Journal articles: 'Sexism'

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Edwards, Margaret, and Brian Schaffner. "Sexism Among American Adults." Contexts 19, no. 4 (November 2020): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504220977942.

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While there is a scholarly consensus on sexism's critical role in contemporary society, we know little about the basic facts regarding sexist attitudes. How widespread is sexism in America? Which Americans are most sexist? Is sexism limited to men, or do many women also express sexist attitudes? Here, the authors answer these questions and more.

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Bonilla-Algovia, Enrique. "Acceptance of ambivalent sexism in trainee teachers in Spain and Latin America countries." Anales de Psicología 37, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.441791.

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El sexismo ambivalente es un constructo multidimensional compuesto por dos componentes: el sexismo hostil y el sexismo benévolo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la aceptación de las actitudes sexistas ambivalentes en una muestra de futuros y futuras docentes de España y Latinoamérica. En la investigación participaron 2798 docentes en formación con una edad media de 22.62 años (DE = 6.23) que residían en siete países: España, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile, Argentina y México. Los resultados muestran que las actitudes sexistas están presentes, con diferentes grados de aceptación, en el profesorado en formación de todos los países. La aceptación del sexismo varía significativamente entre hombres y mujeres y entre los países de la muestra. Parece existir una relación entre los niveles de sexismo y los índices de desigualdad de género y desarrollo humano. Las actitudes sexistas del profesorado pueden transmitirse a través del sistema educativo y de los procesos de socialización, por lo que es fundamental incluir la perspectiva de género en los planes de formación inicial y continua del profesorado. Ambivalent sexism is a multidimensional construct composed of two elements: hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. The main aim of this study is to analyse the acceptance of ambivalent sexist attitudes in a sample of future teachers from Spain and Latin America. The sample is composed of 2798 trainee teachers, and their mean age is 22.62 years (SD = 6.23), they were residing in seven countries: Spain, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile, Argentina and Mexico. The results show that ambivalent sexist attitudes existed ‒to a varying degree‒ in future teachers of every country. The assumption of sexism varies significantly between men and women and among countries. There seems to be a relationship between levels of sexism with indices of gender inequality and human development. Sexist attitudes of teachers can be transmitted through the education system and the socialization process, so including gender issues in initial and in-service teacher training plans is essential.

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Vоіtоvskа, Аllа. "BEYOND THE BINARY: HOW TEACHING CHILDREN ABOUT GENDER ASPECTS CAN HELP REDUCING THE LEVELS OF SEXISM." Psychological and Pedagogical Problems of Modern School, no. 2(8) (October 27, 2022): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2706-6258.2(8).2022.268071.

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The article examines the sexist attitudes of teenagers from a sociological point of view. The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate the importance of teaching teenagers about gender issues in order to overcome sexism. It was found that there are differences in the approval of sexist attitudes depending on the social characteristics of adolescent boys and girls. It was found that the endorsement of sexist attitudes was less likely for girls who were not in a romantic relationship than for girls who were in a romantic relationship. Social characteristics are of particular importance in explaining differences in sexist attitudes in girls and boys. Gender equality education should start from the moment children enter school and continue throughout their education. Sexism is a normalizing ideology related to gender that devalues the attributes of women and the work that women do. By glorifying the qualities and achievements of men and demeaning women, sexism contributes to inequality between the sexes. Sexist social attitudes assert masculine norms and dictate what behavior is considered “normal” for both boys and girls. This dyad permeates all other social differences, including disability, determines the priority of interests in educational activities. Creating a gender-sensitive environment based on the idea of gender equality consists in avoiding sexism, overcoming existing gender stereotypes, forming the experience of a partnership between the sexes on an equal basis, minimizing facts of opposition based on gender, creating equal conditions and opportunities for realizing creative potential, opportunities for personal development of everyone a teenager. Parents are one of the earliest and most important socializers of gender ideas. Keywords: training; education; gender; teenagers; sexism; gender equality; gender stereotypes; gender roles

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Ayan, Sezer. "Cinsiyetçilik: Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik." Cumhuriyet Medical Journal 36, no. 2 (June 27, 2014): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7197/1305-0028.2533.

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Greenwood, Dara, and Linda M. Isbell. "Ambivalent Sexism and the Dumb Blonde: Men's and Women's Reactions to Sexist Jokes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00073.

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This article examines the relationship between gender, hostile sexism, benevolent sexism and reactions to a seemingly innocuous genre of sexist humor, the dumb blonde joke. After hearing an audiotaped conversation in which two students swapped dumb blonde jokes, participants high in hostile sexism rated the jokes as more amusing and less offensive than those low in hostile sexism. Among individuals low in hostile sexism, however, benevolent sexism interacted with gender. Specifically, men high in benevolent sexism found the jokes significantly more amusing and less offensive than either women in the same group or men low in both hostile and benevolent sexism. This study replicates and extends previous research examining the relationship between hostile sexism and the enjoyment of sexist humor, and underscores the possibility that benevolent sexism may represent qualitatively distinct attitudes for men and women.

