Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sex role'

This study examined the relationship between sex, sex role and expression of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory, The Bem Sex Role Inventory, and the Inventory of Depressive Behaviors were administered to 589 college students. Sex differences in the expression of depression were similar to the findings of previous studies. Sex role differences in the expression of depression were found. Masculine sex role was related to expressive coping strategies along with instrumental strategies. Feminine sex role was related to behavioral and cognitive coping along with more expressive behaviors. The variance in expression of depression accounted for by sex was only partially accounted for by sex role. Undifferentiated individuals were significantly more depressed than Masculine, Feminine or Androgynous individuals, but there were no differences between the latter three groups. Thus, either masculinity or femininity appears to be associated with lower levels of depression.

Previous research on academic dishonesty in colleges and universities has consistently shown unacceptable rates of cheating, yet inconsistent reports of sex differences in cheating. Sex differences in cheating were studied in relation to sex role orientation and attitudes towards cheating, and in light of a distinction between two types of cheating; cheating to benefit oneself and cheating to benefit another. 256 undergraduate students completed anonymous surveys to tap their sex role orientation, attitudes towards cheating, and reported frequency of cheating. Although females reported having more disapproving attitudes towards cheating than males, they reported engaging in cheating just as much as males. Sex role orientation was not directly related to cheating, but female-associated characteristics were related to attitudes towards cheating, which, in turn, were strongly related to cheating behavior. It was also found that participants reported engaging in more cheating to benefit another person than cheating to benefit themselves.
Department of Psychological Science

The analogue study was designed to extend previous research on clinical sex-role stereotyping of individual clients into the realm of marital counseling. The effects of clinician and couple sex-role style and type of marital problem on clinical judgements of couples was examined through ratings of four audiotaped couples constructed from two scripts depicting either couple financial or sexual problems. Each script produced both a stereotypical and counterstereotypical sex-role styled couple through reversal of spouse verbalizations. A sample of 40 (32 male, 8 female) practicing doctorate-level psychologists rated either two stereotypical or two counterstereotypical couples for level of maladjustment, need for treatment, and prognosis. Individual spouse ratings were also obtained to examine client gender effects.

Since the advent of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) two models, the Androgyny and Masculinity model, have been advanced to explain the sex role literature. This study attempts to rectify several methodological issues by experimentally controlling for the effects of self-esteem and using a quartile-split procedure for sex role type assignment. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate interpersonal problem solving ability among sex role types and to compare the predictions of the Androgyny model and the Masculinity model. The results of both experiments implicate the crucial role of self-esteem in sex role research. Self-esteem, rather than sex role type, appears to be more predictive of adequate psychological adjustment.

This study was designed to investigate the influence of two individual difference variables--sex-role orientation and level of sex stereotyping—on the quality of people's own same- and opposite-sex friendships, and their attitudes toward same- and opposite-sex friendships in general. It was predicted that androgynous individuals would experience the highest quality in their friendships, followed by the sex-typed and undifferentiated. Level of stereotyping was predicted to influence both the quality of peoples' friendships, and their evaluations of the concepts same- and opposite-sex friendships. High-sex stereotyped persons were expected to have lower quality friendships and have less favorable attitudes toward cross-sex friendships compared with the low stereotyped. One hundred and one adults (62 females, 39 males) sampled from the City of Vancouver completed a series of questions designed to tap the quality of their same-and cross-sex friendships, and their attitudes toward sairie-and cross-sex friendships. The Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI, Bern, 1974) was used to measure sex typing (androgynous, sex-typed, undifferentiated) and an instrument developed by the author was used to test level of sex stereotyping. As predicted, androgyny was related to better quality friendships. Androgynous individuals had significantly higher quality scores than either sex-typed or undifferentiated persons. Quality scores were not significantly different for sex-typed individuals compared with undifferentiated. These findings were interpreted in terms of the greater behavioral flexibility associated with androgyny. Although not predicted, sex typing was also a significant factor in evaluations of friendships and attitudes toward cross-sex friendships specifically. Androgynous individuals gave significantly higher evaluations to friendships and were more accepting of cross-sex friendships than persons in the other two sex-role orientation groups. In light of this finding a modification was made to the original theoretical framework to account for sex typing effects on evaluations of friendships. None of the predictions for level of sex stereotyping influences on quality and evaluation of friendships was supported. Psychometric problems with the measures used in the present study may have contributed to these non-significant findings. Other findings showed same-sex friendships received significantly higher quality ratings than cross-sex and same-sex friendships received more positive evaluations compared with opposite-sex friendships, although these latter findings were non-significant.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 294 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-294).

