Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual assault victims'
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1
Ensslen, Katherine, Eric Beauregard, and Amelie Pedneault. "An Examination of the Home-Intruder Sex Offender." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 14 (June 7, 2018): 4694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18778450.
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One particular crime location in sexual assaults is the victim’s residence. Similar to sexual burglars, “home-intruder” sex offenders choose to assault the victim in her residence, most likely in their bedroom. The aim of the current study is to analyze modus operandi, temporal factors, and victim characteristics in a sample of 347 stranger sexual assaults committed by 69 serial sex offenders to determine which factors may be more relevant to sexual assaults committed in the victim’s residence compared with sexual assaults committed at another type of location. Our hypothesis is that offenders who choose to sexually assault victims in their home constitute a specific type of sex offender, one that resembles the sexual burglar. Results showed that modus operandi (e.g., burglary), temporal factors (e.g., time at crime scene with victim), and victim characteristics (e.g., age, victim-offender relationship) were significant in predicting whether the victim encounter, crime site, and victim release site were located at the victim’s residence or not. Moreover, these findings were generally significant across the three crime locations, which can be explained by the high consistency in location during home-intrusion sexual assaults. Situational crime prevention strategies aimed at making a residence less attractive for offenders should help reducing this particular type of sexual assault.
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Mezey, Gillian, and Michael King. "Male Victims of Sexual Assault." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 2 (April 1987): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700211.
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Adult male victims of sexual assault appear to have similar reactions to female victims, but are more stigmatized, may experience greater subsequent anger and guilt, and are even less likely to report the offence than females. Increased recognition of these assaults is called for, both in law and by victim support agencies, in order to reduce the stigma, encourage reporting and facilitate the enforcement of criminal justice.
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Melton, Heather C., and Summer Stewart. "Previously Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits: Characteristics of Kits with Victims under Eighteen." Abuse: An International Impact Journal 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.016.
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1 ADD TO CART Sexual assault continues to be a major societal and criminal issue. Particularly detrimental is sexual assault committed against children. Children who experience a sexual assault are likely to suffer from multiple negative outcomes including increasing their risk for juvenile delinquency and mental health issues. A sexual assault kit is one tool that the criminal justice system uses to bring justice for victims and hold offenders accountable for their behaviour. It provides often vital evidence that can potentially be used in the prosecution of these cases. Yet it has become clear that many sexual assaults are never submitted to crime laboratories for processing. This paper explores previously unsubmitted sexual assault kits of child/adolescent victims. Characteristics of the victims, the case, and the police report are explored. Additionally, these kits are compared to kits with an adult victim to further our understanding of the problem. Findings include: over 20% of the unsubmitted sexual assault kits had a victim under 18, the highest number of unsubmitted kits for children were for victims between the ages of 15-17, the majority of child victims knew their offenders, and cases associated with child kits were more likely to be moved forward at the time of the original incident (without the kit being submitted) than adult cases. Ultimately, the goal is to improve our overall response to all victims of sexual assault.
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Ahmed Khan Memon, Muhammad Qasim, Pardeep Kumar, Nadia Aslam, Ejaz Ahmed Awan, Shabir Ahmed Cheena, and Abdul Samad. "Reported Cases of Sexual Assault in Civil Hospital Sanghar." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592251.
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Aim: To evaluate the sexual assault against male and female. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Civil Hospital Sanghar from 1st January 2020 to 31st December, 2020 Methodology: Forty two cases of sexual assault and recognize the associated factors were enrolled. The age between 6-35 years and either gender were included. Result: There were 28.6% females and 71.4% males, highest victims were among age between 6-18 years was 17(40.5%), illiterate was 23(54.7%), assaulted by a neighbour was 30 (71.4%) and time lapse <1-2 days was 19(45.4%) sexual assaults. Conclusion: Majority of victims were males, assailant relationships of neighbour and illiterate. Keywords: Sexual assault, Victims, Assailants
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Karki, Raj Kumar, Pankaj Kumar Singh, and Abdul Sami Khan. "Medico-Legal Findings in Victims and Accused of Sexual Assault." Journal of Nobel Medical College 9, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v9i2.33349.
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Background: Sexual assault is one of the heinous and barbarous crimes and continues to plague our nation. It is present in every countries cutting across boundaries of culture, race, gender, relationship, social standing and the extremes of ages. The current study aims to analyze the incidence of sexual assault cases, their socio-demographic parameters, incidence to reporting time and relationship of the assailant with the victim and pattern of injury for evaluation of sexual assault.
Materials and Methods: The medico-legal reports of 102 sexual assaults cases were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively which was examined by Department of Forensic Medicine from October 2019 to September 2020 at Dhulikhel hospital. All the data were entered in SPSS version 25 and results were ascertained.
Results: Out of 102 samples, 52 female victims and 48 accused were analyzed. Two were male victims of sodomy. The mean age was 20.54±10.78 and 27.67±11.08 for victim and accused respectively, the most vulnerable being unmarried teenagers. Most of the accused and victims were familiar with each other (81.25%) and the common incident locale was victim’s own house. Genital injury was seen in 53.85% and general injury in 32.7% of the victims. Only 13.46 % victims and 12.50% of accused were brought for examination on the same day. Genital injury had significant association with age (p=0.003) and day of examination (p=0.029). Four of the victims were positive for pregnancy test.
Conclusion: Hence this study aims to highlight that sexual assault is a catastrophe and there is a dire need of educating the vulnerable groups.
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Alderden, Megan, and LaDonna Long. "Sexual Assault Victim Participation in Police Investigations and Prosecution." Violence and Victims 31, no. 5 (2016): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00103.
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This research seeks to examine why victim participation rates in police investigations and prosecution decline following reporting of sexual assault to police. It was hypothesized that several factors would impact victim participation, including whether the incident reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios, if the victim used alcohol or illicit drugs prior to the incident, and if the hospital staff initially reported the incident. The study coded victim participation following initial police reporting from police case investigation narratives. Based on the 544 cases of sexual assault reported to a Midwestern police department, it was found that victims were indeed more likely to continue participating after initial reports to police if their assaults reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios. Future research should include discussions with victims about their participation in the criminal justice system following initial reporting to further clarify the findings noted here.
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Reitz-Krueger, Cristina L., Sadie J. Mummert, and Sara M. Troupe. "Real men can't get raped: an examination of gendered rape myths and sexual assault among undergraduates." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-06-2017-0303.