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Esteban Ramiro, Beatriz, and Patricia Fernández Montaño. "¿Actitudes sexistas en jóvenes?: Exploración del sexismo ambivalente y neosexismo en población universitaria = Young people have sexist attitudes?: Exploration of ambivalent sexism and neosexism in University students." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3762.

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Resumen. El presente artículo pretende poner de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir abriendo nuevos enfoques, desde diferentes perspectivas interdisciplinares, en el análisis del sexismo en España. Se ofrece una aproximación a las actitudes sexistas y neosexistas de una franja poblacional sobre la que a priori, se tiende a pensar libre de sexismo (entendido de forma “tradicional”). Se expone un estudio sobre las representaciones del sexismo en jóvenes universitarios/as a través de una muestra (N 420) de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de una universidad española (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha). Siguiendo la línea teórica definida por Glick y Fiske (1996) conocida como la Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente, integrada por los componentes de sexismo benevolente y sexismo hostil y complementándola con los preceptos teóricos del Neosexismo propuestos por Tougas, Brown, Beaton y Joly (1995), se utilizaron las versiones en castellano de las escalas propuestas por estos autores. Los resultados evidencian la presencia de actitudes sexistas enmascaradas con diferencias en las informaciones vertidas según sexo y estudios en curso que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar trabajando en el análisis, comprensión y prevención de las actitudes sexistas de las nuevas generaciones, así como de desarrollar investigaciones interdisciplinares que aborden esta cuestión de manera integral y ofrezcan enfoques adaptados a las nuevas expresiones que de forma general son más sutiles y difíciles de percibir.Palabras clave: sexismo ambivalente, población universitaria, neosexismo, desigualdad de género.Abstract. This paper examines expressions of sexism in youth based on an exploratory study conducted among students (N420) of the Faculty of Social Sciences of a Spanish university (Castilla La Mancha University). The authors developed Spanish rating scales based on the theoretical viewpoint defined by Glick and Fiske (1996), known as the ambivalent sexism theory, comprising the components of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism and complementing it with the neosexism precepts proposed by Tougas, Brown, Beaton and Joly (1995). The results show the need to continue working on the analysis, understanding and prevention of sexist attitudes of the younger generation and to develop interdisciplinary research to address this issue comprehensively and provide tailored approaches to new expressions of sexism, which in general, are more subtle and difficult to perceive.Keywords: ambivalent Sexism, students, neosexism, gender inequality.

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Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. "Hostile and Benevolent Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x.

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A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “ benevolent” sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.

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Greenwood, Dara, and Richa Gautam. "What’s in a Tweet? Gender and sexism moderate reactions to antifat sexist humor on Twitter." HUMOR 33, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2019-0026.

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AbstractThe present study investigated whether antifat sexist humor (compared to antifat sexist statements or control statements), conveyed via Tweets, would impact perceptions of an overweight female target depicted in a workplace harassment scenario. We examined whether gender, antifat attitudes, and sexism would impact joke perceptions and moderate perceptions of the joke-relevant target. Participants (n = 451) were drawn from MTurk and completed the study online. They were randomly exposed to one of three tweet conditions and then read and responded to the harassment vignette, among filler vignettes, before completing sexism and antifat measures. Antifat attitudes unexpectedly shifted as a function of study prime and were thus not considered as a moderator. Results showed that men high in hostile sexism reported a greater likelihood of retweeting/favoriting antifat sexist jokes than men low on hostile sexism or women high in hostile sexism. Individuals high in hostile sexism in the joke condition found the behavior of the target less appropriate, and the behavior of the ostensible perpetrator more appropriate, than those in the control condition and those low on hostile sexism. Similar findings were obtained for benevolent sexism. Findings underscore the power of social media as a vehicle for disparagement humor and its consequences.

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Samory, Mattia, Indira Sen, Julian Kohne, Fabian Flöck, and Claudia Wagner. "“Call me sexist, but...” : Revisiting Sexism Detection Using Psychological Scales and Adversarial Samples." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 15 (May 22, 2021): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18085.

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Research has focused on automated methods to effectively detect sexism online. Although overt sexism seems easy to spot, its subtle forms and manifold expressions are not. In this paper, we outline the different dimensions of sexism by grounding them in their implementation in psychological scales. From the scales, we derive a codebook for sexism in social media, which we use to annotate existing and novel datasets, surfacing their limitations in breadth and validity with respect to the construct of sexism. Next, we leverage the annotated datasets to generate adversarial examples, and test the reliability of sexism detection methods. Results indicate that current machine learning models pick up on a very narrow set of linguistic markers of sexism and do not generalize well to out-of-domain examples. Yet, including diverse data and adversarial examples at training time results in models that generalize better and that are more robust to artifacts of data collection. By providing a scale-based codebook and insights regarding the shortcomings of the state-of-the-art, we hope to contribute to the development of better and broader models for sexism detection, including reflections on theory-driven approaches to data collection.

