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Academic literature on the topic 'Sex role – History – 18th century'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex role – History – 18th century"

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Pichigin, Pavel V. "History of the Ecclesiastical Seminary Library in Ryazan (18th cent.)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2010-0-2-100-104.

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The article is related to the history of creation and development of the Riazan Ecclesiastical Seminary and its library in the 18-th century. The materials of the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents (RSAAD), State Archive of the Ryazan Region and other sources are used in it. This let to see the position of the Ecclesiastical Seminary Library in the history of the national enlightenment as well as the role of charity in the formation of the library collections of this educational institution. The author for the first time introduces the document — “The book catalogue of the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary Library” (“Katalog knig biblioteki Ryazanskoi dukhovnoi seminarii”) for scientific use. The article is of interest for historians, library scientists, experts in the Russian charity history.
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Çevi̇kel, Nuri. "Ayâns in the Ottoman Cyprus in the Second Half of the 18th Century." Belleten 72, no. 264 (August 1, 2008): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2008.567.

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A process of fluctuation was experienced at the expense of the Muslim - non-Muslim reayah living in the Province of Cyprus exclusively in 1750­1800 A.D. In this period, along with the natural calamities like earthquakes, plagues, droughts and the likes, appeared other factors to play a decisive role in the case. One of the most important of them was a progression of "decentralization". It first appeared in the late sixteenth century as a result of inner and outer political, social and economic conditions, developed in the following century and widely spread all over the Ottoman Empire by the second half of the eighteenth century. Consequently, the proccss led the Ottoman central governments to lose or share its authority in provinces with newly emerged local powers called "ayans". To study the repercussions of the process, main subject of this writing, will obviously help someone to understand satisfactorily the history of Cyprus under the Ottoman rule, and grasp the whole picture of the conversions like that "process of decentralization". By this study one can also see determining to what extent and how those changings were tested in provinces is inevitable for clarifying the essence of the transitions which influenced the whole empire.
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Dodsworth, Francis Martin. "Habit, the Criminal Body and the Body Politic in England, c. 1700–1800." Body & Society 19, no. 2-3 (May 22, 2013): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x12474476.

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This article explores the role that ‘habit’ played in discourses on crime in the 18th century, a subject which forms an important part of the history of ‘the social’. It seeks to bridge the division between ‘liberal’ positions which see crime as a product of social circumstance, and the conservative position which stresses the role of will and individual responsibility, by drawing attention to the role habit played in uniting these conceptions in the 18th century. It argues that the Lockean idea that the mind was a tabula rasa, and that the character was thereby formed through impression and habit, was used as a device to explain the ways in which certain individuals rather than others happened to fall into a life of crime, a temptation to which all were susceptible. This allowed commentators to define individuals as responsible for their actions, while accepting the significance of environmental factors in their transgressions. Further, the notion that the character was formed through habit enabled reformers to promote the idea that crime could be combated through mechanisms of prevention and reformation, which both targeted the individual criminal and sought more generally to reduce the likelihood of crime.
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Romina, Liliya, and Olga Myakokina. "NATURAL FEATURES AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS OF THE CURONIAN SPIT ECOSYSTEM FORMATION." LIFE OF THE EARTH 43, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2030.0514-7468.2020_43_2/248-257.

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The article shows history of the unique eolian coastal-marine complexes of the Curonian Spit development. The leading role of the Baltic Sea sea level fluctuations and wind activity in the formation of the spit is emphasized. Attention is paid to the territory development resuted in almost total destruction of the vegetion cover and transformation of the Curonian Spit into a sandy desert by the end of the 18th century. A variety of nature conservation measures to create the cultural landscape of the peninsula is highlighted. A modern landscape structure of the Curonian Spit is presented. The spit has the status of a National Park and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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Romaschko, Sergej A. "Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit." Historiographia Linguistica 18, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1991): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.18.2-3.04rom.

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Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.
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Fitzgerald, Timothy. "Japan, Religion, History, Nation." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060490.

