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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Hu, Dong-Liang, Katsuhiko Omoe, Yu Shimoda, Akio Nakane, and Kunihiro Shinagawa. "Induction of Emetic Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus)." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.567-570.2003.

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ABSTRACT The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
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2

Hait, Jennifer M., Angela T. Nguyen, and Sandra M. Tallent. "Analysis of the VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins G, H, and I in Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0501.

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Abstract Background: Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) frequently causes illnesses worldwide. SFP occurs from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in foods by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus species, primarily S. aureus. SEG, SEH, and SEI induce emesis and have been implicated in outbreaks. Immunological-based methods are deemed the most practical methods for the routine analysis of SEs in foods given their ease of use, sensitivity, specificity, and commercial availability. These kits are routinely used to test for SEA-SEE. However, only recently has a kit been developed to detect SEG, SEH, and SEI. Objective: Our research examined the performance of the novel VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEG, SEH, and SEI in foods. Methods: Here we assess the sensitivity and specificity of SET3 using duplicate test portions of six foods at varying concentrations of inclusivity and exclusivity inocula: pure SEG, SEH, SEI, S. aureus strain extracts positive for seg, seh, and sei, as well as SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. Results: The overall detection limit was less than 2.09 ng/mL for foods inoculated with SEG, SEH, and SEI, with no cross reactivity observed. Highlights: Integrating concurrent testing to detect the presence of SEA–SEE and SEG–SEI utilizing the SET3 along with the VIDAS SET2, Ridascreen® SET total, or other comparable kits will be instrumental for the future food assessments in our laboratory and may become the new standard for SE analysis of foods.
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3

Ferreira, Daneelly H., Maria das Graças X. Carvalho, Maria J. Nardelli, Francisca G. C. Sousa, and Celso J. B. Oliveira. "Occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis in lactating goats." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 7 (July 2014): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000700004.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the leading cause of human food poisoning worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are the main mastitis-causing agents in goats and frequently found in high counts in goat milk. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus associated with mastitis in lactating goats in Paraiba State, Brazil. Milk samples (n=2024) were collected from 393 farms. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 55 milk samples. Classical (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) and novel (seg, seh, sei) enterotoxin-encoding genes were investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From thirty-six tested isolates, enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected in 7 (19.5%) S. aureus. The gene encoding enterotoxin C (seC) was identified in six isolates, while seiwas observed in only one isolate. The genes sea, seb, sed, see, seg and seh were not observed amongst the S. aureus investigated in this study. In summary, S. aureus causing mastitis in goats can harbor enterotoxin-encoding genes and seC was the most frequent gene observed amongst the investigated isolates. This finding is important for surveillance purposes, since enterotoxin C should be investigated in human staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks caused by consumption of goat milk and dairy products.
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4

McLAUCHLIN, J., G. L. NARAYANAN, V. MITHANI, and G. O'NEILL. "The Detection of Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.4.479.

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A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for the detection of fragments of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI together with the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) genes of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred and twenty-nine cultures of S. aureus were selected, 39 of which were recovered from 38 suspected staphylococcal food-poisoning incidents. The method was reproducible, and 32 different toxin genotypes were recognized. The presence of SE genes was associated with S. aureus strains reacting with phages in group III, and the TSST-1 gene with phages in group I. There was a 96% agreement between the PCR results for detection of SEA–D and TSST-1 as compared with a commercial reverse passive latex agglutination assay for the detection of SEs from cultures grown in vitro. Enterotoxin gene fragments were detected in S. aureus cultures recovered from 32 of the 38 suspected staphylococcal food poisoning incidents, and of these, 17 were associated with SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the absence of SEA–D. Simple PCR procedures were also developed for the detection of SE directly in spiked food samples, and this was most successfully achieved in mushroom soup and ham. Detection was less successful in three types of cheese and in cream. SEA or SEB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three food samples (two of which were associated with food poisoning incidents) naturally heavily contaminated with S. aureus: the appropriate SEA or SEB gene fragments were detected directly in these three foods by PCR.
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5

Sura I. A. Jabuk and Eman M. Jarallah. "Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 6685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3590.

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Staphylococcus aureus secreted many types of toxins accompanying Intestinal poisoning resulting from eating food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. Five hundred meat samples were collected from local markets, including fresh, frozen, canned, sausage and hamburger to investigate their contamination with S.aureus and then determined their ability of these isolates to secrete enterotoxins by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the ratio of isolated S.aureus is 30 (6%) and the percentage of encoding genes for toxins is 30(100%), 0(0%), 3(10), 0(0%),0(0%),3(10), 2(6.7), 1(3.3), 0(0%) and 3(10) to sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, see, sei, sej and sel respectively.The result shows the S.aureus isolated from contamination meat able to produce different type to enterotoxins sea, sec, seg, see, sei, and sel and present the sea toxin is the most prevalence type of staphylococcus enterotoxins.
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6

Sauer, P., J. Síla, T. Štosová, R. Večeřová, P. Hejnar, I. Vágnerová, M. Kolář, et al. "Prevalence of genes encoding extracellular virulence factors among meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47413-0.