This study explores the interactive effects of stereotypical masculine and feminine personality traits and attitudes upon individual and dyadic sexual satisfaction. It was hypothesized that (a) sexual satisfaction would be positively related to masculinity and femininity, as defined by the presence of instrumental and expressive qualities, for both males and females, (b) sexual satisfaction would be positively related to androgyny for both males and females, and (c) couples consisting of two androgynous partners would be more sexually satisfied than couples where both partners were sex-typed (i.e., masculine male-feminine female), cross-typed (i.e., feminine male-masculine female) or undifferentiated. The sample consisted of heterosexual married and cohabiting couples (N = 93). Subjects completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSD; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960, cited in Robinson, Shaver & Wrightman, 1991), the Short Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1981), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976, 1989) and the Pinney Sexual Satisfaction Inventory (PSSI; Pinney, Gerrard & Denney, 1987). The first hypothesis is rejected for both males and females, the second hypothesis is supported for males and rejected for females, and the third hypothesis is supported for couples. Instrumentality is negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction, particularly for women, while expressivity is positively correlated with sexual satisfaction for both men and women. Androgynous men and feminine women are more sexually satisfied than any other group; in both cases however, it is suggested that increments in expressivity account for increases in sexual satisfaction. Androgynous couples are more sexually satisfied than sex-typed, cross-typed, and undifferentiated couples; however, self-reported sexual satisfaction varies for individual partners. Implications for the existing androgyny model regarding sexual satisfaction are discussed.

Nicknames are powerful indicators of attitudes towards gender categories and because of their transient and optional nature, it has been argued that they are more likely to show a closer relationship to ongoing trends in the culture and society than other more fixed parts of the language E. B. Phillips (1990) ["Nicknames and Sex Role Stereotypes," Sex Roles, Vol. 23, pp. 281-289]. This study reports on a survey of nickname usage among a group of South African adolescents from mixed socioeconomic backgrounds (approximately 25% other than white) in an attempt to explicate gender-linked trends in frequency of occurrence, usage and attitudes to such special names. It reveals that conventions regarding nickname coinage and usage are intimately connected to the gender of bearers and users, and that more males have nicknames and coin them than females; it also shows significant sex-linked differences in the linguistic sources and users of nicknames, and reveals a greater tendency for female nicknames to function as indicators of affection rather than for humorous or critical effect. It could be argued that these trends could be linked to the nurturing and nurtured role of females in society, and to the differences in social power generally between males and females.

Gender role issues have been an integral part of psychology since the 1970s. More recently, theories and research have surfaced concerning the issues of maleness in our society. Most of these theories focus on masculine gender role and how it affects men in various ways, e.g., their psychological well-being, substance use, relational abilities, and help-seeking behaviors. One area of maleness that has consistently been left out of the Masculine Role Conflict (MRC) debate is that of homosexuality. As a gay man develops, he finds himself at odds with society over something that he experiences biologically as normal and appropriate. It is the contention of this paper that MRC is an issue related to psychological distress among gay men and not psychological weakness in gay men, per se.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 94 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-49).

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of attributional style, sex roles, and sex-role self-discrepancy in the relationship between gender and depression. Epidemiological studies report a higher incidence of depression among women then men (approximately 2:1). Among the various theories suggested to explain this gender difference, sex roles, attributional style, and self-discrepancy have been conceived as possible explanations. The relationship between gender and depression may be better understood through examining the possible contribution of these three independent variables. To examine these theories, a sample of 130 subjects was drawn from clients at the USU Counseling Center, the USU Community Clinic, the Logan Regional Hospital, and students from an introductory psychology class at USU. Participation was based on voluntary informed consent of the subjects and approval of the above mentioned institutions. Each subject completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Extended Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ), and a revised version of the short Bern Sex-Role Inventory (SBSRI) measuring ideal versus actual self. Path analysis was used to examine the sequence of the relationships presumed by the androgyny model, congruence model, and masculinity model. Neither sex role was found to correlate significantly with depression. Overall, the directions of the path coefficients best supported the androgyny model, but these coefficients were too weak to explain the variance. Attributional style was related to depression, but no gender difference was found in the correlation between attributional style and depression. The correlation coefficient between feminine self-discrepancy and depression was positive but statistically insignificant for the females from the clinical sample and very small for females from the student sample. Overall, attributional style, sex-roles, and self-discrepancy in sex-role characteristics were not found to contribute to the higher rate of depression in women.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 8, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

