Journal articles: 'Sex role – United States'

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Rao, V. V. Prakasa, and V. Nandini Rao. "Sex-role attitudes across two cultures: United States and India." Sex Roles 13, no. 11-12 (December 1985): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287298.

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Barry, Declan T., and Mark Beitel. "Sex role ideology among East Asian Immigrants in the United States." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76, no. 4 (2006): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.512.

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Beer, Caroline, and Victor D. Cruz-Aceves. "Extending Rights to Marginalized Minorities: Same-Sex Relationship Recognition in Mexico and the United States." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440017751421.

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What explains the extension of greater rights to traditionally marginalized minorities? This article compares the extension of legal equality to lebian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Mexico and the United States with a focus on the legal recognition of same-sex relationships. A national-level comparison of gay rights in Mexico and the United States presents a theoretical puzzle: most theories predict that the United States would have more egalitarian policies than Mexico, but in fact, Mexico has provided greater legal equality for LGBT people for a longer time than the United States. A subnational analysis of equal relationship rights in the United States and Mexico provides evidence to support social movement and partisan theories of minority rights. We find that religion plays a different role in Mexico than in the United States. The different findings at the national and subnational levels suggest the importance of subnational comparative analysis in heterogeneous federal systems.

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Gilly, Mary C. "Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico, and the United States." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 2 (April 1988): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200206.

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In the past, research has found that the portrayal of sex roles in advertising has not reflected equality or reality. Further, studies typically have examined only U.S. advertising, leaving open the question of cultural influence on advertising's sex role portrayals. The author offers a new analysis of sex roles in advertising and compares content analysis findings for U.S., Australian, and Mexican television advertisements. Results reveal differences in the portrayal of the sexes in U.S. advertisements. Australian advertisements show somewhat fewer sex role differences and Mexican advertisements show slightly more sex role differences than U.S. advertisements. Stereotypes are found in the advertising of all three countries, but are manifested in different ways.

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Preston, Samuel H., and Haidong Wang. "Sex Mortality Differences in the United States: The Role of Cohort Smoking Patterns." Demography 43, no. 4 (2006): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2006.0037.

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Sheridan, Lorraine P., Adrian C. North, and Adrian J. Scott. "Experiences of Stalking in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Contexts." Violence and Victims 29, no. 6 (2014): 1014–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00072.

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Most stalking literature reports on male stalkers and female victims. This work examines stalking experiences in 4 sex dyads: male stalker–female victim, female stalker–male victim, female–female dyads, and male–male dyads. Respondents were 872 self-defined victims of stalking from the United Kingdom and the United States who completed an anonymous survey. The study variables covered the process of stalking, effects on victims and third parties, and victim responses to stalking. Approximately 10% of comparisons were significant, indicating that sex of victim and stalker is not a highly discriminative factor in stalking cases. Female victims of male stalkers were most likely to suffer physical and psychological consequences. Female victims reported more fear than males did, and most significant differences conformed to sex role stereotypes. Earlier work suggested stalker motivation and prior victim–stalker relationship as important variables in analyses of stalking, but these did not prove significant in this work, perhaps because of sampling differences.

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Waterman, Brian, Philip Belmont, and Brett Owens. "Patellar Dislocation in the United States: Role of Sex, Age, Race, and Athletic Participation." Journal of Knee Surgery 25, no. 01 (October 4, 2011): 051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1286199.

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Hampton, Michelle DeCoux, and Michelle Lieggi. "Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Youth in the United States: A Qualitative Systematic Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742168.

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Background: Homeless, runaway, and transgender youth are at high risk for commercial sexual exploitation in the United States. Research examining this phenomenon is growing but requires synthesis to facilitate its use by professionals who serve this population. The purpose of this review was to aggregate the qualitative evidence regarding commercially sexually exploited youth (CSEY) in the United States. Methods: The search included published and unpublished qualitative studies with current or former CSEY who reside in the United States. Results: There were 19 studies included in the review with a total of 795 participants. Eight themes were identified and grouped into three broader categories: experiences that preceded sex work entry, experiences that facilitated sex work continuation, and experiences that facilitated sex work exit. Conclusions: Understanding the barriers and facilitators of commercial sexual exploitation can inform the development of interventions that address the needs of CSEY and youth at risk for exploitation. The results of this review highlight the social and economic influences as well as the role of positive and negative reinforcements involved in sex work entry, its continuation, and exit. Needs for services, research, and advocacy are also discussed.

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Barry, Declan T., Matthew J. Bernard, and Mark Beitel. "Gender, Sex Role Ideology, and Self-Esteem Among East Asian Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, no. 9 (September 2006): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000235788.15722.99.

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Rabbitte, Maureen, and Maithe Enriquez. "The Role of Policy on Sexual Health Education in Schools: Review." Journal of School Nursing 35, no. 1 (July 22, 2018): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840518789240.

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Teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections are leading public health problems in the United States. While abstaining from sexual intercourse is the best way to avoid these conditions, abstinence only education (AOE) programs in schools have been shown ineffective in delaying sexual initiation or decreasing the teen pregnancy rate. Conversely, comprehensive sex education (CSE) programs have demonstrated the ability to decrease teen pregnancy and delay initiation into sex. However, federal funding continues to primarily support AOE programs, and a majority of states favor AOE in schools, rather than CSE. The purpose of this review was to examine the role of policy on sexual health education, which can have an impact on the health and well-being of adolescents. The review provides school nurses with information to help them educate parents and administrators to the negative repercussions of AOE, so they can advocate for policy change.

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Burns, Ailsa, and Ross Homel. "Sex Role Satisfaction Among Australian Children: Some Sex, Age, and Cultural Group Comparisons." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 3 (September 1986): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00754.x.