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Purpose While awareness of sexual assaults on college campuses has increased, the majority of efforts to address it are focused on female victims. The relative neglect of male victims may be due in part to problematic rape myths that suggest men cannot be sexually assaulted, especially by women. The purpose of this paper is to compare rates of different types of sexual assault between male and female undergraduates, and explore the relationship between acceptance of traditional rape myths focused on female victims, and rape myths surrounding male victims. Design/methodology/approach Students at a mid-sized university in Pennsylvania (n=526) answered an online questionnaire about their own experiences of sexual assault since coming to college, as well as their endorsement of male and female rape myths. Findings While women experienced more sexual assault overall, men were just as likely to have experienced rape (i.e. forced penetration) or attempted rape. Acceptance of male and female rape myths was significantly correlated and men were more likely than women to endorse both. Participants were also more likely to endorse female than male rape myths. Research limitations/implications By analyzing sexual assaults in terms of distinct behaviors instead of one composite score, the authors can get a more nuanced picture of how men and women experience assault. Practical implications Campus-based efforts to address sexual assault need to be aware that male students also experience assault and that myths surrounding men as victims may impede their ability to access services. Originality/value This paper contributes to our knowledge of a relatively understudied topic: undergraduate male victims of sexual assault.
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Miller, Karen-Lee. "Relational Caring: The Use of the Victim Impact Statement by Sexually Assaulted Women." Violence and Victims 29, no. 5 (2014): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00056.
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The victim impact statement (VIS) is a written account of harms experienced as a result of crime. This study investigates VIS use by sexually assaulted women through interviews with Canadian victims, victim services workers, and feminist advocates (N = 35). Findings suggest that victims use the VIS to express relational caring. Relational caring is an ethic of care that prioritizes others through privileging the harms experienced by others because of witnessing the sexual assault or coping with the victim’s postassault sequelae, protecting future or hypothetical victims, and promoting the interests of intimate partner offenders. Relational caring challenges traditional conceptions of victim agency and VIS use for instrumental purposes, as well as the targets and temporalities of sexual assault harms that are detailed in the statement. Relational caring has unique implications for victims who are mothers, especially those abused as minors, and for intimate partners. Legal, therapeutic, and social service consequences are discussed.
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Gidycz, Christine A., and Mary P. Koss. "Predictors of Long-Term Sexual Assault Trauma among a National Sample of Victimized College Women." Violence and Victims 6, no. 3 (January 1991): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.3.175.
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Several multivariate studies have attempted to delineate the major predictors of longterm, sexual assault-induced aftereffects. The present study was an attempt to extend previous work by supplementing known preassault, assault, and postassault predictors of trauma with cognitive measures. The data were cross-sectional and included responses from 1,213 victims of sexual assault who were recruited from a national sample of higher education students. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses and a cross-validation procedure, the results suggested that the prior mental status of the victims, the forcefulness of the assaults, as well as two cognitive variables related to a victim’s beliefs about sex and relationships predicted victims’ scores on standardized measures of anxiety and depression. The relationships were such that the most traumatized victims were those women who had evidenced a history of mental health problems, who had experienced the more aggressive assaults, who tended to believe that people in relationships are not trustworthy, and tended to place conservative restrictions on the sexual acts and circumstances under which sex should occur. Taken together these variables accounted for between 9%-14% of the variance in sexual assault aftereffects. The discussion emphasizes the contribution of cognitive processes to the understanding of sexual assault trauma.
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Renner, K. Edward, and Carol Wackett. "Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1987-0003.
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The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.
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Kim, Sungmin, and Taekhoo Lee. "Analysis of Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victimization in Middle and High School Student." Korean Association Of Victimology 30, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2022.30.3.115.
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This study attempted to provide basic data by identifying differences according to the characteristics of adolescents' sexual violence and perpetrators. The subjects of this study were 228 case of middle school and high school students who visited a sexual assault agency in D city from January 2018 to July 2022. The results shows statistically significant differences in duration of assaults depending on graders of sexual assault victims, and statistically significant differences in types of assaults depending upon gender of assaults are presented. Depending on whether the victim had disabilities, statistically significant differences in the offender-victim relationship. Depending on whether the victim had two parent family, statistically significant differences in the offender-victim relationship, types of assaults. On characteristic of sexual assault by offender's characteristic, there were statistically significant differences in types, location of assaults depending upon offender's gender. There were significant differences in type, duration, frequency, location, time of assault depending upon offender's age. Depending on the offender-victim relationship, statistically significant differences in type, duration, frequency, location at assault are shown.
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Budd, Kristen M., Christina Mancini, and David M. Bierie. "Parks, Playgrounds, and Incidents of Sexual Assault." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 5 (September 7, 2018): 580–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218797712.
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In the United States, certain laws restrict those convicted of sexually offending from accessing social spaces where youth congregate such as parks and playgrounds. However, empirical work to date has rarely described sexual assaults in these locations or tested the assumptions of these laws explicitly. To address these gaps in the literature, we drew on the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to analyze offender, victim, and crime characteristics of sexual assaults that occurred at parks and playgrounds over a 5-year period (2010-2015). Estimated via multivariate logistic regression, results showed support for these law’s assumptions when analyzing this particular location. However, stranger perpetrators were significantly more likely to sexually assault adult victims versus youth victims. Several other offense features distinguished youth versus adult victim sexual assault incidents at parks and playgrounds, such as the offender age, the use of force, and the injuries sustained by the victim. Collectively, these findings both support and challenge these types of social space restriction laws.
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Iliadis, Mary. "Victim representation for sexual history evidence in Ireland: A step towards or away from meeting victims’ procedural justice needs?" Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 416–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895819851848.
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Sexual assault cases have historically resulted in persistent victim dissatisfaction with, and alienation from, the prosecution process. As a result, some adversarial jurisdictions have moved contentiously towards integrating victim participation rights within the legal process to address sexual assault victims’ procedural and substantive justice concerns. The introduction of section 34 of the Sex Offenders Act 2001 (IRE), which allows a victim to access state-funded legal representation to oppose a defendant’s application for the introduction of the victim’s sexual history evidence in court, is one such example. Drawing from five interviews conducted with high-level criminal justice professionals, legal stakeholders and victim support workers, and an analysis of primary source documents, including legislation and reports, this article argues that, although section 34 represents a unique response to the problems raised by the use of a victim’s sexual history evidence in criminal trials, its shortcomings may hinder its capacity to improve sexual assault victims’ procedural justice experiences in ways unanticipated from its introduction.