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Cherry, Marcus A., and Melanie M. Wilcox. "Sexist Microaggressions: Traumatic Stressors Mediated by Self-Compassion." Counseling Psychologist 49, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 106–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000020954534.

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Women regularly endure sexist microaggressions, which are often associated with anger, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and trauma. The cumulative effects of sexist microaggressions may result in internalized sexism and undermine self-compassion. Notably, prolonged exposure to sexism is associated with trauma symptoms; however, the traumatic effects of sexist microaggressions have remained largely theoretical. Thus, we examined the role of sexist microaggressions as a traumatic stressor and evaluated self-compassion and internalized misogyny as mediators of sexism-based traumatic stress. With a sample of 370 adult cisgender women, results suggested that sexist microaggressions significantly and positively predicted trauma symptomology, and that this relationship was partially mediated by self-compassion but not internalized misogyny. Results supported sexism as a traumatic stressor, and low self-compassion as a mechanism through which sexist microaggressions result in traumatic stress. We discuss implications for research and practice.

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Cohoon, J. McGrath, Zhen Wu, and Jie Chao. "Sexism." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 41, no. 1 (March 4, 2009): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1539024.1508924.

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Palmquist, Stephen R. "Egalitarian Sexism: A Kantian Framework for Assessing the Cultural Evolution of Marriage (I)." Ethics & Bioethics 7, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ebce-2017-0009.

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Abstract This first part of a two-part series exploring implications of the natural differences between the sexes for the cultural evolution of marriage assesses whether Kant should be condemned as a sexist due to his various offensive claims about women. Being antithetical to modern-day assumptions regarding the equality of the sexes, Kant’s views seem to contradict his own egalitarian ethics. A philosophical framework for making cross-cultural ethical assessments requires one to assess those in other cultures by their own ethical standards. Sexism is inappropriate if it exhibits or reinforces a tendency to dominate the opposite sex. Kant’s theory of marriage, by contrast, illustrates how sexism can be egalitarian: given the natural differences between the sexes, different roles and cultural norms help to ensure that females and males are equal. Judged by the standards of his own day and in the context of his philosophical system, Kant’s sexism is not ethically inappropriate.

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Capuyan, Ailyn, Mark Paul Capuyan, Percky Daffodil Jayme, Joemar Minoza, and Rogela Flores. "Facebook Commentaries in Leni Robredo’s Presidential Campaign: Sexism Illumination." OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (November 26, 2023): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10271.

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Sexism in social media sites has rarely been looked into and has been scarcely seen as a crucial subject to research studies, which is alarming to the desire to achieve an equal and just society. This study focused on the sexist rhetoric used in the commentaries on 2022 Presidentiable Leni Robredo to reveal how prevalent and existing sexism in the Philippines through language is. Comments are gathered from Facebook posts pertaining to Atty. Leni Robredo. The study employed a qualitative-descriptive research design, specifically content analysis, to analyze sexist words and phrases. The weight and capability of each word's sexism were compared when it is used to insult, degrade, and malign a woman to determine its level of sexism. The study revealed that deep-rooted gender biases and sexism through language are still highly functioning in society, as is observed and experienced online. Hostile sexism is the most pervasive level of sexism and hence contributes to widespread sexism in the country and is more commonly done by the majority of males than females. It is recommended that academe should promote unbiased gender language by making every term and phrase gender inclusive as an introduction lesson/subject) to avoid sexism.

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Slovska, I. "What is sexism?" Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.02.17.

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The article is devoted to the study of the definition and classification of sexism. Stressed that the word «sexism» became widely known during the women’s liberation movement of the 1960s. At that time, feminist theorists explained that the oppression of women was widespread in nearly all human society, and they began to speak of sexism instead of male chauvinism. Whereas male chauvinists were usually individual men who expressed the belief that they were superior to women, sexism referred to collective behavior that reflected society as a whole. Highlighted that today sexism means discrimination based on sex or gender, or the belief that because men are superior to women, discrimination is justified.The article emphasizes that sexism includes attitudes or ideology, including beliefs, theories, and ideas that hold one group (usually male) as deservedly superior to the other (usually female), and that justify oppressing members of the other group on the basis of their sex or gender. Besides, sexism involves practices and institutions and the ways in which oppression is carried out. Summarized that several different types of sexism exist, and each of them can have harmful consequences. The six main types of sexism include: benevolent sexism and hostile sexism (benevolent sexism usually stems from a desire to protect women due to a belief that women are inherently weaker, more sensitive, or more innocent than men. Whereas hostile sexism punishes women for violating traditional gender norms, benevolent sexism encourages those traditional roles); аmbivalent sexism (this type of sexism combines both hostile and benevolent forms. It fuses the seemingly contradictory beliefs that women are both fragile and pure as well as manipulative and conniving); іnterpersonal sexism (this type of sexism occurs in everyday interactions with partners); іnternalized sexism (self-adoption of sexism); institutional sexism (this type of sexism occurs when institutions like the media, healthcare, law enforcement, education, religion, and banking reinforce sexist ideology). Sexism can come from a wide range of sources: beliefs about traditional gender roles inherited from caregivers and educators; laws that promote different treatment of men and women; sexist imagery and language in pop culture and the media; lack of policies for responding to or penalizing sexism in the workplace, schools, and other sectors.