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Children's satisfaction with being a member of their own sex was explored within two Australian samples. In a national sample of 2,268 children, grades 1–6, trends were similar to those reported in the United States. Girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, and older girls were more dissatisfied than younger girls. The most frequent reason girls offered for dissatisfaction with their sex was restriction of sports opportunities. In a smaller sample of 9-11-year-olds (133 boys, 146 girls), chosen to include adequate representation of children of non-Anglo immigrants, it was found that while Anglo-Australian girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, non-Anglo girls were just as satisfied as the boys. The non-Anglo girls were no higher in global satisfaction with themselves or with their lives in general than other children. They were, however, less likely to offer self-definitions that included sports abilities and interests. While non-Anglo parents observed a stronger public/private division of labor in certain childcare activities, this difference was not associated with children's satisfaction with their sex role. However, across the entire sample, children's sex-role satisfaction was associated with parents' division of labor on two tasks on which cultural groups did not differ—disciplining and comforting.

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Pierceson, Jason. "Same-sex Marriage in Canada and the United States: The Role of Political and Legal Culture." American Review of Canadian Studies 44, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2014.939421.

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Sudai, Maayan. "‘A woman and now a man’: The legitimation of sex-assignment surgery in the United States (1849–1886)." Social Studies of Science 52, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063127211056891.

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Throughout much of recorded history, societies that assigned rights and duties based on sex were confounded by people with unclear sex. For the sake of maintaining social and legal order in those contexts, legal systems assigned these people to what they figured was the ‘most dominant’ sex. Then, in mid-19th century United States, a new classification mechanism emerged: sex-assignment surgery, which was imagined by some surgeons to ‘fix’ one’s physical and legal sex status permanently. Other surgeons, however, fiercely opposed the new practice. This article traces the controversy around sex-assignment surgery through three high-profile cases published in US medical journals from 1849 to 1886. Its central argument is that the more general effort to transform surgery into a scientific field helped legitimate the practice of sex-assignment surgery. Although such surgery was subject to intense moral criticism because it was thought to breach the laws of men and nature, over time, these concerns were abandoned or transformed into technical or professional disagreements. In a secondary argument, which helps explain that transformation, this article shows that surgeons gradually became comfortable occupying the epistemic role of sex-classifiers and even sex-makers. That is, whereas sex classification was traditionally a legal task, the new ability to surgically construct one’s genitals engendered the notion that sex could be determined and fixed in the clinic in a legally binding manner. Accordingly, I suggest that surgery became an epistemic act of fact-making. This evolution of the consensus around sex-assignment surgery also provides an early origin story for the idea of sex as plastic and malleable by surgeons, thus offering another aspect to the history of plastic sex.

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Grossman, Jennifer M., Lisette M. DeSouza, Amanda M. Richer, and Alicia D. Lynch. "Father-Teen Talks about Sex and Teens’ Sexual Health: The Role of Direct and Indirect Communication." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189760.

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Family talks about sex can protect against teens’ risky sexual behavior, but most research has focused on the role of mothers. The current study included cross-sectional survey data from 728 adolescents in the 11th and 12th grades (Mage = 17.00, SD = 0.90) in the United States. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess associations between teens’ direct and indirect talk, defined as less straightforward ways to communicate one’s sexual values, with fathers about sex, and teens’ sexual behaviors. There were no significant direct associations between father-teen talk about sex and teens’ sexual behavior. However, teen gender moderated associations between indirect father-teen communication and teens’ sexual behavior. The results suggest the need to assess indirect talk about sex in studies of family sexuality communication and to further investigate the role of teens’ identities in determining the influence of father-teen talk about sex on teens’ sexual behavior.

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Jeng, Chu-Chuan, Edward Huang, Sarah Meo, and Louise Shelley. "Combating Sex Trafficking: The Role of the Hotel—Moral and Ethical Questions." Religions 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13020138.

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Legitimate companies are key facilitators of human trafficking. These corporate facilitators include not only websites providing advertisements for commercial sex services but also hotels and motels. Analysis of all active federal criminal sex trafficking cases in 2018 and 2019 reveals that in approximately 80% of these cases, victims were exploited at either hotels or motels. This paper studies the prevalence of the hospitality industry in the crime of sex trafficking and the failure of this industry to address this problem until recent civil suits were filed by victims against individual hotels and chains. Drawing on the civil cases filed in federal courts by victims of human trafficking between 2015 and 2021 along the East Coast of the United States, this paper assesses the characteristics of these hotels and the conditions in the hotels that facilitated sex trafficking. The paper then explores the moral and ethical problems posed by the facilitating role of hotel owners/operators in sex trafficking either through collusion or failure to act on and/or report evidence of individual abuse. Suggestions on how to address the problem are provided.

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Nowacki, Jeffrey S. "An intersectional approach to race/ethnicity, sex, and age disparity in federal sentencing outcomes: An examination of policy across time periods." Criminology & Criminal Justice 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895816642502.

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Approaches to intersectionality stress the importance of recognizing multiple, intersecting inequalities. As such, recent sentencing research has examined the changing role of extra-legal characteristics on United States federal sentencing outcomes in the aftermath of recent policy changes (e.g. United States v. Booker), but scholarship has less often examined these characteristics at the intersections of race/ethnicity, gender, and, especially age. This article uses an intersectional approach to examine the influence of these characteristics net of legally relevant characteristics. Using ordinary least squares regression procedures, the author examines the role of the joint effects of extra-legal variables on sentence length decisions across four distinct time periods. Net of control variables, results indicate that young black men are the group most likely to receive the longest sentences, but interesting differences between other groups also emerge.

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Stark, Evan. "Reconsidering State Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases." Social Policy and Society 5, no. 1 (January 2006): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746405002824.