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I connect the invention of Japanese ‘religion’ since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese ‘religion’ had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new ‘investment’ opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on ‘progress’ transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called ‘religion’ as distinct from government, ‘politics’ or ‘science’ was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of ‘the Past’ in universal Time. I argue here that the invention of the Past by professional Historians has a significant role in transforming modern inventions such as ‘religion’ and the secular categories into the inherent and universal order of things, as though they have always been everywhere. I reveal this on-going process of ideological reproduction by close readings of some recent ‘histories of Japan’ and the way they uncritically construct ‘the Past’ in the terms of contemporary configurations.
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Klifman, Harm. "Dutch language study and the trivium." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.05kli.

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Summary In the history of European linguistics the 16th century is known as the century in which the vernacular languages of the countries above the Alps and the Pyrenees were discovered as objects of language study. The first grammars of the Dutch language appeared in this period. The study of grammar of the Dutch language took place within the context of a continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular. As a consequence the historiographer must take into account this context and the traditional relation of grammar to dialectic and to rhetoric respectively. The first complete trivium in Dutch appeared during 1584–87, the last one in 1648–49. In the period in between, several reprints and editions in the separate disciplines, appeared. The reason for continuation of the Latin trivium tradition in the vernacular should be explained from various circumstances. First, it was the only intellectual tradition on which the contributors to the Dutch trivium could draw. This explains for instance that the structure of the Dutch grammars is based on that of the Latin grammars. Second, Latin grammar was taken to fulfill a heuristic function in the exploration of the vernacular. Not only is the formal context of the Latin trivium model important, but also the historical pedagogical triad of ars, natura and exercitatio played an important role, especially with respect to the criteria of grammaticalness in the Dutch language. The history of the trivium was always strongly connected with the history of education. For this reason it is not surprising to see that the contributors to the Dutch trivium hoped that their work would replace the Latin school curriculum. This did not happen, however. Nevertheless, their work laid the foundations for the study of the Dutch language on which the 18th century grammarians were to build their monumental studies.
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PASHIN, Sergey S. "ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE COGNOMEN OF IVAN KALITA." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 3 (2021): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-3-87-102.

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The article is devoted to the etymology of the Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita’s cognomen. The cognomen “Kalita” was first recorded around 1446 in the appendix to the Komissionnyj copy of the Novgorod First Chronicle. However, the article “Genealogy of the same princes” with this cognomen could be created in 1415-1439 and have a North-Eastern Rus’ origin. Thus, Ivan Kalita first received the cognomen only 100 years after his death. With the gradual spread of princely genealogies in Russia, the cognomen was perceived by three (or four) scribes of the 16th century. By chance, almost all the texts of the 16th century with the mention of “Kalita” — the appendix of the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, The Book of degrees of the royal genealogy and the Volokolamsk Paterik (through the “Core of Russian History”) — were published in the second half of the 18th century and became available to historians, including N. M. Karamzin. The authority and fame of N. M. Karamzin played a decisive role in securing the cognomen “Kalita” for Prince Ivan Danilovich in the minds of most historians and ordinary readers alike. The historians of the 19th century followed the hagiographic tradition and believed that Ivan Kalita got his cognomen for the fact that he wore a purse (kalita) filled with money on his belt, which he distributed to beggars. The historians of the 20th-21th centuries usually perceive the cognomen “kalita” in a figurative sense and see in its carrier not an owner of a purse on a belt, but a ruler with certain character traits — thrift, unscrupulousness, etc. This prevents an objective assessment of the policy and personal qualities of Ivan Danilovich.
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Toropygina, M. V. "On the history of the Japanese book: Two illustrated woodcut editions of the <i>Seiashō (Notes by a Frog from a Well)</i> by poet Tonna (1289–1372)." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2022-2-28-47.