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Reiter, Dan, and Scott Wolford. "Gender, sexism, and war." Journal of Theoretical Politics 34, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09516298211061151.

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We analyze a model of leader gender and crisis bargaining under asymmetric information. There are no essential differences between the sexes in their willingness to use force, but sexist leaders receive a subjective boost for defeating female leaders in war and pay a subjective cost for defeat. We show that this hostile sexism can lead to war for two reasons, first by offering sufficient private benefits to make peace impossible and second by influencing an uninformed leader’s willingness to risk war. We also show that (a) the effect of leader sex on disputes and war depends on the distribution of power, (b) sexist leaders may initiate disputes at less favorable distributions of power than non-sexist leaders, and (c) sexist leaders adopt bargaining strategies that make it difficult for women to cultivate and benefit from reputations for resolve, even in the absence of sex differences in the willingness to use force.

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Stangor, Charles, Gretchen B. Sechrist, and Janet K. Swim. "Sensitivity to sexism and perceptions of reports about sexist events 1This research was supported in part by grant #9729739 from the National Science Foundation." Swiss Journal of Psychology 58, no. 4 (December 1999): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.251.

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We tested the hypothesis that women would vary in their sensitivity to the occurrence of sexism directed at themselves and others, and that this sensitivity would influence their estimations of the frequency of occurrence of sexism-related behaviors that they were exposed to. Results showed that women who indicated that they and others frequently experienced sexism estimated that they had seen more newspaper headlines relating to sexism than had actually been shown during an experimental session. Furthermore, high-sensitive women overestimated the occurrence of sexist behaviors, whereas low and medium-sensitive women underestimated their occurrence, in comparison to their estimates of the frequency of non-sexist headlines. These results provide information both about differences among women in their sensitivity to sexism, and also suggest that women may either over- or underestimate the extent to which sexism is directed at the self and others.

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Hammond, Matthew D., Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, and Chris G. Sibley. "Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 7 (August 31, 2017): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617727588.

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Ambivalent sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of hostile sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of hostile sexism, women’s hostile sexism, and women’s benevolent sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent sexism is particularly tenacious.

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Hammond, Matthew D., and Nickola C. Overall. "Dynamics Within Intimate Relationships and the Causes, Consequences, and Functions of Sexist Attitudes." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (April 2017): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416686213.

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Ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) revolutionized understanding of sexist attitudes by revealing how attitudes expressing that women are incompetent and seek power over men (hostile sexism) are accompanied by more benevolent attitudes expressing that men are fulfilled by cherishing and protecting women (benevolent sexism). In the current article, we demonstrate how recent research examining intimate relationship dynamics has advanced understanding of the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Men’s hostile sexism is associated with aggressive perceptions and behaviors within intimate relationships that impede the fulfillment of fundamental relational needs. Benevolent sexism functions to counterbalance these costs by facilitating caring relationship behavior that enhances men’s influence and satisfaction in relationships. The relationship security that benevolent sexism promises to women is also a key reason why women endorse benevolent sexism. Yet men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent sexism has benefits for men, such as greater relationship-oriented support of men’s goals, but imposes costs for women, such as by promoting dependence-oriented support that undermines women’s competence. Moreover, the relationship investment that benevolent sexism fosters in women makes women more vulnerable to dissatisfaction when relationship problems arise. These dynamics demonstrate how seemingly positive outcomes in intimate relationships may be a barrier to gender equality.

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Morando, Martina. "Disentangling Workplace Sexism in Age Generations: A Multi-Group Analysis on the Effects on Job Satisfaction and Task Performance." Administrative Sciences 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci13090210.