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Mond, Jimmy, and Jeffrey Gruenglas. "Ethical Assessment of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Guidelines in Sexual Assault Patients Suspected of Hepatitis B Viral Infection." Journal of Healthcare Ethics & Administration 7, no. 3 (August 12, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22461/jhea.1.71631.
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More than 400,000 sexual assaults are reported annually in the United States in females and males above the age of 12. Victims are likely to include members of vulnerable populations such as the disabled, homeless persons, and immigrants. Victims of such assaults are at heightened risk of contracting the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) from their assailant. Unfortunately, approximately two-thirds of people with chronic HBV are unaware of their own status, exposing for victims the risk viral transmission, disease-related cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Victims are also at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although immediate vaccination of the assaulted victim is recommended, protective levels of antibody are not present for fourteen days post vaccination. Complementary treatment with a Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), however, may provide immediate protective serum concentrations. Prompt prophylactic therapeutic intervention may not only protect patients from risk of infection but may also prevent the effects of PTSD by providing victims with psychological and emotional benefit. Yet, existing Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) recommendations for suspected HBV infection in sexual assault patients recommend initiating immunoprophylaxis only in cases where the perpetrator’s HBsAg status is known, a guideline that perpetuates inequities and injustice for those equally subject to the harms of sexual assault. This paper presents an ethical assessment of prophylactic treatment for sexual assault patients suspected of HBV exposure. In the absence of equitable guidelines, we argue for the clinician’s duty to rescue sexually assaulted patients from future harm and to protect the public through mitigation of transmission using currently available and evidence-based treatment modalities. The paper concludes with an ethical foundation to advocate for modification of current guidelines in view of existing prophylactic regimens.
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Budd, Kristen M., and David M. Bierie. "Injury Matters: On Female-Perpetrated Sex Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (June 1, 2017): 3735–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711178.
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Despite the importance of studying sexual assaults perpetrated by women, the field knows very little about female sexual offenders’ (FSOs) use of violence or physical injury resulting from these assaults. This study draws more than 20 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data reported to police (1992-2014) to identify factors that distinguish between female perpetrated incidents of sexual assault that result in severe, minor, or no physical victim injuries above and beyond the sexual assault itself. Using a multinomial logistic regression model (MNLM), 15,928 incidents of FSO-perpetrated sexual assault were analyzed from the NIBRS. The results showed that the extent of victim injuries sustained during the sexual assault incidents was associated with a number of factors, including the presence of a female victim, the age of victim, a greater number of offenders, and the presence of weapons. In particular, incidents that resulted in major victim injuries were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use by the perpetrator. In general, incidents with young children were at increased risk of a sexual assault resulting in a major or minor victim injury. Although further investigation is needed to continue to better understand female sexual offending behaviors, these findings suggest that certain incident characteristics increase the likelihood of the assault to involve the use of violence by an FSO against her victims.
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Franiuk, Renae, Austin Luca, and Shelby Robinson. "The Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Characteristics on Ratings of Guilt in a Sexual Assault Case." Violence Against Women 26, no. 6-7 (April 4, 2019): 614–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219840439.
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Scholars have long investigated how perceptions of the victim affect judgments in a sexual assault case, but little research has investigated perceptions of the perpetrator. Participants ( N = 322) read a scenario about an alleged sexual assault that manipulated victim behavior (speed of reporting) and perpetrator characteristics (athlete status and celebrity status) and then made judgments about the victim and perpetrator. Results showed that victim behavior was the most important factor in judgments. Furthermore, significant three-way interactions suggested that participants may attend to perpetrator characteristics but only when the victim’s behavior is consistent with stereotypes about sexual assault victims.
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Chuang, Cynthia H., Jane M. Liebschutz, Debbie M. Cheng, Anita Raj, and Jeffrey H. Samet. "Substance Use During Sexual and Physical Assault in HIV-Infected Persons." Violence and Victims 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007780477311.
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Data from the HIV-Alcohol Longitudinal Cohort was used to determine the prevalence of substance use by victims and assailants during physical and sexual assault against HIV-infected persons and whether these findings differed by gender. Of the sexually assaulted participants, 31% of victims and 70% of assailant(s) had used drugs/alcohol during sexual assault. Compared with men, women had higher odds of substance use during sexual assault (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 to 8.7) and of substance use by their assailant(s) during sexual assault (adjusted OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7 to 20.6) in adjusted analysis. Of the physically assaulted participants, 66% of victims and 85% of assailants used drugs/alcohol during physical assault; these results did not differ by gender.
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Shehu, Constance E., Ojogbane I. Ekele, Abubakar A. Panti, Ibrahim Ango, Bissallah A. Ekele, and Mohammed Umar. "The incidence, pattern and management of sexual assault in a tertiary hospital in North-western Nigeria." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193804.
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Background: Sexual assault is any sexual act performed by one person on another without the person’s consent or on a victim who is incapable of giving consent. It is a violation of basic human rights, a gender-based issue and a violent crime against both the individual and the society. The objectives of the study were to determine the incidence, pattern and management of sexual assault in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.Methods: This was a 10 - year retrospective study. Case records of sexual assault from 1st January, 2007 to 31st December, 2016 were retrieved and relevant data extracted and analyzed using the SPSS for windows version 20.0Results: The incidence of sexual assault was 0.8%. Majority, 88 (85.4%) occurred in children and adolescents. Peno-vaginal penetration was the most common form of assault 65 (63.1%) and the assailants were known to the victims in 74 (71.9%) of the cases. Involvement of psychiatrists/psychologists in the management of the victims was poor as psychiatrists were involved in only 13 (12.6%) of the cases. Most of the victims were lost to follow up.Conclusions: Sexual assaults occurred mostly in children and adolescents in this study. Increased public awareness and preventive interventions are required especially among the at-risk age groups to enhance their safety. Training of relevant persons in the institution to offer counselling to the victims is recommended as referral for psychiatrists’ consultation was poor. It is important to institute a good tracking system to follow up the victims as most are lost to follow up.
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Peter-Hagene, Liana C., and Sarah E. Ullman. "Longitudinal Effects of Sexual Assault Victims’ Drinking and Self-Blame on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636394.