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A rather fast and complicated progression of an infection caused by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus could be associated with the expression and co-action of virulence factor complexes in these strains. This study screened the antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of virulence markers in isolates of meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) obtained from patients hospitalized at the University Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic. A total of 100 isolates was screened for 13 genes encoding extracellular virulence determinants (tst, pvl, eta, etb, sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei and sej) and for their distribution in sample types. Eighty-nine isolates were positive for at least one of the genes. Genes for etb, pvl, see and seh were not detected in any of the MRSA isolates. No statistically significant differences in the occurrence of the determinants studied among sample types were found.
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7

Munson, Sibyl H., Mary T. Tremaine, Marsha J. Betley, and Rodney A. Welch. "Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and I fromStaphylococcus aureus." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.7.3337-3348.1998.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcal enterotoxins are exotoxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus that possess emetic and superantigenic properties. Prior to this research there were six characterized enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin types A to E and H (referred to as SEA to SEE and SEH). Two new staphylococcal enterotoxin genes have been identified and designated segand sei (staphylococcal enterotoxin types G and I, respectively). seg and sei consist of 777 and 729 nucleotides, respectively, encoding precursor proteins of 258 (SEG) and 242 (SEI) deduced amino acids. SEG and SEI have typical bacterial signal sequences that are cleaved to form toxins with 233 (SEG) and 218 (SEI, predicted) amino acids, corresponding to mature proteins of 27,043 Da (SEG) and 24,928 Da (SEI). Biological activities for SEG and SEI were determined with recombinant S. aureus strains. SEG and SEI elicited emetic responses in rhesus monkeys upon nasogastric administration and stimulated murine T-cell proliferation with the concomitant production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), as measured by cytokine enzyme-linked immunoassays. SEG and SEI are related to other enterotoxins of S. aureus and to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) and streptococcal superantigen (SSA) of Streptococcus pyogenes. Phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of amino acid and nucleotide sequence identities were performed on related staphylococcal and streptococcal protein toxins to group SEG and SEI among the characterized toxins. SEG is most similar to SpeA, SEB, SEC, and SSA (38 to 42% amino acid identity), while SEI is most similar to SEA, SEE, and SED (26 to 28% amino acid identity). Polyclonal antiserum was generated against purified histidine-tagged SEG and SEI (HisSEG and HisSEI). Immunoblot analysis of the enterotoxins, toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1, and SpeA with antiserum prepared against HisSEG and HisSEI revealed that SEG shares some epitopes with SEC1 while SEI does not.
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8

Moura, Emmanuella O., Adriano H. N. Rangel, Cláudia S. Macêdo, Stela A. Urbano, Luciano P. Novaes, and Dorgival M. Lima Júnior. "Enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus from buffalo milk." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 8 (August 2019): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6011.

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ABSTRACT: This paper investigated the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and the detection of enterotoxin-encoding genes of these strains in milk collected from 30 Murrah buffaloes used to produce dairy products in Brazil. A total of 68 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found as identified by conventional laboratory tests, and thus screened for sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh and sei enterotoxin-encoding genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twelve strains containing enterotoxin-amplified genes were found, with higher expression for the sei and seh genes. These results can be attributed to animal health and inadequate cleaning of the equipment, indicating the need for better quality control in animal production and health lines. The results of this study with the presence of pathogens and their enterotoxigenic potential indicate a source of food poisoning, as well as being a pioneering study in the detection of new enterotoxins for buffalo milk.
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9

CHIANG, YU-CHENG, LI-TUNG CHANG, CHIA-WEI LIN, CHI-YEA YANG, and HAU-YANG TSEN. "PCR Primers for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins K, L, and M and Survey of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Food Poisoning Cases in Taiwan." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1072.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are important causative agents in gastroenteritidis and food poisoning cases. They are serologically grouped into five major classical types, i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. In addition, new SEs, such as SEG through SEM, have recently been identified and characterized. In an attempt to survey the distribution of classical and new SEs in organisms responsible for staphylococcal infections in Taiwan, we developed PCR primers for the genes that define the SEK, SEL, and SEM types. Bacterial strains other than sek, sel, and sem Staphylococcus aureus, including strains of other Staphylococcus species, did not generate any false-positive results when examined with these primers. The expression potential for the sek, sel, and sem types were also determined by reverse transcription–PCR. Together with the PCR primers specific for the classical SEs and other new SEs, including SEG, SEH, SEI, and SEJ, we surveyed the SE genes in S. aureus strains isolated from food poisoning cases. For 147 S. aureus isolates originating from food poisoning cases, 109 (74.1%) were positive for one or more SE genes. Of them, the major classical enterotoxin type was sea (28.6%), followed by seb (20.4%), sec (8.2%), and sed (2.0%). For the new SE types, sei (30.6%) was detected the most often, followed by sek (18.4%), sem (12.9%), and sel (8.2%). Also, 64 (43.5%) of the total bacterial strains had more than one enterotoxin gene.
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10

Smyth, Davida S., Patrick J. Hartigan, William J. Meaney, J. Ross Fitzgerald, Claudia F. Deobald, Gregory A. Bohach, and Cyril J. Smyth. "Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45863-0.