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The gender gap is a current topical issue. Sexist assumptions that manifest as gender stereotypes are partially responsible for these inequalities. The ambivalent sexism theory argues that hostile sexism refers to explicitly antagonistic sexist attitudes, while benevolent sexism refers to apparently positive but implicitly malevolent attitudes. There has been evidence reported that benevolent sexism is detrimental to women’s personal and professional well-being, implies lower levels of career aspiration and impacts task performance. This study is aimed at examining the impact that the experience of benevolent and hostile sexism could have on performance and job satisfaction. A total of 402 female workers were enrolled. The results showed that an experience with benevolent sexism significantly decreased the positive relationship between work engagement, psychological capital and organisational support and outcomes. Conversely, hostile sexism only reduces job satisfaction in its interaction with work engagement and organisational support. Moreover, through a multi-group analysis, possible differences across age were examined in the theorised model. Here, the younger generation seems to be more affected and experience more benevolent sexism than the older generation, which is seen both in individual moderators and in their interactions with predictors. This study is helpful for a deeper comprehension of contemporary sexism, offering also suggestions for equality policies’ design.

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Navas, María Patricia, Lorena Maneiro, Olalla Cutrín, Jose Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, and Jorge Sobral. "Associations between Dark Triad and Ambivalent Sexism: Sex Differences among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217754.

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The Dark Triad traits (DT; Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) have been repeatedly labeled as a constellation of traits that are characterized by a dishonest and self-focused approach to interpersonal relations. Personality psychologists suggest that these traits make some people more susceptible than others to intergroup bias, threat, and aggression. Thus, in order to delve into a psychological profile prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes, the aims of the current study were to analyze the presence of DT and sexist attitudes in a sample of 367 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.88; 50.1% males), find out the relationships that DT has with both hostile and benevolent sexism, and analyze the relevant differences between sexes in these relationships. The results indicated higher scores in DT and Ambivalent sexism for males. The correlations of Machiavellianism with psychopathy, and psychopathy with narcissism revealed significantly higher associations in males than females. The structural equation modeling of the bifactorial model, characterized by a global latent factor that encompasses the common characteristics of DT—along with the three specific factors of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism—showed that the global latent factor of DT was related to both hostile and benevolent sexism in males and females. Singularly, narcissism was related to benevolent sexism in males, and psychopathy was related to hostile sexism in females. Finally, this research discusses the implications of these results on the implementation of positive models of interpersonal relationships in adolescence towards dating violence prevention.

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Belmi, Peter, Sora Jun, and Gabrielle S. Adams. "The “Equal-Opportunity Jerk” Defense: Rudeness Can Obfuscate Gender Bias." Psychological Science 33, no. 3 (February 21, 2022): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211040495.

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To address sexism, people must first recognize it. In this research, we identified a barrier that makes sexism hard to recognize: rudeness toward men. We found that observers judge a sexist perpetrator as less sexist if he is rude toward men. This occurs because rudeness toward men creates the illusion of gender blindness. We documented this phenomenon in five preregistered studies consisting of online adult participants and adult students from professional schools (total N = 4,663). These attributions are problematic because sexism and rudeness are not mutually exclusive. Men who hold sexist beliefs about women can be—and often are—rude toward other men. These attributions also discourage observers from holding perpetrators accountable for gender bias. Thus, rudeness toward men gives sexist perpetrators plausible deniability. It protects them and prevents the first perceptual step necessary to address sexism.

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Swim, Janet K., Robyn Mallett, Yvonne Russo-Devosa, and Charles Stangor. "Judgments of Sexism: A Comparison of the Subtlety of Sexism Measures and Sources of Variability in Judgments of Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00240.x.

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We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.

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Neoh, Michelle Jin Yee, Andrea Bizzego, Jia Hui Teng, Giulio Gabrieli, and Gianluca Esposito. "Neural Processing of Sexist Comments: Associations between Perceptions of Sexism and Prefrontal Activity." Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040529.

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Sexism is a widespread form of gender discrimination which includes remarks based on gender stereotypes. However, little is known about the neural basis underlying the experience of sexist-related comments and how perceptions of sexism are related to these neural processes. The present study investigated whether perceptions of sexism influence neural processing of receiving sexist-related comments. Participants (N = 67) read experimental vignettes describing scenarios of comments involving gender stereotypes while near-infrared spectroscopy recordings were made to measure the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex. Results found a significant correlation between participants’ perceptions of sexism and brain activation in a brain cluster including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. There was a significant gender difference where female participants showed a stronger negative correlation compared to male participants. Future research can expand on these initial findings by looking at subcortical structures involved in emotional processing and gender stereotype application as well as examining cultural differences in perceptions of gender stereotypes and sexism.

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Swim, Janet K., Robyn Mallett, and Charles Stangor. "Understanding Subtle Sexism: Detection and Use of Sexist Language." Sex Roles 51, no. 3/4 (August 2004): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000037757.73192.06.

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Muhammed, Maha Baker. "Sexism in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray: Linguistic Analysis." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 27, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.27.3.2020.24.

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This paper differentiates as a first step between the terms sexism, gender, and sexuality. It deals with the sexist language used by Oscar Wilde in writing his famous novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. This literary work is analysed according to Sara Mills model suggested in her book Sexism and Language. This model falls into three levels: Overt sexism, Indirect sexism, and Discourse analysis level. Only two of these levels have been adopted in the present paper that are: Overt sexism level and Discourse analysis level.

