Journal articles: 'Sex-sorting'

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Sakamoto, Y., M. Ueda, S. Toda, and H. Kimura. "20 FACTORS THAT AFFECT PURITY AND YIELD OF BOVINE SEX-SORTED SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab20.

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The purposes of these studies were to examine the influence on the yield of sex-sorted sperm by the different size of sorting gate and to evaluate factors that affect the purity of sex-sorted sperm. As the sorting gate was expanded, so the yield of bovine sex-sorted sperm using flow cytometry was increased. At the same time, the purity of sex-sorted sperm became low. In addition, though the sorting gates were the same size, the purity of sex-sorted sperm differed among trials. These observations indicated the existence of factors that affect purity besides the size of sorting gate. To examine the yield of sex-sorted sperm, X-bearing sex-sorted sperm from 4 Holstein bulls were produced repeatedly 34 times by 3 flow cytometers. The sizes of sorting gates were fixed at 40–42%, 44%, and 46%. Each yield of sorting gate at 40–42%, at 44% and at 46% was compared. To evaluate factors that affect purity, X- or Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm were produced by one flow cytometer. These trials were repeated 160 times for the sorting of X-bearing sperm and 45 times for the sorting of Y-bearing sperm. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the relationships between the purity of sex-sorted sperm and the following sorting conditions, the percentage of oriented sperm, the percentage of dead sperm, degree of separation between X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm, the size of sorting gate, event rate, drop drive frequency, drop delay value and drop delay accuracy. The highest yield was acquired by sorting gate at 44%. The number of sex-sorted sperm was increased as sorting gate was expanded, however, the purity became low. The purities of the sperm by some trials using sorting gate at 46% were less than our acceptable lowest purity that was 90%. So that those sperm must be discarded. Therefore the yield of sorting gate at 44% was greater than sorting gate at 46%. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the factors for increasing purity of X-bearing sex-sorted sperm were the percentage of oriented sperm (P < 0.001), the degree of separation between X-bearing sperm and Y-bearing sperm (P < 0.001), the drop delay accuracy (P < 0.001), the event rate and the drop drive frequency, and the factor for decreasing purity of X-bearing sex-sorted sperm was the size of sorting gate (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the factors for increasing purity of Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm were the percentage of oriented sperm (P < 0.01), the degree of separation between X-bearing sperm and Y-bearing sperm (P < 0.01) and the event rate (P < 0.05), and the factor for decreasing purity of Y-bearing sex-sorted sperm was the size of sorting gate (P < 0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that the purity of sex-sorted sperm was not depend on simply by size of sorting gate but was more completely explained by other sorting conditions.

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Alkmin, Diego V., Inmaculada Parrilla, Tatiana Tarantini, David del Olmo, Juan M. Vazquez, Emilio A. Martinez, and Jordi Roca. "Seminal plasma affects sperm sex sorting in boars." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 5 (2016): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14088.

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Two experiments were conducted in boar semen samples to evaluate how both holding time (24 h) and the presence of seminal plasma (SP) before sorting affect sperm sortability and the ability of sex-sorted spermatozoa to tolerate liquid storage. Whole ejaculate samples were divided into three aliquots immediately after collection: one was diluted (1 : 1, v/v) in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS; 50% SP); the SP of the other two aliquots was removed and the sperm pellets were diluted with BTS + 10% of their own SP (10% SP) or BTS alone (0% SP). The three aliquots of each ejaculate were divided into two portions, one that was processed immediately for sorting and a second that was sorted after 24 h storage at 15–17°C. In the first experiment, the ability to exhibit well-defined X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm peaks (split) in the cytometry histogram and the subsequent sorting efficiency were assessed (20 ejaculates). In contrast with holding time, the SP proportion influenced the parameters examined, as evidenced by the higher number of ejaculates exhibiting split and better sorting efficiency (P < 0.05) in semen samples with 0–10% SP compared with those with 50% SP. In a second experiment, the quality (viability, total and progressive motility) and functionality (plasma membrane fluidity and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species) of sex-sorted spermatozoa were evaluated after 0, 72 and 120 h storage at 15–17°C (10 ejaculates). Holding time and SP proportion did not influence the quality or functionality of stored sex-sorted spermatozoa. In conclusion, a holding time as long as 24 h before sorting did not negatively affect sex sorting efficiency or the ability of sorted boar spermatozoa to tolerate long-term liquid storage. A high proportion of SP (50%) in the semen samples before sorting reduced the number of ejaculates to be sorted and negatively influenced the sorting efficiency, but did not affect the ability of sex-sorted spermatozoa to tolerate liquid storage.

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Garner, D. L., and G. E. Seidel Jr. "Past, present and future perspectives on sexing sperm." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-022.

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Development of flow cytometry for sorting mammalian sperm according to their sex chromosomes began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This technology, which has recently been commercialized for bovine sperm, is based on the differences in DNA content between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm. Under ideal conditions, 5000 live bovine sperm of each sex can be sorted per second at 90% accuracy. Pregnancy rates of 50% have been achieved routinely in well-managed heifers with sex-sorted, cryopreserved bovine sperm compared to 60–80% with unsexed control sperm. About 90% of offspring have been of the selected sex. Sorting sperm according to sex chromosome content is similarly successful in many other mammals including exotic species, but sorting efficiencies are somewhat less for sperm from some species. Key words: Mammals, sex chromosomes, flow cytometer, cell sorter, DNA content, X and Y sperm, Hoechst 33342

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Burroughs, C. A., J. K. Graham, R. W. Lenz, and G. E. Seidel. "Seminal plasma effects on sex-sorting bovine sperm." Theriogenology 79, no. 3 (February 2013): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.10.024.

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Lutrat, Célia, David Giesbrecht, Eric Marois, Steve Whyard, Thierry Baldet, and Jérémy Bouyer. "Sex Sorting for Pest Control: It’s Raining Men!" Trends in Parasitology 35, no. 8 (August 2019): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.001.

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Steinhauser, C. B., J. K. Graham, R. W. Lenz, and G. E. Seidel. "Removing seminal plasma improves bovine sperm sex-sorting." Andrology 4, no. 6 (August 27, 2016): 1131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12245.