This work fulfills a three-fold purpose. First, it identifies and conceptualizes patriarchal imposition as a social problem. Patriarchal imposition refers to a category of micro-level, social interaction in which male actors attain desired social outcomes at the expense of female actors. Date rape provides an example of such imposition. Second, this work elaborates an integrative theoretical understanding of the socio-cultural production of patriarchal imposition by joining three diverse paradigms: abstract individualism, social rationalism, and identity maintenance. Integration is accomplished by providing elaborations of each paradigm separately, by critically comparing propositions generated from each paradigm, and by treating mutually exclusive propositions as suggesting alternative pathways in the production of social action. This integration yields three central propositions: (1) the socio-cultural presentation of stereotypically dominant male identities and stereotypically submissive female identities influences men's motivation for patriarchal imposition, (2) the socio-cultural presentation of gendered conflicts of interest with respect to outcomes of social interaction influences men's motivation for patriarchal imposition, and (3) the socio-cultural presentation of males as disproportionately successful in attaining desired outcomes in gendered conflict influences men's motivation for patriarchal imposition. In addressing the third purpose, this work applies a unique method of content analysis on a sample of popular motion pictures, the top-ten box-office successes for each year 1986-1990. This content analysis deconstructs the sample into an aggregate data set of gendered relationships and interaction events of gendered conflict. Statistical procedures of logistic regression are applied to this data, and results support each central proposition. Qualitative interpretation of the data provide further support and also identify emergent themes in the cultural portrayal of gendered conflict. These results indicate that paradigmatic debate of patriarchal culture's influence on men's motivation disguises the reality that varying perspectives offer similar conclusions, namely that patriarchal culture does influence men's motivation for patriarchal imposition in various ways. The real debate concerns the politics of social change.

Over the past decade there has been considerable debate in the media concerning the necessity of educating parents in how to be better parents, and strengthening their parental role. This question has also been debated at a national level, resulting in the state commissioning a number of official investigations into the problems that parental education could resolve. A growing body of scientific studies have shown that parental-educational programmes play a strong role in preventing behavioural problems amongst children and teenagers. Many Councils in Sweden already offer these parental courses to their citizens, but discussions are ongoing as to whether these courses should be obligatory for all parents before or near to the moment that they begin to have children. This conclusion has been supported by the official investigations commissioned to look into this issue. In light of the state is approaching a proposal for mandatory training for people to get to be parents, the aim of this essay was to investigate how parents see their role as parents in in comparison with the role they are trained for, the working role. It also investigates the views parents have as to the government’s intention to educate them in parenthood. Working from a phenomenological perspective, and a hermeneutic understanding of the issues involved, six qualitative interviews were conducted with parents of pre-school children. The results show that parents view their parental role as a responsibility on several different levels. This role is variously described as one of leadership, fostering and as a non-egotistical, loving relationship. Every role is defined by individual circumstances and is forged at the moment when the parent and child first encounter each other. The role of professional day-to-day work is also described as being a matter of responsibility, mainly from a perspective of duty. It is, as well, characterised by the level of education of the parent. Parents with a university education tend to describe the role as purely egotistical. Parents are positive about parental education on a voluntary basis and are broadly positive about government looking into ways to strengthen parenting skills in first-time parents. But the idea of educating ALL parents is seen as unnecessary and impossible to achieve.

Sex, gender-role identity, and gender-role stress were assessed in terms of their relationship to observed gender differences in self-reported aggression. Physical and verbal aggression were explored, as well as the affective component of anger and cognitive component of hostility. The role of emotional intelligence in these relationships was also evaluated, as a possible correlate to the gender-related variables. The results indicated that both gender-role stress and gender-role identification were significantly associated with all components of aggression; however, only physical aggression was related to sex. Emotional intelligence was linked to sex and gender-role identity but not with gender-role stress. The results also suggested that emotional intelligence predicts physical aggression, anger, and hostility in addition to the variance explained by gender variables, presenting negative relationships with each of these variables.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Feb. 29, 2008). Directed by Steve Kroll-Smith; submitted to the Dept. of Sociology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-65).