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Secular book printing began to spread in Japan since the beginning of the 17th century. From the middle of the 17th century, woodcut was completely dominant. The repertoire of publications was wide, including old texts written long before the Tokugawa period. Since commercial printing assumed that the book would be bought, only relevant old texts were published. The printed edition significantly expanded the circle of readers of the book. The Seiashō (Notes by a Frog from a Well) by Tonna (1289–1372) belongs to the karon genre (treatises on poetry) and is a guide for aspiring poets writing waka (Japanese songs). The text was published for the first time in 1648 and the first illustrated edition appeared in 1686, reprinted in 1709. The illustrator is considered to be Hishikawa Moronobu (1618–1694), although the book does not contain the artist’s name. The second illustrated edition dates back to 1752. This edition uses illustrations by Tachibana Morikuni (1679–1748). In both editions, illustrations are made on separate sheets, occupying a whole page. The illustrations are monochrome and include a drawing (a landscape illustrating the text of the poem) and an inscription of the poem at the top. An analysis and comparison of these two editions makes it possible to see some trends related to both printing itself and a number of more general cultural issues. The understanding of authorship receives a «visible» embodiment: in the first edition, neither the author of the text, nor the artist are identified, while the colophon of the second edition contains the names of both. During the time that has elapsed between the release of these two editions, the role of illustrations has grown significantly. The edition of the end of the 17th century contains 24 illustrations, and the book was made in such a way that it can exist in a version without illustrations; there, illustrations play a supporting role. The edition of the mid-18th century contains 80 illustrations, and they can be distributed in the text of the book or concentrated in one place, making this edition close to the e-hon books.
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Filinyuk, Anatoly. "Right-Bank Ukraine in the politics of Russia and Austria on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the eighteenth century." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.181-198.

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The purpose of the study is to fi nd out the place of Right-Bank Ukraine in the policy of Russia and Austria on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late eighteenth century. Th e methodological basis of the study is the approach of “cross” / “intertwined” history, which involves the study of long-term relationships, transfers, contacts and confl icts between states, societies, nations and cultures; the complex application of the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematics, as well the as comparative-historical, historical-chronological, analytical-synthetic and other methods helped to ensure the understanding and comprehensive disclosure of the little-studied topic. Th e scientifi c novelty of the work is that for the fi rst time through the prism of transnational, interconnected history the question of the place and role of the lands of Right-Bank Ukraine in the relations of tsarist Russia with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century and its foreign policy autocracy and the government of the Austrian Empire, oriented to the south-west and south of Europe, at the center of which was the Commonwealth. Th e urgency of the problem is evidenced by the fact that in both Russian and Polish historiography, the study of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remains relevant, including at the last stage of its independent existence. In this regard, the need for Russians to be more fully aware of the repressiveness of the empire, the descendants of which they position themselves in both positive and negative terms, is urgent. Conclusions. The study has shown that due to the changes in interstate relations in Europe and the transformations of the geopolitical position of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late eighteenth century, caused by Russia’s victories in the wars against the Ottoman Empire, the focus of the foreign policy of the Russian autocracy and the imperial government of Austria were both the territory of Poland itself and the Right-Bank lands, which were part of it. Th e change in Russia’s foreign policy vector in the southwestern direction of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and significant interest in the geopolitical opportunities of Right-Bank Ukraine led to its broad involvement in domestic and foreign policy in the context of relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex role – History – 18th century"

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Nadeau, Martin. "Theatre et esprit public : le role du Theatre-Italien dans la culture politique parisienne a l'ere des revolutions (1770-1799)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37795.

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Taking as a case study the Theatre-Italien, here considered both as a particular theatrical practice and as a specific stage in Paris---one of the most popular at the time---this dissertation asks what role this theatre played in the novel competition of discourses which characterized political culture in the era of Revolutions. All too often, historians have overestimated print culture as the main medium through which discourses were produced in the eighteenth century, and this despite the fact that theatre played a fundamental role in the public life of this period. Furthermore, when theatre is studied, historians emphasize too often the written form of the plays.
The dissertation's structure seeks to underline the specificity of the cultural practice represented by the theatre. The discrepancies between the meaning of a play written by a particular author and the same play as it is performed on stage are emphasized. Political messages emerge out of the language of the actors and actresses without any possibility to control them, so that the players become, in effect, co-authors of the play. Similarly, the variety of the nature of the audience and the way in which it becomes at once judge, co-author and co-actor make the public, neither intangible nor invisible, but simply gathered, a crucial feature of this cultural practice which allows us to argue that theatre was actually a very bad instrument of propaganda. Instead, theatre can be seen at the time to be a public scene of immediate political debate. The conflicting opinions expressed there turn theatre not into the minor of political reality intended by various regimes confronted to the diversity of the polity---what some people have called "a school for the people"---but rather as the mirror of the reality experienced by a large number of Parisians at the time. It is in this sense that we relate the theatrical practices studied with the concept of public spirit, expressing the people's understanding of the general interest, instead of that of public opinion, expressing the unified message imposed by a dominant political group.
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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history : a comparative analysis /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425556.

