Journal articles on the topic 'Sex role – History – 18th century'
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1
Pichigin, Pavel V. "History of the Ecclesiastical Seminary Library in Ryazan (18th cent.)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2010-0-2-100-104.
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The article is related to the history of creation and development of the Riazan Ecclesiastical Seminary and its library in the 18-th century. The materials of the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents (RSAAD), State Archive of the Ryazan Region and other sources are used in it. This let to see the position of the Ecclesiastical Seminary Library in the history of the national enlightenment as well as the role of charity in the formation of the library collections of this educational institution. The author for the first time introduces the document — “The book catalogue of the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary Library” (“Katalog knig biblioteki Ryazanskoi dukhovnoi seminarii”) for scientific use. The article is of interest for historians, library scientists, experts in the Russian charity history.
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Çevi̇kel, Nuri. "Ayâns in the Ottoman Cyprus in the Second Half of the 18th Century." Belleten 72, no. 264 (August 1, 2008): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2008.567.
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A process of fluctuation was experienced at the expense of the Muslim - non-Muslim reayah living in the Province of Cyprus exclusively in 17501800 A.D. In this period, along with the natural calamities like earthquakes, plagues, droughts and the likes, appeared other factors to play a decisive role in the case. One of the most important of them was a progression of "decentralization". It first appeared in the late sixteenth century as a result of inner and outer political, social and economic conditions, developed in the following century and widely spread all over the Ottoman Empire by the second half of the eighteenth century. Consequently, the proccss led the Ottoman central governments to lose or share its authority in provinces with newly emerged local powers called "ayans". To study the repercussions of the process, main subject of this writing, will obviously help someone to understand satisfactorily the history of Cyprus under the Ottoman rule, and grasp the whole picture of the conversions like that "process of decentralization". By this study one can also see determining to what extent and how those changings were tested in provinces is inevitable for clarifying the essence of the transitions which influenced the whole empire.
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Dodsworth, Francis Martin. "Habit, the Criminal Body and the Body Politic in England, c. 1700–1800." Body & Society 19, no. 2-3 (May 22, 2013): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x12474476.
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This article explores the role that ‘habit’ played in discourses on crime in the 18th century, a subject which forms an important part of the history of ‘the social’. It seeks to bridge the division between ‘liberal’ positions which see crime as a product of social circumstance, and the conservative position which stresses the role of will and individual responsibility, by drawing attention to the role habit played in uniting these conceptions in the 18th century. It argues that the Lockean idea that the mind was a tabula rasa, and that the character was thereby formed through impression and habit, was used as a device to explain the ways in which certain individuals rather than others happened to fall into a life of crime, a temptation to which all were susceptible. This allowed commentators to define individuals as responsible for their actions, while accepting the significance of environmental factors in their transgressions. Further, the notion that the character was formed through habit enabled reformers to promote the idea that crime could be combated through mechanisms of prevention and reformation, which both targeted the individual criminal and sought more generally to reduce the likelihood of crime.
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Romina, Liliya, and Olga Myakokina. "NATURAL FEATURES AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS OF THE CURONIAN SPIT ECOSYSTEM FORMATION." LIFE OF THE EARTH 43, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2030.0514-7468.2020_43_2/248-257.
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The article shows history of the unique eolian coastal-marine complexes of the Curonian Spit development. The leading role of the Baltic Sea sea level fluctuations and wind activity in the formation of the spit is emphasized. Attention is paid to the territory development resuted in almost total destruction of the vegetion cover and transformation of the Curonian Spit into a sandy desert by the end of the 18th century. A variety of nature conservation measures to create the cultural landscape of the peninsula is highlighted. A modern landscape structure of the Curonian Spit is presented. The spit has the status of a National Park and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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Romaschko, Sergej A. "Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit." Historiographia Linguistica 18, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1991): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.18.2-3.04rom.
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Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.
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Fitzgerald, Timothy. "Japan, Religion, History, Nation." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060490.
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I connect the invention of Japanese ‘religion’ since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese ‘religion’ had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new ‘investment’ opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on ‘progress’ transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called ‘religion’ as distinct from government, ‘politics’ or ‘science’ was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of ‘the Past’ in universal Time. I argue here that the invention of the Past by professional Historians has a significant role in transforming modern inventions such as ‘religion’ and the secular categories into the inherent and universal order of things, as though they have always been everywhere. I reveal this on-going process of ideological reproduction by close readings of some recent ‘histories of Japan’ and the way they uncritically construct ‘the Past’ in the terms of contemporary configurations.
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Klifman, Harm. "Dutch language study and the trivium." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.05kli.
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Summary In the history of European linguistics the 16th century is known as the century in which the vernacular languages of the countries above the Alps and the Pyrenees were discovered as objects of language study. The first grammars of the Dutch language appeared in this period. The study of grammar of the Dutch language took place within the context of a continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular. As a consequence the historiographer must take into account this context and the traditional relation of grammar to dialectic and to rhetoric respectively. The first complete trivium in Dutch appeared during 1584–87, the last one in 1648–49. In the period in between, several reprints and editions in the separate disciplines, appeared. The reason for continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular should be explained from various circumstances. First, it was the only intellectual tradition on which the contributors to the Dutch trivium could draw. This explains for instance that the structure of the Dutch grammars is based on that of the Latin grammars. Second, Latin grammar was taken to fulfill a heuristic function in the exploration of the vernacular. Not only is the formal context of the Latin trivium model important, but also the historical pedagogical triad of ars, natura and exercitatio played an important role, especially with respect to the criteria of grammaticalness in the Dutch language. The history of the trivium was always strongly connected with the history of education. For this reason it is not surprising to see that the contributors to the Dutch trivium hoped that their work would replace the Latin school curriculum. This did not happen, however. Nevertheless, their work laid the foundations for the study of the Dutch language on which the 18th century grammarians were to build their monumental studies.
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PASHIN, Sergey S. "ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE COGNOMEN OF IVAN KALITA." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 3 (2021): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-3-87-102.