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Veuskens, Jacky, Spencer Brown, Dominique Marie, and Loan Negrutiu. "FLOW CYTOMETRIC SEX CHROMOSOMES SORTING OF MELANDRIUM ALBUM." Biology of the Cell 73, no. 2-3 (January 1991): 33a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0248-4900(91)90199-w.

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Das, Siba R., Maciej Maselko, Ambuj Upadhyay, and Michael J. Smanski. "Genetic engineering of sex chromosomes for batch cultivation of non-transgenic, sex-sorted males." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): e1009180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009180.

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The field performance of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is improved by sex-sorting and releasing only sterile males. This can be accomplished by resource-intensive separation of males from females by morphology. Alternatively, sex-ratio biasing genetic constructs can be used to selectively remove one sex without the need for manual or automated sorting, but the resulting genetically engineered (GE) control agents would be subject to additional governmental regulation. Here we describe and demonstrate a genetic method for the batch production of non-GE males. This method could be applied to generate the heterogametic sex (XY, or WZ) in any organism with chromosomal sex determination. We observed up to 100% sex-selection with batch cultures of more than 103 individuals. Using a stringent transgene detection assay, we demonstrate the potential of mass production of transgene free males.

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Evans, G., S. P. De Graaf, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "048. FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX-SORTED AND NON-SORTED SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs048.

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The development and application of flow cytometric sorting for the pre-selection of sex has progressed at an increasing rate since the first report of live pre-sexed offspring of rabbits (2). The technique has been extended to production of pre-sexed offspring of numerous species and sorted bull semen is now widely available commercially around the world. Due to the stresses involved in the sex-sorting process, sex-sorted sperm may be functionally compromised in terms of reduced motility and viability, and their fertilising lifespan within the female reproductive tract may be reduced. Consequently, fertility in vivo may be compromised. However, improvements to the technology and a greater understanding of its biological impact on the sperm have facilitated recent developments in sheep, and we have demonstrated that sex-sorting is capable of selecting a functionally superior ram sperm population in terms of both in vitro and in vivo function. This has resulted in high fertility after intrauterine insemination of sex-sorted ram sperm (1). Unfortunately, to date, these results have not been matched in other species.

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Hermes, Robert, Britta Behr, Thomas B. Hildebrandt, Steffen Blottner, Birgit Sieg, Antje Frenzel, Andreas Knieriem, Joseph Saragusty, and Detlef Rath. "Sperm sex-sorting in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)." Animal Reproduction Science 112, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.05.007.

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Burroughs, Chelsie A., James K. Graham, Rick W. Lenz, and George E. Seidel. "Removing Seminal Plasma Improves Sex-Sorting of Bovine Sperm." Biology of Reproduction 85, Suppl_1 (July 1, 2011): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/85.s1.83.

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Neculai-Valeanu, Andra-Sabina, and Adina Mirela Ariton. "Game-Changing Approaches in Sperm Sex-Sorting: Microfluidics and Nanotechnology." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041182.

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The utilization of sex-sorted sperm for artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization is considered a valuable tool for improving production efficiency and optimizing reproductive management in farm animals, subsequently ensuring sufficient food resource for the growing human population. Despite the fact that sperm sex-sorting is one of the most intense studied technologies and notable progress have been made in the past three decades to optimize it, the conception rates when using sex-sorted semen are still under expectations. Assisted reproduction programs may benefit from the use of emergent nano and microfluidic-based technologies. This article addresses the currently used methods for sperm sex-sorting, as well as the emerging ones, based on nanotechnology and microfluidics emphasizing on their practical and economic applicability.

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Burroughs, C. A., R. W. Lenz, K. M. Evans, J. K. Graham, and G. E. Seidel. "277 EFFECTS OF SEMINAL PLASMA ON SEX-SORTING BOVINE SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab277.

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This experiment evaluated how characteristics of bovine ejaculates affect the sortability of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa. Ejaculates were collected by artificial vagina, 2 each from 10 bulls with an average of 1 h between collections. Only ejaculates with at least 60% motile and 70% normal sperm were used. Semen was centrifuged at 1 000 × g for 15 min to separate sperm from seminal plasma; seminal plasma was clarified by 10 min of additional centrifugation at 2 000 × g. Sperm were rediluted to 160 million sperm/mL with TALP (pH 7.4) and 0, 5, 10, or 20% seminal plasma, from the same ejaculate or reciprocally from first/second ejaculates. Following incubation with Hoechst 33342 for 45 min, an equal volume of TALP (pH 5.5) containing red food dye was added, and sperm were analysed on a MoFlo (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) flow cytometer for percentage live-oriented cells, X sort rate, coincidence rate, percentage dead or dying (sperm membrane permeable to red dye), and splitability (peaks to valley ratio). The percentage live-oriented sperm was higher for treatments with 0% seminal plasma (64.4%) than for 5 (59.6%), 10 (59.0%), and 20% (57.8%) seminal plasma (P < 0.01). The percentage live-oriented sperm was higher for second (63.0%) than for first ejaculates (56.2%). Sort rate was higher for 0% seminal plasma and second ejaculates (P < 0.05). Dead/dying rates were lower for 0% (16.5%) than for 5 (21.9%), 10 (23.6%), or 20% (23.4%) seminal plasma (P < 0.003); and for first ejaculates (25.9%) compared with second ejaculates (18.2%). Seminal plasma percentage and ejaculate had no effect on splitability, and there was no difference in sorting parameters whether the seminal plasma was from the first or second ejaculate. The initial sperm concentration of the ejaculate (range, 1.3 to 3.4 billion sperm/mL) did not affect any sperm sorting parameter. Thus, effects of sperm concentration on sortability need to be reconsidered, as current practice is to select ejaculates to sort based on initial sperm concentration. The initial pH, percentage morphological abnormalities, initial seminal plasma pH, and age of bull did not affect sorting parameters. In conclusion, the presence of seminal plasma during staining and sorting may decrease sort rate and percentage of live-oriented cells, as well as increase death rate. In addition, sorting second ejaculates may be more advantageous than sorting first ejaculates. Future studies are needed to determine if the results hold true if sperm are stored for several hours and how the various factors affect sperm post-thaw viability.