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In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.
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11

OBAIDAT, MOHAMMAD M., ALAA E. BANI SALMAN, and SHAWKAT Q. LAFI. "Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Imported Fish and Correlations between Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxigenicity." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1999–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-104.

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A total of 156 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained from 330 imported fresh fish samples from three countries. Selective media were used for the isolation of S. aureus, and the isolates were confirmed by PCR. The isolates were tested for mecA gene, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei). Most isolates carried sea, seg, and sei genes, and seg-sei was the most frequent enterotoxin profile. About 88.5% of the S. aureus exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic. High resistance to penicillin and ampicillin; low resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, rifampin, and clindamycin; and very low resistance to cefotaxime, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin were exhibited by S. aureus from the three countries. In addition, some antibiotic resistance exhibited a strong correlation (P ≤ 0.01) with enterotoxigenicity in S. aureus. The study concluded that the large amount of globally traded fish increases the possibility of intercontinental transmission of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant S. aureus through fish and highlights the potential influence of local fish handling and processing on consumer health worldwide. The introduction of periodic training in food safety and hygiene is essential to increase fish handlers' awareness of good hygienic practices in handling fish. These findings also enrich the ongoing debate about the risk of methicillin- and multidrug-resistant S. aureus as a foodborne pathogen compared with drug-susceptible S. aureus.
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12

Allaion, Josisleine Recalde, Karina Ghougassian Barrionuevo, Maria Jose Grande Burgos, Antonio Gálvez, and Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco. "Staphylococcus aureus from Minas Artisanal Cheeses: Biocide Tolerance, Antibiotic Resistance and Enterotoxin Genes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031019.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a common contaminant in artisanal raw-milk cheeses. Tolerance of S. aureus to biocides is a threat to disinfection in the cheese production environment, while antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are additional health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of S. aureus isolated from Minas artisanal cheeses to the biocides benzalkonium chloride, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, cetrimide, triclosan, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine, and the simultaneous occurrence of genes coding for antibiotic resistance (mecA, aacA-aphD, and tetK), efflux pumps [qacA/B and smr (qacC/D)], and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, and sej). Among the tested isolates, 38.2% were resistant to at least one biocide, and 73.1% were positive for one or more antibiotic resistance gene. Most of the biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant isolates harbored efflux pump genes, and were positive for at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene. The study highlights the need for correct hygiene monitoring programs to ensure the safety of these products.
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13

ARCURI, EDNA FROEDER, FABIOLA FONSECA ÂNGELO, MARTA FONSECA MARTINS GUIMARÃES, RÉGINE TALON, MARIA de FATIMA BORGES, SABINE LEROY, GÉRARD LOISEAU, CARLA CHRISTINE LANGE, NÉLIO JOSÉ de ANDRADE, and DIDIER MONTET. "Toxigenic Status of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Minas Frescal Cheese in Brazil." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2225.

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A group of 291 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitic cow's milk (n = 125), bulk tank milk (n = 96), and Minas frescal cheese (n = 70) were screened for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, selj, and sell) and for the tst-1 gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by PCR assay. A total of 109 (37.5%) of the isolates were positive for at least one of these 11 genes, and 23 distinct genotypes of toxin genes were observed. Of the S. aureus isolates bearing SE genes, 17 (13.6%) were from mastitic cow's milk, 41 (41.7%) were from bulk tank milk, and 51 (72.9%) were from Minas frescal cheese. The occurrence of exclusively more recently described SE genes (seg through sell) was considerably higher (87 of 109 PCR-positive strains) than that of classical SE genes (sea through see, 15 strains). The SE genes most commonly detected were seg and sei; they were found alone or in different combinations with other toxin genes, but in 60.8% of the cases they were codetected. No strain possessed see. The tst-1 gene was found in eight isolates but none from mastitic cow's milk. Macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal DNA from 89 S. aureus isolates positive for SE gene(s) was conducted with the enzyme SmaI. Fifty-five distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were found, demonstrating a lack of predominance of any specific clone. A second enzyme, ApaI, used for some isolates was less discriminating than SmaI. The high genotype diversity of potential toxigenic S. aureus strains found in this study, especially from Minas frescal cheese, suggests various sources of contamination. Efforts from the entire production chain are required to improve consumer safety.
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14

Šnejdrlová, Michaela. "Metabolism and sex, sex and metabolism." Urologie pro praxi 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/uro.2017.006.