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Yurrebaso Macho, Amaia, Raquel Guzmán-Ordaz, Eva Picado-Valverde, and Álvaro Jáñez González. "Toward Gender Understanding: Examining Ambivalent Sexism among University Students and Its Impact on Faculty Evaluation." Societies 14, no. 4 (April 8, 2024): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc14040048.

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This study examines gender differences in levels of sexism among university students and evaluates variations in assessing sexist attitudes toward professors. The aim is to analyze potential disparities between men and women regarding ambivalent sexism (both hostile and benevolent) and to determine if these differences influence the evaluation of specific behaviors by teaching faculty. Additionally, the present study seeks to validate the variability hypothesis, asserting that men are over-represented in the extremes of distributions compared to women concerning analyzed sexist attitudes. Eighty university students participated voluntarily and anonymously, completing three questionnaires on ambivalent sexism, neosexism, and the assessment of sexist behaviors by their instructors. Consistent with prior research, the results reveal higher levels of sexism among men in this context. Despite these differences, both men and women align in evaluating specific behaviors in teaching faculty, irrespective of their individual levels of sexism. Finally, the data presented support the variability hypothesis, indicating greater variability in sexist attitudes among men than women. These findings suggest that general attitudes assessed in most questionnaires might not be representative of the behaviors and attitudes that people display in real specific situations. This could change how future research and interventions approach these issues.

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Hadley, Robert G. "Sexism in research is not only sexism." American Psychologist 45, no. 1 (1990): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.45.1.73.a.

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Attenborough, Frederick Thomas. "Sexism Re-Loaded … or Sexism Re-Presented?" Feminist Media Studies 13, no. 4 (September 2013): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.700524.

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Sibley, Chris G., Nickola C. Overall, John Duckitt, Ryan Perry, Taciano L. Milfont, Sammyh S. Khan, Ronald Fischer, and Andrew Robertson. "Your Sexism Predicts My Sexism: Perceptions of Men’s (but not Women’s) Sexism Affects One’s Own Sexism Over Time." Sex Roles 60, no. 9-10 (November 5, 2008): 682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9554-8.

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Fasanelli, Roberto, Ida Galli, Maria Gabriella Grassia, Marina Marino, Rosanna Cataldo, Carlo Natale Lauro, Chiara Castiello, Filomena Grassia, Caterina Arcidiacono, and Fortuna Procentese. "The Use of Partial Least Squares–Path Modelling to Understand the Impact of Ambivalent Sexism on Violence-Justification among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144991.

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Gender violence is generally conceived as a phenomenon concerning only adults. Nonetheless, it is also perpetrated within teenagers’ relationships, as many empirical studies have shown. We therefore have focused our attention on a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 400 adolescents living in Naples (Italy), to study the association between sexism and the justification of violent attitudes. Generally, sexism is recognised as a discriminatory attitude towards people, based on their biological sex. However, it is conventional to talk about sexism as a prejudice against women. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for adolescents was used to evaluate the two dimensions of ambivalent sexism, i.e., hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS). Moreover, the questionnaire regarding attitudes towards diversity and violence (CADV) was administered to assess participants’ attitudes towards violence. A Partial Least Square–Second Order Path Model reveals that girls’ ambivalent sexism is affected more by benevolent sexism than hostile sexism. On the contrary, among boys, hostile sexism has a higher impact. Finally, benevolent sexist girls justify domestic violence more than boys do.

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Michniewicz, Kenneth S., and Joseph A. Vandello. "People Judge Male Sexism More Leniently When Women Emasculate Men." Social Psychology 46, no. 4 (August 2015): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000227.

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Abstract. While overt sexism has become less acceptable in recent years, sexism frequently goes unchallenged by observers for a variety of reasons. In the present investigation, we propose that people may excuse men’s sexist remarks when the remarks follow a manhood threat caused by a woman. In Study 1, we found that a man’s sexist remark buffered against the emasculating effect of a threat to his masculinity from an ex-girlfriend. In Study 2, we further show that observers excuse a man’s sexist remark following a competitive loss to a woman to the extent that they perceive him as less manly as a result. We replicate this finding in Study 3 while ruling out two competing explanations. We discuss the implication that sexism prevention efforts need to identify and address gender-related contexts where sexism is excused in order for efforts to move toward its prevention.

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Garaigordobil, Maite, and Jone Aliri. "Parental Socialization Styles, Parents' Educational Level, and Sexist Attitudes in Adolescence." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 2 (July 2012): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870.