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Alcohol plays a major role in sexual assaults, but few studies have examined its impact on recovery outcomes, particularly in longitudinal studies. In a longitudinal study of 1,013 adult sexual assault survivors, we investigated the effects of victim drinking on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as the mediating role of characterological and behavioral self-blame attributions. In line with some prior research, victims who were drinking before their assault experienced less PTSD, but more self-blame than those who were not. Characterological, but not behavioral self-blame was related to increased PTSD symptoms. Thus, although drinking was overall related to less PTSD, it was also associated with increased PTSD via self-blame attributions, highlighting the danger of blaming victims of alcohol-related rapes for their assaults. Implications for future research and clinical work with survivors of alcohol-related sexual assaults are drawn.
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Alempijevic, Djordje, Slobodan Savic, Vesna Kesic, Ivanka Baralic, and Goran Ilic. "Physical examination of sexual assault victims in Belgrade area." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, no. 9-10 (2006): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0610408a.
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Introduction: Sexual crimes represent various forms of contact of perpetrator?s genitals, lips, tongue, and fingers with genitals, lips and/or anus of the victim, in order to achieve sexual satisfaction, without victim?s consent. Objective: The aim of this work was to analyze the type of medical institution in which victims of sexual assaults are being examined in Belgrade area, to assess the quality of these examinations and medical records, as well as to control whether standardized protocols are followed. Method: Data were obtained through analysis of 113 cases of sexual assaults prosecuted in the District Court of Belgrade. Results: All victims were females with mean age of 24.1 years. The majority of victims (85%) were examined in one medical institution, most often in the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, and only by one medical doctor (81.4%). Gynecologists were most frequently included in examination, while specialists of forensic medicine were engaged in only 9 cases (7.9%). In 84% of victims, the examination was performed during the first three days after the assault, and in 52% of cases on the first day. Standard techniques of clinical and gynecological examinations were applied only, without following any protocols, so the reports were made exclusively on individual basis. In no case an informed consent by victim was obtained before examination. Anamnestic data were collected in only 15.9% of cases, and they were generally incomplete. Conclusion: The results of investigation show that the quality of examination of sexual assault victims in Belgrade area is not adequate. Therefore, such negative practice should be changed in future through introduction of standardized protocols for examination of victims, as well as development of clinical forensic medicine.
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Campbell, Rebecca, Jessica Shaw, and Giannina Fehler-Cabral. "Evaluation of a Victim-Centered, Trauma-Informed Victim Notification Protocol for Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs)." Violence Against Women 24, no. 4 (April 24, 2017): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217699090.
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Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of sexual assault kits (SAKs) have not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing, which raises complex issues regarding how victims ought to be notified about what happened to their kits. In this project, we evaluated a victim-centered, trauma-informed victim notification protocol that was implemented in Detroit, Michigan. Most victims (84%) did not have a strong negative emotional reaction to notification, and most (57%) decided to reengage with the criminal justice system. Victims of nonstranger sexual assaults were less likely to reengage postnotification compared with victims of stranger rape.
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Koon-Magnin, Sarah, and Corina Schulze. "Providing and Receiving Sexual Assault Disclosures: Findings From a Sexually Diverse Sample of Young Adults." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 416–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516641280.
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This study utilized a sample of primarily lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ)-identified young adults from across the United States to pilot test a new instrument, the Reactions Provided to Disclosures Questionnaire (RPDQ), and assess the disclosure experience for both those who provide and those who receive disclosures of sexual assault. Results indicate that the experience of sexual assault disclosure in the LGBQ community is similar to the heterosexual community in that most victims disclose their assaults, most often to a friend, and were most likely to receive the reaction Emotional Support. Victims were also likely to receive the reaction Victim Blaming, especially if they disclosed to formal sources, such as law enforcement, medical, or religious personnel. This study also examined the relationship between the types of assault experienced and disclosure reactions received. Experiencing an anal assault was significantly associated with Victim Blaming reactions. A central aim of this study was to examine how respondents who received (rather than provided) a disclosure reacted, a question not been adequately addressed in prior literature. The RPDQ (a modification of Ullman’s Social Reactions Questionnaire), which was piloted here, factored in to five types of reactions: Emotional Support, Affectionate Support, Empathetic Support, Tangible Aid and Information Support, and Egocentric Reactions. Sexual assault survivors were more likely to report that they provided Emotional Support and Affectionate Support after receiving a disclosure than were nonsurvivors.
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Campbell, Rebecca, McKenzie Javorka, MacKenzie Hetfield, Katie Gregory, Lauren Vollinger, and Wenjuan Ma. "Developing Trauma-Informed Research Methods: Using Proxy Respondents to Assess Sexual Assault Survivors' Experiences Seeking Medical Forensic Exams." Violence and Victims 36, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-20-00221.
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In research on sexual assault victims' help-seeking, proxy data sources are often utilized because outreach to survivors immediately postassault may increase a study's risk-to-benefit ratio. Victim advocates and services providers are common proxy respondents, but empirical research comparing the accuracy of their information is needed. We collaborated with seven sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs to collect de-identified, paired data from nurses and advocates regarding the help-seeking experiences of N = 744 adult victims. Using pairwise McNemar tests, we found statistically significant agreement on victim demographics, assault characteristics, and victims' decisions regarding medical forensic exams, sexual assault kit (SAK) collection, and release of SAKs for forensic DNA testing. Nurses and advocates had different information regarding victims' disclosure histories and their reasons for seeking SANE care.
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Magid, David J., Debra Houry, Thomas D. Koepsell, Andrew Ziller, Michael R. Soules, and Carole Jenny. "The Epidemiology of Female Rape Victims Who Seek Immediate Medical Care." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503259046.
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Women who seek medical care following sexual assault are usually evaluated and treated in an emergency department (ED). Therefore, EDs can be an important source of sexual assault surveillance data. The authors compared the incidence of sexual assault presenting for emergency care in a single county during July to November of 1974 and 1991. Participants included all female sexual assault victims aged 14 and older who presented for ED evaluation. Treating physicians prospectively collected data using standardized forms. The z statistic was used to compare sexual assault incidence. There was a 60% increase in the incidence of sexual assault victims presenting for emergency care in 1991 compared to 1974, primarily due to an increase in the incidence of women presenting to the ED after rapes by known assailants. In contrast, the annual incidence of reported stranger assaults was similar in the two study years.
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Kaunda, Eugine, Yusuf Ahmed, and Bellington Vwalika. "Patterns of Sexual Assault victims presenting to the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia: a Cross-Sectional Study." University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.4.1.353.
