Journal articles on the topic 'Sex role – Brazil'
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Santos, Betania, Indianarae Siqueira, Cristiane Oliveira, Laura Murray, Thaddeus Blanchette, Carolina Bonomi, Ana Paula da Silva, and Soraya Simões. "Sex Work, Essential Work: A Historical and (Necro)Political Analysis of Sex Work in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010002.
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Brazil has made international headlines for the government’s inept and irresponsible response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, sex worker activists have once again taken on an essential role in responding to the pandemic amidst State absences and abuses. Drawing on the theoretical framework of necropolitics, we trace the gendered, sexualized, and racialized dimensions of how prostitution and work have been (un)governed in Brazil and how this has framed sex worker activists’ responses to COVID-19. As a group of scholars and sex worker activists based in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, we specifically explore the idea of sex workers as “essential workers”, but also of sex work as, essentially, work, demonstrating complicities, differences, and congruencies in how sex workers see what they do and who their allies in the context of the 21st century’s greatest health crisis to date.
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Inciardi, James A., and Hilary L. Surratt. "Male Transvestite Sex Workers and HIV in RIO De Janeiro, Brazil." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700109.
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The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among a group of transvestite prostitutes in Rio de Janeiro and to identify HIV-related risk behaviors to develop targeted intervention strategies. A total of 46 transvestite sex workers were recruited and assessed regarding drug use and sexual risk behaviors. Sixty-three percent tested positive for antibody to HIV-I. Injection drug use was the only factor statistically related to HIV seropositivity. However, sexual risk behaviors, including unprotected anal sex and sex for drug exchanges, were reported by a substantial part of the sample. In addition, given that they engage in both receptive and insertive anal sex with a primarily heterosexual male clientele, they may be playing a role in the heterosexual spread of HIV/AIDS in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that transvestite sex workers are at uniquely high risk for HIV infection and that intervention efforts for this population must be equally unique.
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Dourado, Inês, Sarah MacCarthy, Manasa Reddy, Gabriela Calazans, and Sofia Gruskin. "Revisiting the use of condoms in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 18, suppl 1 (September 2015): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201500050006.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction:It is known that a single prevention strategy is not enough to control multiple HIV epidemics around the world and in Brazil. However, it is not only necessary to recognize the importance of condoms as part of the policy of HIV/AIDS prevention but also discuss its limits. In this article, we aim to investigate the use of condoms in Brazil, draw critical reflections, and understand how they can once again be highlighted in Brazil's prevention strategy going forward.Methods:A narrative review of literature was conducted using keywords in PubMed. Reports from national surveys that guide the epidemiological and behavioral surveillance of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were also included.Results:A total of 40 articles and 3 reports were included in the review and 11 intervention studies to promote the condom use; the main findings were as follows: 1) Despite the increase in national studies on sexual behavior, little attention is given to the role of condom use; 2) There are few studies examining the factors associated with condom use among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), drug users (DU), and transvestites and transexuals (TT), while substantial studies focus on adolescents and women; 3) Evidence suggests that a combination of interventions is more effective.Discussion:new prevention technologies must not lose sight of the critical importance of condoms, and efforts to reintroduce them should focus on the role of pleasure in addition to their potential to minimize the risk of HIV.
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Gawryszewski, Vilma Pinheiro, and Eugênia Maria Silveira Rodrigues. "The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 124, no. 4 (2006): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802006000400007.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Since 1980, injuries have been the second biggest cause of death among the Brazilian population. This study aimed to analyze national data on fatal injuries and nonfatal injury hospitalization in Brazil, for 2003. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a population-based descriptive study, Brazil, 2003. METHODS: Data from 126,520 fatal injuries and 733,712 nonfatal injuries seen at public hospitals were analyzed. The data were stratified by sex, age, intent and injury mechanism. Raw and age- and sex-specific rates were calculated per 100,000 individuals. RESULTS: The raw injury mortality rate was 71.5/100,000 (122.6/100,000 for male and 22.0/100,000 for female). For fatal injuries, the proportions of unintentional and intentional injuries were equal (44.3% and 46.9%, respectively). Homicides were the leading cause, 40.3% overall (28.8/100,000), followed by transport-related deaths, 26.2% overall (17.0/100,000). For nonfatal injuries, the rate was 414.8/100,000 and unintentional injuries were predominant (88.9%). Overall, the leading cause was unintentional falls, accounting for 42.6% of victims treated in public hospitals (176.8/100,000). Transport-related injuries were second: 15.0% overall; 62.0/100,000. Fractures comprised 46.7% of principal diagnoses at hospitals. The injury types in the fatal and nonfatal datasets varied according to sex and age. The highest rates were found among young males and elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention activities need to be developed. To prevent deaths, homicide has to be addressed. Among hospitalized cases, falls are the most important problem. Traffic-related injuries play an important role in morbidity and mortality.
