing rates of sexting in adolescents and of the potential negative effects of the behaviour. Our aim was to assess rates and correlates of sexting in Australian students in years10, 11 and 12. Methods: The current study was part of The Fifth National Survey of Australian Secondary Students and Sexual Health and reports on responses of 2114 students (811 male, 1303 female). Sexting was assessed using six items: sending a sexually explicit written text message; receiving a sexually explicit text message; sending a sexually explicit nude or nearly nude photo or video of themselves; sending a sexually explicit nude or nearly nude photo or video of someone else; receiving a sexually explicit nude or nearly nude photo or video of someone else; and using a social media site for sexual reasons. Results: Approximately half of the students had received (54%, 1139/2097) or sent (43%, 904/2107) a sexually explicit written text message. Sexually explicit images had been received by 42% (880/2098) of students, one in four students had sent a sexually explicit image of themselves (26%, 545/2102) and one in 10 had sent a sexually explicit image of someone else (9%, 180/2095). Finally, 22% (454/2103) of students had used social media for sexual reasons. Sexting was associated with several correlates. Conclusions: Sexting was relatively common in this sample of year 10, 11 and 12 Australian students, particularly among older students, those who are sexually active, and those who use recreational substances.
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Kolstee, Johann, Steven Philpot, Jeffrey Grierson, Benjamin R. Bavinton, Duane Duncan, and Garrett Prestage. "Partnership agreements less likely among young gay and bisexual men in Australia – data from a national online survey of gay and bisexual men’s relationships." Sexual Health 14, no. 4 (2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16054.
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Background: How gay and bisexual men (GBM) establish partnership agreements may be affected by several factors, including age. The ability to communicate with a partner about sexual agreements has important sexual health implications for GBM. Objective: To assess differences in partnership agreements among GBM. Methods: We surveyed GBM about their partnerships using a national, anonymous online survey in 2013–14. We compared men who had monogamous partnerships with men who had non-monogamous partnerships, according to age and other factors. Results: Regarding the nature of their partnership with their primary regular partner (PRP), younger men were less likely to have an agreement of any sort and were less likely to have discussed it. Younger men were more likely to report having a monogamous partnership, but they were also less likely to report condomless anal intercourse with their PRP. In multivariate analysis of partnership arrangements, having a non-monogamous partnership with their PRP was associated with being older (adjusted odds ratio = 1.03; 95% confidence interval = 1.02–1.04; P < 0.001). Nearly two-thirds (62.9%) of men with monogamous partnerships had a clear spoken agreement with their PRP about whether they could have sex with other men, largely regardless of age. Although slightly fewer than half the men with self-described open partnerships (46.0%) actually described it as a ‘relationship’, younger men were particularly less likely to do so. Conclusions: Due to less communication with partners about sexual agreements, when young GBM engage in sexual risk behaviour they may be at an increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections.
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Yap, Lorraine, Jocelyn Jones, Basil Donovan, Sally Nathan, Elizabeth Sullivan, Sophie Davison, Ed Heffernan, et al. "The sexual behaviours of adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years involved with the juvenile justice system in Australia: A community-based survey." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0243633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243633.
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Objectives To overcome key knowledge gaps in relation to justice involved and vulnerable young people and their sexual health and to compare this group with their peers from other youth health surveys in Australia to determine the extent of the issues. Methods Young people, aged between 14 and 17 years, who had ever been or were currently involved with the criminal justice system were purposively sampled. The survey was anonymous and delivered using Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI). Results A total of 465 justice involved MeH-JOSH young people, aged between 14 and 17 years, participated in the study: 44% Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) and 37% not attending school. Of the total valid responses, 76% (n = 348) reported having ever had sex, with sexual initiation at a median age of 14 years. We compared these data with their peers in other Australian surveys and found that young people in our study had a higher engagement in sex and start having sex at a younger age, reporting more sexual partners at all ages. Conclusions The sexual behaviours of young people involved in the justice system in this study suggest they may be at a greater risk for sexually transmissible infections than their age-matched peers in the general population. Policymakers should elevate them to a priority population for targeting sexual health services and health promotion.
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Hendriks, Jacqueline, Sue Fyfe, Dorota A. Doherty, Angela Jacques, Irene Styles, Martha Hickey, and S. Rachel Skinner. "Attitudes towards abortion in male and female adolescents with diverse sexual and pregnancy experiences: a cross-sectional study." Sexual Health 17, no. 1 (2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19084.