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Background: Sexual assault, which encompasses defilement and rape, is a public health and public safety problem with the majority of victims being women and children. The consequences of sexual assault include physical injuries, psychological trauma, depression, suicide or suicide attempt and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a long-term consequence. Others are unwanted pregnancies and risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There is little information about the conditions under which sexual assault occurs. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of sexual assault victims presenting to the University Teaching Hospital (UTH). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out on sexual assault victims who presented to UTH over a period of four months from December 2013 to April 2014. A total of 160 participants were recruited, 59 from the Gynaecology admission ward (C03) and 101 from the Paediatric Centre of Excellence Child Sexual Assault (PCOE-CSA). Participants were interviewed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire while some data was extracted from victims’ files including documented HIV status. Frequency tables were constructed and characteristics of sexual assault were compared between victims aged below 16 years and those aged 16 years and above. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: The age of 160 victims ranged from 2 to 34 years and the most affected age group was 11-15 years (n=91; 56.9%). Victims were mostly single (n=149; 93.1%), had attained primary education or none (n=102; 63.8%) were unemployed (n=149; 93.1%) and resided in high-density areas (n=144; 90%). Only 7.5% (n=12) of victims tested HIV positive. A positive HIV test occurred 14 times more frequently in victims aged 16 years and above (OR = 14.32, CI = 2.35 – 87.22, P-value < 0.01). Majority of the incidents took place in residential homes (n=110; 68.8%) and these were significantly less common among victims aged 16 years and above (OR = 0.33, CI = 0.11 – 0.98, P-value = 0.05). The majority of perpetrators were known to the victims (n= 119; 74.4%). Sexual assault perpetrated by strangers affected victims aged 16 years and above more than those aged below 16 years (50.0% versus 17.5%; P <0.01). About half of victims (n=84; 52.5%) reported to UTH within 72 hours of assault and these were 4.5 times more likely to be aged 16 years and above (OR = 4.53, CI = 1.23 - 16.73, P-value = 0.02). Genital injuries were present in 70% of victims. The absence of genital injuries was 8 times more in victims aged 16 years and above (OR = 8.46, CI = 2.78 – 25.77, P-value <0.01). Conclusion: The majority of sexual assault victims were younger (<16 years). Younger victims were mostly assaulted by perpetrators known to them, mainly in residential homes while older victims were mostly assaulted by strangers in isolated places. Compared to older victims, younger victims presented more to UTH later than 72 hours the following the assault and sustained genital injuries more. Patters of sexual assault are therefore different in younger victims compared to adults.
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Edwards, Katie M., Megan C. Kearns, Christine A. Gidycz, and Karen S. Calhoun. "Predictors of Victim–Perpetrator Relationship Stability Following a Sexual Assault: A Brief Report." Violence and Victims 27, no. 1 (2012): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.1.25.
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The researchers assessed the predictors of victim–perpetrator relationship stability following a sexual assault. Participants included 254 women sexually assaulted by a friend, casual dating partner, or steady dating partner. Results suggested that most victim–perpetrator relationships (75%) continued following the sexual assault. Greater trauma symptomatology, less perpetrator blame, and nondisclosure of the assault by victims predicted relationship continuation with the perpetrator. Additionally, the odds of continuing the relationship were greater following acts of sexual coercion than following acts of completed rape. Close relationships (steady dating partner) were more likely to continue following the sexual assault than less close relationships (friends and casual dating partners). Unexpectedly, the odds of relationship stability were greater for women without histories of childhood sexual abuse than women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
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Sorenson, Susan B., Judith M. Siegel, Jacqueline M. Golding, and Judith A. Stein. "Repeated Sexual Victimization." Violence and Victims 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.4.299.
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Patterns of repeated victimization were investigated in a large community-based survey about sexual assault. Multiple victimization was common: of the 433 sexually assaulted respondents, two-thirds reported more than one incident; the average number of incidents per person was 3.2. Single- and multiple-incident victims of sexual assault did not differ on a wide range of variables including demographics, mental disorders, and general functioning (e.g., suicide attempts, family violence). Thus, once an initial victimization occurred, personal characteristics of the victim were not related to risk for subsequent sexual assault. Additional research which obtains more specific information on each event is needed to strengthen confidence in these findings. Considerations for research on multiple victimization are discussed. Further research may benefit from exploring contextual factors and using longitudinal research methods.
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Gambardella, Gianna, Madeline Benz, Denise A. Hines, and Kathleen M. Palm Reed. "A Descriptive Analysis of College Students’ Experiences of Female-Perpetrated Sexual Assault." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 4 (June 29, 2020): 520–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220936077.
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The current study sought to explore the experiences of college students who have experienced female-perpetrated sexual assault, and to compare their experiences to those of students assaulted by male perpetrators. A total of 11,165 college students across 11 years completed an online, anonymous survey measuring self-reports of sexual violence, context surrounding their victimization, help-seeking, and well-being. Of the students surveyed, 531 students reported experiencing sexual assault and identified both their own gender and the gender of their perpetrator, and 14% reported having experienced female-perpetrated sexual assault. Victims of female perpetrators were more likely to report their perpetrator being an (ex)intimate partner and less likely to be a stranger. Victims of female perpetrators were also more likely to report that their victimization involved their own drug use. Overall, victims of female-perpetrated sexual assault were less likely to tell anyone about their victimization, or to report to on- or off-campus resources. Finally, our findings suggest that victims of female perpetrators have comparable well-being to victims of male perpetrators. These finding contribute to the overall understanding of female-perpetrated sexual assault.
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Hutchinson, Chris Huntley, and Susan A. McDaniel. "The Social Reconstruction of Sexual Assault by Women Victims: A Comparison of Therapeutic Experiences." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, no. 2 (September 1, 1986): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1986-0013.
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In this study, the conventionally accepted view of sexual violence against women as manifested by traditional therapy is contrasted with the feminist perspective represented by feminist therapy and feminist self-help groups for victims of sexual assault. The focus of the research is on the ways in which consumers of different therapies are taught socially to reconstruct their sexual assault experiences. On the basis of intensive interviews with victims of sexual assault or incest who have subsequently experienced therapy, the reconstructions of the assault encouraged by conventional therapeutic approaches are found to differ sharply from those developed in feminist modalities. The conclusion is that conventional therapies for victim of sexual assault tend to perpetuate the existing belief structure about rape and incest by isolating and blaming the victim. In contrast, feminist counselling and feminist self-help groups remove the woman's false sense of guilt, validate the woman's experience with sexual violence, and enable the victim to develop an understanding of the social structural context in which sexual assault occurs.