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The article is devoted to the etymology of the Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita’s cognomen. The cognomen “Kalita” was first recorded around 1446 in the appendix to the Komissionnyj copy of the Novgorod First Chronicle. However, the article “Genealogy of the same princes” with this cognomen could be created in 1415-1439 and have a North-Eastern Rus’ origin. Thus, Ivan Kalita first received the cognomen only 100 years after his death. With the gradual spread of princely genealogies in Russia, the cognomen was perceived by three (or four) scribes of the 16th century. By chance, almost all the texts of the 16th century with the mention of “Kalita” — the appendix of the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, The Book of degrees of the royal genealogy and the Volokolamsk Paterik (through the “Core of Russian History”) — were published in the second half of the 18th century and became available to historians, including N. M. Karamzin. The authority and fame of N. M. Karamzin played a decisive role in securing the cognomen “Kalita” for Prince Ivan Danilovich in the minds of most historians and ordinary readers alike. The historians of the 19th century followed the hagiographic tradition and believed that Ivan Kalita got his cognomen for the fact that he wore a purse (kalita) filled with money on his belt, which he distributed to beggars. The historians of the 20th-21th centuries usually perceive the cognomen “kalita” in a figurative sense and see in its carrier not an owner of a purse on a belt, but a ruler with certain character traits — thrift, unscrupulousness, etc. This prevents an objective assessment of the policy and personal qualities of Ivan Danilovich.
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Toropygina, M. V. "On the history of the Japanese book: Two illustrated woodcut editions of the <i>Seiashō (Notes by a Frog from a Well)</i> by poet Tonna (1289–1372)." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2022-2-28-47.
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Secular book printing began to spread in Japan since the beginning of the 17th century. From the middle of the 17th century, woodcut was completely dominant. The repertoire of publications was wide, including old texts written long before the Tokugawa period. Since commercial printing assumed that the book would be bought, only relevant old texts were published. The printed edition significantly expanded the circle of readers of the book. The Seiashō (Notes by a Frog from a Well) by Tonna (1289–1372) belongs to the karon genre (treatises on poetry) and is a guide for aspiring poets writing waka (Japanese songs). The text was published for the first time in 1648 and the first illustrated edition appeared in 1686, reprinted in 1709. The illustrator is considered to be Hishikawa Moronobu (1618–1694), although the book does not contain the artist’s name. The second illustrated edition dates back to 1752. This edition uses illustrations by Tachibana Morikuni (1679–1748). In both editions, illustrations are made on separate sheets, occupying a whole page. The illustrations are monochrome and include a drawing (a landscape illustrating the text of the poem) and an inscription of the poem at the top. An analysis and comparison of these two editions makes it possible to see some trends related to both printing itself and a number of more general cultural issues. The understanding of authorship receives a «visible» embodiment: in the first edition, neither the author of the text, nor the artist are identified, while the colophon of the second edition contains the names of both. During the time that has elapsed between the release of these two editions, the role of illustrations has grown significantly. The edition of the end of the 17th century contains 24 illustrations, and the book was made in such a way that it can exist in a version without illustrations; there, illustrations play a supporting role. The edition of the mid-18th century contains 80 illustrations, and they can be distributed in the text of the book or concentrated in one place, making this edition close to the e-hon books.
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Filinyuk, Anatoly. "Right-Bank Ukraine in the politics of Russia and Austria on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the eighteenth century." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.181-198.
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The purpose of the study is to fi nd out the place of Right-Bank Ukraine in the policy of Russia and Austria on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late eighteenth century. Th e methodological basis of the study is the approach of “cross” / “intertwined” history, which involves the study of long-term relationships, transfers, contacts and confl icts between states, societies, nations and cultures; the complex application of the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematics, as well the as comparative-historical, historical-chronological, analytical-synthetic and other methods helped to ensure the understanding and comprehensive disclosure of the little-studied topic. Th e scientifi c novelty of the work is that for the fi rst time through the prism of transnational, interconnected history the question of the place and role of the lands of Right-Bank Ukraine in the relations of tsarist Russia with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century and its foreign policy autocracy and the government of the Austrian Empire, oriented to the south-west and south of Europe, at the center of which was the Commonwealth. Th e urgency of the problem is evidenced by the fact that in both Russian and Polish historiography, the study of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remains relevant, including at the last stage of its independent existence. In this regard, the need for Russians to be more fully aware of the repressiveness of the empire, the descendants of which they position themselves in both positive and negative terms, is urgent. Conclusions. The study has shown that due to the changes in interstate relations in Europe and the transformations of the geopolitical position of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late eighteenth century, caused by Russia’s victories in the wars against the Ottoman Empire, the focus of the foreign policy of the Russian autocracy and the imperial government of Austria were both the territory of Poland itself and the Right-Bank lands, which were part of it. Th e change in Russia’s foreign policy vector in the southwestern direction of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and significant interest in the geopolitical opportunities of Right-Bank Ukraine led to its broad involvement in domestic and foreign policy in the context of relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria.
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WAN, Yan-Hai, and Yan ER. "同性愛先天性初探." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.11355.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文討論了關於同性愛是先天形成還是後天形成的爭論，介紹了近年來有關同性愛與腦部結構相關性的研究結果，這些結果在一定程度上支持了同性愛先天性的論點，討論了對這些研究結果的爭議，以及同性愛者的反響。文章涉及研究同性愛的若干理論和方法論問題。Homosexuality exists in all times, all countries, all ethnic groups and all social classes. A survey shows that 2% of married men and women have homosexual experiences. It is a controversial issue on what causes a human being to be a homosexual. Many traditional behaviourists claims that homosexuality is a result of going astray in the course of growth and development. Although homosexuality has been excluded from mental illness by psychologists, but the public including a part of homosexuals themselves still think homosexuality perverse. But the majority of homosexuality maintain that homosexuality is not a choice, nor a disease, but a personal identity.The biological study on homosexuality began in the 18th century. In 1989 psychiatrists concluded that personal life in various aspects is determined by biological, familial, social and cultural factors of various kinds, sex orientation is a part of personal life, homosexuality is formed by more than one factor. But the dispute on nature v. nurture on homosexuality is still not solved: whether homosexuality is determined by environment or genetics.The findings of biological studies on homosexuality, especially on the correlation between homosexuality and brain structure in 1990s seem to s how that homosexuality is determined by genetic factor or at least influenced by this factor. But it cannot be ignored that the environment and psychological dynamics mechanism play a certain role in it. However, these findings caused further controversy. People with different sex orientation seem to make different interpretation of these findings. Somebody worries about that if homosexual gene is identified one day, this gene will be corrected by gene therapy, or the fetus with this gene will be aborted. Anyway, homosexuality is not simply preprogrammed, but a complex embodiment of one's value and personality. Gene is a only part of it, but not its whole.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 30 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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STRNAD, Grażyna. "Feminizm amerykański trzeciej fali – zmiana i kontynuacja." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2011.16.2.2.