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This review assesses a law and criminal justice based approach to domestic violence from the vantage of recent reports from the advocacy movement in the United States (DasGupta, ‘Safety and justice for all’) and Amnesty International (It's in your hands: stop violence against women) and the work of legal scholar Linda Mills. The US movement is hardly alone in wrestling with how to reconcile the state's indispensable role in securing safety, support and liberty for victims with its equally undeniable role in perpetuating the patterns of sex, race and class inequality and privilege from which woman abuse stems and from which it continues to derive legitimacy.

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DeKeseredy, Walter S., Amanda Hall-Sanchez, and James Nolan. "College Campus Sexual Assault: The Contribution of Peers’ Proabuse Informational Support and Attachments to Abusive Peers." Violence Against Women 24, no. 8 (September 19, 2017): 922–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217724920.

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Since the mid-1980s, researchers across the United States have uncovered high rates of sexual assault among female college students. However, to advance a better understanding of this gendered type of victimization, and to both prevent and control this problem, the research community needs to identify its major correlates. One that is consistently uncovered in North American campus survey work is negative peer support, especially that provided by male peers. Yet, some earlier studies have found that mixed-sex negative peer support, too, contributes to campus sexual assault. Using recent data from the Campus Quality of Life Survey conducted at a large residential school in the South Atlantic region of the United States, the main objectives of this article are to examine the role of mixed-sex negative peer support in campus sexual assault and to identify the groups of women most at risk of having friends who offer such support.

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Thompson, Kenny, L. Lee Glenn, and Daren Vertein. "Comparison of Masculine and Feminine Traits in a National Sample of Male and Female Nursing Students." American Journal of Men's Health 5, no. 6 (May 2, 2011): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988311404925.

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The stereotype that male nurses are less masculine has existed for generations and spans all age groups. Several studies have investigated masculinity and femininity in nurses using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, but the results are conflicting and inconclusive. Therefore, a nationwide survey was conducted across the United States that examined the sex-role identity of individuals who chose nursing as a career path. Twenty-eight males and 81 females from 37 states completed the survey. The males and females in the study both had higher mean scores on masculinity and femininity scales when compared with previous studies. The greatest percentage of participants were classified as androgynous, as opposed to masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated, with half of the males and nearly half of the females falling into this category.

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Gibson, Philip A., Elizabeth H. Baker, and Adrienne N. Milner. "The role of sex, gender, and education on depressive symptoms among young adults in the United States." Journal of Affective Disorders 189 (January 2016): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.067.

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Coughlin, Chris, Gloysis Mayers, Jesse Dizard, and Judy Bordin. "Cultural Context and Children’s Perceptions of Conflict and Peace." NURTURE 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2011): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v5i1.54.

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This is a cross cultural comparison of children’s perceptions of conflict and peace. Thirty children, age 6-10 living in the United States and 33 children, of the same age living in the United Arab Emirates were interviewed and asked to respond to 18 questions concerning war, enemy, and peace. Analysis of responses included assessment of sex, culture, and age similarities and differences. Findings indicate that culture plays a prominent role in the way children experience their world and world events. The findings of this study support taking a cultural context focus towards understanding children’s perceptions and using such insight in helping children learn cooperation and acceptance of others knowing that children see the world from the context in which they live.

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DeLacey, Hannah. "A Critical Analysis of the Enactment of the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2018." International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law 2, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 100–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijgsl.v2i1.1257.

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This paper presents a critical analysis of the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2018 (FOSTA), and the debate in the United States Congress that led to its enactment. Although the stated intention of this law was to protect victims of trafficking and for websites to be held accountable for their role in facilitating trafficking, FOSTA was controversial. It was predicted that FOSTA would be ineffective at achieving these goals and that sex workers would be disproportionately affected. Two methodological approaches were used in order to understand why and how FOSTA was enacted - phronetic analysis (Flyvbjerg, 2001) and Bacchi’s (2009) the what’s the problem represented to be approach. These approaches guided the process of analysis of congressional debates related to FOSTA, and the collection and analysis of additional data. Based on this analysis, this paper argues that lawmakers and other stakeholders created and disseminated a powerful narrative about sex trafficking in order to convince lawmakers to vote in favor of FOSTA. Those who spoke out against this narrative were ignored or silenced, and those who were expected to be most impacted by FOSTA (e.g. sex workers) were excluded from the discussion. This article gives insight into the lawmaking process and how it can be shaped by various actors and ideologies, and how sex workers are impacted by legislation aimed at curtailing sex trafficking.

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Dyer, Karen, Nathaniel Dickey, Sarah Smith, and Hannah Helmy. "Human Trafficking in Florida: The Role of Applied Anthropology in Addressing the Problem and Response." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.4.g632r1j2m4w60413.

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Human trafficking is a pervasive issue in the United States (Florida State 2003:16). While an estimated 18,000-20,000 persons are trafficked across the nation's borders each year, this may be a dramatic underestimation of actual occurrence due to the hidden nature of human trafficking crimes and the fact that this number does not include domestic trafficking incidents (Florida State 2003:16). Federal anti-trafficking legislation defines "trafficking in persons" to mean those compelled into commercial sex acts (sex trafficking) or labor and services (labor trafficking) through force, fraud or coercion (United States Congress 2000). Although exact data regarding the incidence of human trafficking in Florida are currently unavailable, it is considered a lucrative trafficking hub—often being cited as one of the top three states in which the crime occurs. This is principally because of its agriculture- and tourism-based economy, two industries in which trafficking can thrive with relatively little resistance (Florida State 2003:27). Indeed, Miami International Airport has ranked among the "top points of entry for trafficking" since as early as 1999 (Florida State 2003:28). The lack of comprehensive data also precludes a clear picture of the demographics and nationalities of all trafficked persons in Florida, but figures from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops provide a snapshot of certified victims of trafficking who are receiving federal benefits. In a four-year period ending August 2010, 274 trafficked persons received federal benefits; of these individuals, 127 were female, 147 were male, and the top five nationalities were those from Haiti (81), the Phillipines (65), Mexico (42), Guatemala (13), and Honduras (12) (Florida State 2010:39-40).

