Academic literature on the topic 'Sexual assault victims'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Ensslen, Katherine, Eric Beauregard, and Amelie Pedneault. "An Examination of the Home-Intruder Sex Offender." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 14 (June 7, 2018): 4694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18778450.

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One particular crime location in sexual assaults is the victim’s residence. Similar to sexual burglars, “home-intruder” sex offenders choose to assault the victim in her residence, most likely in their bedroom. The aim of the current study is to analyze modus operandi, temporal factors, and victim characteristics in a sample of 347 stranger sexual assaults committed by 69 serial sex offenders to determine which factors may be more relevant to sexual assaults committed in the victim’s residence compared with sexual assaults committed at another type of location. Our hypothesis is that offenders who choose to sexually assault victims in their home constitute a specific type of sex offender, one that resembles the sexual burglar. Results showed that modus operandi (e.g., burglary), temporal factors (e.g., time at crime scene with victim), and victim characteristics (e.g., age, victim-offender relationship) were significant in predicting whether the victim encounter, crime site, and victim release site were located at the victim’s residence or not. Moreover, these findings were generally significant across the three crime locations, which can be explained by the high consistency in location during home-intrusion sexual assaults. Situational crime prevention strategies aimed at making a residence less attractive for offenders should help reducing this particular type of sexual assault.
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Mezey, Gillian, and Michael King. "Male Victims of Sexual Assault." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 2 (April 1987): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700211.

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Adult male victims of sexual assault appear to have similar reactions to female victims, but are more stigmatized, may experience greater subsequent anger and guilt, and are even less likely to report the offence than females. Increased recognition of these assaults is called for, both in law and by victim support agencies, in order to reduce the stigma, encourage reporting and facilitate the enforcement of criminal justice.
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Melton, Heather C., and Summer Stewart. "Previously Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits: Characteristics of Kits with Victims under Eighteen." Abuse: An International Impact Journal 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.016.

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1 ADD TO CART Sexual assault continues to be a major societal and criminal issue. Particularly detrimental is sexual assault committed against children. Children who experience a sexual assault are likely to suffer from multiple negative outcomes including increasing their risk for juvenile delinquency and mental health issues. A sexual assault kit is one tool that the criminal justice system uses to bring justice for victims and hold offenders accountable for their behaviour. It provides often vital evidence that can potentially be used in the prosecution of these cases. Yet it has become clear that many sexual assaults are never submitted to crime laboratories for processing. This paper explores previously unsubmitted sexual assault kits of child/adolescent victims. Characteristics of the victims, the case, and the police report are explored. Additionally, these kits are compared to kits with an adult victim to further our understanding of the problem. Findings include: over 20% of the unsubmitted sexual assault kits had a victim under 18, the highest number of unsubmitted kits for children were for victims between the ages of 15-17, the majority of child victims knew their offenders, and cases associated with child kits were more likely to be moved forward at the time of the original incident (without the kit being submitted) than adult cases. Ultimately, the goal is to improve our overall response to all victims of sexual assault.
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Ahmed Khan Memon, Muhammad Qasim, Pardeep Kumar, Nadia Aslam, Ejaz Ahmed Awan, Shabir Ahmed Cheena, and Abdul Samad. "Reported Cases of Sexual Assault in Civil Hospital Sanghar." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592251.

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Aim: To evaluate the sexual assault against male and female. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Civil Hospital Sanghar from 1st January 2020 to 31st December, 2020 Methodology: Forty two cases of sexual assault and recognize the associated factors were enrolled. The age between 6-35 years and either gender were included. Result: There were 28.6% females and 71.4% males, highest victims were among age between 6-18 years was 17(40.5%), illiterate was 23(54.7%), assaulted by a neighbour was 30 (71.4%) and time lapse <1-2 days was 19(45.4%) sexual assaults. Conclusion: Majority of victims were males, assailant relationships of neighbour and illiterate. Keywords: Sexual assault, Victims, Assailants
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Karki, Raj Kumar, Pankaj Kumar Singh, and Abdul Sami Khan. "Medico-Legal Findings in Victims and Accused of Sexual Assault." Journal of Nobel Medical College 9, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v9i2.33349.