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The history of American women fighting for equal rights dates back to the 18th century, when in Boston, in 1770, they voiced the demand that the status of women be changed. Abigail Adams, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke and Frances Wright are considered to have pioneered American feminism. An organized suffrage movement is assumed to have originated at the convention Elizabeth Stanton organized in Seneca Falls in 1848. This convention passed a Declaration of Sentiments, which criticized the American Declaration of Independence as it excluded women. The most prominent success achieved in this period was the US Congress passing the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote. The 1960s saw the second wave of feminism, resulting from disappointment with the hitherto promotion of equality. The second-wave feminists claimed that the legal reforms did not provide women with the changes they expected. As feminists voiced the need to feminize the world, they struggled for social customs to change and gender stereotypes to be abandoned. They criticized the patriarchal model of American society, blaming this model for reducing the social role of women to that of a mother, wife and housewife. They pointed to patriarchal ideology, rather than nature, as the source of the inequality of sexes. The leading representatives of the second wave of feminism were Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization for Women), Kate Millet (who wrote Sexual Politics), and Shulamith Firestone (the author of The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution). The 1990s came to be called the third wave of feminism, characterized by multiple cultures, ethnic identities, races and religions, thereby becoming a heterogenic movement. The third-wave feminists, Rebecca Walker and Bell Hooks, represented groups of women who had formerly been denied the right to join the movement, for example due to racial discrimination. They believed that there was not one ‘common interest of all women’ but called for leaving no group out in the fight for the equality of women’s rights. They asked that the process of women’s emancipation that began with the first wave embrace and approve of the diversity of the multiethnic American society.
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Balme, Christopher B. "Sexual Spectacles Theatricality and the Performance of Sex in Early Encounters in the Pacific." TDR/The Drama Review 44, no. 4 (December 2000): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/10542040051058483.
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When Europeans first arrived in Tahiti in the mid-18th century, they were sometimes greeted by performances that were aesthetic, ludic, and sexual. These performances of sex constitute another pole to a colonial history otherwise characterized by antagonism and violence.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Price, Richard. "Rainforest villages, eighteenth-century history." Memory Studies 13, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698020943010.
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Based on long term ethnographic work with the Saamaka, and with the benefit of hindsight, this paper unpacks the specific ways in which the descendants of these Suriname Maroons have constructed and transmitted the historical knowledge of their 18th-century ancestors, who escaped slave plantations and confronted the colonial powers from their new settlements in the depth of the forest. In the process, they created an original memory of these historical events— First-Time or Fesiten knowledge—and managed to keep it alive. The article explores the specific ontology, frames and idioms of this historical knowledge, as well as its ideological role, the (dis)connections to hegemonic colonial memory devices, its evolution in time, the ways of transmission, and the memory specialists that have kept and circulated it.
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Daskalaki, Evangelia, Cecilia Anderung, Louise Humphrey, and Anders Götherström. "Further developments in molecular sex assignment: a blind test of 18th and 19th century human skeletons." Journal of Archaeological Science 38, no. 6 (June 2011): 1326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.009.
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Zaretskiy, Yury. "The First Printed Textbook of World History in Russia and Its Readers." ISTORIYA 13, no. 11 (121) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018112-2.
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The article examines the content of the first printed review of world history in Russian and its existence in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. This review, “A Brief Introduction to Any History”, was published in a series of textbooks on various fields of knowledge, compiled by Ilya Kopievsky (ca. 1651 — 1714) and published by order of Peter I in the Amsterdam printing house of Jan Tessing. The circumstances of the appearance of these books and the content of some of them (mainly on linguistics) have long attracted the interest of researchers. However, their role in Peter’s educational project as a whole remains to be understood. In the article, this gap is partially filled by considering the place of Kopievsky’s textbook in the formation of historical enlightenment in Russia. The article examines three interrelated plots: the content of the book; the reading circle on world history in Russia at the turn of the 17th — 18th centuries; the readership of “A Brief Introduction.” In conclusion, it suggests the necessity to reevaluate the place and role of Kopievsky’s textbook in the formation of a “scientific” picture of world history in 18th century Russia.
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Ciappara, Frans. "Parish Priest and Community in 18th-century Malta: Patterns of Conflict." Journal of Early Modern History 9, no. 3 (2005): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006505775008464.
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AbstractThis essay explores the relations between parish priests and their parishioners in eighteenth-century Malta. It argues that pastors did not succeed in governing the community and controlling local religious life. Generally, they were outsiders. This was a great liability since rivalry between villages was intense and the inhabitants were reluctant to admit new people, to whom they were often hostile. But the main reason for the rivalry between the faithful and the pastor was that the people themselves took an active role in the parish. They regarded the office of parish priest as a subservient one for which service they paid the priest handsomely, and provided him with a livelihood. Pastors were to concern themselves only with vital religious services and leave the administration of the parish to the parishioners. The essay also emphasizes that in the struggle with their parish priest the people found the support from the assistant clergy.
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Szabó, Csaba. "The reception of Roman Mithras in Transylvania in the 18th-19th century." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto), no. 37 (September 8, 2022): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2022.6170.