El sexe masculí incrementa la incidència, prevalença i progressió de la malaltia renal crònica (MRC). No obstant, l'efecte de les hormones sexuals en la nefropatia diabètica (ND) està poc estudiat. El sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) és un important regulador de la funció cardíaca i renal. Dins d’aquest sistema, l’enzim convertidor d’angiotensina 2 (ECA2) exerceix un rol protector degradant angiotensina II (ANGII) i prevenint els seus efectes deleteris. El SRA està alterat en diabetis, i juga un paper crític en el desenvolupament de la ND. S’ha demostrat que la resposta al bloqueig del SRA varia segons el sexe. Així doncs, el dimorfisme sexual observat en la ND pot estar relacionat amb regulacions sexe-específiques del SRA circulant i renal. El nostre objectiu va ser estudiar l’efecte del sexe en marcadors de dany glomerular i tubular en un model de diabetis mellitus tipus 1, els ratolins induïts amb estreptozotocina (STZ), i la seva relació amb canvis sexe-específics en el SRA. També ens vam proposar avaluar la influencia de la reducció d’andrògens per gonadectomia (GDX), la delecció d’Eca2, i la infusió d’ANGII en aquest efecte. En el nostre model, l’administració d’STZ dugué a l’aparició hiperglucèmia, pèrdua de pes, hipertròfia renal i glomerular, hiperfiltració, poliúria, albuminúria, expansió mesangial, pèrdua podocitària i fibrosi cortical. La severitat d’aquestes alteracions va diferir entre sexes. Els mascles diabètics van presentar un empitjorament més important en els paràmetres glomerulars estudiats, incloent albuminúria, hiperfiltració, hipertròfia glomerular, i expansió de la matriu mesangial. Les hormones sexuals masculines jugaren un paper directe en aquesta accentuació del dany glomerular, ja que la GDX va prevenir totes aquestes alteracions. Estudis en ratolins Eca2 knockout van revelar que el rol d’ECA2 en la ND depenia del sexe. En femelles, la pèrdua d’ECA2 va agreujar la progressió de la ND a través d’un empitjorament en l’albuminúria, la hipertròfia renal i la fibrosi cortical. En mascles, la pèrdua d’ECA2 incrementà la pressió arterial i accentuà el dany glomerular i la fibrosis renal, i la GDX va prevenir aquestes alteracions modulant l’expressió del SRA renal i circulant i reduint la fosforilació d’Akt en còrtex. En context d’hipertensió experimental, la pèrdua d’ECA2 accentuà la hipertròfia cardíaca, hipertensió, albuminúria, i hipertròfia glomerular induïdes per ANGII en femelles diabètiques, i empitjorà la hipertròfia renal, expansió mesangial i pèrdua de podòcits en mascles diabètics. El dimorfisme sexual observat en la ND experimental es va acompanyar d’una regulació sexe-específica dels mecanismes compensatoris del SRA. En la part in vitro d’aquest projecte, vam dur a terme proteòmica basada en la tècnica del SILAC. Aplicant aquesta metodologia a cèl·lules humanes de túbul proximal incubades amb hormones sexuals, vam descobrir una connexió entre la dihidrotestosterona i pertorbacions en el metabolisme de la glucosa i de lípids en aquestes cèl·lules. Els corresponents estudis de validació confirmaren que el sexe masculí alterà el metabolisme energètic en el ronyó diabètic, en associació amb un augment de la hipertròfia renal i els nivells d’estrès oxidatiu. En el present treball demostrem un fort efecte del sexe en la progressió de la ND, així com un dimorfisme sexual en l’efecte renoprotector de l’ECA2. Aquestes troballes probablement contribuiran a un millor coneixement sobre les diferències de sexe en la malaltia renal diabètica, i de la seva relació amb la desregulació del SRA.
El sexo masculino incrementa la incidencia, prevalencia y progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). No obstante, el efecto de las hormonas sexuales en la nefropatía diabética (ND) está poco estudiado. El sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) es un importante regulador de la función cardiaca y renal. Dentro de este sistema, el enzima convertidor de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) ejerce un rol protector degradando angiotensina II (ANGII) y previniendo sus efectos deletéreos. El SRA está alterado en diabetes, y juega un papel crítico en el desarrollo de la ND. Se ha demostrado que la respuesta al bloqueo del SRA varía según el sexo. Así pues, el dimorfismo sexual observado en la ND puede estar relacionado con regulaciones sexo-específicas del SRA circulante y renal. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar el efecto del sexo en marcadores de daño glomerular y tubular en un modelo de diabetes mellitus tipo 1, los ratones inducidos con estreptozotocina (STZ), y su relación con cambios sexo-específicos en el SRA. También nos propusimos evaluar la influencia de la reducción de andrógenos por gonadectomía (GDX), la delección de Eca2, y la infusión de ANGII en éste efecto. En nuestro modelo, la administración de STZ llevó a la aparición hiperglucemia, pérdida de peso, hipertrofia renal y glomerular, hiperfiltración, poliuria, albuminuria, expansión mesangial, pérdida de podocitos y fibrosis cortical. La severidad de estas alteraciones difirió entre sexos. Los machos diabéticos presentaron un empeoramiento más importante en los parámetros glomerulares estudiados, incluyendo albuminuria, hiperfiltración, hipertrofia glomerular, y expansión de la matriz mesangial. Las hormonas sexuales masculinas jugaron un papel directo en esta acentuación del daño glomerular, ya que la GDX previno todas estas alteraciones. Estudios en ratones Eca2 knockout revelaron que el rol de ECA2 en la ND dependía del sexo. En hembras, la pérdida de ECA2 agravó la progresión de la ND a través de un empeoramiento en la albuminuria, la hipertrofia renal y la fibrosis cortical. En machos, la pérdida de ECA2 incrementó