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Henderson, Nancy Ann. "British Aristocratic Women and Their Role in Politics, 1760-1860." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4799.

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British aristocratic women exerted political influence and power during the century beginning with the accession of George III. They expressed their political power through the four roles of social patron, patronage distributor, political advisor, and political patron/electioneer. British aristocratic women were able, trained, and expected to play these roles. Politics could not have existed without these women. The source of their political influence was the close interconnection of politics and society. In this small, inter-connected society, women could and did influence politics. Political decisions, especially for the Whigs, were not made in the halls of government with which we are so familiar, but in the halls of the homes of the social/political elite. However, this close interconnection can make women's political influence difficult to assess and understand for our twentieth century experience. Sources for this thesis are readily available. Contemporary, primary sources are abundant. This was the age of letter and diary writing. There is, however, a dearth of modern works concerning the political activities of aristocratic women. Most modern works rarely mention women. Other problems with sources include the inappropriate feminization of the time period and the filtering of this period through modern, not contemporary, points of view. Separate spheres is the most common and most inappropriate feminist issue raised by historians. This doctrine is not valid for aristocratic women of this time. The material I present in this thesis is not new. The sources, both contemporary and modern, have been available to historians for some time. By changing our rigid definition of politics by enlarging it to include the broader areas of political activities such as social patron, patronage distributor, political advisor, and political/electioneer, we can see British aristocratic women in a new light, revealing political power and influence.
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Crowder, Alexandra. "Community through Consumption| The Role of Food in African American Cultural Formation in the 18th Century Chesapeake." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10788842.

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Stratford Hall Plantation’s Oval Site was once a dynamic 18th-century farm quarter that was home to an enslaved community and overseer charged with growing Virginia’s cash crop: tobacco. No documentary evidence references the site, leaving archaeology as the only means to reconstruct the lives of the site’s inhabitants. This research uses the results of a macrobotanical analysis conducted on soil samples taken from an overseer’s basement and a dual purpose slave quarter/kitchen cellar at the Oval Site to understand what the site’s residents were eating and how the acquisition, production, processing, provisioning, and consumption of food impacted their daily lives. The interactive nature of the overseer, enslaved community, and their respective botanical assemblages suggests that food was not only used as sustenance, it was also a medium for social interaction and mutual dependence between the two groups.

The botanical assemblage is also utilized to discuss how the consumption of provisioned, gathered, and produced foods illustrate the ways that Stratford’s enslaved inhabitants formed communities and exerted agency through food choice. A mixture of traditional African, European, and native/wild taxa were recovered from the site, revealing the varied cultural influences that affected the resident’s cuisine. The assemblage provides evidence for ways that the site’s enslaved Africans and African Americans adapted to the local environment, asserted individual and group food preferences, and created creolized African American identities as they sought to survive and persist in the oppressive plantation landscape.

The results from the Oval Site are compared to nine other 18th- and 19th-century plantation sites in Virginia to demonstrate how food was part of the cultural creolization process undergone by enslaved Africans and African Americans across the region. The comparison further shows that diverse, creolized food preferences developed by enslaved communities can be placed into a regional framework of foodways patterns. Analyzing the results on a regional scale acknowledges the influence of individual preferences and identities of different communities on their food choices, while still demonstrating how food was consistently both a mechanism and a product of African American community formation.

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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie, and 蔡凱詩. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history: a comparative analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952975.

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Kiger, Joshua A. "THE DIARY OF MARGARET GRAVES CARY:FAMILY & GENDER IN THE MERCHANT CLASS OF 18th CENTURY CHARLESTOWN." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1406980949.

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Zingg, Olgica. "The role of Lomonosov in the formation of the early modern Russian literary language." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37245.pdf.

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Boyer, Laura Kate. "The feminization of clerical work in early twentieth-century Montreal /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37873.