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Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Empire in the late 17th century. Between 1686 and 1848, the region’s urban landscape was radically altered by several large-scale infrastructural and architectural projects that also uncovered a substantial amount of archaeological material from its Roman past. Construction of the Vauban fort and other major urban projects in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg) after 1711 contributed to the creation of the city’s first archaeological collection, established by Ignatius Batthyány in the late 18th century. This paper focuses on the first Mithraic finds from Alba Iulia, the Batthyaneum Library’s valuable collection and the role of Mithraic finds from Apulum in the history of Mithraic studies.
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Geiges, Hansjörg. "Facets of the cultural history of mathematics." European Review 8, no. 4 (October 2000): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700005044.
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This article highlights the position of mathematics within general culture at various stages of the development of Western civilization. Special emphasis is given to the role of mathematics in Greek philosophy, the influence of mathematics on Gothic architecture and the place of mathematics in 17th and 18th century society. Literary quotations illustrate the shifts in the view of mathematics in society.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir N., Natalia A. Sapronova, Yurii M. Goncharov, and Tadeush A. Novogrodski. "Gypsies in Siberia (end of the 18th – 20th century)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2022-2-60-72.
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The history of the Roma in Russia is a poorly studied topic. The article discusses the main stages in the formation and development of the Gypsy community in Siberia during the late 18th – 20th century. The authors came to the conclusion that the main source for the emergence and growth of the number of Roma in the region was migration, in which Belarusian Roma played an important role. On the basis of various sources, a description is given of the measures taken by the authorities in relation to the Roma population, aimed at its homogenisation and integration into the economic and socio-cultural processes in Siberia. However, all campaigns to combat Gypsy vagrancy in the 19th and 20th centuries did not lead to its complete eradication. The repressive steps both in the second quarter of the 19th century and in the 1930s did not help to solve the problem either. Only a part of the Gypsies switched from a traditional to a semi-sedentary way of life. Archival materials from central and regional archives. Most of the documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Penkova, Yana A. "About the history of indefinite pronouns: Quasi-relative constructions with ni budi and ni jest’ in 17th–18th century Russian language." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 18, no. 1 (2021): 114–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2021.107.
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The article deals with quasi-relative constructions with ni budi/ ni jest’ , which were competing in 17th-18th century Russian language and claiming the role of an unspecific indefinite marker. This competition resulted in the victory of the ni budi- construction and grammaticalization of the formant nibud’ in modern Russian. The research was carried out on data taken from the historical module of the Russian National Corpus, as well as from a subcorpus of 18th century texts within the main corpus. Quasi-relative constructions are compared according to the following parameters: frequency, semantic distribution, degree of phraseologization and stylistic features. In the 17th century texts, both constructions show low frequency and occur in a limited range of sources: mainly in documents, as well as in some chronicles and everyday communication. In this period, the grammaticalization process was not complete for both constructions. In 18th century texts, the frequency of quasi-relative constructions with ni budi , unlike ni jest’ , sharply increases. Constructions with ni budi ( nibud’ ) penetrate into various functional domains of literary language, including church literature. Constructions with ni jest’ , on the contrary, were preserved in the 18th century language only as marginal archaisms. The semantics of quasi-relative constructions with ni budi in the period in question differed from nibud’ pronouns in modern Russian. The latter significantly narrowed their semantic scope, having lost the ability to be used as free-choice markers.
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Slozhenikina, Yulia V., and Andrey V. Rastyagaev. "The dispute on the language norm in A.P. Sumarokov’s article “To typographers”." Russian Language Studies 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2020-18-4-469-480.
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The actuality of the undertaken research is conditioned by the necessity to study the role of Russian literature and journalism, separate linguistic programs of the middle of the 18th century in assertion of the main characteristics of the literary standard, which began to take shape in 80 years of this century. The aim of the scientific study is to analyze the similarities and differences between the linguistic theories of A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky, to establish the place of this polemic in the history of Russian literary language of the 18th century, its significance for the formation of the literary standard. The language material is the original text of Sumarokov's article To typographers (K tipografskim naborshhikam), published in the May issue of the journal Trudolyubivaya pchela (1759). The system of views of scholars and writers of the mid-18th century on the Russian language are presented by means of descriptive and comparative methods with revealing the specifics of each language concept. An integral part of the methodology was the observation of the word usage in the texts by A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky. The use of methods of linguoculturology made it possible to present linguistic polemics as a phenomenon of Russian culture. The extra-linguistic method and the method of reconstruction from historical sources were used to establish the phenomena of extra-linguistic reality that influenced the problems of the philological discussion. The results of the research showed that the extra-linguistic reason for writing the article was determined, the tradition of the writers' appealing to the typesetters in the history of domestic printing of the first half of the 18th century was traced, the group of works with which Sumarokov-philologist enters polemics was determined, the main concepts of the article were identified, the position of Sumarokov from the point of view of normalization of graphic, morphological, orthographic practice in the middle of the 18th century was fixed; the article by Sumarokov was considered in accordance with the concept of metatextual unity in the world. The prospects of the research relate to the fundamental theoretical development of the role of 18th century Russian literature in the formation of the Russian literary language standard.
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Hussin, Nordin. "Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830." Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no. 1 (2012): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853112x632566.
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Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.
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Grebennikova, Tatiana G. "The History of Museum Specialisation in Russia." Observatory of Culture, no. 6 (December 28, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2014-0-6-60-65.
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Deals with the Russian museum practices mainly of the 18th and the 19th century. The author analyses a gradual specialisation in private collection building and museums' development, reveals the role of the highly specialised collections and analyses the trend of establishing museums of the complex character exemplified by the Kunstkammer, the Imperial Hermitage Museum, the Fine Arts Academy Museum, the Rumyantsev Museum, and the Russian Museum. In the 19th century, a trend of gradual differentiation and specialisation became obvious which led to establishing dedicated museums and developing a more focused approach to collection building in Russia.
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Ulitova, A. S. "Preposition Repetition in Phrases with Homogeneous Parts of a Sentence in Business Texts of the 18th Century." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-8-171-184.