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Beilby, K. H., Y. B. Kaurivi, W. M. C. Maxwell, G. Evans, S. P. De Graaf, and C. G. Grupen. "122. PRODUCTION OF EMBRYOS IN SUPEROVULATED EWES USING FROZEN - THAWED, SEX-SORTED AND REFROZEN - THAWED SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs122.

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Flow cytometric sex-sorting of sperm that has previously been cryopreserved allows sex-sorting technology to be applied more widely. While offspring have been produced following artificial insemination of synchronised ewes with frozen-thawed, sex-sorted and refrozen-thawed (FSF) sperm (1), the fertility of FSF-sperm in superovulated ewes has not been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryopreservation prior to sperm sex-sorting and freezing on embryo production in superovulated ewes. Several ejaculates from 2 rams were either frozen-thawed, then sex-sorted and re-frozen (FSF X- and Y-chromosome enriched sperm), or immediately sex-sorted before freezing (SF X- and Y-chromosome enriched sperm). A portion of each ejaculate was also cryopreserved without sex-sorting (control). Thirty-one ewes were superovulated and inseminated (15 ×106 sperm per insemination dose) with either SF X, SF Y, FSF X, FSF Y or control sperm as previously described (2). Embryos were recovered 6 d after insemination and assessed. The superovulatory response (mean number of corpora lutea per ewe: 11.8 ± 1.3) and the embryo recovery rates (72.0 ± 5.9%) did not differ significantly among the groups. The fertilisation rates tended to differ (P=0.068) as a result of sperm treatment (control: 33%; SF: 54%; FSF: 18%) and were unaffected by sperm sex (X: 33%; Y: 37%). Of the embryos that were recovered, those derived from FSF-sperm were predominantly at the blastocyst stage (65%), whereas those derived from SF-sperm were evenly distributed among the blastocyst (30%), morula (38%) and arrested (32%) stages, suggesting that fertilisation lifespan of SF-sperm was greater than that of FSF-sperm. A greater proportion of embryos derived from Y-sperm were at the blastocyst stage compared with embryos derived from X-sperm (53% vs. 26%; P < 0.05). This study is the first to demonstrate that FSF-sperm is capable of fertilising oocytes of superovulated ewes. (1) de Graaf et al (2007) Theriogenology 67: 391–8.(2) de Graaf et al (2007) Theriogenology 67: 550–5.

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Silva, Thiago Velasco Guimarães, Priscila Di Paula Bessa Santana, Eduardo Baia de Souza, Ana Júlia Mota de Lima, Caroline de Araújo Santos, Nathália Nogueira da Costa Almeida, Vanessa Cunha de Brito, et al. "Sperm chromatin protamination influences embryo development in unsexed and sexed bull semen." Zygote 29, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199420000775.

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SummarySex selection through sperm sorting offers advantages in regards selection pressure in high-producing livestock. However, the sex-sorting process results in sperm membrane and DNA damage that ultimately decrease fertility. We hypothesized that given the role of protamines in DNA packaging, protamine deficiency could account, at least partially, for the DNA damage observed following sperm sex sorting. To test this, we compared protamine status between unsexed and sexed spermatozoa from two bulls using the fluorochrome chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and flow cytometry. Then, we assessed embryo development following in vitro fertilization (IVF) using the same sperm treatments. Overall, sperm protamination was not different between sexed and unsexed semen. However, one of the two bulls displayed higher rates of protamine deficiency for both unsexed and sexed semen (P < 0.05). Moreover, unsexed semen from this bull yielded lower blastocyst (P < 0.05) and blastocyst hatching rates than unsexed sperm from the other bull. CMA3-positive staining was negatively correlated with cleavage (R2 85.1, P = 0.003) and blastocyst hatching (R2 87.6, P = 0.006) rates in unsexed semen. In conclusion, while the sex-sorting process had no effect on sperm protamine content, we observed a bull effect for sperm protamination, which correlated to embryo development rates following IVF.

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Ellis, Peter J. I., Yong Yu, and Shujun Zhang. "Transcriptional dynamics of the sex chromosomes and the search for offspring sex-specific antigens in sperm." REPRODUCTION 142, no. 5 (November 2011): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0228.

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The ability to pre-select offspring sex via separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm would have profound ramifications for the animal husbandry industry. No fully satisfactory method is as yet available for any species, although flow sorting is commercially viable for cattle. The discovery of antigens that distinguish X- and Y-bearing sperm, i.e. offspring sex-specific antigens (OSSAs), would allow for batched immunological separation of sperm and thus enable a safer, more widely applicable and high-throughput means of sperm sorting. This review addresses the basic processes of spermatogenesis that have complicated the search for OSSAs, in particular the syncytial development of male germ cells, and the transcriptional dynamics of the sex chromosomes during and after meiosis. We survey the various approaches taken to discover OSSA and propose that a whole-genome transcriptional approach to the problem is the most promising avenue for future research in the field.

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de Graaf, S. P., T. Leahy, J. Marti, G. Evans, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "Application of seminal plasma in sex-sorting and sperm cryopreservation." Theriogenology 70, no. 8 (November 2008): 1360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.07.012.

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Alkmin, Diego V., Inmaculada Parrilla, Tatiana Tarantini, Laura Parlapan, David del Olmo, Juan M. Vazquez, Emilio A. Martinez, and Jordi Roca. "Intra- and interboar variability in flow cytometric sperm sex sorting." Theriogenology 82, no. 3 (August 2014): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.05.008.

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Pickering, S., and J. Ham. "Hot Pants at the Border: Sorting Sex Work from Trafficking." British Journal of Criminology 54, no. 1 (October 29, 2013): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt060.

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Underwood, SL, R. Bathgate, WMC Maxwell, and G. Evans. "Development of Procedures for Sex-sorting Frozen-Thawed Bovine Spermatozoa." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01127.x.

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Kjelland, M. E., C. González-Marín, J. Gosálvez, C. López-Fernández, R. W. Lenz, K. M. Evans, and J. F. Moreno. "283 DNA FRAGMENTATION DYNAMICS AND POST-THAW MOTILITY OF WHITE-TAILED DEER SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab283.