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This research examines the changing relationships of gender, place and identity wrought by women's entrance into Montreal's financial service sector between 1900 and 1930. I seek to answer two related questions. First, what kinds of identities were enabled in the new spaces created by the feminization of clerical work? In particular, how was gender, sexual, and ethno-linguistic difference constructed within the mixed-sex clerical workspace? Second, what effect did women's entrance into corporate workspaces in the financial district have on prevailing notions about gender, class and urban space? How did this change in labour markets affect representations of women in public more generally?
I make three arguments about women's entrance into Montreal's white-collar workforce. First, I argue that this process created a new kind of "contact zone" within and beyond the white-collar workplace. In these spaces, people came together across cleaves of difference, and ideas about nationalism, class, religion, and language were negotiated in new ways. Secondly, I argue that women's entrance into this sector of the labour market was marked by contradiction. On the one hand, women were held responsible for bringing sexuality into the white-collar workplace, and were sexualized within corporate culture. On the other hand, ideas about "respectability" defined through sexual propriety and corporeal restraint were central to the corporate image as well as media representations of female clerical workers. Finally, I argue that the feminization of clerical work re-mapped relations of gender, class and space. In the highly modernized offices of the financial district, ideas about public womanhood competed. I argue that this change in labour helped legitimize representations of modern womanhood which were consummately urban in nature.
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Mei, Zhen, and 梅真. "A study of the third generation poetry from the gender perspective = Xing bie shi jiao xia de "di san dai" shi ge." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207897.

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The Third Generation Poetry that existed in the 1980s’ Chinese literary circle has usually been regarded as the rebellion of the prevailing Misty Poetry. The Third Generation poets began to experiment with colloquial poems which were emphasizing on individual expressions and advocating for the importance of “self”, including the ego and sub-consciousness of both male and female. Through the gender perspective, it could be observed the Third Generation Poetry was rich in gender flavor. The poets especially those of the Female Poetry and the Boorish Fellows Poetry had respectively expressed the awareness and concerns of their own with poem writings. The Female Poetry, featured with the structure of group poems, the rhetoric of metaphor and symbol, the connotation of the nocturnal consciousness and the lyric of confession, was a showcase for female perception. The issues regarding ego, private space, social identity, pain and love as well as "body writing" had been narrated and depicted by most of women writers. In the meantime, the poetry written by male turned to the descriptions of the lack of masculinity, or the flaunting of male power, or groaning with bitterness. Besides, the desire to vent, the memories of growth and even the detestation on the phenomenon of female being butchered had also been illustrated. Therefore an alternate inspection of the male poets’ views on female and vice versa would help to have a better understanding of gender concepts and the changing relationship between men and women in the last few decades of Chinese society. Apart from thinking of gender differences and sexual identities the Third Generation Poetry not only focused on the relationship between parents and their children, but also on the connotations of the traditional idea of reproduction and the infant imagery, and even on portraying the rare image of the ego of androgyny. In addition, The Third Generation poetry also presented abundant interlinked gender imagery, such as natural things and body, the darkness and death, the space and items etc., which had been created for the enrichment of the symbolic meanings and the aesthetic significance of the poems. In short, the social and cultural significance of various gender issues in line with the artistic techniques of the Third Generation Poetry had been scrutinized deeply in the chapters.
published_or_final_version
Chinese
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Kong, Wai-ping Judy, and 江偉萍. "Gender and sexuality in modern Shanghai: Chinese fiction of the early twentieth century." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245432.

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Books on the topic "Sex role – History – 18th century"

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Birthing the nation: Sex, science, and the conception of eighteenth-century Britons. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Quinlan, Sean M. The great nation in decline: Sex, modernity, and health crises in revolutionary France c.1750-1850. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007.

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Women in France since 1789: The meanings of difference. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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Women and enlightenment in eighteenth-century Britain. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Matched pairs: Gender and intertextual dialogue in eighteenth-century fiction. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2002.

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Ingrassia, Catherine. Authorship, commerce, and gender in early eighteenth-century England: A culture of paper credit. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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The conversation of the sexes: Seduction and equality in selected seventeenth- and eighteenth-century texts. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Fletcher, Anthony. Gender, sex, and subordination in England, 1500-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

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Gender and the formation of taste in eighteenth-century Britain: The analysis of beauty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Ends of empire: Women and ideology in early eighteenth-century English literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex role – History – 18th century"

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Cook, Peter J., and Chris M. Carleton. "Introduction." In Continental Shelf Limits. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117820.003.0005.