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The question of dialect differences in the use of homogeneous parts of a sentence and prepositions in business texts of the 18th century is considered. Attention is paid to the factors that influenced the preposition repetition in such groups. The results of comparative analysis of peripheral (in particular, Chelyabinsk) and Moscow business texts of the 18th century are presented. The question is raised whether the syntactic role of words in the group under study affected the preposition repetition. Special attention is paid to the duplication of the preposition in a number of stable expressions typical for the business usage of the 18th century. For the first time, the task is to identify differences in the use of repeated prepositions in business texts that relate to different territories. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that it draws readers’ attention to a new aspect in the history of the formation of Russian language norms. It is proved that in the business texts of the 18th century, which have different origins, territorial affiliation was not a decisive factor. The author points out that along with the place where the document was written, the author’s preferences, the functioning of prepositions in formula expressions, the syntactic role of homogeneous members, and the genre of the document may have influenced the duplication of the preposition.
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Van Hal, Toon. "Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 99–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.04van.
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Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.
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Kinashchuk, O. "UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 11 (December 1, 2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112037.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap.
Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.
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Kratz, E. Ulrich. "Francis Light’s Place in the Trading System of Both Coasts of the Malay Peninsula." Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no. 1 (2012): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853112x632584.
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Abstract Based on a close reading of Malay textual sources, this paper looks at the nature of the trading system in place in the Western Malay World towards the end of the 18th century and in particular the role Francis Light played within this system. Touching on Braudel’s broad concept of world theatre and world economy and on Van Leur’s seminal work on the periodization of Southeast Asian history post-Melaka, the paper intends to challenge established notions of the exercise of power and the nature of economic relations in the Malay World during the late 18th century.
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Fekete, Albert, and Peter Gyori. "Chinese pavilions in the early landscape gardens of Europe." Landscape architecture and art 18 (October 7, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.08.
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The image of China perceived by the Europeans in the 17th to 18th century was based on the travelogues of the travellers and missionaries. Despite the fact that the first descriptions did not include any pictures of the world, people and landscapes described, the far exotic country with its history and tangible heritage became very popular. This article deals with Chinese pavilions (pagodas, teahouses) built in the early European landscape gardens before 1750 without any architectural plans, using only sketches based on descriptions and travelogues, since in the first half of the 18th century, no relevant technical guidance was available yet. The structures reviewed started to be used frequently in European gardens and public parks from 1750’s, having an inevitable influence on the garden pavilions built from the second half of the 18th century, and indirectly to the image and character of some influential gardens in European context. Moreover, through their craggy appearance, the Chinese pavilions – as eye catchers – played an accentuated compositional and spatial role too in the European garden history.
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Hathaway, Jane. "The Role of the Kizlar Agasi in 17th-18th Century Ottoman Egypt." Studia Islamica, no. 75 (1992): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1595624.
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Rhodes, Daniel T. "Newhailes: an 18th-century designed landscape in Scotland and its role in enlightenment social theatre." Post-Medieval Archaeology 55, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2021.1894854.
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Zhitin, Ruslan M., Aleksey G. Topilsky, and Lyudmila N. Patrina. "Books of the 18th century in the collection of the Tambov regional universal scientific library named after A.S. Pushkin." Neophilology, no. 21 (2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-21-153-163.
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We analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of the book collection of the civil press of the 18th century, which are in the collection of the Tambov regional universal library named after A.S. Pushkin (hereinafter TRUL). The relevance of the work is connected with the need to restore an objective picture of the creation and functioning of manor libraries of the late 18th century as an element of the cultural environment. The implementation of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project allowed showing the world of the Tambov book of the 18th century in all its diversity. The novelty of the work lies in a system approach to the study of the array of books in Russian and foreign languages of pre-revolutionary libraries of the Russian province. We consider Tambov collections of foreign books of the 18th century, system information of which is currently absent in historiography and appears only as separate mentions in the works of local historians. The work with the existing repertoire of the library showed the key importance of Derzhavin library for the formation of modern Tambov collections of rare books of the 18th century. It is shown that the main array of the identified publications reflects the products of the Capital printing houses of the 18th century. The variety of thematic composition of the revealed collections is demonstrated. Among these collections of TRUL books there are publications on history, literature, philosophy, religion and natural sciences. The research proves that the study of the composition of the book collections of civil press of the 18th century gives important information for the study of book culture of the Tambov province, allows to analyze the appearance of the book works in the region and to find out the degree of attention to foreign and Russian media. Also it allows to detect the role of the book in the structure of cultural environment.
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Costa, Véronique. "Éon : le chevalier androgyne. Le plus célèbre travesti de l’histoire de France ou la guerre en dentelle." Caietele Echinox 42 (June 30, 2022): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2022.42.07.
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"Charles-Geneviève, the knight Éon de Beaumont, famous transvestite in the history of France, remains an enigma. The rumor will evoke the hermaphroditism of this knight, devoid of attraction to either sex. The eccentric D’Eon shatters genres and forces us to think about the masculine-feminine border and its flexibility. The androgynous knight refers to the tension between imagination and reality, to the emergence in the 18th century of medical and philosophical questioning on gendered indeterminacy."
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Kareva, Natalia V., and Evgeny G. Pivovarov. "A.S. Barsov and Academic Book Printing in the 18th century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 68, no. 6 (February 2, 2020): 614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2019-68-6-614-626.