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Haikalis, Michelle, Ruschelle M. Leone, Dominic J. Parrott, and David DiLillo. "Sexual Assault Survivor Reports of Missed Bystander Opportunities: The Role of Alcohol, Sexual Objectification, and Relational Factors." Violence Against Women 24, no. 10 (July 23, 2018): 1232–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218781941.
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Examination of situations in which bystanders missed intervention opportunities to prevent sexual assault can advance our understanding of how bystanders can prevent sexual assault. The present study utilized an incident-specific approach based on reports from 427 female sexual assault victims (ages 18-25 years) recruited via Mechanical Turk. Results indicate that bystanders had an opportunity to intervene before 23% of sexual assaults, alcohol use in settings with bystanders was widespread (by perpetrators, victims, and bystanders), and several factors were more common in situations involving missed intervention opportunity. Findings provide useful information for continued development of bystander training and new directions in bystander research.
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Forst, Linda S., J. Timothy Lightfoot, and Arthur Burrichter. "Familiarity with Sexual Assault and Its Relationship to the Effectiveness of Acquaintance Rape Prevention Programs." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398629601200103.
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This study examined the effectiveness of two rape prevention programs on rape-supportive beliefs among college students. The effectiveness was examined in terms of whether or not the students knew someone who had been sexually assaulted, knew someone who had committed a sexual assault, or were themselves a victim of sexual assault. The participants were divided into three groups. One group participated in a didactic rape prevention program involving primarily lecture and video instruction. The second group participated in an experiential rape prevention program utilizing improvisational theater. The third group was the control group. The 55 participants completed two attitude scales developed by Burt (1980): Adversarial Sexual Beliefs (ASB) and Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA). They then participated in their workshop and took the attitude scales again as a post-treatment test Two weeks later, the participants took a follow-up post-treatment test using the same attitude scales. Participants who had been victims of sexual assault scored significantly lower than non-victims in the ASB and RMA across all groups. It was also found that participants who had any previous experience with sexual assault, such as familiarity with a victim or an offender, scored significantly lower in rape-supportive beliefs after participating in the didactic program than participants who had no previous experience with sexual assault.
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Davis, Rob, Bruce Taylor, and Sarah Bench. "Impact of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault on Secondary Victims." Violence and Victims 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.1.73.
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Much information has been collected on the effects of crime upon victims. Experts have spoken as well about the ripple effects of crime on those close to victims. To date, however, little empirical data are available to assess the impact of crime upon “secondary victims.” Our research looks at the effects of crime on a sample of persons named by victims of sexual and nonsexual assault as their primary significant others (SOs). We found that distress experienced by SOs did not vary according to victim distress or according to whether the crime was a sexual or nonsexual assault. Female SOs, however, experienced greater fear of crime than male SOs. High levels of SO distress did not interfere with the ability of SOs to lend supportive actions, but were associated with higher levels of SO unsupportive behavior. Higher levels of unsupportive behavior were also more likely among SOs of sexual assault victims than among SOs of nonsexual assault victims. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Nainar, Anithathamaraiselvi A., Sivapriya Ramasamy, and Mekala Shanmugam. "Role of parents, teachers at home and school in prevention of female sexual abuse: an analysis." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20215096.
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Background: Sexual assault is an act performed by one person on another without the person’s consent or on a victim who is incapable of giving consent. The purpose of this article is to analyze the female sexual assault cases reported in one year –and the role of parents, teachers, at home and school in prevention of child sexual abuse.Methods: Data of victims who were admitted in GDMCH in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology in the year 2020 were collected from the medico legal register retrospectively and analyzed.Results: Age wise distribution showed 70% of cases were in the age group 15-19 years. 57% of assaults were with consent and 43% without consent. 93% of the perpetrators were known to the victim. Around 48% of the assaults were multiple episodes by a single perpetrator. The place of assault in 39% of cases was perpetrator’s house, 35% was in friend’s or relative’s house.Conclusions: 86% of the victims were <19 years of age, hence, educational awareness services are to be given to high school students and teachers .School authorities and teachers should implement strict vigilance against improper use of the internet and mobile phones by the students. Most common location of assault was the perpetrator's house (39%), followed by their friend’s house (22%). Hence parents should take every care to watch over the child and never leave them unsupervised.
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Loder, Randall T., Samantha Palma, and Maddie Smith. "Injury Patterns and Demographics in Child and Adolescent Assault Victims Presenting to US Emergency Departments." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (October 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8169030.
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Objective. To correlate injury patterns with patient demographics in child and adolescent assault victims. Methods. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program data for the years 2005 through 2015 was used. Injuries due to assault were identified and analyzed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software to account for the weighted, stratified nature of the data. Results. There were an estimated 4,407,009 ED visits for assault in patients ≤ 19 years of age. With increasing age, the percentage of females decreased. Sexual assaults were more common in females (87.4%), and robbery/burglary was more common in males (79.8%). When the perpetrator was a spouse/partner, the assault victim was most commonly female (88.8%), and when a stranger, the assault victim was most commonly male (71.5%). With increasing age, the percentage of sexual assaults decreased while the reason for the assault being unknown increased. The assault occurred in the home in 59.6% of those ≤ 4 years of age, decreasing to 18.7% in those 15 to 19 years of age. The anatomic location was the head/neck in 32.8% of those ≤ 4 years of age, increasing to 60.6% in those 15-19 years old. Those ≤ 4 years old had the highest hospital admission rate (8.3%). The main diagnoses were concussion (3.0%), contusion/abrasion (33.3%), fracture (11.5%), laceration (11.5%), internal organ injury (11.5%), puncture (2.8%), and strain/sprain (20.7%). The number of assaults from 2005 to 2015 decreased for all age groups except for those ≤ 4 years old. Conclusions. These data provide a comprehensive overview of child and adolescent assault victims presenting to the ED in the USA and can be used as background data for further study. The decreasing numbers of assaults over the 11 years of the study are encouraging, and challenges still exist in decreasing the number for those ≤ 4 years old.
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Ullman, Sarah E. "Social Reactions, Coping Strategies, and Self-Blame Attributions in Adjustment to Sexual Assault." Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 4 (December 1996): 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00319.x.
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The present study investigated the impact of social reactions of others to sexual-assault victims on disclosure of their victimization. A convenience sample of adult sexual-assault victims ( N = 155) completed a mail survey in which they reported information about their sexual assaults and postassault experiences. As expected, all negative social reactions were strongly associated with increased psychological symptoms, whereas most positive social reactions were unrelated to adjustment. The only social reactions related to better adjustment were being believed and being listened to by others. Victims experiencing negative social reactions also reported poorer adjustment even when other variables known to affect psychological recovery were controlled. Avoidance coping mediated the association of negative social reactions with adjustment. Implications of these findings for research and treatment of sexual-assault survivors are discussed.