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Ali Zaidi, Syed Muhammad. "Charismatic Role of a Religious Minority in the United States." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).32.

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This article is about the nexus of Shi'ia doctrine with academia which will justify its positive role for US society. We see that Shi'ia Diaspora has sought the attention of international scholars towards the part of Shi'ism in the twentieth century as previously not much work has been done on this topic. Still, in upcoming years many renowned scholars have put in their effort and interest in Shi'ism, many are from the US, and numerous universities have started working on Shi'ism and what role it impacts on a country's society, politics and economy. Harvard University has also established Weather head centre for international affairs which is engaged in a project named "Project on Shi'ism and Global Affairs". The importance of this area can be analyzed by this initiative of Harvard University which is one of the world's top-ranking Institute of the contemporary era.

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Warmath, Dee, David R. Bell, and Andrew P. Winterstein. "The Role of Athlete Competitiveness in High School Sport Specialization in the United States." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712210796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221079670.

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Background: Sport specialization has been associated with increased injury and negative psychosocial effects on young athletes. With the continuing trend toward specialization, studies have begun to examine what motivates this decision (eg, building a skill, getting a scholarship). No study has directly assessed the personal characteristics underlying these stated reasons. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study examined the role of athlete competitiveness (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness) as a characteristic associated with propensity to specialize in the United States. We hypothesized that, at the high school level, athletes would be more likely to engage in sport specialization owing to enjoyment of competition versus competitive contentiousness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted an online survey of 975 high school athletes in the United States who were recruited via the Dynata research panel. Measures included a previously published sport specialization categorization (low, medium, high) and the 2 dimensions of the Revised Competitiveness Index (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness). Also collected were athlete characteristics, sports played by the athletes, level of competition, and whether they planned to play sports in college. Analytical methods employed included cross-tabulations, multinomial logit, and ordinary least squares regression. Results: Overall, 22.4% of the athletes reported a high, 34.8% reported a medium, and 42.9% reported a small level of specialization. No differences in the distribution of sport specialization by sex or age were observed; however, athletes who definitely planned to play in college were significantly more likely to have a high level of specialization ( P < .001). Enjoyment of competition was associated with greater specialization (beta = .196; P < .001), whereas competitive contentiousness was associated with lower levels of specialization (beta = −.299; P < .001). These findings were robust to all 3 different analytical methods we employed. Conclusion: Study findings indicated that, while athlete competitiveness is associated with sport specialization, the nature of that competitiveness determined the association. Being an argumentative contrarian may predispose athletes to lower levels of sport specialization, whereas enjoying competition may encourage higher levels of specialization.

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Waddock, Sandra, Steve Waddell, and Paul S. Gray. "The Transformational Change Challenge of Memes: The Case of Marriage Equality in the United States." Business & Society 59, no. 8 (December 10, 2018): 1667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650318816440.

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This article explores the role of changing memes in large systems change toward marriage equality—popularly referred to as same-sex marriage—in the United States. Using an abbreviated case history of the transformation, the article particularly explores the shifting memes or core units of culture, in this case, word phrases associated with marriage equality over time, influencing the social change process. Using both the case history and the empirical work on memes, the article identifies nine lessons to support others tackling large systems change challenges.

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Machaj, Łukasz. "Między sankcjonowaniem kryminalizacji aktów homoseksualnych a konstytucjonalizacją małżeństw osób tej samej płci — przyczynek do rozważań o roli Sądu Najwyższego w Stanach Zjednoczonych." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 28 (September 26, 2019): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.28.27.

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Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych odgrywa fundamentalną rolę w amerykańskim porządku ustrojowym, a formułowane przezeń rozstrzygnięcia wywierają ogromny wpływ na prawne, polityczne, społeczne i ekonomiczne oblicze USA. Jednym z najważniejszych punktów spornych w dyskursie aksjologiczno-prawnym w Stanach Zjednoczonych w ciągu ostatnich dekad była kwestia konstytucyjnego prawa/roszczenia osób o orientacji homoseksualnej do równego traktowania. Artykuł analizuje w tym kontekście trzy orzeczenia SN, to jest Bowers vs. Hardwick uprawomocnienie penalizacji konsensualnej aktywności seksualnej, Lawrence vs. Texas refutacja poprzedniego rozstrzygnięcia oraz Obergefell vs. Hodges konstytucjonalizacja prawa osób tej samej płci do zawierania związków małżeńskich. Autor formułuje zarazem — na podstawie powyższej analizy — generalne hipotezy dotyczące związku pomiędzy rzeczywistością społeczną czy też polityczną a interpretacjami ustaw zasadniczych werbalizowanymi przez sądy konstytucyjne. Between criminalization of homosexual activity and constitutionalization of same-sex marriage — some remarks on the role of the Supreme Court in the United StatesThe Supreme Court of the United States plays a fundamental role in the American political system; its decisions exert a crucial influence on the legal, political, social and economic reality in the United States. One of the most important and contentious points in the legal and axiological discourse in the United States for the past three decades has been the question of the constitutional right/claim of homosexuals to equal treatment and equal protection of laws. The article analyzes in this context three landmark cases, i.e. Bowers v. Hardwick the legitimization of the penalization of consensual sexual activity with respect to homosexuals, Lawrence v. Texas the abolition of the previous decision and Obergefell v. Hodges the constitutionalization of the right to same-sex marraiges. The article formulates — on the basis of this analysis — certain general hypotheses regarding the relations between the social and political reality and interpretations of constitutions issues by constitutional courts.