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The main objective herein was to study the level of DNA damage and post-thaw motility of White-tailed deer sperm before (neat sample) and after sex-sorting and conventional-sorting using a MoFlo® SX flow cytometer (SX, Dako, Fort Collins, CO, USA). For assessing DNA damage, a comparison of frozen–thawed (F-T) neat sperm (control) was made with F-T sex-sorted, F-T conventional-sorted, and F-T conventional sperm samples. Sperm motility was assessed by bright field microscopy using a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope and slide-coverslips (25.4 × 76.2 mm slides, 22 × 22 #1.5 coverslips). A direct comparison of all 4 aforementioned sperm groups could not be made for some bucks. Live/dead sorting of the sperm (i.e. conventional-sorted sperm) can remove membrane compromised sperm and nonaligned live sperm, which may result, in part, from abnormal morphologies. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; n = 13) from 1 to 7 years old were used for the experiments. The White-tailed deer were selected based on a genetic predisposition for producing large antlers (i.e. Boone and Crockett antler scores ≥200 points). Sperm DNA fragmentation levels were assessed using the Sperm-Halomax® kit (Halotech DNA, Madrid, Spain), counting 300 sperm per sample. The level of baseline DNA fragmentation was similar for conventional F-T sperm samples (<5%), but even lower after sex-sorting and conventional-sorting (2.39 and 1.69%, respectively). The conventional sperm samples had lower post-thaw motilities compared with sex-sorted samples from the same individual bucks (n = 6), with average post-thaw motilities of 43 ± 26% and 56.5 ± 20%, respectively. The statistical comparison of the dynamic loss of DNA quality (i.e. DNA fragmentation of samples incubated in a 34°C water bath for 96 h) was assessed using the nonparametric maximum likelihood Kaplan-Meier estimator and a Breslow (Generalized Wilcoxon) test. When comparing sperm samples taken from the same bucks (n = 6), the conventional samples had significantly greater (P < 0.05) DNA fragmentation levels over time than the sex-sorted sperm. Conventional-sorted White-tailed deer (n = 8) sperm samples did not have significantly greater (P > 0.05) DNA fragmentation levels when compared with the sex–sorted sperm. When comparing X-chromosome sorted sperm to Y-chromosome sorted sperm, the DNA fragmentation levels were not significantly different (n = 10; P > 0.05), averaging 2.59 ± 3.61% and 2.18 ± 0.53% after 96 h. Based on the sperm DNA fragmentation and post-thaw motility results in the present study, the sex-sorting of White-tailed deer sperm may be a viable technique for the White-tailed deer industry and perhaps serve as a model for the conservation of endangered species such as the Eld’s deer (Cervus eldithamin). Future work should be implemented for examining the fertilizing potential of sex-sorted White-tailed deer sperm. The authors thank Maurice Rosenstein, Laura Belluzzo, Jared Templeton, Mike Bringans, Pat Cooper, Suzanne Menges, Miguel Ramirez, Altea Gosálbez, and Sexing Technologies staff for technical assistance. This research was funded by Sexing Technologies.

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Burroughs, C. A., K. M. Evans, R. W. Lenz, and G. E. Seidel. "201 EFFECTS OF REMOVING SEMINAL PLASMA DURING 8-h STORAGE BEFORE SEX-SORTING BOVINE SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab201.

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We evaluated sex-sorting parameters and post-thaw motility for sperm stored with or without seminal plasma for 8 h before sorting. One first ejaculate was collected from each of 6 bulls routinely collected via artificial vagina; ejaculates contained at least 70% motile and 75% morphologically normal sperm and sperm concentrations ranged from 0.75 to 2.21 × 109 sperm mL–1. Ejaculates were divided into 2 samples and centrifuged at 1000 × g for 15 min. Seminal plasma from 1 sample was replaced with TALP (pH 7.4) to a sperm concentration of 1.4 × 109 sperm mL–1. The seminal plasma/sperm admixture of the other sample (control) was suspended to initial ejaculate sperm concentration. Both samples were stored for 8 h at 16°C before being subjected to standard sex-sorting procedures. Sperm were analyzed and bulk sorted on a MoFlo SX (XY Inc., Navasota, TX, USA) flow cytometer/cell sorter for percentage of live-oriented cells, percentage of membrane-impaired sperm (cell membranes permeable to red food colouring, which were discarded during sorting) and resolution between X- and Y-bearing sperm populations (peak to valley ratio). Sorted sperm were frozen according to standard procedures and post-thaw motility was determined immediately after thawing using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Treatments were compared using a paired t-test. Control sperm stored with seminal plasma resulted in a higher percentage of live-oriented cells (55%) versus those stored without seminal plasma (51%; P = 0.02). The percentage of membrane-impaired sperm was lower for control sperm (19%) than that of samples without seminal plasma (28%; P < 0.001). Resolution was greater for sperm stored without seminal plasma (34%) than for control sperm (10%; P = 0.04). Post-thaw, both total and progressively motile sperm were higher for samples without seminal plasma (63 and 53%, respectively) compared with those of the control samples (52 and 45%, respectively; P < 0.04). In conclusion, sperm stored for 8 h without seminal plasma had greater resolution between X- and Y-bearing populations and higher post-thaw motility than control sperm. However, these samples had a higher percentage of membrane-impaired sperm that were removed during sorting. Long-term storage of sperm in their seminal plasma before sex-sorting appears to be detrimental to post-sorting, post-thaw sperm motility.

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Vazquez, J. M., I. Parrilla, J. Roca, M. A. Gil, C. Cuello, J. L. Vazquez, and E. A. Martínez. "Sex-sorting sperm by flow cytometry in pigs: Issues and perspectives." Theriogenology 71, no. 1 (January 2009): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.044.

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Martinez, Joel E., and Kai J. Jonas. "Pre-exposure prophylaxis sorting among men who have sex with men." AIDS Care 31, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1533229.

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Balao da Silva, C. M., C. Ortega Ferrusola, A. Morillo Rodriguez, J. M. Gallardo Bolaños, M. Plaza Dávila, J. M. Morrell, H. Rodriguez Martínez, J. A. Tapia, I. M. Aparicio, and F. J. Peña. "Sex sorting increases the permeability of the membrane of stallion spermatozoa." Animal Reproduction Science 138, no. 3-4 (May 2013): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.021.