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15

Tranza, Franca. "Sun sea and sex." Nursing Standard 13, no. 43 (July 14, 1999): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.13.43.14.s33.

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16

OH, SU KYUNG, NARI LEE, YOUNG SUN CHO, DONG-BIN SHIN, SOON YOUNG CHOI, and MINSEON KOO. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Food in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1153.

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Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3,332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The phenotypic result of the strain isolated from food showed that 48% of the strains produced one or more toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). At least one SEA was produced by over 90% of the toxigenic strains. Other toxins, such as SEB, SEC, SED, SEA+SEC, and SEC+SED, were each detected. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a causative agent of toxic shock syndrome, was detected in 13 strains of the toxigenic isolates from the food. As the result of genotyping, 22 strains with a toxin gene that was not detected in the phenotypic analysis were also detected. Sixty-nine percent of the toxigenic strains had at least one sea gene, and the most prevalent genotype was sea+seh (34.4%), followed by sea (18.8%) and sea+seg+sei (15.6%). The tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in 13 strains (13.5%). The genes (eta and etb) encoding exfoliative toxins A and B were not detected in any of the samples.
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LI, SUIXIA, PANPAN WANG, JIALIN ZHAO, LUHONG ZHOU, PENGFEI ZHANG, CHENGYU FU, JIANGHONG MENG, and XIN WANG. "Characterization of Toxin Genes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Raw Chicken Meat." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 4 (March 7, 2018): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-309.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the toxin gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw chicken in the People's Republic of China. In total, 289 S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin were revealed by PCR. Overall, 46.0% of the isolates were positive for one or more toxin genes. A high proportion of toxin genes were pvl (26.6%), followed by sej (12.5%), sea (9.0%), seh (8.3%), seb (6.9%), sec (6.9%), sed (4.8%), sei (3.1%), and see (2.4%). None of the isolates harbored seg, tsst-1, or exfoliative toxin genes. In total, 29 toxin gene profiles were obtained, and pvl (10.7%) was the most frequent genotype, followed by sea (5.9%), seb (4.8%), and sej (4.2%). Furthermore, 99.7% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobial agents, and 87.2% of them displayed multidrug resistance. Resistance was most frequently observed to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin (86.2% for each), followed by tetracycline (69.9%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (45.0%), and ampicillin (42.6%). None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin. This study indicates that S. aureus isolates from raw chicken harbored multiple toxin genes and exhibited multiple antimicrobial resistance, which represents a potential health hazard for consumers.
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Acosta, Atzel Candido, Sidney José dos Santos, Laís Albuquerque, Karla Danielle Almeida Soares, Rinaldo Aparecido Mota, and Elizabeth Sampaio de Medeiros. "Frequência de genes codificadores de toxinas em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de tanques expansão comunitários." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 7 (July 2017): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700007.

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RESUMO: A capacidade de produção de toxinas pelo Staphylococcus aureus no leite e produtos derivados está relacionado com surtos de intoxicação alimentar. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa, estudar a ocorrência de genes que codificam para enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh e sei) e toxinas α e β hemolítica (hla e hlb) em S. aureus isolados de 53 amostras de leite de tanques expansão comunitários no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Foram identificados 27 isolados (50,94%) como S. aureus pela amplificação do gene nuc. 13/27 isolados (48,1%) foram positivos para pelo menos um gene das enterotoxinas estudadas, sendo as frequências dos genes sea 33,3%, seh 18,5%, sei 11,1% e sed 7,4%; não entanto não foram identificados os genes seb e seg nestas bactérias. Para as toxinas hemolíticas, 51,9% dos isolados portavam ambos genes (hla e hlb), sendo a frequência para o gene hla de 81,5% e para o gene hlb de 51,9%. A frequência de genes das toxinas avaliadas é alta o que constitui um risco potencial para a saúde pública em especial, as enterotoxinas por serem termoestáveis e estarem asssociados com surtos de intoxicação alimentar.
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PEXARA, A., A. BOURRIEL, and A. GOVARIS. "Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodborne diseases." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 4 (March 22, 2018): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14904.