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In 2018, we celebrated three hundred years birth anniversary of the prominent Russian scholar A.S. Barsov (1718—1763). While scientific legacy of other Lomonosov’s contemporaries has been hugely studied in dozens of articles and books, Barsov’s name has been rarely mentioned in the indexes of the extensive literature devoted to M.V. Lomonosov. Meanwhile, a vast array of documents have been preserved and partially published, indicating that Barsov played an important role in the development of book printing in Russia and elaboration of the Russian literary language norms. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of A.S. Barsov in the process of formation of new, secular culture in the post-Petrine time. The authors attempted to highlight the life and manners of academic students and employees in the middle of the 18th century, to show in what difficult conditions there were created the book masterpieces of the Academy, preserved in hundreds of libraries around the world. The article established the main milestones of A.S. Barsov’s life path. He was born in the family of priest; studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. After five years at the Academy Gymnasium and University, he was examined by professors and appointed proofreader at the Academic printing house; later on — supervisor of the printing house and its Figure chamber; shortly before his death, he was subjected to severe administrative sanctions. The authors analyse the fate of A.S. Barsov as one of the typical representatives of the early development stage of the academic science in Russia. The article introduced into scientific circulation a number of sources that allow assessing from a new, unexpected angle the evolution of the Academy of Sciences in the 1730s — 1760s. The authors revealed the degree of influence of his activity on the development of publishing activity and librarianship in Russia. The results of this study can be used in preparation of fundamental works in the field of science studies, library science, history of publishing, historiography, as well as special courses on the history of culture.
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Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. "The ‘Glaring’ Place of Prepositions." Historiographia Linguistica 38, no. 3 (October 21, 2011): 255–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.38.3.01yan.
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Summary This paper offers new insights into the 18th-century normative tradition, with special reference to the stigmatisation of preposition stranding. It brings to light the role of Scottish codifiers in contrast to English codifiers: works written by Scots contain more critical comments on the use of end-placed prepositions both quantitatively (in terms of frequency) and qualitatively (more semantic nuances and more condemnatory epithets). The semantic analysis of the data rules out the hypothesis that Scottish authors might have been particularly sensible towards this construction because of its nature as ‘provincial English’ or as a ‘Scotticism’. Rather, the author suggests that it was the ‘New Rhetoric’ movement (1748–1793) in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment that played a vital role in its stigmatisation. The importance of rhetoric as a facet of 18th-century prescriptivism, complementary to grammar, is thus put under the spotlight.
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Shaposhnikov, V. A. "The myth of the three crises in foundations of mathematics Part 2." Philosophy of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (2021): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-81-95.
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The story of “the three crises in foundations of mathematics” is widely popular in Russian publications on the philosophy of mathematics. This paper aims at evaluating this story against the background of the contemporary scholarship in the history of mathematics. The conclusion is that it should be considered as a specimen of modern myth-making activity brought to the fore by an unconscious tendency to model the whole history of mathematics on the pattern of the foundational crisis of the first decades of the 20th century. What is more, the consideration of the specific role and character of the foundations in both early Greek mathematics and 18th-century mathematics gives an occasion to raise a more general question regarding the true meaning of the historicity of mathematics. In the first part of this paper, it has been demonstrated that there is no evidence to recognize the so-called “first foundational crisis” in pre-Euclidean Greek mathematics caused by the discovery of incommensurable magnitudes. The second part is mainly devoted to the historical situation of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the alleged epoch of “the second foundational crisis” caused by the obscurity of the basic notions of the calculus. Despite the lack of clarity as far as the foundations of mathematical analysis are concerned, there are no signs of a foundational crisis in 18th-century mathematics. On the contrary, in the 19th century, at the time of “the second scientific revolution”, there are striking illustrations of crisis awareness. The cultural processes that engendered this awareness are shown to be identical for the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, hence the second and the third foundational crises are proved to be the different stages of the same unique crisis. Finally, we have only one foundational crisis instead of three.
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Chesnokova, Nataliya A. "N. V. Kyuner (1877-1955): ‘Korea in the Second Half of the 18th Century.’ The Unpublished Typescript." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-24-37.
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Nikolai Vasilievich Kyuner (1877-1955) was a Russian Orientalist. Having graduated with merit from the St. Petersburg State University, he was sent to the Far East and spent there two years. Having returned, he was appointed head of the department of historical and geographical sciences at the Eastern Institute (Vladivostok) in 1904. Kyuner was one of the first Orientalists to teach courses in history, geography, and ethnography. His works number over 400. The article studies a typescript of his unpublished study ‘Korea in the second half of the 18th century’ now stored in the Archive of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Little known to Russian Koreanists, it nevertheless retains its scientific significance as one of the earliest attempts to study the history of the ‘golden age’ of Korea. The date of the typescript is not known, though analysis of the citations places its completion between 1931 and 1940. The article is to introduce the typescript into scientific use and to verify some facts and terms. N. V. Kuyner’s typescript consists of 8 sections: (1) ‘Introduction. Sources review’; (2) ‘General characteristics of the social development stage of Korea in the second half of the 18th century’; (3) ‘Great impoverishment of the country’; (4) ‘Peasantry’; (5) ‘Cities’; (6) ‘Popular revolts’; (7) ‘Military bureaucratic regime’; (8) ‘The Great Collection of Laws’ (a legal code). There are excerpts from foreign and national publications of the 19th - early 20th century, and there’s also some valuable information on Korean legal codes and encyclopedias of the 18th century, which have not yet been translated into any European languages. The typescript addresses socio-economic situation in Korea in the 18th century; struggles of the court cliques of the 16th-18th centuries and their role in inner and foreign policies of the country; social structure of the society and problems of the peasantry; role of trade in the development of the Middle Korean society; legal proceedings and legislation, etc. One of the first among Russian Koreanistics, N. V. Kyuner examined causes of sasaek (Korean ‘parties’) formation and the following events, linking together unstable situation in the country, national isolation, and execution of Crown Prince Sado (1735-1762).
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Lempa, Heikki. "From Honour to Bildung. Rethinking the Body in Making German Civil Society, 1750–1850." Journal of Modern European History 20, no. 1 (February 2022): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944221077426.