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Diver, Tracy, Alexis Harrison, William Knight, Manuel Ulibarri, and Wade Wilson. "Size Sorting in Bonytail Skews the Sex Ratio of Stocked Fish." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 39, no. 3 (May 2, 2019): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10283.

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Nicotra, P., H. Uriondo, E. Barrios, S. Papier, G. Fiszbajn, F. Nodar, and C. Alvarez Sedo. "Multilayer density gradient as a useful technique for sperm sex sorting." Fertility and Sterility 102, no. 3 (September 2014): e100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.341.

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Feizpour, Azadeh, Helena C. Parkington, and Farshad A. Mansouri. "Cognitive sex differences in effects of music in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test." Psychology of Music 48, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618795030.

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Recent studies suggest that females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders which might be related to sex differences in executive control of behaviour. Music, as a cognitively salient factor, might influence cognitive functions; however, it is unclear how sex and music interact in influencing executive control of behaviour in a dynamic environment. We tested female and male participants in a computerized analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) while listening to music or in silence. We found that music decreased the percentage of correct trials in both sexes. While music decreased response time in females, it had an opposite effect in males. Response time increased in error trials (error slowing), and music sex-dependently influenced error slowing. Conflict between potential rules adversely influenced performance in the current trial (conflict cost) in both sexes and listening to music increased conflict cost. These findings suggest that music shows both adverse and beneficial effects on various behavioural measures in the WCST, some of which are sex-dependent. Our findings suggest that in using music as an adjunct for rehabilitation of neuropsychological disorders, both adverse and beneficial effects and sex dependency need to be considered.

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Donacho, Dereje Oljira, Getachew Befekadu Geneti, Mohammed Reshad Kadir, Gutama Haile Degefa, and Mukemil Abdella Fugaga. "Household waste sorting practice, and factors associated with sorting practice in Bedelle town, Southwest Ethiopia." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0001288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001288.

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Household solid waste generation rate in low-income countries is increasing due to population growth and changes in people’s lifestyles. Sorting waste into categories is an important step in household waste management. However, there is limited information about sorting practices in a low-income setting like Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess household solid waste (HSW) sorting practices, and factors associated with sorting practices.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2021 in Bedelle town. Households were randomly selected, and household heads were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. A total of 209 households were included. The proportion of households that practice waste sorting was calculated. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between HSW sorting practices and associated factors. A P-value of less than 0.05 was declared as significant. The Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used to check for model fitness.The result of the study shows that the proportion of householders who practiced waste sorting practice in the setting was 21.53%. The sex of the household head, information on sorting benefits, and the availability of private waste collectors for resource recovery were factors in practicing waste sorting at the household level. Accordingly, male-headed households are 88% less likely to practice sorting practice than female-headed households, and those having access to information on waste sorting benefits are 3.68 times more likely to practice sorting, and similarly, households, where private waste collectors are active, are about 4 times more likely to practice waste sorting at the household level than their counterpart. This finding calls on the municipality to create awareness about solid waste sorting practices at the household level, involving both male and female householders in waste management and mobilizing waste collectors at the household level to facilitate effective waste sorting and reuse as sustainable solid waste management options in the town.

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Gibb, Z., C. G. Grupen, L. H. A. Morris, G. Evans, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "263. Substitution of skim milk with bovine serum albumin in a stallion semen diluent." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 9 (2008): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb08abs263.

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Skim milk has long been utilised as a source of protective proteins in stallion semen diluents. However, skim milk is also thought to contain components that are toxic to sperm and reduces the clarity of sperm suspensions, which impedes sperm assessments. This may also reduce the effectiveness of staining procedures used to process sperm for flow cytometric sex-sorting. The aim of this study was to ascertain the optimal concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to replace skim milk in a traditional stallion semen diluent, Kenney's Modified Tyrode's (KMT) Medium1, for handling and processing stallion sperm before flow cytometric sex-sorting. Two ejaculates were collected from each of three pony stallions. Each ejaculate was divided into five aliquots and diluted in either KMT with skim milk or KMT supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1% BSA. Diluted samples were further divided into two aliquots and either stored at 15°C for 18 h before incubation and assessment, or incubated and assessed immediately upon arrival. Samples were incubated at 34°C and evaluated at 0, 45 and 90 min for objective motility and acrosome integrity. No interactions were observed between any treatments over time. There was a lower percentage of intact and a higher percentage of detached acrosomes for sperm incubated in KMT containing 0% BSA than all other treatments. A greater proportion of sperm incubated in KMT with skim milk had partial acrosome damage compared with other treatments. There was no difference in % total motility for sperm incubated in KMT with skim milk, and KMT containing 0.5 and 1% BSA (Table 1). These results indicate that BSA may be suitable as an alternative protein source in stallion semen diluents. Further studies are required to compare sex-sorting rates and sperm quality after sex-sorting, incubation and staining in skim milk compared with BSA-based media. (1) Padilla, A W and Foote, R H 1991, ‘Extender and centrifugation effects on the motility patterns of slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa’, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3308–331

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Pujiyono, Pujiyono, and Rani Tiyas Budiyanti. "Selective Abortion After Preimplantation Sex Selection: An Ethical and Legal Issue in Indonesia." GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-22196.

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Background: The emerging of sex selection technology in Indonesia is sperm sorting, meanwhile sex selection with Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) methods is not widely used. The use of sperm sorting has bigger chance to fail than PGD, thus potentially cause ethical and legal problems that is selective abortion during pregnancy. The potency for selective abortion is enlarged by Indonesian law that permitting sex selection without distinction of medical and non-medical reasons. There is no special policy to regulate the selective abortion because of sex selection failure. Aims: This study aims to find out the legal concept of selective abortion after preimplantation sex selection that appropriate to be applied in Indonesia.Methods: This research is normative research that use analytics method with legal approach and conceptual approach. The research material consists of primary legal material (legislation about sex selection and abortion in Indonesia), secondary legal materials (legal journals, law books, and legal proceedings), and also non-legal materials (journals, books, and health proceedings about sex selection and abortion).Results: In Indonesia meanwhile in general, abortion is permitted for pregnancy with medical indication and rape victim. Through a statue approach in Indonesia, selective abortion after preimplantation sex selection can be implemented for strong medical reasons. While the failure for non-medical reasons can’t be aborted. This regulation contrary with ethics, morals and religion. Selective abortion should not be done because of preimplantation sex selection failure either medical or non-medical reasons. Conclusion: Selective abortion after preimplantation sex selection both medical and non medical reason contrary with moral, ethical, and religion. Indonesia needs to regulate further policy about selective abortion if there is a failure of preimplantation sex selection.