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Background: Sexual assault is one of the heinous and barbarous crimes and continues to plague our nation. It is present in every countries cutting across boundaries of culture, race, gender, relationship, social standing and the extremes of ages. The current study aims to analyze the incidence of sexual assault cases, their socio-demographic parameters, incidence to reporting time and relationship of the assailant with the victim and pattern of injury for evaluation of sexual assault. Materials and Methods: The medico-legal reports of 102 sexual assaults cases were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively which was examined by Department of Forensic Medicine from October 2019 to September 2020 at Dhulikhel hospital. All the data were entered in SPSS version 25 and results were ascertained. Results: Out of 102 samples, 52 female victims and 48 accused were analyzed. Two were male victims of sodomy. The mean age was 20.54±10.78 and 27.67±11.08 for victim and accused respectively, the most vulnerable being unmarried teenagers. Most of the accused and victims were familiar with each other (81.25%) and the common incident locale was victim’s own house. Genital injury was seen in 53.85% and general injury in 32.7% of the victims. Only 13.46 % victims and 12.50% of accused were brought for examination on the same day. Genital injury had significant association with age (p=0.003) and day of examination (p=0.029). Four of the victims were positive for pregnancy test. Conclusion: Hence this study aims to highlight that sexual assault is a catastrophe and there is a dire need of educating the vulnerable groups.
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Alderden, Megan, and LaDonna Long. "Sexual Assault Victim Participation in Police Investigations and Prosecution." Violence and Victims 31, no. 5 (2016): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00103.

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This research seeks to examine why victim participation rates in police investigations and prosecution decline following reporting of sexual assault to police. It was hypothesized that several factors would impact victim participation, including whether the incident reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios, if the victim used alcohol or illicit drugs prior to the incident, and if the hospital staff initially reported the incident. The study coded victim participation following initial police reporting from police case investigation narratives. Based on the 544 cases of sexual assault reported to a Midwestern police department, it was found that victims were indeed more likely to continue participating after initial reports to police if their assaults reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios. Future research should include discussions with victims about their participation in the criminal justice system following initial reporting to further clarify the findings noted here.
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Reitz-Krueger, Cristina L., Sadie J. Mummert, and Sara M. Troupe. "Real men can't get raped: an examination of gendered rape myths and sexual assault among undergraduates." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-06-2017-0303.

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Purpose While awareness of sexual assaults on college campuses has increased, the majority of efforts to address it are focused on female victims. The relative neglect of male victims may be due in part to problematic rape myths that suggest men cannot be sexually assaulted, especially by women. The purpose of this paper is to compare rates of different types of sexual assault between male and female undergraduates, and explore the relationship between acceptance of traditional rape myths focused on female victims, and rape myths surrounding male victims. Design/methodology/approach Students at a mid-sized university in Pennsylvania (n=526) answered an online questionnaire about their own experiences of sexual assault since coming to college, as well as their endorsement of male and female rape myths. Findings While women experienced more sexual assault overall, men were just as likely to have experienced rape (i.e. forced penetration) or attempted rape. Acceptance of male and female rape myths was significantly correlated and men were more likely than women to endorse both. Participants were also more likely to endorse female than male rape myths. Research limitations/implications By analyzing sexual assaults in terms of distinct behaviors instead of one composite score, the authors can get a more nuanced picture of how men and women experience assault. Practical implications Campus-based efforts to address sexual assault need to be aware that male students also experience assault and that myths surrounding men as victims may impede their ability to access services. Originality/value This paper contributes to our knowledge of a relatively understudied topic: undergraduate male victims of sexual assault.
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Miller, Karen-Lee. "Relational Caring: The Use of the Victim Impact Statement by Sexually Assaulted Women." Violence and Victims 29, no. 5 (2014): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00056.

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The victim impact statement (VIS) is a written account of harms experienced as a result of crime. This study investigates VIS use by sexually assaulted women through interviews with Canadian victims, victim services workers, and feminist advocates (N = 35). Findings suggest that victims use the VIS to express relational caring. Relational caring is an ethic of care that prioritizes others through privileging the harms experienced by others because of witnessing the sexual assault or coping with the victim’s postassault sequelae, protecting future or hypothetical victims, and promoting the interests of intimate partner offenders. Relational caring challenges traditional conceptions of victim agency and VIS use for instrumental purposes, as well as the targets and temporalities of sexual assault harms that are detailed in the statement. Relational caring has unique implications for victims who are mothers, especially those abused as minors, and for intimate partners. Legal, therapeutic, and social service consequences are discussed.
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Gidycz, Christine A., and Mary P. Koss. "Predictors of Long-Term Sexual Assault Trauma among a National Sample of Victimized College Women." Violence and Victims 6, no. 3 (January 1991): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.3.175.