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Draz, Marie. "From Duration to Self-Identification?" TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-7771751.

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Abstract This article examines the temporal politics of the 2017 California Gender Recognition Act (CGRA). The author first offers a brief history of the dominant temporal requirements for “gender recognition” in prior legislation around sex/gender markers on identity documents in the United States and United Kingdom, focusing on how this legislation places temporal boundaries around legitimate gender identity. Then, turning directly to the CGRA, the author asks to what extent the act's emphasis on self-identification revises or intervenes in these prior conceptualizations of time and identity by the state administration of sex/gender systems. The article closes with an exploration of the temporality of identity documentation itself, speculating about how this legislation might be placed more directly into conversation with the role of time in colonial and racial state building.

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Elias, Vicky L., Andrew S. Fullerton, and Joseph M. Simpson. "Long-Term Changes in Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex in the United States: Reexamining the Role of Cohort Replacement." Journal of Sex Research 52, no. 2 (September 2, 2013): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.798610.

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Storz, Maximilian Andreas, Kai Beckschulte, Maria Brommer, and Mauro Lombardo. "Current Sex Distribution of Cooking and Food Shopping Responsibilities in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182840.

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Home cooking is an important obesity prevention strategy and associated with benefits for diet and health. Although cooking may be a joyful act of mindfulness, it also requires planning, preparation and time. Historically, women have been more likely to fulfill the role of food shopping and cooking. More recent studies suggested a transition in traditional household role assignments towards a larger involvement of males. This study examined the current sex distribution of cooking and food shopping responsibilities in the United States of America based on a nationally representative sample of 9078 citizens from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2017–2020). More than 80% of women aged 25 years or older indicated that they were the person who did most of the planning/preparing of meals in their families, whereas the percentage of males responding affirmatively was substantially lower, ranging from 38.73% to 43.20% depending on age. Analyses on food shopping duties revealed a comparable distribution. In multivariate regression, female sex was associated with significantly higher odds of being the main food shopper/meal preparer in the family (OR: 4.82 (4.14–5.60) and 5.54 (4.60–6.67), respectively). Our data suggest that the majority of food shopping and cooking duties are still performed by women, which has important implications for public health nutrition initiatives.

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Hill, Jacob E., Madison L. Miller, James L. Helton, Richard B. Chipman, Amy T. Gilbert, James C. Beasley, Guha Dharmarajan, and Olin E. Rhodes. "Raccoon spatial ecology in the rural southeastern United States." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): e0293133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293133.

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The movement ecology of raccoons varies widely across habitats with important implications for the management of zoonotic diseases such as rabies. However, the spatial ecology of raccoons remains poorly understood in many regions of the United States, particularly in the southeast. To better understand the spatial ecology of raccoons in the southeastern US, we investigated the role of sex, season, and habitat on monthly raccoon home range and core area sizes in three common rural habitats (bottomland hardwood, upland pine, and riparian forest) in South Carolina, USA. From 2018–2022, we obtained 264 monthly home ranges from 46 raccoons. Mean monthly 95% utilization distribution (UD) sizes ranged from 1.05 ± 0.48 km2 (breeding bottomland females) to 5.69 ± 3.37 km2 (fall riparian males) and mean monthly 60% UD sizes ranged from 0.25 ± 0.15 km2 (breeding bottomland females) to 1.59 ± 1.02 km2 (summer riparian males). Males maintained home range and core areas ~2–5 times larger than females in upland pine and riparian habitat throughout the year, whereas those of bottomland males were only larger than females during the breeding season. Home ranges and core areas of females did not vary across habitats, whereas male raccoons had home ranges and core areas ~2–3 times larger in upland pine and riparian compared to bottomland hardwood throughout much of the year. The home ranges of males in upland pine and riparian are among the largest recorded for raccoons in the United States. Such large and variable home ranges likely contribute to elevated risk of zoonotic disease spread by males in these habitats. These results can be used to inform disease mitigation strategies in the southeastern United States.

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Smit, Tanya, Hannah Olofsson, Pamella Nizio, Lorra Garey, and Michael J. Zvolensky. "Pain severity and e-cigarette health literacy: the moderating role of sex." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 13 (January 2019): 117822181989707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819897070.

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Although electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased among adults in the United States, there is still little knowledge of factors that may influence e-cigarette use or beliefs about use. Prior research suggests that health literacy plays an important role in e-cigarette beliefs, including perceived benefits and risks of e-cigarette use, as well as e-cigarette dependence. Yet, limited work has examined risk factors of poor e-cigarette health literacy. From a biopsychological perspective, sex and pain severity represent two constructs that may impact e-cigarette health literacy. To date, however, no research has investigated differences in e-cigarette health literacy across pain, sex, or their interrelation. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effect of pain severity and sex on e-cigarette health literacy. Participants included 319 current, adult e-cigarette users (60.5% female, Mage = 36.82 years, SD = 10.62). Findings supported a significant pain by sex interaction, such that pain related to e-cigarette health literacy among women ( b = .10, SE = .03, P < .001), but not men ( b = .01, SE = .03, P = .60). The present findings suggest that pain may uniquely impact the degree to which women, but not men, seek and understand information on e-cigarettes.

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de la Rúa-Domènech, Ricardo, Hussni O. Mohammed, Edward R. Atwill, John F. Cummings, Thomas J. Divers, Brian A. Summers, Alexander deLahunta, and Cindy Jackson. "Epidemiologic evidence for clustering of equine motor neuron disease in the United States." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.11.1433.