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The aims of this study were to analyze the differences in the mothers' and fathers' socialization styles depending on their children's sex; whether there are differences in hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent sexism, and neosexism as a function of both parents' socialization styles; and whether the parents' educational level affects their level of sexism and their children's sexism. The sample included 1,455 adolescents and their parents (764 mothers and 648 fathers). The results showed no differences in the socialization style of the father with his children's sexism, but the mother used a more authoritarian style with her daughters. The parents' socialization style had little influence on their children's sexism, although it had a higher impact on the sons' sexism. The father's style had less influence than the mother's on their sons' sexism, and it had no influence on their daughters' sexism. The indulgent style of both parents had the highest relation with a low level of sexism. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the parents' educational level and their level of sexism, as well as between the mother's educational level and her daughters' sexism. To conclude, the indulgent style and the mother's high educational level promote fewer sexist attitudes.

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Dikčius, Vytautas, Karina Adomavičiūtė, and Ieva Venskuvienė. "Could humour make advertisements worse?" European Journal of Humour Research 10, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.4.657.

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The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sexist advertisements on the perception of advertisements’ violation, ridiculousness and consumers’ intention to purchase a product by considering different cases of interaction between the type of advertisement (sexism without humour and sexism with humour), the direction of sexism and the respondents’ gender. The study uses a two-by-two factorial design experiment to investigate data obtained by means of a questionnaire (183 responses). Data analysis revealed that the involvement of humour in sexist advertising has a negative impact on the perception of the advertisement and consumers’ intention to purchase. Furthermore, the direction of sexism (against women vs men) appears significant when it is paired with humour. The results of the study fill a research gap regarding the impact of the interaction between the type of advertising, the direction of sexism, and the respondents’ gender on the perception of specific advertisements and intention to purchase the advertised product.

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Noh, Poetryku Syahara, Elisa Nurul Laili, and Marginingsih Marginingsih. "SEXIST LANGUAGE IN VIRGINIA WOOLF’S NOVEL MRS DALLOWAY (CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)." FRASA: English Education and Literature Journal 3, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47701/frasa.v3i2.2305.

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The use of language as a medium of daily communication is only as a tool to facilitate language understanding without realizing that there is an element of discrimination against a particular gender. Sexist language is often found in novels that demonstrated to real life where people associate and deal with stereotypes in society. This research proposes to explain and describe the sexist language types of the main characters found in Mrs. Dalloway novel based on Sara Mills’ theory. The research used a qualitative method by applying a critical discourse analysis. The words, phrases, and sentences from monologues and dialogues reflecting sexism in the novel become the data of the research. Data collection techniques used library techniques, namely documents. The data analysis technique used data reduction, data display, and verification techniques. The results of this research show that Sara Mills sexism theory categorizes sexist language into overt and covert sexism. In Mrs. Dalloway novel, there are four types that are consisted of overt sexism: naming, dictionaries, generic pronouns and nouns, and non-parallel terms. For the covert sexism, there are two types in the novel: presuppositions and metaphor.

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Jones, Kristen, Kathy Stewart, Eden King, Whitney Botsford Morgan, Veronica Gilrane, and Kimberly Hylton. "Negative consequence of benevolent sexism on efficacy and performance." Gender in Management: An International Journal 29, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2013-0086.

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Purpose – Previous research demonstrates the damaging effects of hostile sexism enacted towards women in the workplace. However, there is less research on the consequences of benevolent sexism: a subjectively positive form of discrimination. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from ambivalent sexism theory, the authors first utilized an experimental methodology in which benevolent and hostile sexism were interpersonally enacted toward both male and female participants. Findings – Results suggested that benevolent sexism negatively impacted participants' self-efficacy in mixed-sex interactions. Extending these findings, the results of a second field study clarify self-efficacy as a mediating mechanism in the relationship between benevolent sexism and workplace performance. Originality/value – Finally, benevolent sexism contributed incremental prediction of performance above and beyond incivility, further illustrating the detrimental consequences of benevolently sexist attitudes towards women in the workplace.

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Manoussaki, Kallia, and Valentina Gosetti. "Blame is in the eye of the beholder: Assessing the Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Subtle Rape Myth Acceptance." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9669.

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The aim of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. Respondents comprised of 211 university students, who completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and the updated version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale (McMahon & Farmer, 2011). Results indicated that while benevolent sexism significantly predicted acceptance of subtle rape myths, hostile sexism did not. Additionally, male participants reported more ambivalent sexism and subtle rape myth acceptance than females. These findings add to the literature investigating gender inequality and rape mythology by giving a first account on the link between subtle rape myths and ambivalent sexist attitudes.

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Siahaan, Annette Prizyllia, Rasus Budhyono, and Lestari Manggong. "Layered Sexism in The Accused." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.13.2.2023.305-318.