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Hobold, Edilson, Vitor Pires-Lopes, Rossana Gómez-Campos, Miguel de Arruda, Cynthia Lee Andruske, Jaime Pacheco-Carrillo, and Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños. "Reference standards to assess physical fitness of children and adolescents of Brazil: an approach to the students of the Lake Itaipú region—Brazil." PeerJ 5 (November 30, 2017): e4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4032.
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Background The importance of assessing body fat variables and physical fitness tests plays an important role in monitoring the level of activity and physical fitness of the general population. The objective of this study was to develop reference norms to evaluate the physical fitness aptitudes of children and adolescents based on age and sex from the lake region of Itaipú, Brazil. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 5,962 students (2,938 males and 3,024 females) with an age range of 6.0 and 17.9 years. Weight (kg), height (cm), and triceps (mm), and sub-scapular skinfolds (mm) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI kg/m2) was calculated. To evaluate the four physical fitness aptitude dimensions (morphological, muscular strength, flexibility, and cardio-respiratory), the following physical education tests were given to the students: sit-and-reach (cm), push-ups (rep), standing long jump (cm), and 20-m shuttle run (m). Results and Discussion Females showed greater flexibility in the sit-and-reach test and greater body fat than the males. No differences were found in BMI. Percentiles were created for the four components for the physical fitness aptitudes, BMI, and skinfolds by using the LMS method based on age and sex. The proposed reference values may be used for detecting talents and promoting health in children and adolescents.
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Pagliaro, Heloisa, Natália da Silva Carvalho, Douglas Rodrigues, and Roberto G. Baruzzi. "Demographic dynamics of the Suyá, a Jê people of the Xingu Indigenous Park, Central Brazil, 1970-2004." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, no. 5 (May 2007): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007000500009.
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This paper analyses the demographic dynamics of the Suyá, a Jê people, inhabitants of the Xingu Indigenous Park, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, during the years 1970-2004. Data was gathered from medical records of the São Paulo Federal University Health Program at the Xingu Indigenous Park. The demographic characteristics addressed include composition by age and sex, crude birth rates, general mortality rates, mortality rates by age and sex, proportional mortality by sex, age, and basic causes of death. The results show a population recovery process, with growth rates of 3% per year between 1970 and 2004. In addition to moderate birth rates and declining mortality rates, migration has also played an important role in the demographic dynamics. Mortality indicators show a decline in general and infant mortality rates, higher death rates among women, higher proportions of deaths among individuals < 1 and 50+ years of age, and major causes of death to be infectious diseases and cancer.
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Ferris, Jason, Cheneal Puljević, Florian Labhart, Adam Winstock, and Emmanuel Kuntsche. "The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz040.
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Abstract Aims This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries. Methods Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries. Results The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Conclusions Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.
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Lucchini, Karen, Rebecca Umeed, Luana Guimarães, Paulo Santos, Iara Sommer, and Bruna Bezerra. "The role of touch in captive and semi-captive Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus)." Behaviour 158, no. 3-4 (February 9, 2021): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10069.