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Background Research focused on adolescents’ attitudes towards abortion is limited, and validated scales are not routinely used. A greater understanding of adolescents’ attitudes towards abortion could better inform the sexuality education strategies targeted at this age group. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was completed by 1470 adolescents (437 males, 1033 females) aged 12–19 years and living in Perth, Australia. Participants were recruited from secondary schools, antenatal clinics and termination clinics to capture varying experiences of sexual activity and pregnancy. Survey items investigated abortion attitudes, sexual behaviour and pregnancy history alongside other demographic and psychosocial factors. Analyses included comparative means and adjusted linear regressions. Results: Sexually active participants (n = 554) and females reporting a previous abortion (n = 196) held more supportive attitudes towards abortion (P < 0.001 for both). Among sexually active females, more supportive attitudes were held by those reporting a previous abortion (β = 2.60, 95% confidence interval 0.93–4.27, P = 0.002), later age (≥16 years) at first vaginal intercourse (P < 0.001), use of oral contraception at last sex (P = 0.029), previous condom use (P < 0.001) and/or three or more oral sex partners in the previous 12 months (P = 0.005). For sexually active males, more supportive attitudes were reported by those whose female partners had used oral contraception at last sex (P = 0.013) or ever (P = 0.017). Multivariable analyses indicated that other correlates, including risky sexual behaviour, had minimal or no effect on attitudes. Conclusions: Adolescents’ attitudes towards abortion appear to be influenced by their ability to personalise and contextualise the effect of a pregnancy. Associations between less-effective contraceptive use and reduced support for abortion may be explained by a diminished perceived risk of parenthood. Educational strategies should acknowledge and respond to differences in abortion attitudes as adolescents commence and navigate sexual relationships.
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Rickard, Meghan E., Kate S. Lomac-MacNair, Darren S. Ireland, Sarah M. Leiter, Mitchell D. Poster, and Ann M. Zoidis. "Evidence of Large Whale Socio-Sexual Behavior in the New York Bight." Aquatic Mammals 48, no. 5 (September 15, 2022): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.48.5.2022.401.
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Large whales, including the endangered sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), are known to occur in the New York Bight. However, relatively little data exist on social behavior typical of these species in the area. The U.S. Mid-Atlantic has traditionally been considered a large whale migratory corridor with few surveys documenting social dynamics of whale presence in these waters. To better understand the occurrence, distribution, abundance, and behavior of these species for management and conservation planning, monthly line-transect aerial surveys were conducted over a 3-year period from March 2017 to February 2020. During these surveys, three noteworthy socio-sexual behavior events were observed and photographed within groups of sei whales (April 2019), sperm whales (September 2019), and right whales (December 2019). Events included what could be either non-reproductive sexual behavior (socio-sexual behavior) or sexual behavior (copulation) among conspecifics, including mirror pair swimming, lateral and vertical presenting, and belly to belly contact. During all three events, groups were highly active at the surface, frequently and quickly changing speed and direction, and animals were predominantly less than one body length apart from other conspecifics in the group. All species were recorded rolling onto their sides and/or back while at or near the surface. Open mouth display occurred in the North Atlantic right whale event. Though copulation is unlikely to have transpired during the sperm whale event and could not have occurred during the right whale event due to the identification of same-sex individuals, it cannot be ruled out as the impetus for the sei whale event. These observations begin to describe the relative importance of the New York Bight as more than a migratory corridor and suggest that additional behaviorally focused data collection be incorporated into future surveys.
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Buyucek, Nuray, Kathy Knox, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "A Positive Behavioral Approach: Identifying Theoretical Factors Influencing Moderate Drinking Practices." Social Marketing Quarterly 25, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500419830442.
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Focusing on problematic behavior can stigmatize the target audience for change campaigns, especially in the context of alcohol consumption. In previous studies, excessive drinking (the problematic behavior) has been the dominant focus. By contrast, this study empirically examines moderate drinking practices (the desired behavior) in an Australian adult population. An online survey was administered, and results were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Findings indicate moderate drinking practices were applied more frequently by females than males. Confidence enhancement and sexual enhancement expectancies were negatively associated with moderate drinking practices. This study indicates higher self-efficacy skills (i.e., refusing alcohol offered) were associated with more moderate alcohol consumption practices. Findings of this study can be used to guide intervention design to attract and retain moderate alcohol drinkers. By taking a positive behavioral approach, modifiable factors to effect the desired change are identified delivering actionable insights that can be implemented to achieve the desired change (e.g., increase moderate drinking practices).