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Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most significant foodborne diseases. It is a mild intoxication, which is caused by the ingestion of food containing one or more preformed staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). The toxic dose of SEs in human is usually ranged from 20 ng to 1 μg. SEs are proteins produced by Staphylococcus spp in various parts of the environment, including foods. Although several staphylococci can produce SEs, the majority of SFP cases is attributed to S. aureus. Traditionally, five antigenic SE types have been recognized: SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and SEE. During the 1990's, new SEs (SEG, SEH, SEI and SEJ) were reported and their genes were described. Several studies revealed that SEH, SEG and SEI were, also, involved in the gastroenteric syndrome. More recent data have indicated the presence of "new" SE genes and new SEs, designatedas "staphylococcal enterotoxin-like" (SEI). The role of SEI in food poisoning has not yet been clarified. In contrast to S. aureus,SEs are remarkably heat resistant (D-values of 3-8 min at 121 ° C). They may be present in foods even when viable cells of S. aureus are absent. The enterotoxins are, also, resistant to proteolytic enzymes. It is generally accepted that toxic levels of SEs are produced in foods when S. aureus concentration exceeds 105 cfu/ml. S. aureus can grow at a temperature range of 7-48.5°C, with optimum30-37°C, a pH range of 4.2-9.3, with optimum 7-7.5, minimum aw of 0.86, and up to 15% NaCl. SEs can be produced at a temperature range of 10-46 ° C, with optimum 40-45 ° C, a pH range of 4.8-9.0, with optimum 5.3-7.0, and aw range of 0.86-0.99,with optimum 0.90. Among the foods implicated in SFP are usually milk, dairy products and meat. SEA and SED are usuallyidentified in foodborne outbreaks, while SEC is an important cause of SFP associated with the consumption of dairy products.The European regulation has set criteria for presence of SEs in cheeses, milk powder and whey powder (Regulation EC, 2073/2005).If population of coagulase-positive staphylococci in samples exceeds 105 cfu/g, these samples should be further tested for thepresence of SEs. In this case, SEs must not be detected in 25 g of the products.
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20

Castiglia, C. "Sex Panics, Sex Publics, Sex Memories." boundary 2 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-27-2-149.

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21

Mrosovsky, N. "Sex ratios of sea turtles." Journal of Experimental Zoology 270, no. 1 (September 15, 1994): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402700104.

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22

Dennis, Simone J. "Melted Honey: Sax and Sex." Popular Culture Review 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2831-865x.2004.tb00193.x.

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23

Kahraman, Beren Basaran, Recep Geckinli, and Seyyal Ak. "Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in raw and pasteurized milk." Veterinarski arhiv 94, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.2038.

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The aim of this study was to investigate staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) by ELISA, and detect the five classical sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes by real-time PCR in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw and pasteurized milk samples. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 98 out of 100 raw milk samples, and in 6 out of 100 pasteurized milk samples. On further biochemical tests, S. aureus was isolated in 48 samples (48%) of raw milk (n=100) and in one sample (1%) of pasteurized milk (n=100). Ten (10%) out of 100 raw milk samples were positive for at least one enterotoxin, and the most frequently observed SE was SEA (10%), followed by SEE (7%) and SEB (6%), but none of the isolates were positive for SEC and SED. At least one of the SEs gene types (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) was detected in 45 (93.8%; 45/48) S. aureus isolates from raw milk samples. sec, sea, seb, sed, and see genes were observed in 56.2%, 39.5%, 31.2%, 29.1% and 14.5% of strains respectively. The enterotoxin genes were the single type in 21 (46.7%) of the 45 isolates, there were two in 15 (33.3%), three in six (13.3%), four in two (4.4%), and one (2.2%) in all gene regions. The SE gene was not detected in the S. aureus (n=1) isolate from pasteurized milk. As a result of this study, the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk was revealed, and it was pointed out that these SEs may contribute to cases of staphylococcal foodborne poisoning (SPF).
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24

Becker, J., K. Rademann, and F. Hensel. "Electronic and Geometrical Structure of Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0513.

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AbstractThe vacuum-UV-photoelectron spectra of Se2, Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8 have been recorded at a photon energy of h ν= 10.0 eV. The isolated molecules are examined in a supersonic molecular beam employing a new photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique. The structure of the photoelectron spectra of selenium molecules with even and odd numbers of atoms differs in a characteristic manner. While the spectra of Se6 and Se8 show one single broad band, three separated bands with different intensities are observed for Se5 and two for Se7. The spectra are compared to molecular orbital energy calculations based on theoretically supposed geometries. The comparison indicates that Se6 and Se8 have Dnd-symmetrical ring structures, whereas Se5 and Se7 are C1h-symmetrical rings
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25

BERNINI, VALENTINA, ELISA SGARBI, CLAUDIO GIORGIO BOVE, MONICA GATTI, and ERASMO NEVIANI. "A Polyphasic Approach To Detect Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Raw Milk Italian Cheeses by Multiplex PCR." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2281.