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Winters, Rebecca A., Lauren M. Nettenstrom, Domingo G. Lopez, Kilby L. Willenburg, Ramakrishnan Vishwanath, Nicolai V. Bovin, and David J. Miller. "Effect of sorting boar spermatozoa by sex chromosomes on oviduct cell binding." Theriogenology 108 (March 2018): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.010.

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Veuskens, Jacky, Dominique Marie, Spencer C. Brown, Michel Jacobs, and Ioan Negrutiu. "Flow sorting of the Y sex chromosome in the dioecious plantMelandrium album." Cytometry 21, no. 4 (December 1995): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990210408.

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O'Brien, J. K., and T. R. Robeck. "Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 3 (2006): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05108.

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Research was conducted to develop sperm sorting and novel sperm preservation methodologies for sex predetermination in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) using artificial insemination. In Study 1, the effect of seminal plasma (SP), sperm concentration and freezing rate (FR) on in vitro sperm quality of liquid-stored, non-sorted spermatozoa was examined. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of prefreeze SP addition on post-thaw quality (progressive motility, kinetic rating, sperm motility index (SMI), viability and acrosome integrity). Post-thaw motility parameters and viability were higher (P < 0.05) for slow FR than fast FR samples. In Study 2 investigating the effects of liquid storage and sorting on sperm quality, motility and SMI after sorting and centrifugation were lower (P < 0.05) than those of the initial ejaculate. The sort rate for enrichment (91 ± 4% purity) of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa was 3400 ± 850 spermatozoa sex−1 s−1. In Study 3, compared with a modified straw method, directional freezing resulted in enhanced in vitro quality of sorted and non-sorted spermatozoa derived from liquid-stored semen (P < 0.05). In Study 4, endoscopic insemination of three dolphins with sorted, frozen–thawed X-bearing spermatozoa resulted in one conception and the birth of a female calf. High-purity sorting of dolphin spermatozoa, derived from liquid-stored semen, can be achieved with minimal loss of in vitro sperm quality and samples are functional in vivo.

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Mamai, Wadaka, Hamidou Maiga, Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda, Thomas Wallner, Anna Konczal, Hanano Yamada, and Jérémy Bouyer. "Aedes aegypti larval development and pupal production in the FAO/IAEA mass-rearing rack and factors influencing sex sorting efficiency." Parasite 27 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020041.

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The production of a large number of mosquitoes of high biological qualities and reliable sex sorting before release are key challenges when applying the sterile insect technique as part of an area-wide integrated pest management approach. There is a need to fully evaluate the production capacity of the equipment developed in order to plan and maintain a daily production level for large-scale operational release activities. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of the FAO/IAEA larval rearing unit for Aedes aegypti and the subsequent female contamination rate after sex sorting with a Fay–Morlan glass separator. Trays from each rack were tilted and their contents sorted either for each individual tray or after mixing the content of all trays from the rack. The pupal production and the female contamination rate were estimated with respect to day of collection, position of the tray, type of pupae collection, and sorting operator. Results showed significant daily variability of pupal production and female contamination rate, with a high male pupal production level achieved on the second day of collection and estimated female contamination of male pupae reached around 1%. Neither tray position nor type of pupae collection affected the pupal production and female contamination rate. However, the operator had a significant effect on the female contamination rate. These results highlight the need to optimize pupal production at early days of collection and to develop a more effective and automated method of sex separation.

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Domingues, William Borges, Tony Leandro Rezende da Silveira, Eliza Rossi Komninou, Leonardo Garcia Monte, Mariana Härter Remião, Odir Antônio Dellagostin, Carine Dahl Corcini, et al. "Flow cytometric sex sorting affects CD4 membrane distribution and binding of exogenous DNA on bovine sperm cells." Zygote 25, no. 4 (July 13, 2017): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199417000375.

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SummaryBovine sex-sorted sperm have been commercialized and successfully used for the production of transgenic embryos of the desired sex through the sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) technique. However, sex-sorted sperm show a reduced ability to internalize exogenous DNA. The interaction between sperm cells and the exogenous DNA has been reported in other species to be a CD4-like molecule-dependent process. The flow cytometry-based sex-sorting process subjects the spermatozoa to different stresses causing changes in the cell membrane. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the redistribution of CD4-like molecules and binding of exogenous DNA to sex-sorted bovine sperm. In the first set of experiments, the membrane phospholipid disorder and the redistribution of the CD4 were evaluated. The second set of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of CD4 redistribution on the mechanism of binding of exogenous DNA to sperm cells and the efficiency of lipofection in sex-sorted bovine sperm. Sex-sorting procedure increased the membrane phospholipid disorder and induced the redistribution of CD4-like molecules. Both X-sorted and Y-sorted sperm had decreased DNA bound to membrane in comparison with the unsorted sperm; however, the binding of the exogenous DNA was significantly increased with the addition of liposomes. Moreover, we demonstrated that the number of sperm-bound exogenous DNA was decreased when these cells were preincubated with anti-bovine CD4 monoclonal antibody, supporting our hypothesis that CD4-like molecules indeed play a crucial role in the process of exogenous DNA/bovine sperm cells interaction.

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Montano, G. A., D. C. Kraemer, C. C. Love, T. R. Robeck, and J. K. O'Brien. "Evaluation of motility, membrane status and DNA integrity of frozen–thawed bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) spermatozoa after sex-sorting and recryopreservation." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 6 (June 2012): 799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0490.