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As pointed out in the Foreword, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the Convention) is, by any measure, a remarkable document, which for the first time provides a comprehensive framework of governance for a large part of the world ocean. It covers such issues as delimitation, environmental impact and management, scientific research, economic and commercial issues, and technology transfer and provides a regime for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The resolution of disputes is especially important, given that there are 151 coastal States, all with sovereign rights to the adjacent seas and shelf. Under the Convention, those rights cover a total area of about 60 million km2 or around 20% of the world ocean within the 200-nauticalmile (M) limit. But there is perhaps an additional 5% (15 million km2) which lies beyond the 200-M limit, to which sovereign rights may also extend under the terms of the Convention. Up to 54 coastal States may be able to claim extensions of their continental shelf beyond 200 M (figure 1.1). What is intended is that over the next 10 years or so, nations will document and lay claim to an area of around 75 million km2, equal to more than half the Earth's land surface. Viewed against the background of human history and land conquest extending over thousands of years, the magnitude of the undertaking is extraordinary. What is also remarkable is the key role that science and technology will play. Science and technology have always played a role in exploration and documentation of the oceans in the past. The development of an accurate chronometer by Harrison in the 18th century was critical to developing an accurate means of establishing longitude (Sobel, 1995). This in turn made it possible to accurately chart the oceans for the first time, which then enabled nations to lay claim to newly explored areas, establish trade routes, document marine hazards, and exploit ocean resources. Parts of the world's territorial sea baselines are and will continue to be based on 19th-century data. As will be evident from this book, such data are sufficiently important in some areas that we have felt it necessary to document just how those "historical data" were gathered so that we can establish their reliability.
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Moessner, Lilo. "A bird’s eye view of the English subjunctive." In The History of the Present English Subjunctive, 202–40. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474437998.003.0006.

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This chapter analyses subjunctive use in the construction types main clause, relative clause, noun clause, and adverbial clause in three synchronic cuts through the periods Old English (OE), Middle English (ME), and Early Modern English (EModE). They are followed by a condensed history of the English subjunctive from the earliest documents to the beginning of the 18th century. The first three sections trace the frequency development of the subjunctive and its competitors in the relevant period and establish the linguistic and extralinguistic parameters which influence their distribution. The last section additionally gives an overview of the role that the simplification of the verbal syntagm, the individual construction types, the different text categories, and the expression of modality played in subjunctive use across the historical periods.
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Brock, William H. "3. Gases and atoms." In The History of Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction, 47–67. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716488.003.0004.

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Until the mid-18th century, chemists had no understanding of the role of air in chemical changes. The Chemical Revolution was not merely conceptual, but also instrumental in that it involved the practical ability to manipulate, weigh, and measure gases using accurate balances, glass apparatus, and eudiometers. The chemist who transformed our views of elements, composition, and reorganized the way that chemists communicated was the French civil servant Antoine Lavoisier (1743–94). ‘Gases and atoms’ outlines Lavoisier’s work on chemistry nomenclature along with the key chemical discoveries by Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley. John Dalton’s atomic theory and the problem of ascertaining the molecular structure of water are also discussed.
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Sokolova, Natalia V. ""…And to take the other kroshka to the mir" (On the functions of obschina in the first quarter of the 18th century)." In Traditional and innovative ways to explore social history of Russia 12th–20th centuries: Collection of articles in honor of Elena Nikolaevna Shveikovskaya, 326–42. Novyj hronograf, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/94881-516-9.23.

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The article is devoted to the study of the most important functions of obschina. The analysis of the "kroshka" lexeme’s context-dependent meanings and the definition of this concept in the sources related to peasant land use and taxation in the monastic village of Central Russia has demonstrated the widespread preservation of the vytnoye tyaglo tax allocation system in practice of the first quarter of the 18th century. The article states the significant role of community self-government in determining the principles, organizational forms and mechanisms of tax allocation and allotting peasants with arable and other land.
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Nowakowski, Wojciech. "Die ostpreußischen Sammlungen der »vaterländischen Alterthümer« im 18 Jh." In Collecting Antiquities from the Middle Ages to the End of the Nineteenth Century: Proceedings of the International Conference Held on March 25-26, 2021 at the Wrocław University Institute of Art History, 163–78. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381385862.07.