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With his concept of neuständische Gesellschaft, Reinhard Blänkner suggests that education or, rather, Bildung, becomes the practice that defines one's social status in the German lands between 1750 and 1850. I build on this argument by pursuing two separate but closely intertwined ideas: first, that Bildung stems from and, at the same time, displaces an older foundation of social status, honour; and second, that in this displacement the practices of the body played a pivotal role in shaping civil society. I start with some observations on civil society ( Zivilgesellschaft) in the middle of the 18th century. Then I examine an important civil society project centred on a set of pedagogical reforms and experiments known as the Philanthropismus during the last decades of the 18th century. The rising critique of the Philanthropismus and the development of a counter-discourse of Bildung in the first decades of the 19th century is the theme of the following section. In the last sections of the article, I delve into the proliferation of the Bildung discourse in bodily practices, especially in social dancing, in the first half of the 19th century. The article ends with some general observations on the meaning of honour, Bildung, and the body in the making of Zivilgesellschaft. This article is not a detailed study or even a set of case studies but an attempt at rethinking the understanding and conceptualization of the time-period between 1750 and 1850 in the German lands.
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Diergarten, Felix. "Time out of joint — Time set right: Principles of form in Haydn’s Symphony No. 39." Studia Musicologica 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2010): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.51.2010.1-2.8.
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The opening of Haydn’s Symphony No. 39 in G minor is interrupted by two unusually long grand pauses. These brief suspensions of the time continuum reveal Haydn’s search for new narrative strategies for a genre caught up in the tensions between the boisterous concert opener, courtly representation, the bourgeois concert hall and the demands of “connoisseurs.” This use of the Generalpause points toward a period of upheaval in the development of symphonic forms in the 18th century. A comparative analysis examining the primarily “punctuated” concept of form in the 18th century in relation to the primarily thematic concept of form in the 19th century and the synthesis of both in the writings of Anton Reicha can show that the process of developing formal functions becomes especially acute in Haydn’s Symphony No. 39, with the two grand pauses playing a key role. Such a reading of Haydn, which seeks to reconcile “historically informed” analysis with emphatic interpretation, illustrates how the spectacular grand pauses in the Symphony No. 39 can suggest a brief suspension of not only the work’s own immanent time but the historical time of 18th-century music history.
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Basargina, Ekaterina. "The Naturalist’ Traveling Library at the Beginning of the 18th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 4 (114) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021197-5.
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The structure of a personal library indicates the public prestige and social role of a scientist and is a significant touch to the portrait of its owner. The composition of a traveling, or field library is determined by specific practical tasks, that’s why it has a special place among personal libraries. The traveling library of the German naturalist D. G. Messerschmidt (1685—1735), who made the first trip to Siberia for scientific purposes, is considered as a case. The Messerschmidt book collection is a professionally compiled traveling l library, including about 150 books and a dozen manuscripts, maps and engravings. The only piece of information about it is an entry in the manuscript of his travel diary. So, researchers of Messerschmidt’s traveling library face two interrelated tasks: preparation of an archival document for publication, on the one hand, and the reconstruction of the library in the absence of the books themselves, on the other. This reconstruction could expand our understanding of Messerschmidt’s reading circle, as well as the background and context of his activity.
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Petrov, Alexej, Angelina Dubskikh, and Anna Butova. "Historiosophy & Eros in Russian anacreontics." SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185504016.
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“Love is the eminence grise of history”, – once one of the greats of the past said. Few doubt that history is driven by human, more or less conscious interests – economic, political, religious, etc. As for feelings, passions and instincts, their role in the historical process is not so obvious, particularly of those that are connected with policy or economy indirectly. The objective necessity to rehabilitate the position of Eros in the political life of 18th-century Russia determines the significance of the current research. The article aims to analyse how the feeling of love and/or the underpinning instincts of procreation and self-preservation affect the political life and the course of history. The most important task is to examine some of the poetic texts of the 18th – early 19th centuries, the authors of which are the part of this still non-trivial historiosophical paradigm. So, it is mainly going to be about love, but not always – about love poems. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that mythological and political issues of Anacreonic poetry have already become the matter of literary criticism [1, 2], while the hidden historiosophical senses have been still neglected. Certain creative works of the 18th-century poets: M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin, S.S. Bobrov served as research material. The practical significance of the investigation consists in the fact that the results can be used for further studying of 18th-century literature and historiosophical problems as well as to develop special courses in historical poetry.
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Gordienko, D. O. "ALL THE KING’S MAN»: MILITIA IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE STUART AGE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-90-97.
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The article presents the results of a study devoted to the history of the British armed forces in the “long” 17th century. The militia was the backbone of England's national military system. The author examines the aspects of the development of the institutions of the modern state during the reign of the Stuart dynasty, traces the process of the development of the militia and the formation of the regular army. He reveals the role of the militia in the political events of the Century of Revolutions: the reign of Charles I, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Restoration age, the Glorious Revolution, and also gives a retrospective review of the eventsof the 18th century.
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Sokolov, Sergei Vasilievich. "«Orthodox Greek Emperors have had this many times»: Byzantine Example in legislative acts, panegyric and historical-political writings in Russia, late 17th – first quarter of the 18th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 31, no. 1 (2022): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.108.
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The article examines the use of examples from Byzantine history to explain current and historical events in Russia at the end of the 17th – first quarter of the 18th century. The usage of historical examples to clarify the meaning of events is one of the most common explanatory strategies. The source base of the research is mainly composed of panegyric literature, legislative acts, preparatory legislative documents, works of a historical and political nature. The history of Byzantium was well known in Russia at the end of the 17th century, however, the frequency of examples from Byzantine history was much inferior to the biblical and ancient ones. The article shows that in the studied chronological period, Byzantium was known to Russian authors mainly under the name «Greek Tsardom», the history of which dates back to the era of Emperor Constantine the Great. The name of this emperor and other emperors of early Byzantium (late Rome) were often mentioned as an example in the texts of the late 17th – first quarter of the 18th century. The article analyzes the use of facts from Byzantine history to clarify legislative acts, build historical analogies for Russian tsars, primarily Peter I. The role of the Byzantine example in the situation of Peter’s acceptance of the imperial title is also shown, as well as the application of the fall of Byzantium as political notation.
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Lysun, Yaryna. "The role of the creative workshop in formation monumentalist artist in Galicia in the latter half of the 18th century." Bulletin of Lviv National Academy of Arts, no. 41 (December 26, 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37131/2524-0943-2019-41-06.