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A polyphasic approach was evaluated for the detection of eight staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)–encoding genes (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej, sel) and the Escherichia coli genes most commonly associated with virulence factors (eae, elt, ipaH, stx) in traditional soft cheeses, manufactured artisanally from whole raw milk in the Lombardy region (northern Italy). To determine the presence of the target genes, two multiplex PCRs were performed on DNA extracted both directly from cheese samples (culture-independent approach) and from whole cultivable cells, formed by harvesting colonies from the first serial dilution agar plates of selective media, as representative of cultivable community (“bulk”). Genes associated with enteroinvasive E. coli, ipaH, and Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, stx, were detected in two of the bulk samples analyzed; no virulence genes were found by amplifying DNA directly extracted from cheeses. SE-encoding genes were found in three cheeses (sea in all three samples, associated with sed and sej in two of these). More SE-encoding genes were detected by amplifying DNA obtained from bulk samples: sea, sed, sej, sec, seg, sel, and sei. No samples harbored the gene encoding for SE type H. The polyphasic approach followed has been useful in enhancing detection of target genes. Our results indicate that some of the artisanal cheeses examined may constitute a potential hazard for consumer health.
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26

Kato, K., S. Miyashita, O. Murata, and H. Kumai. "Gonadal sex differentiation and sex control in red sea bream, Pagrus major." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 28, no. 1-4 (2003): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:fish.0000030508.83907.e6.

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27

Roberts, Celia. "Drowning in a Sea of Estrogens: Sex Hormones, Sexual Reproduction and Sex." Sexualities 6, no. 2 (May 2003): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460703006002003.

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28

Gao, Fei, Le Wang, Rong Zhao, Yixiong Wang, Yankun Ma, Rulan Yang, Qi Zhang, and Chuangyun Wang. "Rational Combination of Selenium Application Rate and Planting Density to Improve Selenium Uptake, Agronomic Traits, and Yield of Dryland Maize." Plants 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101327.

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Exogenous selenium application could effectively improve the selenium absorption of crops affected by different climatic conditions due to changes in the planting environment and planting conditions. We planted maize at planting densities of 67,500 plants ha−1 (D1) and 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2). Five selenium fertilizer gradients of 0 mg m−2 (Se0), 7.5 mg m−2 (Se1), 15.0 mg m−2 (Se2), 22.5 mg m−2 (Se3), and 30.0 mg m−2 (Se4) were applied to investigate the response of the plants to selenium fertilizer application in terms of the gradient selenium absorption and substance accumulation. With the increase in the amount of selenium fertilizer applied, more of the selenium fertilizer will be absorbed and transported from the leaves to the grains, and the selenium content of the grains will gradually increase and exceed the selenium content of leaves. Under the D2 density in 2022, the selenium content of the grains under Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments increased by 65.67%, 72.71%, and 250.53%, respectively, compared with that of Se0. A total of 260.55% of the plants showed a gradient of grain > leaf > cob > stalk from the Se2 treatment, and the overall selenium content of the plants increased first and then decreased. Under the D1 density, compared with the Se0, the dry matter mass of the Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments significantly improved by 5.84%, 1.49%, and 14.26% in 2021, and significantly improved by 4.84%, 3.50%, and 2.85% in 2022. The 1000-grain weight under Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments improved by 8.57%, 9.06%, and 15.56% compared to that under the Se0 treatment, and the yield per ha under the Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments was 18.58%, 9.09%, and 21.42% higher than that under Se0 treatment, respectively. In addition, a reasonable combination of selenium application rate and density could improve the chlorophyll content and stem growth of dryland maize. This lays a foundation for the efficient application of selenium fertilizer and provides an important reference.
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29

Barc, Julien, and Jeanette Erdmann. "Sex matters? Sex matters!" Cardiovascular Research 118, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): e1-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab356.

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30

Dewey, Susan, and Tonia P. St. Germain. "Sex Workers/Sex Offenders." Feminist Criminology 10, no. 3 (September 16, 2014): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085114541141.

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31

Blazquez, M., M. Carrillo, S. Zanuy, and F. Piferrer. "Sex ratios in offspring of sex-reversed sea bass and the relationship between growth and phenotypic sex differentiation." Journal of Fish Biology 55, no. 5 (November 1999): 916–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00730.x.

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32

Acosta, Atzel C., Pollyanne Raysa F. Oliveira, Laís Albuquerque, Isamara F. Silva, Elizabeth S. Medeiros, Mateus M. Costa, José Wilton Pinheiro Junior, and Rinaldo A. Mota. "Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus virulence genes in milk of cows and goats with mastitis." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5786.