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Several multivariate studies have attempted to delineate the major predictors of longterm, sexual assault-induced aftereffects. The present study was an attempt to extend previous work by supplementing known preassault, assault, and postassault predictors of trauma with cognitive measures. The data were cross-sectional and included responses from 1,213 victims of sexual assault who were recruited from a national sample of higher education students. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses and a cross-validation procedure, the results suggested that the prior mental status of the victims, the forcefulness of the assaults, as well as two cognitive variables related to a victim’s beliefs about sex and relationships predicted victims’ scores on standardized measures of anxiety and depression. The relationships were such that the most traumatized victims were those women who had evidenced a history of mental health problems, who had experienced the more aggressive assaults, who tended to believe that people in relationships are not trustworthy, and tended to place conservative restrictions on the sexual acts and circumstances under which sex should occur. Taken together these variables accounted for between 9%-14% of the variance in sexual assault aftereffects. The discussion emphasizes the contribution of cognitive processes to the understanding of sexual assault trauma.
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Renner, K. Edward, and Carol Wackett. "Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1987-0003.

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The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Pepper, Sarah E. Sewell Kenneth W. "Self blame in sexual assault survivors and attributions to other sexual assault survivors." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12181.

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Lawler, Anna DeVries Nezu Christine Maguth. "Gender, sexual orientation and victim blame regarding male victims of sexual assault /." Philadelphia : Drexel University, 2002. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1721.1/62.

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Klaproth, M. Indy L. "Patient outcomes of sexual assault victims examined by sexual assault nurse examiners." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1436.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
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Frisque, Amy M. "Resident assistants' attitudes about sexual assault and sexual assault prevention training." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008frisquea.pdf.

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Pepper, Sarah E. "Self Blame in Sexual Assault Survivors and Attributions to Other Sexual Assault Survivors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12181/.

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Previous research indicates that survivors of sexual assault often blame themselves for the assault. Research has also shown that people blame the perpetrator in some situations and the survivor in other situations involving sexual assault. The purpose of this study was to discover if survivors of sexual assault who blame themselves tend to blame other survivors (survivor blame) in situations different from their own. Another purpose was to assess whether or not sexual assault survivors who do not blame themselves for their attack tend to blame other survivors. The participants' attributional style was also assessed in order to understand the relations between self-blame and survivor blame in situations involving sexual assault. Findings indicated that certain types of attributional style are related to self-blame in sexual assault survivors and blame toward sexual assault survivors depicted in vignettes. This indicates that attributional style may have important implications in the clinical setting to aid sexual assault survivors who experience self-blame, as well in educating society about sexual assault and the ultimate responsibility of perpetrators.
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Pashdag, Joanna A. "Sexual Assault Survivors' Narratives and Prediction of Revictimization." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1103229596.

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Gwynn, Stacy Roddy Riggs Shelley Ann. "Adult attachment and posttraumatic growth in sexual assault survivors." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9100.

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Holloway, Jenna, and Jacquelyn Mosley. "Sexual Assault among Students with Disabilities: The Hidden Victims." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2019/schedule/9.

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There has been a heightened effort to research the overwhelming prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses. Female undergraduates are the most common victims, with rates of one in five experiencing nonconsensual sexual contact during their college years. However, there is very little research that has examined sexual assault among students with disabilities. Students with intellectual disability are sexually assaulted at rates more than seven times higher than students with no disabilities. Thus, students with disabilities are hidden victims who experience sexual violence at extremely high rates. The current study used an online survey to assess the prevalence of sexual assault among students with disabilities at a large southern university. Findings may help inform future prevention efforts to help the high rates of sexual violence rates among students with disabilities on college campuses.
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Reck, Jennifer K. Sewell Kenneth W. "Males' support toward females after sexual assault." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3625.

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Gwynn, Stacy Roddy. "Adult Attachment and Posttraumatic Growth in Sexual Assault Survivors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9100/.