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Creativity of T. Hertner and M. Dobzhenievsky. The article is devoted to the study of the activities of art workshops, as a natural phenomenon, which arose from the requirements and processes that took place in the artistic life of the Commonwealth in that time, in particular, Halychyna in the other sex. 18th c. The article deals with the influence of the creative studio, including the teacher, on the formation and further creative activity of young monumental artists. An example of the analysis of the works of Tomasz Gertner and Marcelio Dobzhenevsky, who were students and collaborators in the art workshop of the famous artist-monumentalist Stanislav Stroinsky, illustrates the existence of a workshop-master-student relationship.
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Tudor, Brînduşa. "The Piano, A Perfect Musical Instrument – Beginnings and Evolution (18th – 19th Centuries)." Review of Artistic Education 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2019-0010.
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Abstract The 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century mark the emergence, development and affirmation of the piano as a complex instrument that shall take, in turns, the role of soloist instrument, claiming and being able to reach the sound variety of the orchestra, that of partner in chamber music assemblies or that of orchestra member. The emergence, improvement and qualitative performance acquisition adventure of the piano represents a fascinating history about human creativity and ingenuity serving art, beauty, sound expressivity refinement and improvement.
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Semeniuk, Larysa. "THE HISTORY OF COSSACK UKRAINE IN DRAMATIC GENRE FORMS OF THE 18TH CENTURY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 12(80) (December 23, 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-120-125.
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Recent scientific intelligence has led to an understanding of the ambiguity of the phenomenon of Cossack Ukraine which is presented in the texts of dramatic works of the XVIII century, which formation was influenced by the specificity of Ukrainian-Russian relations, complex inter-confessional relations and the heterogeneous nature of dramatic genre forms themselves. The study of the dramatic works of the late Baroque period is important and relevant considering revealing the authors' manifestation of their own national identity there, for the representation of which created by the artists of the XVIII century artistic model of the historical fate of Cossack Ukraine played a significant role. On the basis of historical-literary and contextual methods of research, an attempt was made to take into account in these texts their ideological message, inscribed in the traditional baroque dramatic genre forms of school drama (anonymous "Grace of God"), secular verbal dialogue ("Conversation between Velykorossiya and Malorossiya" S. Divovych), humorous interludes to school dramas and traditional Christmas vertep. The conclusions emphasize, that the references of the authors of dramatic works of the XVIII century to the history of the Cossack state, the creation of the cult of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the image of the Cossack as a defender of the people in the context of sharpening Ukrainian-Russian relations was a topical theme of Ukrainian dramatic creativity. The emergence of such works during the national decline can be interpreted as an attempt of patriotic part of the Ukrainian elite of the XVIII century to draw the public's attention to the problem of restoring Cossack conquests as a guarantee of preserving national identity.
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Peucker, Paul. "The Songs of the Sifting. Understanding the Role of Bridal Mysticism in Moravian Piety during the late 1740s." Journal of Moravian History 3, no. 1 (2007): 51–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41179833.
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Abstract Moravian piety in the late 1740s was characterized by unusual religious language and practice. Moravians themselves soon called this period a time of "Sifting" and tried to eradicate most textual references to this era. A recently-discovered handwritten hymn book offers a source for the hymns sung by Moravians during the late 1740s. The author discusses the role of communal hymn singing in the common liturgical practice of 18th-century Moravians and places the songs in the context of the older religious tradition of bridal mysticism.
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Bobrov, D. S., and L. G. Zaitseva. "Key Approaches to the Study of History of Altai in 18th Century in Modern Russian Historiography." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-310-322.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of theoretical approaches to the study of the history of Altai in the 18th century, developed by Russian specialists over the past three decades. The relevance of the study is associated with the emerging trend in domestic science towards a holistic understanding of the retrospective of individual regions, including through understanding the interdependent role of various social and administrative factors in the colonization process. Special attention is paid to the conceptual assessment of the nature of the initial development of Altai. The methodological grounds for applying the theories of military colonization, frontier, frontier modernization to the history of the region are outlined. The authors state the presence in the scientific literature of two non-identical approaches to the characterization of the Russian border in the south of Western Siberia. The authors demonstrate the obvious desire of historians to carry out comprehensive studies of regional and local levels of civil and mining management, which has emerged against the background of the preservation of the heuristic significance of microhistorical analysis of the role of individual fortified (fortresses, forts) or production facilities (factories). The diversity and conceptual heterogeneity of modern Russian historiography of the history of Altai in the 18th century is summarized. Some forecasts of the development of the historiographic situation are formulated.
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Seylon, Raman N. "Study of Poligar Violence in Late 18th Century Tamil Country in South India." African and Asian Studies 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569209332643692.
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Abstract This paper is written in an effort to understand the nature and the causes behind the brutal acts of violence unleashed by the poligar military households of South India. It particularly focuses on the poligar rajah Kattabomma Nayakar, who has, since the early 1950s, assumed the role of an ancestor figure of Tamil nationalism. I have relied mainly on colonial archival materials and a few folkloric accounts as my sources and used the anthropological insights of F. G. Baily, Victor Turner, and Steward Gordon in their studies of the political conflicts. In this paper, I do not so much question the reliability and accuracy of the colonial materials. However, I examine their interpretations and the motivations that many historians seem to have overlooked. This is particularly so in the case of poligar led violence as its true causes are often misrepresented and misunderstood in colonial records. We could even say that there is a vested colonial interest in misunderstanding these acts of violence, which are often used as citations to justify the subsequent colonial policies directed not only against the poligars but also against the entire the civil population of the Tamil country. In this paper, I argue that the poligars such as Kattabomma Nayakar were rebels with a cause. They saw themselves indulging in most cases in activities that stood within the bounds of the poligars' traditional mode of conduct. Further, I will also demonstrate how the political violence is intimately linked with political mobility and state formation in pre modern South India. A wider applicability of the results of this study to other parts of South Asia is useful in illuminating the causes and the nature of the political conflicts in various cross cultural settings.