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Abstract Objective To examine the regional variations in the distribution of equine motor neuron disease (emnd) in the United States and the factors that might explain those variations. Design Cluster investigation and case-control study. Sample population The study population consisted of 97 horses with histopathologically confirmed emnd and 698 controls with diagnosis of other spinal cord disorders at 21 US veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base. Procedure The total horse population of the United States was divided into 21 regions, and the regional incidence rates of emnd from January 1985 through January 1995 were estimated. Moran's index of spatial autocorrelation was calculated to test for spatial clustering of the disease. The 21 regions were then joined in broader areas according to the similarity of their emnd rates by means of the cluster analysis statistical technique. Finally, the role of potential confounding factors (age at diagnosis, month of diagnosis, breed, and sex) in the present distribution of emnd was assessed, using logistic regression analysis. Results Differences in estimated rates across the 21 regions resulted in a strong pattern of spatial clustering of emnd in the United States. The geographic units were grouped into 5 risk regions, with the gradient of emnd incidence rates increasing from the western states (almost 0 cases/1,000,000 horse-years) toward New England (20.78 cases/1,000,000 horse-years). Reported risk factors of emnd (age, breed) and other extraneous factors (sex, month of diagnosis) could not explain the observed geographic variations of disease rates. Nevertheless, there is evidence of some confounding attributable to age and breed. Conclusions Although the mechanism responsible for the clustering of emnd in northeastern states is still unexplained, it is not an epiphenomenon caused by regional differences in the distribution of the factors investigated.

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Bollman, Stephan R., Walter R. Schumm, Margaret A. Bugaighis, and Anthony P. Jurich. "Family Members' Perceptions of Actual and Ideal Maternal Roles as a Function of Maternal Employment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (August 1988): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.185.

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Using Arnott's 1972 scale, ideal and actual maternal sex-role attitudes were assessed for father, mother, and an adolescent family member in 181 rural and urban families from the midwestern United States. Although family members' perceptions of the attitudes were significantly and positively correlated, adolescents were significantly less traditional than their parents, and mothers less traditional than fathers. For all family members, ideal and actual maternal roles were closest when mothers were actually employed part-time. Furthermore, family members agreed more on mother's actual role (both in terms of high correlations and smaller mean differences) than on mother's ideal role.

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Fox, Kathryn J. "Contextualizing the Policy and Pragmatics of Reintegrating Sex Offenders." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215574711.

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As sanctions for those convicted of sex offenses have increased over recent years, the risk for reoffense presented by social isolation increases. Because most jurisdictions struggle with how best to manage and reintegrate sex offenders, this study analyzes bureaucratic and contextual issues with arranging community-based reintegration programs. Specifically, this qualitative, process-oriented study examines and compares Circles of Support & Accountability (CoSA) programs from the United States (specifically, Vermont) and New Zealand. CoSAs provide support for medium- to high-risk sex offenders as they are released to communities. The programs are compared with regard to their structures, the relationship to Corrections, the role of communities, and core members’ reentry challenges. The implications of each configuration are explored. As most of the existing research on CoSAs is focused on recidivism, and as the U.S. federal government is expanding the use of CoSA, this article fills a void in our understanding of the role that communities can play in reintegrating sexual offenders and how program structures shape reentry.

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Lashway, Stephanie G., Robin B. Harris, Leslie V. Farland, Mary Kay O’Rourke, and Leslie K. Dennis. "Age and Cohort Trends of Malignant Melanoma in the United States." Cancers 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 3866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153866.

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The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States is increasing, possibly due to changes in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure due to lifestyle or increased awareness and diagnosis of melanoma. To determine if more recent birth cohorts experience higher rates of melanoma as they age, we examined age and birth cohort trends in the United States stratified by anatomic site and cancer type (in situ vs. malignant) of the melanoma diagnosed from 1975–2017. Poisson regression of cutaneous melanoma cases per population for 1975–2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries was used to estimate age adjusted incidence for five-year birth cohorts restricted to Whites, ages 15–84. The rate of melanoma incidence across birth cohorts varies by anatomic site and sex. Melanomas at all anatomic sites continue to increase, except for head and neck melanomas in men. Much of the increase in malignant melanoma is driven by cases of thin (<1.5 mm) lesions. While increased skin exams may contribute to the increased incidence of in situ and thin melanoma observed across birth cohorts, the shifts in anatomic site of highest melanoma incidence across birth cohorts suggest changes in UVR exposure may also play a role.

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Martin, Scott B., Peggy A. Richardson, Karen H. Weiller, and Allen W. Jackson. "Role Models, Perceived Sport Encouragement, and Sport Expectancies of United States Adolescent Athletes and Their Parents." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 13, no. 1 (April 2004): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.13.1.18.

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During the past decade females have had more opportunities to participate in sports at various levels than ever before. These opportunities and the recognition received due to their success may have changed peoples’ views regarding same-sex role models, perceived parental encouragement, and expectations of success. Thus, the purpose of the study was to explore role models, perceived encouragement to participate in youth sport from parents, and sport expectations of adolescent athletes and their parents living in the United States of America. A questionnaire was administered to 426 adolescent athletes who competed in youth sport leagues and to one parent within each family unit (n=426). Chi square analysis indicated significant relationships between athletes’ gender and the gender of their role model and between parents’ gender and the gender of their role model (p = .0001). DM MANOVA revealed a significant multivariate difference for adolescent athletes and their parents on the questions concerning expectations for future athletic success. Post hoc analyses indicated that the athletes were more likely than their parents to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, or professional levels. In addition, boys were more likely than girls to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, and professional levels.

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Searles, Veronica B., Morgan A. Valley, Holly Hedegaard, and Marian E. Betz. "Suicides in Urban and Rural Counties in the United States, 2006–2008." Crisis 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000224.