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Riggs, Rachel E. "‘You should tell somebody’: An evaluation of a survivor stories blog project to motivate sexual assault victims." Health Education Journal 80, no. 7 (May 18, 2021): 799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00178969211016497.
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Objective: Sexual assault victims often do not disclose their assaults or seek positive health outcomes. The RAINN Survivor Stories project shares testimonials in the form of online blogs from sexual assault survivors to motivate and encourage others to come forward and disclose their assaults. This study aimed to better understand the themes present in the survivor stories to motivate victims to disclose their assaults and seek positive health outcomes. Design: A theoretical thematic analysis was conducted on blog posts created for the project to identify (a) how the posts tell survivor stories and (b) how the posts model positive health outcomes using social cognitive theory and the disclosure processes model as a guide. Setting: Online setting linked to the rainn.org website. Method: Blog posts were collected for inductive thematic analysis. Themes were identified based on their prevalence in the data and their pertinence to the research questions. Results: Emerging themes included (a) overcoming initial disclosure, (b) overcoming the lasting effects of victimisation, (c) utilising support and (d) advocating for others after assault. Conclusion: Findings offer insight to researchers and practitioners creating media messages for sexual assault victims and other stigmatised groups by expanding understanding of modelled positive health outcomes in media and the disclosure process of victims.
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Brahim, S., M. A. Mesrati, M. Henia, M. Kacem, and L. Zarrouk. "Sexual Assault in the Mahdia Region: Medico Legal Aspects." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.720.
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Introduction Despite recent legislative changes through the enactment of 2017-58 law on the elimination of violence against women and children, sexual violence remains fairly frequent and is often underestimated. Objectives to describe the epidemiological peculiarities of victims of sexual assault in the Mahdia region and to discuss their medico legal implications. Methods this is retrospective study of 110 cases of victims of sexual assault examined at the legal medicine department of the TAHER SFAR University Hospital in Mahdia. This work was carried out over the period from January 2016 to August 2018. Results the majority of victims were female (80%) and the main vulnerability factor was an age under 15 (26%). The perpetrator was generally unique (74%). Sexual assault by penetration was mostly reported (51% of cases), and was almost exclusively penile (98,2 of cases). The gynecological examination revealed a torn hymn in 43 victims, a compliant hymen without traumatic lesions in 7 victims (8%) and recent vulvar traumatic lesions without hymenal crossing in 5 victims (5,6%). Recent anal penetration was diagnosed in 6 male victims (6,8%). Among female victims, recent anal penetration was diagnosed in 5 victims (22,7%). One in four victims reported a market psychological impact with female predominance in 85% of cases. Complications of the most reported sexual assaults were pregnancy in 7% of cases. In total, only 57,3% of the certificates issued made it possible to conclude that the injuries. Conclusions The care of victims of sexual assault requires a multi- disciplinary approach; medical, psychiatric, social and legal. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Tung, Tao-Hsin, Sheng-Ang Shen, Chih-Hao Chen, and Chien Huang. "Risk of Incident Psychiatric Disorders in Sexual Assault Victims: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study." International Annals of Criminology 55, no. 2 (November 2017): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2017.13.
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AbstractSexual offenses cause harm to the victims’ physical and psychological functions. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk of incident psychiatric disorders in sexual assault victims. Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database was used to conduct a nationwide population-based cohort study to assess the risk of incident psychiatric disorders in sexual assault victims and to further evaluate the respective risk estimates on the basis of diagnostic patterns. A total of 81 sexual assault victims and 324 controls matched by sex, age and residential area were included. The mean age of the sexual assault victims was 18.39 (sd10.23) years, and 93.83% (76/81) of the sample were females. Sexual assault victims had a higher incidence density of psychiatric disorders than did the control group (9.2% per year, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–33.2% per yearv.1.1% per year, 95% CI .4–15.7% per year;p=.037). Sexual assault was an independent risk factor for incident psychiatric disorders, with an incidence rate ratio of 3.40 (95% CI 1.04–26.41) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Assessment of psychiatric disorders should be implemented in the integrative care of sexual assault victims. Physicians providing clinical care to the sexual assault victims should receive more all-round training to understand and manage this type of violence.
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Windasari, Noverika. "Karakteristik Kasus Kekerasan Seksual di Rumah Sakit Tipe A di Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Barat." Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jka.v9i2.1308.
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Introduction: Sexual assault in women and children are very prominent among other abuse. Knowledge related to the characteristics of sexual assault is vital for optimal handling of sexual assault cases. Aims: This research aimed to evaluate the characteristics of sexual assault cases in referral hospital (type A hospital) in West Java and West Sumatera provinces. Method: This research is a retrospective descriptive research. The samples were patients suspected of being victims of sexual assault, examined from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. Results: The alleged sexual assault victims are dominated by women, unmarried, with the most age groups of 10-19 years. Most victims come to the hospital within a week after the case. The primary type of sexual assault experienced by the victims is vaginal penetration. Most perpetrators were someone who was well known by the victims. The perpetrators prefer to act at noon in a private place. Medical records revealed that in most cases only signs of violence on the anogenital region, and no trace on other body parts. Conclusion: The characteristic of sexual assault from both provinces are almost similar. The difference that stands out lies in the level of education of victims. Knowledge about the aspects of sexual assault cases is essential for health service to provide optimal health service to sexual violence victims as well as the prevention efforts.
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QASIM, ALTAF PERVEZ, and MUHAMMAD ANWER SULEHRI. "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2377.