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The Accused (1988), a movie adaptation of a real-life event about a gang-raped victim who seeks justice, depicts sexist behavior towards the survivor during the trial. With the main premise of seeking justice for a rape survivor, this movie highlights Sarah’s experience to gain justice through a sexist masculine institution. Referring to the theory of sexism by Manne, this article aims to show how this movie shows sexist behavior toward the survivor during law enforcement. Dialogues that show sexism between characters are used in the analysis of the movie's plot, then used to discuss the portrayal of sexism in The Accused from a feminist point of view. From the dialog and the portrayal of layered sexism, we find that as a movie promoting human rights, The Accused still implies that a woman who does not meet the expected gender roles is undeserving of justice. As a result, a ‘bad’ woman as a victim whose experience is reduced is seen as a norm.

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Malonda, Elisabeth, Anna Llorca, Ana Tur-Porcar, Paula Samper, and Mª Mestre. "Sexism and Aggression in Adolescence—How Do They Relate to Perceived Academic Achievement?" Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093017.

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Sexist attitudes are rooted in patriarchal structures, which uphold traditional gender stereotypes, and which are still found in society today. Scholars have found gender differences in perceived academic achievement, with girls performing better than boys, and negative relationships between sexism and perceived academic achievement. Moreover, perceived academic achievement and sexist attitudes have been associated with aggression and different kinds of violence. This study examined the associations between sexist attitudes and perceived academic achievement (using self-report data). The study also assessed the mediating role of physical and verbal aggression in the relationship between sexist attitudes and perceived academic achievement. Seven hundred eight Spanish adolescents participated in the study. The mean age was 13.00 (SD = 0.95; range = 12–14 years). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the effects among variables for boys and girls. Results showed the role of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism in perceived academic achievement, as well as the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between sexism and perceived academic achievement. Findings and implications are discussed to assess measures for establishing intervention programs and educating adolescents in a non-sexist manner.

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39

King, Barry. "Orientalizing Sexism." Afterimage 33, no. 4 (January 2006): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2006.33.4.25.

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40

Benatar, David. "Second sexism." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 58 (2012): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20125874.

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41

Andreasen, Robin O. "Institutional Sexism." Journal of Philosophical Research 30, no. 9999 (2005): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_2005_2.

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Massey, D. "Flexible Sexism." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d090031.

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Masser, Barbara, and Dominic Abrams. "Contemporary Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00378.x.

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Draeger, John. "Everyday Sexism." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 30, no. 1 (2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap201662763.

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Haworth, Sacha. "Everyday Sexism." Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 41, no. 1 (December 14, 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2014-101134.

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Benwell, Bethan. "NEW SEXISM?" Journalism Studies 8, no. 4 (August 2007): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616700701411797.

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Sumner, L. W. "Positive Sexism." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001321.

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No one who cares about equal opportunity can derive much comfort from the present occupational distribution of working women. In the various industrial societies of the West, women comprise between one quarter and one-half of the national labor force. However, they tend to clustered in employment sectors – especially clerical, sales, and service J occupations – which rank relatively low in remuneration, status, autonomy, and other perquisites. Meanwhile, the more prestigious and rewarding managerial and professional positions, as well as the major categories of blue-collar labor, remain largely a male preserve. In the same societies the average income earned by full-time female workers is one-half to two- J thirds that of their male counterparts. Although this disparity owes much to i other factors, including lower pay for work similar or even identical to that r standardly done by men, much of it can be explained only by the concentration of working women in traditional female job ghettos.

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Clifton, Barry. "Defining sexism." Nursing Standard 4, no. 12 (December 19, 1989): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.4.12.42.s39.

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Burke, Lol. "Institutional sexism." Probation Journal 56, no. 4 (December 2009): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550509354028.

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Messick, Kyle J., Dani Agcaoili, Hogan Drane, and Hope Taylor. "Are heavy metal fans sexist? The relationship between metal music depicting misogynistic violence and sexism." Metal Music Studies 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/mms_00126_1.

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An exploratory study was conducted to investigate the relationship between heavy metal music and sexism based on metal subgenre preferences, lyrical preferences, artwork preferences and associated consumer behaviours. Previous literature has been inconsistent in defining the relationship between music, lyrics and sexism. Data was collected from 423 fans of heavy metal music including their subgenre, lyrical and album cover content preferences, affective responses to lyrics and album artwork, and intended consumer behaviours respective to metal music with misogynistic themes. It was found that the style of metal music preferred by listeners, including specific subgenres of styles associated with misogynistic themes like death metal, was unrelated to sexism. Hostile sexism was higher among those that preferred lyrics and imagery depicting misogynistic violence. Those higher in hostile sexism experienced more positive and less aversive emotions in response to both lyrics and imagery that depicted misogynistic violence, and they reported being more likely to buy albums, clothing, wear clothing and hang posters in their homes that depicted misogynistic violence. This provides evidence that enjoyment of specific styles of metal music is not associated with sexism, but there may be a subgroup of more sexist individuals that are especially drawn to lyrics and images depicting misogynistic violence in heavy metal.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexism'

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