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Background: Suicide rates are higher in rural areas. It has been hypothesized that inadequate access to care may play a role, but studies examining individual decedent characteristics are lacking. Aims: We sought to characterize the demographic, socioeconomic, and mental health features of individual suicide decedents by urban–rural residence status. Method: We analyzed suicides in 16 states using 2006–2008 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System and examined associations between decedent residence type and suicide variables with separate logistic regressions adjusted for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results: Of 17,504 analyzed suicides, 78% were in urban, 15% in rural adjacent, and 8% in rural nonadjacent locations. Rural decedents were less likely than urban decedents to have a mental health diagnosis or mental health care, although the prevalence of depressed moods appeared similar. Most suicides were by firearm, and rural decedents were more likely than urban decedents to have used a firearm. Conclusion: Rural decedents were less likely to be receiving mental health care and more likely to use firearms to commit suicide. A better understanding of geographic patterns of suicide may aid prevention efforts.

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O’Brien, Jennifer E., and Wen Li. "The role of the internet in the grooming, exploitation, and exit of United States domestic minor sex trafficking victims." Journal of Children and Media 14, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2019.1688668.

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Warnock, Julia K., and C. Faye Biggs. "Reproductive Life Events and Sexual Functioning in Women: Case Reports." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 3 (March 2003): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900024421.

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AbstractAre reproductive life events in women associated with an increased risk of sexual dysfunction? Female sexual dysfunction effects up to 40% of women in the United States between 18 and 59 years of age. Sexual dysfunction may be accompanied by fluctuations in gonadal hormone secretion, making women more vulnerable to sexual symptoms, especially during times of reproductive life events. Reproductive life events, such as the use of birth control pills, various phases of the menstrual cycles, postpartum and lactation states, and perimenopause, are highly correlated with changes in sex steroids. As an understanding of the role of sex steroids on sexual functioning is elucidated, clinicians will be able to offer more specific and effective treatment options for women during various phases of reproductive life. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the unique clinical considerations that a clinician must consider when treating the biologic component of female sexual dysfunction.

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Rowley, Alison. "An Ephemeral Look at Russian Anarchist Life in the United States." Slavonic and East European Review 102, no. 1 (January 2024): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.00003.

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Abstract: In September 1915, San Francisco resident Ernest Kundy received a picture postcard from an unnamed correspondent. Produced by the Anarchist Red Cross of Detroit, the postcard featured a depiction of the Bloody Sunday massacre which sparked Russia’s 1905 revolution and served as one of the most important episodes in the history of revolutionary martyrdom. By examining every aspect of the postcard this article reveals, layer by layer, its connections to Russian anarchist life in the United States. The article begins by analysing the image on the front, explaining how illustrations like the one in question by Fortunino Matania were turned into widely disseminated postcards that spread revolutionary messages well beyond Russian borders. Turning to the information on the back, the article next explores the history of the Anarchist Red Cross in the US and the role that it played in keeping anarchism alive for recent immigrants from Russia. Then the links between the sender’s handwritten message and an area of Chicago that features prominently in histories of immigrant life, the settlement movement and the US labour movement — Halsted Street — are considered. Finally, the connections between the recipient’s family and a 1915 bank robbery in California serve as a window into the history of Russian anarchist circles on the American West Coast.

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Yu, Mimi C., Jian-Min Yuan, Sugantha Govindarajan, and Ronald K. Ross. "Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 8 (2000): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/371801.

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Although rare in Canada and the United States, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the eighth most common cancer in the world. High-risk regions are East and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Independent of race and geography, rates in men are at least two to three times those in women; this sex ratio is more pronounced in high-risk regions. Rates of HCC in the United States have increased by 70% over the past two decades. Registry data in Canada and Western Europe show similar trends. In contrast, the incidence of HCC in Singapore and Shanghai, China, both high-risk regions, has declined steadily over the past two decades. Among white and black Americans, there is an inverse relationship between social class status and HCC incidence. Chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is by far the most important risk factor for HCC in humans. It is estimated that 80% of HCC worldwide is etiologically associated with HBV. In the United States, although the infection rate in the general population is low, HBV is estimated to account for one in four cases of HCC among non-Asians. Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus is another important risk factor for HCC in the United States; however, this virus is believed to play a relatively minor role in the development of HCC in Africa and Asia. Dietary aflatoxin exposure is an important codeterminant of HCC risk in Africa and parts of Asia. In Canada and the United States, excessive alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use in women also are risk factors for HCC.

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Brooks, Thomas R., Stephen Reysen, and Jennifer Shaw. "Smashing back Doors in: Negative Attitudes toward Bottoms within the Gay Community." World Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v4n2p129.

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In the current study, we examined the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and negative attitudes toward effeminacy with prejudice toward sex-role identities in the gay community. Participants recruited from LGBTQA+ student groups from across the United States, completed measures related to their adherence toward hegemonic masculinity, attitudes toward effeminacy, and opinions about bottoms (men who prefer to be penetrated during anal intercourse). The results showed, first, established evidence that a prejudice toward bottoms does exist. Second, anti-effeminacy attitudes, hostile and benevolent sexism, and male toughness norms predicted prejudice toward bottoms. Taken together, the results illuminate both the importance of sex-role identities within the gay community, and marginalization within the community directed toward men who identify as bottoms.

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Paris, Orlando. "The “Fiat 500L” commercial: A journey into Italian style." Semiotica 2019, no. 229 (July 26, 2019): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0010.

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AbstractThis essay will analyze a single script, the television commercial that advertises the Fiat 500L in the United States, released in 2013. This commercial has stimulated wide debate both in Italy and the United States. It was generally well received by the press, even if it did attract some criticism on the part of those who simply read it as the latest version of a series of stereotypes of Italian mores. Without neglecting the functional dynamic of advertising (narratological structure and underlying rhetorical devices), this analysis will focus in particular on the decisive role played by Italianness and the Italian language.

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Sullivan, Jennifer C., and Ellen E. Gillis. "Sex and gender differences in hypertensive kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 313, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): F1009—F1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00206.2017.