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COLLECTIONS OF ‘HOMELANDS ANTIQUITIES’ FROM EAST PRUSSIA IN 18TH CENTURY In the 18th century the interest in archaeology in East Prussia had grown incredibly. Thus, there was a great development of archaeological collections, even if the collecting was not understood as assembly of “national antiquities”, but rather as gathering the curiosities, testifying an attractiveness of a particular parish or communes. A special role played the clergymen who had the frequent contacts with peasants finding archeological relics accidentally, during the field works. One of the most outstanding collectors was Georg Andreas Helwing, a longtime parish priest in Węgobork (Angerburg). After his death his huge collection was mostly dispersed, although it can be assumed that some of the items were inherited by Ludwig Jakob Pisanski, his grandson and successors in the parish at once. This collection had an exceptional scientific value – later sold in Berlin, became a core of archaeological museum created in the 1830s. Even if other contemporary collections were not so spectacular, they are still a valuable witness of archaeological discoveries at that time.
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Conley, Mary. "The Admiralty’s gaze: disciplining indecency and sodomy in the Edwardian fleet." In A new naval history, 70–88. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526113801.003.0004.

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This article examines the ways that the British Admiralty treated both acts and allegations of indecency during the early twentieth century. Despite the trope of the gay sailor, remarkably little attention has been devoted to the history of homosexuality in the Victorian and Edwardian British navy. The article historicizes the role that the state has played in disciplining sexuality and the potential effect that such efforts had upon the maintenance of discipline and efficiency of the fleet. While few personal accounts have been left, courts-martial cases offer a lens to understand how sex was expressed afloat. The source base for this article includes select courts-martial cases of indecency that are contextualized with a broader statistical survey of Admiralty disciplinary records pertaining to indecency. Research from these courts-martial records suggests the limited effects of punitive disciplinary reforms in deterring acts of indecency and the difficulties that the Admiralty faced in policing men’s sexual activities aboard ship. In particular the article finds that a significant proportion of these cases involved boy ratings as both perpetrators and victims.
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Rostow, W. W. "Cycles." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0009.

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The reason for tracing in this chapter the history of cycles, as a prelude to speculating about the future, lies in two features of cyclical history: the fact that this history includes the global depression of the 1930s that helped trigger World War II and the fact that a number of economists have underlined the role of population increase, stagnation, or decline in determining the length and amplitude of depressions and of cycles themselves. Cycles viewed historically, then, are not irrelevant to the issues of the next century. Trend periods, treated in Chapter 4, have a rhythm that runs through a series of business cycles. Trend periods affect the price level, interest rates, terms of trade, capital movements, and direction of migration. Business cycles, unlike trend periods, consist of fluctuations in employment and output. The length and intensity of businesscycle upswings —and the extent of overshooting they yield —are partially determined by the time lags involved in the particular leading sectors of the boom. The shortness of the inventory cycle—about three years — is related to the simple fact that inventories have a short life. Unlike a factory, a road, or a house, they are used up rather promptly in the production process. Inventory overshooting, therefore, tends to be capable of correction fairly soon. Housing stands at the other extreme. Houses last a generation, and their replacement (relative to inventories) is more postponable. Against this brief background, the character and timing of businesscycle patterns are examined in four periods: the 18th century, 1783— 1914, the interwar years, and post-1945. Then the cyclical problem as now foreseen for 1996-2050 will be discussed. Britain is the only country where business fluctuations in the 18th century have been examined in a reasonably systematic, if still exploratory, way. Moreover, Britain gained primacy in the course of the 18th century and remained at the heart of global cyclical fluctuations through about 1914. T. S. Ashton's chronology of turning points in British business fluctuations of the 18th century is given in Table 5.1.
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Popovich, Alexey I. "Allusions to the Victim and Sacrifice in the Andrey Kurbsky’s History and Reception of the 17th — Early 18th Centuries." In Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature: Issue 20, 186–207. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2021-20-186-207.