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ABSTRACT: The present study determined the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus virulence genes in 2,253 milk samples of cows (n=1000) and goats (n=1253) raised in three different geographical regions of the state Pernambuco, Brazil. The presence of genes of virulence factors associated to adhesion to host cells (fnbA, fnbB, clfA and clfB), toxinosis (sea, seb, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, tsst, hla and hlb), and capsular polysaccharide (cap5 and cap8) was evaluated by PCR. A total of 123 and 27 S. aureus strains were isolated from cows’ and goats’ milk, respectively. The sec and tsst genes were detected exclusively in goats’ isolates, while the seh gene was only identified in cows’ isolates. The number of toxin genes per strain showed that goats’ isolates are likely more toxic than bovines’ isolates. The cap5 genotype predominated in both host species, especially in strains collected from cows raised in the Agreste region. The cap8 genotype is likely more virulent due to the number of virulence genes per strain. The results of the present study demonstrate that S. aureus may pose a potential threat to human health in Brazil, and, therefore, these results should support actions related to mastitis control programs.
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Waryah, Charlene Babra, Jully Gogoi-Tiwari, Kelsi Wells, Karina Yui Eto, Elnaz Masoumi, Paul Costantino, Michael Kotiw, and Trilochan Mukkur. "Diversity of Virulence Factors Associated with West Australian Methicillin-SensitiveStaphylococcus aureusIsolates of Human Origin." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8651918.

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An extensive array of virulence factors associated withS. aureushas contributed significantly to its success as a major nosocomial pathogen in hospitals and community causing variety of infections in affected patients. Virulence factors include immune evading capsular polysaccharides, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, and teichoic acid in addition to damaging toxins including hemolytic toxins, enterotoxins, cytotoxins, exfoliative toxin, and microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM). In this investigation, 31 West AustralianS. aureusisolates of human origin and 6 controls were analyzed for relative distribution of virulence-associated genes using PCR and/or an immunoassay kit and MSCRAMM by PCR-based typing. Genes encoding MSCRAMM, namely, Spa, ClfA, ClfB, SdrE, SdrD, IsdA, and IsdB, were detected in >90% of isolates. Gene encodingα-toxin was detected in >90% of isolates whereas genes encodingβ-toxin and SEG were detectable in 50–60% of isolates. Genes encoding toxin proteins, namely, SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEH, SEI, SEJ, TSST, PVL, ETA, and ETB, were detectable in >50% of isolates. Use of RAPD-PCR for determining the virulence factor-based genetic relatedness among the isolates revealed five cluster groups confirming genetic diversity among the MSSA isolates, with the greatest majority of the clinicalS. aureus(84%) isolates clustering in group IIIa.
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34

Naffa, Randa G., Salwa M. Bdour, Hussein M. Migdadi, and Asem A. Shehabi. "Enterotoxicity and genetic variation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Jordan." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46183-0.

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A total of 100 Jordanian clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates was analysed for the presence of the enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed and see using multiplex PCR. Twenty-three isolates (23 %) were potentially enterotoxigenic. The prevalence of sea, sec and sea plus sec among the total clinical isolates was 15, 4 and 4 %, respectively. None of the isolates harboured sed, seb or see genes. S. aureus isolates were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to test whether isolates harbouring the toxin genes were genetically clustered. A total of 13 genotypes was identified at a 47 % similarity level. Genotypes I and V accounted for the largest number of enterotoxigenic isolates (19 %). This study has demonstrated the genetic diversity of Jordanian clinical S. aureus isolates and shown that the presence of the toxin genes is not genotype specific.
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35

Petersen, Christopher W. "Sex Allocation in Hermaphroditic Sea Basses." American Naturalist 138, no. 3 (September 1991): 650–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285240.

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36

Rothrock, John F. ""Sex, sex, and more sex! Does it always have to be about sex?"." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 46, no. 6 (June 2006): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00465.x.

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37

Dinges, Martin M., Paul M. Orwin, and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.1.16.

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SUMMARY This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins. The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the context of two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcal PTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctional proteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity, superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcal PTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosal barriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is also presented.
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38

Weiss, Bernard. "Same sex, no sex, and unaware sex in neurotoxicology." NeuroToxicology 32, no. 5 (October 2011): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.09.005.

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39

ADESIYUN, ABIODUN A., IFEDAPO RAJI, and VIVIAN YOBE. "Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus from Anterior Nares of Dining Hall Workers." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.12.955.

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The frequency of isolation of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dining hall workers of a Nigerian University was determined. Of a total of 186 workers sampled, 47 (25.3%) were carriers of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in their anterior nares, including 19 (22.4%) of 85 cooks and 11 (23.9%) of 46 stewards. Fifty-five (26.6%) of 207 strains of S. aureus tested produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA), B (SEB), C (SEC), D (SED) or E (SEE). SEA predominated, with 18 (8.7%) strains elaborating it and representing 32.7% of all enterotoxigenic strains. SEC and SED were produced by 14 (6.8%) and 13 (6.3%) strains, respectively, and 9 (4.3%) strains produced SEB and SEE. It appears that SEA poses the greatest risk to students consuming foods contaminated by S. aureus of nasal origin from these workers.
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40

Policansky, David. "Evolution, Sex, and Sex Allocation." BioScience 37, no. 7 (July 1987): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310417.

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41

Weber, Ceri, and Blanche Capel. "Sex determination without sex chromosomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1832 (July 12, 2021): 20200109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0109.