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Hypertension is a complex, multifaceted disorder, affecting ~1 in 3 adults in the United States. Although hypertension occurs in both men and women, there are distinct sex differences in the way in which they develop hypertension, with women having a lower incidence of hypertension until the sixth decade of life. Despite observed sex differences in hypertension, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension in females, primarily because of their underrepresentation in both clinical and experimental animal studies. The first goal of this review is to provide a concise overview of the participation of women in clinical trials, including a discussion of the importance of including females in basic science research, as recently mandated by the National Institutes of Health. The remaining portion of the review is dedicated to identifying clinical and experimental animal studies that concentrate on gender and sex differences in hypertensive kidney disease, ending with a proposed role for T cells in mediating sex differences in blood pressure.

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Preston, Samuel H., Yana C. Vierboom, and Andrew Stokes. "The role of obesity in exceptionally slow US mortality improvement." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716802115.

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Recent studies have described a reduction in the rate of improvement in American mortality. The pace of improvement is also slow by international standards. This paper attempts to identify the extent to which rising body mass index (BMI) is responsible for reductions in the rate of mortality improvement in the United States. The data for this study were obtained from subsequent cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994; NHANES continuous, 1999–2010) and from the NHANES linked mortality files, which include follow-up into death records through December 2011. The role of BMI was estimated using Cox models comparing mortality trends in the presence and absence of adjustment for maximum lifetime BMI (Max BMI). Introducing Max BMI into a Cox model controlling for age and sex raised the annual rate of mortality decline by 0.54% (95% confidence interval 0.45–0.64%). Results were robust to the inclusion of other variables in the model, to differences in how Max BMI was measured, and to how trends were evaluated. The effect of rising Max BMI is large relative to international mortality trends and to alternative mortality futures simulated by the Social Security Administration. The increase in Max BMI over the period 1988–2011 is estimated to have reduced life expectancy at age 40 by 0.9 years in 2011 (95% confidence interval 0.7–1.1 years) and accounted for 186,000 excess deaths that year. Rising levels of BMI have prevented the United States from enjoying the full benefits of factors working to improve mortality.

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Ferris, Jason, Cheneal Puljević, Florian Labhart, Adam Winstock, and Emmanuel Kuntsche. "The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz040.

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Abstract Aims This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries. Methods Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries. Results The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Conclusions Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.

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Schaaf, Christian P. "Genetic counseling and the role of genetic counselors in the United States." Medizinische Genetik 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/medgen-2021-2054.

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Abstract Genetic counselors represent an indispensable, well-established, and well-integrated group of healthcare providers in the field of genetic and genomic medicine in the United States. They work with other members of the healthcare team to provide information and support to individuals and families concerned with genetic disorders. With more than 5,000 certified genetic counselors in the U.S. and an expected growth of 100 % over the next decade, genetic counseling represents one of the fastest-growing professions in the U.S. Genetic counselors work in clinical environments (e. g., hospitals), in companies (e. g., genetic testing firms), and as consultants to medical practices and others. Twenty-six states license genetic counselors as practitioners who can bill independently, with licensure applications underway in the remaining 24 states. Physicians, genetic counselors, and diagnosticians represent the three pillars of comprehensive, integrated genomic medical care. Within this triad, genetic counselors see their primary role in procuring and interpreting family and medical histories, assessing inheritance, quantifying chances of recurrence, facilitating decision-making regarding genetic testing options, and explaining the results of such testing to the respective individuals within the greater context of their families.

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Shreffler, Karina M., Stacy Tiemeyer, Zachary Giano, Kami L. Gallus, Ronald B. Cox, and Michael J. Merten. "Trauma and Early Adolescent Perceptions About Sex and Parenthood: The Mediating Role of Anger Regulation." Youth & Society 52, no. 8 (November 23, 2018): 1414–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x18814051.

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Using a population-based sample of 1,311 seventh graders in an urban school district in the South Central United States, we examined the associations between early-life trauma, anger regulation, and early adolescent perceptions about sex and parenthood. Girls and boys with more trauma exposure were more likely to perceive adolescent parenthood as ideal for them (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29, p < .01 and OR = 1.24, p < .01, respectively). Childhood trauma was also associated with increased perceived pressure to have sex for both girls and boys (OR = 1.23, p < .001 and OR = 1.22, p < .001) and to have a baby (OR = 1.51, p < .001 and OR = 1.46, p < .001). Anger regulation mediated the association between childhood trauma and perceiving teen parenthood as ideal for both girls and boys, but not of felt pressures. Our results suggest that anger regulation skills may offer insight for trauma-informed adolescent pregnancy prevention efforts and these efforts need to begin early, before adolescents start engaging in risky behaviors.

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Markova, E. A. "US - Azerbaijan Relations in Caspian region (90s of the XX century)." Post-Soviet Issues 8, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-2-288-296.

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The collapse of the USSR resulted for Azerbaijan to pursue an independent foreign policy. Azerbaijan focused on establishing and furthering relations with Western states, primarily, with the United States. Official Baku considered the United States as an important partner to provide support for the economic development and production of hydrocarbon resources. On the other side, the United States also increased its focus on Azerbaijan due to the favorable geographical position of the Caspian state and the pro-Western attitude of its political elite. The US counted on taking advantage of Azerbaijan to change the flow of oil, which was supposed to be produced in the future. The United States played a decisive role in expanding Azerbaijan's cooperation with Western oil companies, which headed for the shores of the Caspian Sea. As a result, the Azerbaijani-American cooperation in the 90s of the XX century led Baku to chose the western direction in exporting its hydrocarbon resources as the principal one. In addition, under the US influence, Azerbaijan took a tough position on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea. Cooperation between the United States and Azerbaijan has had a great impact on the situation in the region, relations with Russia and the other Caspian states.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex role – United States'

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