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Artificial insemination (AI) with sex-sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa has led to enhanced management of ex situ bottlenose dolphin populations. Extended distance of animals from the sorting facility can be overcome by the use of frozen–thawed, sorted and recryopreserved spermatozoa. Although one bottlenose dolphin calf had been born using sexed frozen–thawed spermatozoa derived from frozen semen, a critical evaluation of in vitro sperm quality is needed to justify the routine use of such samples in AI programs. Sperm motility parameters and plasma membrane integrity were influenced by stage of the sex-sorting process, sperm type (non-sorted and sorted) and freezing method (straw and directional) (P<0.05). After recryopreservation, sorted spermatozoa frozen with the directional freezing method maintained higher (P<0.05) motility parameters over a 24-h incubation period compared to spermatozoa frozen using straws. Quality of sperm DNA of non-sorted spermatozoa, as assessed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), was high and remained unchanged throughout freeze–thawing and incubation processes. Though a possible interaction between Hoechst 33342 and the SCSA-derived acridine orange was observed in stained and sorted samples, the proportion of sex-sorted, recryopreserved spermatozoa exhibiting denatured DNA was low (6.6±4.1%) at 6 h after the second thawing step and remained unchanged (P>0.05) at 24 h. The viability of sorted spermatozoa was higher (P<0.05) than that of non-sorted spermatozoa across all time points after recryopreservation. Collective results indicate that bottlenose dolphin spermatozoa undergoing cryopreservation, sorting and recryopreservation are of adequate quality for use in AI.

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Winters, R. A., L. M. Nettenstrom, D. G. Lopez, K. L. Willenburg, R. Vishwanath, and D. J. Miller. "096 Effect of sorting boar spermatozoa by sex chromosomes on oviduct cell binding." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_2 (April 1, 2016): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/msasas2016-096.

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Gibb, Z., L. H. A. Morris, W. M. C. Maxwell, and C. G. Grupen. "Use of a defined diluent increases the sex-sorting efficiency of stallion sperm." Theriogenology 75, no. 4 (March 2011): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.001.

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Bucci, Diego, Giovanna Galeati, Elisa Giaretta, Carlo Tamanini, and Marcella Spinaci. "Sex-sorting of boar spermatozoa does not influence the localization of glucose transporters." Reproductive Biology 13, no. 4 (December 2013): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2013.09.003.

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Balao-da Silva, C., A. Morillo-Rodriguez, C. Ortega-Ferrusola, J. M. Gallardo-Bolaños, M. Plaza-Dávila, A. Miro-Morán, I. M. Aparicio, J. A. Tapia, and F. J. Peña. "Effect of sex sorting on intracellular Ca2+ and ATP content of stallion spermatozoa." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32, no. 8 (August 2012): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.025.

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Assari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, and Tanja Jovanovic. "Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences." Children 8, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050411.

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Aim: This study tested sex differences in the association between hippocampal volume and working memory of a national sample of 9–10-year-old children in the US. As the hippocampus is functionally lateralized (especially in task-related activities), we explored the results for the right and the left hippocampus. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data. This analysis included baseline ABCD data (n = 10,093) of children between ages 9 and 10 years. The predictor variable was right and left hippocampal volume measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, list sorting working memory, was measured using the NIH toolbox measure. Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and family structure were the covariates. Results: In the overall sample, larger right (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) and left (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) hippocampal volumes were associated with higher children’s working memory. Sex had statistically significant interactions with the right (b = −0.0018; p = 0.001) and left (b = −0.0012; p = 0.022) hippocampal volumes on children’s working memory. These interactions indicated stronger positive associations between right and left hippocampal volume and working memory for females compared to males. Conclusion: While right and left hippocampal volumes are determinants of children’s list sorting working memory, these effects seem to be more salient for female than male children. Research is needed on the role of socialization, sex hormones, and brain functional connectivity as potential mechanisms that may explain the observed sex differences in the role of hippocampal volume as a correlate of working memory.

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Schenk, J. L., Z. Brink, and T. K. Suh. "310 USE OF COMPETITIVE FERTILIZATION TO EVALUATE A SIMPLER LASER FOR FLOW CYTOMETRIC SEXING OF BOVINE SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab310.

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Statistically significant correlations between laboratory assays of sperm quality and fertility require large sample populations. Experimental differences can be assessed accurately using limited observations with competitive fertilization and fetal sexing, as clearly demonstrated previously (Seidel GE Jr. et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 515 abst). Our objectives were to compare pregnancy rates in Holstein heifers inseminated with: (1) 2 × 106 hetero-sex-selected sperm interrogated with different light sources or, (2) 2 × 106 or 10 × 106 X-chromosome bearing sperm using a continuous wave (CW) laser, to those of unsexed inseminates containing 10 × 106 total sperm. Sperm were sexed by flow cytometry/cell sorting at 40 psi with the aid of light produced from either a continuous wave (CW) or a quasi-cw (PULSED; Vanguard 350-HDM, Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, CA, USA) laser operating at 150 mW during flow cytometric/cell sorting. Subsequent fertility was evaluated by competitive fertilization with fetal sex as the genetic marker. Sperm from Holstein bulls were sorted into X- and Y-chromosome populations at >90% accuracy using either the CW or the PULSED laser. After concentration of sperm post-sorting by centrifugation, an equal number of X-sorted sperm illuminated with the CW laser were pooled with Y-sorted sperm illuminated by the PULSED laser within each bull, as well as the converse. Total sorted sperm (2 × 106) were placed in 0.25 mL straws. In addition to these sperm, homospermic inseminates containing 2 or 10 × 106 total sperm, sorted using the CW laser, and unsorted controls (10 × 106 total sperm) were then frozen. Holstein heifers (n = 763) were synchronized for estrus in five groups (July–December) with a CIDR in place for 7 days followed by 25 mg PGF-2α i.m. Heifers (n = 626) were body inseminated either 12 or 24 h after observed estrus. Sexed and unsorted inseminates were balanced across sperm from three bulls and two inseminators. Two months post-insemination, pregnancy and fetal sex were determined using ultrasound. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Pregnancies marked by fetal sex achieved with competitive fertilization resulted in a 52 (PULSED):48 (CW) ratio, which is not different from the expected 50:50 ratio (P > 0.05) if neither laser was more or less damaging to the fertilizing potential of sperm. Actual pregnancy rates for the competitive 2 × 106, homospermic 2 × 106, and 10 × 106 sexed inseminates were 54, 56, and 62%, respectively, with n = 179, 179, and 180, and were similar to unsorted controls (61%, n = 88) (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated no deleterious effects, in terms of pregnancy rate, to sperm illuminated with a PULSED laser during sorting when compared to conventional instrumentation. Also, pregnancy rates with sexed sperm were similar to those of unsexed controls. The use of the PULSED laser for sperm sorting has economic advantages because it requires less energy, is air-cooled, and has a longer operating life than the water cooled CW laser.