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The literary topoi and allusions to the victim and sacrifice in the biblical and historical context at the same time played a great role for Andrey Kurbsky as a traditionalist and innovator writer in the embodiment of the complex author’s intention of the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow (the second half of the 16th century). The article notes that the writer distinguishes, as opposites, the axiology of sacrificial feat for power doer and persecuted heroes. The article reveals the diverse reception of the author’s interpretation by readers and scribes of History. Kurbsky’s contemporaries and readers of the late 17th — early 18th century had different attitudes toward Kurbsky’s definition of the personality of Ivan the Terrible who makes unrighteous victims and the characterization of people affected by him as new martyrs. The rich handwritten tradition of History, including as part of the Kurbsky Collections, contributed to the emergence of new reader’s interpretations based on literary topoi and allusions used by Kurbsky. The intellectuals of the ‘transitional’ period A.S. Matveev, Evfimy Chudovsky, A.I. Lyzlov, V.V. Golitsyn and others were involved in this process. Textological and typological comparisons of certain monuments and Kurbsky’s History contributed to a deeper understanding of the literary context of the time when the prince’s writings spread. The study also helped to determine which Kurbsky’s ideas about the victim and sacrifice remained relevant for members of different class groups, and which were leveled out and outdated in the text interpretation process.
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Goldberg, Ann. "Medical Representations of Sexual Madness: Nymphomania and Masturbatory Insanity." In Sex, Religion, and the Making of Modern Madness. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125818.003.0010.

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Nineteenth-century science played a critical role in the formulation and legitimation of modern gender norms and the subordination of women through naturalizing gender difference—representing as “scientific” and universal in the supposedly biological makeup of the sexes what were in fact social and prescriptive beliefs. Feminist studies in the history of psychiatry and on the hysteria diagnosis in particular have been groundbreaking in opening up this line of analysis. In stark contrast to the topic of hysteria, nymphomania has received almost no attention in the historiography. It played no role in the creation of famous psychiatric careers, as did hysteria in the work of Jean-Martin Charcot and Sigmund Freud. Rather, nymphomania was one of those vague, allen compassing, but all the more ubiquitous, terms for female sexual deviancy that floated in both medical and popular culture. Yet, in the Eberbach case histories, it was nymphomania, not hysteria, that predominated in medical representations of female sexual maladies, its symptoms or diagnosis appearing in the case files of almost one-third of the female patients. Its prominence in these cases, as I shall argue, was related in complex ways to the primarily rural and lower-class social background of these patients, a group which, while typical of early–nineteenth-century asylums, has received no systematic treatment in the study of gender and madness. This class dimension is probably one reason for the paucity of studies on nymphomania: hysteria was classically, though by no means exclusively, an illness of precisely those elite Victorian women on whom the historiography of hysteria and madness has hitherto focused. Gender, as feminist scholarship has shown, is a “symbolic system” that “signif[ies] relationships of power.” Gender categories are also relational: definitions of femininity are developed in opposition to those of masculinity. These elements of gender are important for understanding the medical construction of sexual pathology in the Eberbach files. Nymphomania had its male counterpart, masturbatory insanity, and both these “illnesses” can only be understood properly in relationship to each other, as two gendered sides to the coin of sexual pathology.
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Giannachi, Gabriella. "(A)live Archives." In Archive Everything. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035293.003.0006.

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This Chapter looks at the role played by transmission of the archive through the body, drawing from performance studies, bioart, database aesthetics and history of science to look at what becomes of the archive in the era of genomic experimentation. Drawing on economics, the chapter establishes the role played by the archive within the digital economy showing how the archive evolved for each of the industrial revolutions that occurred since the 18th century. Additionally, the Chapter analyzes the role played by the archive in the development of smart objects within the internet of things. The case studies for this chapter include work by the Musée de la Danse; George Legrady; Natalie Bookchin; Eduardo Kac; Christine Borland; and Lynn Hershman Leeson’s Infinity Engine, in which the human being has become its own (a-)live archive, one that, through regenerative medicine, can be modified inside out.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sex role – History – 18th century"

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"The Three-Hundred-Year Demographic History of Ekaterinburg: Sources and Historiography." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-12.

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The paper presents the results of the historical study of the population formation in Ekaterinburg over a 300-year period. Historical sources and the process of accumulating knowledge about the number of city residents were examined. Analysis of population data revealed that the process of collecting demographic information on Russia (and, accordingly, on Ekaterinburg) took a century and a half (from the 18th century until almost the 1870s). The role of the head of the Ekaterinburg mining plants, academician I. F. Herman, in the development of population tables is shown. Since 1873, when the first one-day census of the city’s population was conducted, and then 1887, statistical and demographic information has become representative. The main source for examining the population formation of the city were the censuses of 1897, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1931, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1979, 1989, 2002, 2010, as well as the current population records. A brief review of historical literature showed that the study of the population of Ekaterinburg is in its infancy.
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