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Background: Violence against women is an important public health problem. It has global significance regarding violation of human rights. Violence is an important risk factor related to ill health of women, having far reaching consequences affecting physical, social, mental and reproductive health of the victims. Objectives: To study the various types of interpersonal violence against women and find out the magnitude of physical violence and sexual assault among the victims. Study Design: A descriptive hospital record based study. Setting & Duration: The study was conducted from January to December 2005 in casualty out patient department of Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College (PMC), Faisalabad. Methodology: Total 286 cases of violence, who reported for medico-legal examination during calendar year 2005, were included in the study. The cases of physical violence / sexual assault were examined in detail. Findings were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Among total 286 cases, 221 (77%) victims were married, and commonly involved age group was 21–30 years accounting for 82 (28.68%) victims. Blunt trauma was sustained by 193 (67.50%) victims, sharp edged weapon affected 17 (6.0%) cases, firearm bears the responsibility in 13 (4.54%) victims, a mix pattern of injuries by sharp / blunt objects was observed in 8(2.80%) females and (1.75%) women were said to be burnt. Forty-three (15%) cases were reported as victims of alleged sexual assault with peak incidence during 2nd decade of life in age group 11–20 years involving 23 (53.5%) cases. Among total 43 cases of sexual assault, 27 (63%) victims belonged to rural areas. Twenty Eight (65%) unmarried girls were subjected to sexual assault. In 43 sexual assault victims, semen was detected in 28 (65%) cases, 13 (30%) cases were negative; whereas reports of 2 (5%) cases were not available in the record. Conclusions: The cases of physical violence are common in Faisalabad and incidence of sexual assault is higher in rural areas more commonly affecting the unmarried young girls. There is need to attend this public health problem with concrete efforts to stop the violence against women & reduce the incidence of sexual assaults.
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Spohn, Cassia. "Sexual Assault Case Processing: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i1.1454.
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One of the goals of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women is to end violence against women and girls in all countries. An important component of this goal is ensuring that all crimes of violence against women and girls are taken seriously by the criminal justice system and that police, prosecutors, judges and jurors respond appropriately. However, research detailing how cases of sexual assault proceed in the criminal justice system reveals that this goal remains elusive, both in the United States and elsewhere. The rape reform movement ushered in changes to traditional rape law that were designed to encourage victims to report to the police and to remove barriers to arrest and successful prosecution. However, four decades after this reform, victims are still reluctant to report sexual assaults to the police, and arrest, prosecution and conviction rates for sexual assault cases are shockingly low. Reversing these trends will require policy changes that are designed to counteract the stereotypes and myths underpinning sexual assault and sexual assault victims.
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Orchowski, Lindsay M., Amy S. Untied, and Christine A. Gidycz. "Factors Associated With College Women’s Labeling of Sexual Victimization." Violence and Victims 28, no. 6 (2013): 940–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00049.
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Despite high rates of sexual assault among college women, most victims do not label the experience as sexual assault or rape. Prior research examining labeling of sexual victimization has focused on women’s characterization of rape experiences as either not victimization or victimization. This study extends prior research by exploring factors associated with labeling various forms of sexual victimization as “not victimization,” a “serious miscommunication,” or a “sexual assault, date rape, rape, or crime.” A sample of 1,060 college women reported on their experiences of sexual victimization since the age of 14 years. Women who reported experiences of prior sexual victimization (n = 371) indicated their level of acquaintance with the assailant, assault disclosure, substance use at time of assault, attributions of self- and perpetrator-blame for the assault, and labeling of the experience. Most women who reported experiences of sexual victimization did not self-identify as victims, and 38% labeled sexual victimization as a serious miscommunication. Greater acquaintance with the perpetrator, higher behavioral self-blame, and victim substance use at the time of the assault were associated with labeling sexual assault experiences as a serious miscommunication. Implications are discussed.
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Ullman, Sarah E., and Cynthia J. Najdowski. "Understanding Alcohol-Related Sexual Assaults: Characteristics and Consequences." Violence and Victims 25, no. 1 (February 2010): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.29.
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Sexual assaults commonly involve alcohol use, but little is known about alcohol’s effects on many aspects of assaults and their aftermath. We investigated characteristics of victims, perpetrators, and assaults as a function of whether alcohol was involved in the assault, as well as differences in women’s postassault experiences. Assaults prior to which only perpetrators were drinking differed not only from non-alcohol-related assaults, but also from those prior to which both perpetrators and victims were drinking. Understanding the effects of alcohol-related assaults is important for identifying victims who should be targeted for mental health and substance use interventions.
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Klettke, Bianca, David Mellor, and David Hallford. "The Effects of Victim Age, Perceiver Gender, and Parental Status on Perceptions of Victim Culpability When Girls or Women Are Sexually Abused." Violence Against Women 24, no. 6 (July 13, 2017): 650–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217717355.
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This study investigated perceptions of victim culpability in sexual assaults against girls and women according to victim age, perceiver gender, and perceiver parental status. Overall, 420 jury-eligible participants completed an online survey recording their attributions of guilt, responsibility, and blame toward 10-, 15-, and 20-year-old girls and women in relation to sexual assault. Attributions of culpability were affected by whether the victim physically or verbally resisted the abuse, wore sexually revealing clothes, or was described as having acted promiscuously. Fifteen-year-old victims were perceived as more culpable for the abuse than 10-year-old victims. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Kim, Seul Ki, Min Young Lee, Sang Joon Choi, Tae Gyu Ahn, Jeong A. Seo, and Hyo Young Jeong. "Analysis of sexual assault victims." Korean Journal of Obstetrics 54, no. 1 (2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/kjog.2011.54.1.37.
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Sahu, Geeta, Sachidananda Mohanty, and Jyotin Kumar Dash. "Vulnerable Victims of Sexual Assault." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 3 (July 2005): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.3.256.
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Sexual assault is one of the heinous crimes of present day society. Although it has always been evident, in recent times there has been a steady increase in the rate of sexual assault cases. The aim of this study was to identify the groups most at risk. Therefore it includes only cases of sex offences and sex offences with kidnapping. Information was obtained by interviewing the victims and accompanying persons, and from records submitted by the investigating officers. Our study reveals sexual assault commonly occurs among the age group of 16-19 years (60.8%), mostly at night (53.23%), inside the house (87%) and usually by a close acquaintance (61%). The majority of the victims were unmarried (84.7%), lived in rural areas (65.2%), were unemployed (93.5%), of less educated or illiterate groups (88%) and found to be mentally fit (97%). The victims were mostly drawn from low socio-economic groups.
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Muram, David, Barbara R. Hostetler, Claudette E. Jones, and Patricia M. Speck. "Adolescent victims of sexual assault." Journal of Adolescent Health 17, no. 6 (December 1995): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1054-139x(95)00097-c.
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Clevenger, Shelly. "Mothers of Sexual Assault Victims." Feminist Criminology 11, no. 3 (May 12, 2015): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085115586024.
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Lipscomb, G. H. "Male victims of sexual assault." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 22 (June 10, 1992): 3064–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.267.22.3064.
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Magid, David. "Male victims of sexual assault." Journal of Emergency Medicine 11, no. 4 (July 1993): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(93)90276-d.
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