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Posttraumatic growth, defined as positive psychological changes in the aftermath of adversity and suffering, is a relatively recent focus in psychological research. The addition of this concept to the literature has provided a new, more resiliency-based framework through which to view survivors of various forms of trauma. Despite estimates that over half of all sexual assaults are not reported to the authorities, current crime statistics indicate that 1 in 4 women are sexually assaulted in their lifetime (Campbell & Wasco, 2005). Given the large percentage of the population that is impacted by sexual assault, it is essential that professionals better understand the factors that influence the successful healing and growth that can occur post-trauma. The purpose of this study was to further expand the literature on posttraumatic growth in sexual assault survivors by considering this phenomenon through the lens of attachment theory. Specifically, this study tested a proposed model of the inter-relationships among subjective and objective perceptions of threat during the sexual assault, adult romantic attachment, and posttraumatic growth. It was hypothesized that adult romantic attachment and parent-child attachment would mediate the relationship between subjective, or perceived threat, defined as the victim's perception of life threat, and objective threat, defined as the severity of the sexually aggressive act perpetrated on the victim, and posttraumatic growth. Finally, it was hypothesized that subjective threat appraisal would better predict posttraumatic growth than objective threat appraisal. Contrary to hypotheses, results of the study indicated that adult romantic attachment and parent-child attachment did not mediate the relationship between subjective and objective threat appraisal and posttraumatic growth. Thus, both path analytic models were not viable. However, exploratory analysis indicated that both subjective and objective threat appraisal were directly related to posttraumatic growth, with subjective perceived threat appraisal accounting for more of the variance.
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Books on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Gold, Liz. Sexual assault. Austin, TX: Texas Commission on Law Enforcement, 1998.

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C, Mezey Gillian, and King Michael B, eds. Male victims of sexual assault. Oxford, [England]: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Pettifer, Shirley. Sexual assault. Montréal, Qué: Montreal Health Press, 1997.

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Pettifer, Shirley. Sexual assault. Edited by Torge Janet and Bicher Marilyn. Montréal, Qué: Montreal Health Press, 1994.

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Great Britain. Metropolitan Police Office. Advice for victims of sexual assault. London]: Metropolitan Police Office, 1994.

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Powlison, David. Sexual assault: Healing steps for victims. Greensboro, NC: New Growth Press, 2010.

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Information guide for victims of sexual assault. 2nd ed. [Edmonton]: Alberta Solicitor General and Public Safety, 2009.

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Women, Manitoba Advisory Council on the Status of. Sexual assault: Manitoba concerns. Winnipeg: Manitoba Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1985.

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Investigating sexual assault cases. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2013.

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Wolbert, Burgess Ann, ed. Rape and sexual assault II. New York: Garland Pub., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Chancellor, Arthur S. "Special Victims I." In Investigating Sexual Assault Cases, 35–50. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003104384-3.

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Chancellor, Arthur S. "Special Victims II." In Investigating Sexual Assault Cases, 51–66. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003104384-4.

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Chancellor, Arthur S. "Grooming Child and Adult Victims." In Investigating Sexual Assault Cases, 135–51. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003104384-8.

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O’Donohue, William T. "Reporting Sexual Assault: Process and Barriers Victims Experience." In Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention, 591–608. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_35.

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Sulley, Caitlin, Margaret Bassett, Yulanda McCarty-Harris, Melanie Susswein, and Noël Busch-Armendariz. "The notification for victims of assault (NoVA)." In Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 327–45. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003186816-24.

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Zaleski, Kristen. "Crisis Intervention With Adolescent Victims of Sexual Assault." In Transformative Social Work Practice, 315–26. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506304533.n26.

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Schnoor, Barbara. "Acute Medical and Forensic Care for Victims of Sexual Assault." In Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, 161–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38345-9_9.

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Anderson, Craig L. "Males as Sexual Assault Victims: Multiple Levels of Trauma." In A Guide to Psychotherapy with Gay and Lesbian Clients, 145–62. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315781747-13.

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White, Jacquelyn W., Paige H. Smith, and John A. Humphrey. "A longitudinal perspective on women’s risk perceptions for sexual assault." In Prevention and Control of Aggression and the Impact on its Victims, 255–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6238-9_30.

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Curry, Tommy J. "Expendables for Whom: Terry Crews and the Erasure of Black Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Rape." In #MeToo, 24–44. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003180203-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Ellis, Christian, and Lance Fiondella. "Technologies to Support Victims of Sexual Assault." In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ths.2018.8574194.

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Kempen, L. Van Rooijen, Van, A. Fewerda, MF Schim Van Der Loeff, and HJC De Vries. "P3.229 Sti prevalence and follow-up among female victims of a sexual assault tested at the sti clinic in amsterdam, the netherlands." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.464.

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Lopez, Angeles. "Finding Evidence Of The Sexual Predators Behavior." In LatinX in AI at Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2019. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai201912081.