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Tothill, Nicholas F. H., Anthony M. A. Smith, and David G. Regan. "Heterosexual partner acquisition rates in the Australian population." Sexual Health 10, no. 4 (2013): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12169.
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The rate of partner acquisition in a population is an important parameter when constructing epidemiological models of sexually transmissible infections. We have analysed the results of a survey of the sexual behaviour of the Australian population to estimate how many people have acquired no new partner, one, two or at least three new partners in the past year, and hence estimated heterosexual partner acquisition rates for the population by gender and age band. Partner acquisition rates are ~0.5 new partners per year for 16- to 19-year-olds, peak at ~0.7 in the 20- to 24-year-old age band, and then decline steadily with age to ~0.2 per year. In all age bands, there are more male respondents reporting three or more new partners in the last year than what is consistent with the rest of the data, which could be interpreted as evidence of an additional population stratum characterised by higher partner acquisition rates.
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Keighery, Greg J., Neil Gibson, Stephen van Leeuwen, Michael N. Lyons, and Sue Patrick. "Biological survey and setting priorities for flora conservation in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06102.
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Biological survey has been an integral component of conservation planning in Western Australia for >30 years, providing baseline data for reserve selection and the management of biodiversity at the genetic, species and community levels. Flora surveys are particularly important, given the diverse and poorly documented nature of the state’s vascular flora. Surveys have been conducted at the following four scales: regional, subregional, local and individual species. At all scales, flora surveys have provided detail on individual taxon distribution, have identified previously unknown or unrecognised taxa, have located presumed extinct taxa and have substantially contributed to information on the distribution of threatened flora. Regional-scale surveys normally involve multidisciplinary teams studying a broad selection of the biota. These combined plot-based data are used to develop a ‘classify-then-model’ approach to assessment of comprehensiveness, adequacy and representativeness of the regional conservation reserve system. These regional models describe the broad-scale patterning of common taxa but their utility in reflecting patterns in naturally rare or highly restricted taxa is uncertain. Results from recent surveys show poor correlations between floristic patterning and other components of the biota.
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Roberts, Hannah, Angus Clark, Carter Sherman, Mary M. Heitzeg, and Brian M. Hicks. "Age, sex, and other demographic trends in sexual behavior in the United States: Initial findings of the sexual behaviors, internet use, and psychological adjustment survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): e0255371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255371.
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It remains unclear how the seemingly ubiquitous use of the internet impacts user’s offline personal relationships, particularly those that are romantic or sexual. Therefore, we conducted a national online survey to better understand the associations among internet use, sexual behavior, and adjustment called the Sexual Behaviors, Internet Use, and Psychological Adjustment Survey (SIPS). Here, we report patterns of sexual behavior in a sample of adults (N = 1987; ages 18–70) in the United States to establish its representativeness and consistency with similar recent surveys. We found age- and sex-related trends in oral, vaginal, and anal sex in terms of prevalence, frequency, number of partners, and age of initiation consistent with prior studies. We also detected differences in sexual behaviors based on relationship status and sexual orientation, but small and relatively few significant differences across racial and ethnic groups. The results confirm and expand upon trends identified in prior national surveys of sexual behavior, establishing the representativeness of the SIPS sample for use in future research examining the links among sexual behaviors and romantic relationships, internet use, and adjustment.
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McKelvey, Robert S., John A. Webb, Loretta V. Baldassar, Suzanne M. Robinson, and Geoff Riley. "Sex Knowledge and Sexual Attitudes Among Medical and Nursing Students." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00549.x.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between background and sociodemographic variables, attitudes toward controversial aspects of human sexuality and sex knowledge among medical and nursing students. Method: The study design was a questionnaire-based survey of medical and nursing students in Western Australia. Participants were first-through fifth-year medical students at the University of Western Australia and first-through third-year undergraduate nursing students at Edith Cowan University. Outcome measures were students' attitudes toward controversial aspects of human sexuality expressed on a five-point Likert scale and a modified version of the Kinsey Institute/Roper Organization National Sex Knowledge Test. Results: A significant relationship was found between certain background and sociodemographic variables, sexual attitudes and sex knowledge. The background variable most strongly related to both attitudes and knowledge was frequency of attendance at religious services of any religious denomination during the past month, with those attending three or more times more likely to express negative attitudes and have lower sex knowledge scores. Lower sex knowledge was related to negative attitudes toward gay/lesbian/bisexual behaviour, masturbation, premarital sex and contraception. Other important background and sociodemographic variables related to negative attitudes were: never having experienced sexual intercourse; right-wing political orientation; lower family income; gender and ethnicity. Conclusions: Negative attitudes toward controversial aspects of human sexuality and lower sex knowledge scores among medical and nursing students can be predicted on the basis of background and sociodemographic variables. Education aimed at increasing sex knowledge and modifying negative attitudes may increase students' ability to function more effectively as sexual history takers and sex counsellors.