la presión arterial y acentuó el daño glomerular y la fibrosis renal, y la GDX previno estas alteraciones modulando la expresión del SRA renal y circulante y reduciendo la fosforilación de Akt en córtex. En contexto de hipertensión experimental, la pérdida de ECA2 acentuó la hipertrofia cardíaca, hipertensión, albuminuria, e hipertrofia glomerular inducidas por ANGII en hembras diabéticas, y empeoró la hipertrofia renal, expansión mesangial y pérdida podocitaria en machos diabéticos. El dimorfismo sexual observado en la ND experimental se acompañó de una regulación sexo-específica de los mecanismos compensatorios del SRA. En la parte in vitro de este proyecto, realizamos proteómica basada en la técnica del SILAC. Aplicando esta metodología en células humanas de túbulo proximal incubadas con hormonas sexuales, descubrimos una conexión entre la dihidrotestosterona y perturbaciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa y de lípidos en estas células. Los correspondientes estudios de validación confirmaron que el sexo masculino alteró el metabolismo energético en el riñón diabético, en asociación con un aumento de la hipertrofia renal y los niveles de estrés oxidativo. En el presente trabajo demostramos un fuerte efecto del sexo en la progresión de la ND, así como un dimorfismo sexual en el efecto renoprotector del ECA2. Estos hallazgos probablemente contribuirán a un mejor conocimiento sobre las diferencias de sexo en la enfermedad renal diabética, y su relación con la desregulación del SRA.
Male sex increases the incidence, prevalence, and progression of chronic kidney disease. However, little is known about the effect of sex hormones in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulator of cardiovascular and renal function. Within this system, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a protective role by degrading angiotensin II (ANGII) and preventing its deleterious downstream events. RAS is altered in diabetes, and plays a critical role in the development DN. Sex differences in the renal response to RAS blockade have been demonstrated. Thus, the sexual dimorphism in DN may be related to sex-specific regulations of circulating and renal RAS. Our objective was to study the effect of sex on glomerular and tubular injury markers in a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus, the streptozotocin(STZ)-induced mice, and its relationship with sex-specific changes of RAS. We also aimed to evaluate the influence of androgen reduction by gonadectomy (GDX), Ace2 deletion, and ANGII infusion on this effect. In our model, STZ administration led to hyperglycemia, body weight loss, renal and glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration, polyuria, albuminuria, mesangial expansion, podocyte loss and cortical fibrosis. The severity of these renal alterations differed between sexes. Diabetic males presented a more important worsening in all the glomerular hallmarks of DN studied, including albuminuria, hyperfiltration, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion. Male sex hormones played a direct role in this accentuated glomerular injury, as GDX prevented all these alterations. Studies in Ace2 knockout mice revealed that the role of ACE2 in DN was sex-specific. In females, loss of ACE2 aggravated DN progression by worsening albuminuria, renal hypertrophy and cortical fibrosis. In males, loss of ACE2 increased blood pressure and accentuated glomerular injury and renal fibrosis, and GDX prevented these alterations by modulating the expression of renal and circulating RAS and decreasing cortical Akt phosphorylation. In the context of experimental hypertension, loss of ACE2 accentuated ANGII-induced cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, albuminuria, and glomerular hypertrophy in diabetic females, as well as exacerbated ANGII-mediated glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion and podocyte loss in diabetic males. Sexual dimorphism in experimental DN was accompanied by a sex-specific regulation of the compensatory mechanisms of RAS. In the in vitro part of this project, we performed SILAC-based proteomics in proximal tubular epithelial cells incubated with sex hormones, and discovered a novel link between dihydrotestosterone and impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in these cells. Further validation studies confirmed that male sex altered energy metabolism in the diabetic kidney, in association with increased renal hypertrophy and oxidative stress levels. In this work we demonstrate a strong effect of sex in DN progression, as well as a sex-specific renoprotective role of ACE2. With our findings, we aim to improve the understanding of the sexual dimorphism in diabetic kidney disease, and its relation with the dysregulation of RAS.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between sex-role ideology and body image among women of various ages. Theorists have suggested that poor body image may be related to the experience of being female in contemporary society. This study attempted to objectively test this theory by determining whether or not feminist women, due to less restrictive notions of their rights and roles in contemporary society, might demonstratemore positive relationships with their bodies than women with more traditional attitudes.such a relationship (between feminist sex-role ideology and body esteem) would apply across age categories.Five hundred seventy-five female faculty, staff, retirees, and students completed a demographic profile, the Body Esteem Scale, and the Simplified Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Correlational analysis of data provided no support for the proposed hypotheses. Further study is recommended.
Institute for Wellness