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Sexual predator identification is a critical problem given that the majority of cases of sexually assaulted children have agreed voluntarily to meet with their abuser [10]. Traditionally, a term that is used to describe malicious actions with a potential aim of sexual exploitation or emotional connection with a child is referred to as “Child Grooming” or “Grooming Attack” [6]. This attack is defined by [4] as “a communication process by which a perpetrator applies affinity seeking strategies, while simultaneously engaging in sexual desensitization and information acquisition about targeted victims in order to develop relationships that result in need fulfillment” (e.g. physical sexual molestation). Clearly, the detection of a malicious predatory behavior against a child could reduce the number of abused children.
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Suvarna, Ashima, Grusha Bhalla, Shailender Kumar, and Ashi Bhardwaj. "Identifying Victim Blaming Language in Discussions about Sexual Assaults on Twitter." In SMSociety'20: International Conference on Social Media and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3400806.3400825.

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Lloyd-Williams, Olivia, and Najette Ayadi O’Donnell. "935 Victim-blaming: assessing doctors and teachers’ responses to adolescent sexual assault disclosures." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.470.

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Reports on the topic "Sexual assault victims"

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Melton, Patricia A. Enacting an Improved Response to Sexual Assault: A Criminal Justice Practitioner’s Guide. RTI Press, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0066.2007.

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Sexual assault is a violent crime that traumatizes individual victims and endangers entire communities. Every victim of sexual assault deserves an opportunity for justice and access to the resources they need to recover from this trauma. In addition, many perpetrators of sexual assaults are serial offenders who also commit other violent crimes, including armed robberies, aggravated assaults, burglary, domestic violence, and homicides, against strangers and acquaintances. Criminal justice agencies have the power to create a strategic, sustainable plan for an improved response to sexual assault that aligns with current best practices and national recommendations. In this document, we define an “improved response” as an approach that supports effective investigation and prosecution of sexual assault cases, holds perpetrators accountable, and promotes healing and recovery for victims of sexual assault. This guide will help prosecutor and law enforcement agencies create a process with milestones, goals, and suggested actions, all designed to support a successful and sustainable approach for addressing sexual assault cases. Improving the criminal justice system’s response to sexual assault ultimately improves public safety and promotes trust between criminal justice agencies and the communities they serve.
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Aminudin, Rabi'ah. Universities find they can't silence victims of sexual assault. Edited by Shahirah Hamid and Sara Phillips. Monash University, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/23a6-e48f.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Global Evidence on the Prevalence and Impact of Online Gender-based Violence (OGBV). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.140.

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This rapid review updates a previous report (Fraser and Martineau-Searle, 2018) with evidence from 2018 onwards. It finds an evidence base on online gender-based violence (OGBV) covering a wider range of countries than the previous report. Some key findings on the nature and prevalence of OGBV include: The most recent surveys show a prevalence of OGBV ranging from 16% to 58%; Men and boys also experience online abuse in high numbers, but it is less likely to be gender-based; Several studies from different countries identify Facebook as the top location for incidents of OGBV; Higher levels of online harassment and abuse are faced by people with intersecting inequality factors; According to victim-survivors, perpetrators are more likely to be unknown and acting alone, but large numbers are known to the victims. Perpetrators themselves report divergent, multifaceted and often over-lapping motivations for their actions; Analysis of underlying drivers of OGBV highlights an overarching theme of power and control, and heteronormative expectations around gender roles and sexual practice. Many authors recommend that OGBV be understood as part of a continuum of abuse where normalised behaviours, such as sexual harassment in public spaces, shade into behaviours widely recognized as criminal, such as physical assault. The societal impact of OGBV includes: Media freedom is compromised; Democracy being undermined; Economic losses resulting from lost productivity; A ‘climate of unsafety’ prevails. Evidence base: The number of surveys about self-reported experiences with online harassment has increased rapidly. The majority of the research found during the course of this rapid review came from international and domestic non-governmental organisations and think-tanks. Academic research studies were also found, including several literature reviews.
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4

Bermingham, Rowena, and Helle Abelvik-Lawson. Stalking and Harassment. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn592.

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Stalking and harassment both involve any repeated behaviour that would cause alarm, distress or fear of violence in a victim. Common stalking or harassment behaviours include unwanted contact online or in person, following a victim, and interfering with property. Stalking is characterised by a perpetrator’s fixation or obsession and can have long-term psychological and social effects on a victim. Stalking also has the potential to escalate to other crimes, such as sexual assault or murder. This POSTnote describes stalking and harassment before presenting evidence on the effectiveness of approaches to identifying, preventing and prosecuting these crimes.
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5

Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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