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Kalfoglou, A. L., M. Kammersell, S. Philpott, and E. Dahl. "Ethical arguments for and against sperm sorting for non-medical sex selection: a review." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 26, no. 3 (March 2013): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.11.007.

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Smorag, Z., M. Bochenek, and J. Pilch. "311 CATTLE SEX REGULATION BY SEPARATION OF X AND Y SPERMATOZOA PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENT IN POLAND." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab311.

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The only reliable and relatively fast method of sex regulation in cattle is X and Y sperm high-speed sorting by flow cytometry. In October 2003 a field experiment started in Poland. The aim of the experiment was to examine the efficiency of sperm sexing and the fertility rate in field conditions. The semen of three Holstein bulls was used for the experiment. The semen was sexed and frozen according to modified XY, Inc. (Fort Collins, CO, USA) method. Only the X-fraction of spermatozoa was sorted and frozen. Sexing was performed at a speed of 15–20 × 106 spermatozoa/h and frozen in doses of 2.5 × 106 spermatozoa/straw. Progressive motility of spermatozoa was 90–95% immediately after sorting and 50–70% after freezeing/thawing for all three bulls. The X-fraction sorting purity was checked by re-analysis and it ranged from 90% to 96%. In total, 316 inseminations at 10 farms were performed up to June 2004. Fertility data of 178 inseminations were collected by ultrasonographic (USG) examination during the same time. Average fertility rate was 37.08%. However, significant variations of fertility rates were observed between farms: it ranged from 22.22% to 84.21%. Four calves, all females, were born after insemination with the X-fraction until June 2004. The experiment will continue.

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Cinciute, Sigita, Algis Daktariunas, and Osvaldas Ruksenas. "Hemodynamic effects of sex and handedness on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: the contradiction between neuroimaging and behavioural results." PeerJ 6 (November 21, 2018): e5890. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5890.

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This study investigated the potential role of sex and handedness on the performance of a computerised Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in healthy participants by applying functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) sex-related differences of hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex of 70 healthy participants (female, n = 35 and male, n = 35; right-handed, n = 40 and left-handed, n = 30). In contrast, behavioural results of the WCST do not show sex bias, which is consistent with previous literature. Because of this, we compared ours and sparse previous fNIRS studies on the WCST. We propose that, according to recent studies of neurovascular coupling, this contradiction between neuroimaging and behavioural results may be explained by normal variability in neurovascular dynamics.

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O’Brien, J. K., T. L. Roth, M. A. Stoops, R. L. Ball, K. J. Steinman, G. A. Montano, C. C. Love, and T. R. Robeck. "Sperm sex-sorting and preservation for managing the sex ratio and genetic diversity of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)." Animal Reproduction Science 152 (January 2015): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.016.

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Johnson, LA. "Sex preselection by flow cytometric separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm based on DNA difference: a review." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 4 (1995): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950893.

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Recent research on the flow cytometry of sperm for the purpose of predetermining gender of offspring has led to a validated method to separate X from Y chromosome-bearing sperm for use with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, intratubal insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The basis for the method is the sex chromosome-specific marker, DNA, which is present in greater amounts in X-bearing sperm than in Y-bearing sperm of mammals. Sperm are exposed to the vital dye Hoechst 33342 which binds to the minor groove of the DNA helix. Flow cytometric sorting of the sperm using a laser as the excitation source results in populations of Y- or X-bearing sperm that are 85-90% pure. Several hundred offspring have been produced from swine, rabbits, sheep and cattle that confirm the predicted sex. The method is currently being applied to the commercial embryo market. The method is not likely to be used in conjunction with standard cattle or swine artificial insemination practice in its current form since only about 4 x 10(5) sorted sperm can be produced per hour of sorting. The technology has also been applied to human sperm for use by couples that are at risk to sex-linked disease expression in their offspring. Populations of human sperm have been sorted with X and Y purities of about 80% as confirmed by DNA probe technology and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

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Maulana, T., S. Said, R. I. Arifiantini, and M. A. Setiadi. "Sex sorting sperm of sumba ongole bulls by using snakehead fish (Channa striata) albumin extract." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.1.106-113.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of snakehead albumin extract (channalbumin) for sorting X and Y sperm of Sumba Ongole (SO) and its characteristic. Semen was collected from three SO bulls using artificial vagina and the freeze dried channalbumin was extracted from snakehead fish. Channalbumin column was made with different concentration ratio of top and bottom fraction: 2%:4%; 3%:5%; 4%:6% respectively and BSA 5%:10% as control. Semen was put in top fraction then incubated for 30 min at room temperature then each fraction was centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 10 minutes. The pellet was evaluated for motility, abnormality, viability, membrane integrity and head sperm morphometric. The results showed that the channalbumin capable to maintain sperm motility in the top fraction better than the bottom fraction. Sperm viability and membrane integrity in control group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than all channalbumin treatment. BSA 5%:10% has highest proportion of X and Y sperm (69%:76.77%) compared with 2%:4% (42.33%:79.13%), 3%:5% (55.97%:75.73%) and 4%:6% of channalbumin (62.77%:68%). It’s concluded that channalbumin 4%: 6% was effective for separation of XY sperm with higher proportion.

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Costa, C., F. Antonucci, C. Boglione, P. Menesatti, M. Vandeputte, and B. Chatain. "Automated sorting for size, sex and skeletal anomalies of cultured seabass using external shape analysis." Aquacultural Engineering 52 (January 2013): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.09.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex-sorting'

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