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With or without sex chromosomes, sex determination is a synthesis of many molecular events that drives a community of cells towards a coordinated tissue fate. In this review, we will consider how a sex determination pathway can be engaged and stabilized without an inherited genetic determinant. In many reptilian species, no sex chromosomes have been identified, yet a conserved network of gene expression is initiated. Recent studies propose that epigenetic regulation mediates the effects of temperature on these genes through dynamic post-transcriptional, post-translational and metabolic pathways. It is likely that there is no singular regulator of sex determination, but rather an accumulation of molecular events that shift the scales towards one fate over another until a threshold is reached sufficient to maintain and stabilize one pathway and repress the alternative pathway. Investigations into the mechanism underlying sex determination without sex chromosomes should focus on cellular processes that are frequently activated by multiple stimuli or can synthesize multiple inputs and drive a coordinated response. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’.
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42

Smith, Leslie Dorrough. "Are Sex Scandals about Sex?" Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 9, no. 1 (August 21, 2018): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.31002.

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Many scholars who study sex scandals focus on describing the cultural circumstances under which such events transpire, such as looking at media coverage and public sexual mores. However, relatively few actually ask more fundamental questions about why sex is such a critical act. Such scholars appear to presume that they have theoretically exhausted the social significance of sex so long as they have simply acknowledged its moral prominence. Using K. Merinda Simmons’ understanding of scholarly arguments on authenticity and her description of scholars as those who “grant transcendence” to phenomena they find self-evident, I show that the presumption that sex scandals are primarily about the sex act itself employs a specific set of beliefs about morality, sex, and religion that work to reinforce a conservative (and yet very mainstream) understanding of these terms at the same time that it creates the conditions by which they become noticeable phenomena at all.
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43

Shimada, Kiyoshi. "Sex determination and sex differentiation." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698449.

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44

Budin, Stephanie Lynn. "Sex and Gender and Sex." Mare Nostrum 11, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v11i1p1-59.

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This article challenges some of the prevailing notions pertaining to non-binary sex and fluid gender in modern academia. Beginning with a look at the history of the sex vs. gender debate, it turns to the study of genetics to determine how binary sex is, overturning many current beliefs about the biological bases of multiple sexes. It then considers four case studies of so-called fluid gender in world history—Mesopotamian women as men, Albanian virgjinéshē, and Indian devadāsīs and sādhini—which show that these apparently “male women” never lose their feminine gender in spite of provisional male prerogatives. In all cases, it is their sexuality that ties them to their gender. The article ends with a consideration of how unreflective adoption of non-binary sex and fluid gender undermines the goals of feminism.
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45

Bijleveld, Catrien. "Sex Offenders and Sex Offending." Crime and Justice 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 319–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650191.

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46

Smith, Matthijs J. "Sex Determination: Turning on sex." Current Biology 4, no. 11 (November 1994): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00226-8.

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47

Camerino, Giovanna, Pietro Parma, Orietta Radi, and Stella Valentini. "Sex determination and sex reversal." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 16, no. 3 (June 2006): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.014.

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48

Schubert, C. "Sex Differences Without Sex Chromosomes." Biology of Reproduction 93, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.133074.

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49

Patel, Dr Vaibhavi, Dr Bhavna Puwar, and Dr Sheetal Vyas. "Sex work characteristics of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Ahmedabad city." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/117.

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50

Purwanasari, HN, N. Fitria, D. Kusuma, F. Aziz, R. Widayanti, and S. I. O. Salasia. "Multiplex PCR detection of the classical enterotoxin genes of Staphylococcus aureus in humans and animal isolates." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1174, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1174/1/012010.

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Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent bacterial causative agent of bovine mastitis and human food illness by secreting enterotoxins. This study aims to identify the seven classic Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes (SEA to SEH) isolated from humans and animals. A total of 173 human isolates and 14 mastitis (goat and cow) isolates were amplified with a 23S rRNA genes. The presence of classical enterotoxins genes (sea-seh) was amplified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). Amplification of the SEs genes singly and in combination was observed from both isolates. Of 173 human isolates, the sec genes showed the highest prevalence of 112 isolates (65%), followed by the seh gene were 89 isolates (51%), 61 (35%) for seg gene and one (1%) for sea and see genes. The two genes in combination were also detected se (c, h), se (c, g), se (g, h)] and the three combination genes were se (c, g, h). Furthermore, all 14 animal isolates were positive for seh gene (100%), 11 (78%) for sec gene and 11 (78%) for combination se (c, h). Five classical enterotoxin genes (seh, sea, seg, sec, see) isolated from Staphylococcus aureus in humans were identified. Still, only seh and sec genes were identified from the animal origin. In the present study, identifying the genes encoding SE will contribute to recognize the prevalent of enterotoxins distribution among Staphylococcus aureus strains in samples of animals and human origin.
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