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Lane, Courtney R., Brett Sutton, Mary Valcanis, Martyn Kirk, Cathryn Walker, Karin Lalor, and Nicola Stephens. "Travel Destinations and Sexual Behavior as Indicators of Antibiotic ResistantShigellaStrains—Victoria, Australia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 62, no. 6 (December 17, 2015): 722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ1018.
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Scott, Robert, Regina Foster, Lisa N. Oliver, Anna Olsen, Julie Mooney-Somers, Bradley Mathers, Joanne M. Micallef, John Kaldor, and Lisa Maher. "Sexual risk and healthcare seeking behaviour in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in North Queensland." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14092.
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Background Compared with non-Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have higher rates of sexually transmissible infections (STI). The identification of the sexual risk and healthcare seeking behaviours of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in a regional Australian setting was sought. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 155 young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (16–24 years) in Townsville was conducted. Results: Most participants (83%) reported ever having had sex, with a median age of 15 years at first sex and a range from 9 to 22 years. While young men reported more sexual partners in the last 12 months than young women, they were also more likely to report condom use at the last casual sex encounter (92% vs 68%, P = 0.006). Young women were significantly more likely than young men to report never carrying condoms (35% vs 16%); however, they were more likely to have had STI testing (53% vs 28%, P = 0.004). Of those reporting previous STI testing, 29% reported ever being diagnosed with an STI. Conclusions: The sample of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people reported an early age at first sex, variable condom use and low uptake of STI testing. The high prevalence of self-reported STI diagnoses indicate a need for opportunistic sexual health education and efforts designed to promote the uptake of STI screening in this group.
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Michael, Damian R., David B. Lindenmayer, Mason Crane, Christopher MacGregor, Rebecca Montague-Drake, and Lachlan McBurney. "Reptilia, Murray catchment, New South Wales, south-eastern Australia." Check List 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.1.25.
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Two large-scale, long-term biodiversity monitoring programs examining vertebrate responses to habitat fragmentation and landscape change in agricultural landscapes are taking place in the Murray Catchment Management Area of New South Wales, south-eastern Australia. Field surveys involve counting reptiles under a range of management conditions and across a broad range of vegetation types in two bioregions, the South-western Slopes of New South Wales and the Riverina. We list reptiles recorded during surveys conducted between 2002 and 2009. We include additional species recorded between 1997 and 2009 from a conservation reserve. Thirty-nine species from nine families were recorded. The list will be useful for workers interested in reptile zoogeographical distributions and habitat associations as well as those interested in the biodiversity value of remnant vegetation and tree plantings in fragmented agricultural landscapes.
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Bingham, Amie L., Anurika P. De Silva, Alaina M. Vaisey, Meredith J. Temple-Smith, Simone Y. Spark, and Jane S. Hocking. "Alcohol availability and prevalent." Sexual Health 18, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh21098.
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Background Prevalence of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) has been associated with availability of alcohol. This paper investigates potential associations between prevalent cases of chlamydia in young people in Australia and the availability of alcohol within their local area, defined as postcode of residence. Methods Alcohol availability was determined at the postcode level using liquor licensing data, classified as total number of licences, number of ‘take-away’ licences and number of licenses by population. Participant data were drawn from a survey targeting Australians aged 16–29 years in rural and regional Australia, capturing demographic details including postcode of residence, indicators of sexual behaviour including condom use and chlamydia test results. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine potential associations between first, alcohol availability and chlamydia, and second, between condom use and chlamydia. Results We found little evidence of associations between alcohol availability and chlamydia in either unadjusted or adjusted models. After adjusting for alcohol availability, we observed significant associations between inconsistent condom use and chlamydia prevalence, whether alcohol availability was measured as total number (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20, 3.70), number of take-away licenses (AOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.30, 3.69) or licenses per 1000 population (AOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.30, 3.68). Conclusion Little evidence of association between alcohol availability and chlamydia at the postcode level was found. Further research is required to determine appropriate measures of ‘local area’ and how characteristics thereof may impact on sexual health.