The purpose of this study was to identify family background variables that were correlates of offspring perceptions of gender traits. This project measured the strength of the relationship between offspring perceptions of parental gender-related traits and of offspring self-perception of gender-related traits. The strength of the relationship between measures of family environment factors and of offspring possession of gender traits was also measured. In addition, this study investigated the relationship between these measures and family demographic variables.Spence, Helmriech, and Stapp's Personal Attributes Questionnaire measured self-perception of gender traits. Spence and Helmreich's Parental Attributes Questionnaire measured perceptions of parental gender traits. Moos and Moos' Family Environment Scale measured family environment. Correlation coeffiecients were computed to measure the strength of relationships.Results indicated several significant relationships between parental and offspring gender scores. Several significant relationships emerged between perceptions of family environment and self-perception of gender traits. Sex differences were noted in these relationshlips. Although these relationships were statistically significant, the small correlation coefficients indicated that the relationships tended to be of limited practical value.An analysis which transformed correlation coeficient comparisons into z scores indicated that offspring gender traits were no more related to same-sex parental traits than they were to opposite-sex traits. Regression analyses showed that the best predictor variable for offspring selfperception of masculine traits was a family measure. The best predictor variable for offspring feminine traits was a parental trait score.This study indicated that perception of father's feminine traits was significantly related to perception of family environment. The intellectual and cultural atmosphere of one's family of origin was identified as an important variable. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research were also presented.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The majority of studies concerning psychological sex and management style have indicated that people consider the masculine style of managing to be the most popular. However, such studies are out of date and/or were usually measuring the perceptions of surveyed college students. Few studies have focused on successful managers in successful organizations. A modified version of the Bern Sex Role Inventory was distributed to 52 managers in a Total Quality Management organization. This study hypothesized that successful managers would be androgynous managers. The results of the study indicated that successful managers are androgynous managers, and that there is no significant difference in the number of female and male androgynous managers.