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Abstract Tactile signals have been neglected in aquatic animal studies despite being a major communication modality. We investigated Antillean manatees’ tactile behavioural repertoire and budget in captivity (7-females and 4-males) and semi-captivity (4-males) in Brazil. We detected 17 tactile behaviours (14.03% of the activity budget) with social, self-maintenance, or environmental exploration functions. The observation method influenced the detection of self-maintenance behaviours — focal animal and ad libitum detected more of these behaviours than scan sampling. Age, sex, housing, and centre routines influenced the tactile repertoire. The captive females and semi-captive males tactile patterns differed, suggesting that sex and animal-pool density play a role in tactile patterns. We recommend carefully choosing the observation method when investigating functional categories of manatee tactile behaviours. The monitoring and stimulation of manatee tactile behaviours should integrate rehabilitation and reintroduction practices. Environmental enrichment may stimulate tactile behaviours related to habitat exploration, key behaviours in aiding manatee navigation.
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Finger, Mariane Angélica, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Ivan Roque de Barros Filho, Ivan Deconto, Peterson Triches Dornbusch, Leila Sabrina Ullmann, and Alexander Welker Biondo. "Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in carthorses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 1 (March 2013): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013005000001.
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Toxoplasma gondii, the agent for toxoplasmosis, has worldwide distribution. Horses normally play a secondary role in its life cycle, but movement around urban areas, feeding on grass and the increasing use of carthorses for gathering recyclable material in some urban areas of Brazil may increase their exposure to T. gondii infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies in carthorses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, PR. IgG antibodies against T. gondii were detected using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) (titers ≥ 64). Seventeen (17.0%) of the 100 horses sampled were seropositive. There were no statistical differences in relation to sex (p = 0.28) or age (p = 0.15). Our findings suggest that carthorses are exposed to T. gondii infections and that no associations with age or sex exist.
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Nicolete, Jamilly Nicácio, and Jane Soares de Almeida. "Women and education: Normalization and professionalization." Policy Futures in Education 16, no. 5 (July 25, 2017): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210317715817.
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In this article, in a historical perspective, the authors discuss the symbolization of the female figure in the social imaginary in relation to a teaching career, based on the practices of teacher training, professionalization and co-education,. Since colonial times, the education of females in Brazil has always been permeated with expectations about domestic duties being women’s main role. The opening of the possibility of entering a paid profession that was in harmony with this role made the teaching profession the vocational path of women in education from the outset. The subordination of the female sex to the male sex is another mechanism of social control between the sexes, which also means a relation of power. Power aims, above all, to regulate habits and customs and to sanitize and moralize behaviours. As a consequence, it induces full compliance with the legal, social and religious precepts. This ideal retains the privileges of the minority group, whether in terms of social class or sex.
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Davel, Ana Paula, Iris Z. Jaffe, Rita C. Tostes, Frederic Jaisser, and Eric J. Belin de Chantemèle. "New roles of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular disease: translational and sex-specific effects." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 315, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): H989—H999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00073.2018.
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Recent advances in the field of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone expanded the role of this hormone and its receptor far beyond their initial function as a regulator of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in epithelial cells. The symposium “New Roles of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease: Translational and Sex-Specific Effects” presented at the 38th World Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) highlighted the contribution of extrarenal MRs to cardiovascular disease. This symposium showcased how MRs expressed in endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and immune cells plays a critical role in the development of vascular disease associated with aging, obesity, and chronic aldosterone stimulation and demonstrated that MR antagonism prevents the acute renal dysfunction and tubular injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. It was also shown that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a new direct regulator of aldosterone secretion and that leptin-mediated aldosterone production is a major contributor to obesity-associated hypertension in women. Sex differences in the role of aldosterone and of endothelial MR in the cardiovascular outcomes of obesity were highlighted. This review summarizes these important emerging concepts regarding the contribution of aldosterone and cell-specific MR to cardiovascular disease in male and female subjects and further supports sex-specific benefits of MR antagonist drugs to be tested in additional populations.
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Edeza, Alberto, Omar Galarraga, David Novak, Kenneth Mayer, Joshua Rosenberger, Matthew Mimiaga, and Katie Biello. "The role of sexual risk behaviors on PrEP awareness and interest among men who have sex with men in Latin America." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 6 (February 5, 2019): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419825944.
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In Latin America, men who have sex with men (MSM) remain disproportionately impacted by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention tool and has been FDA approved in the United States since 2012, but no Latin American state, with the recent exception of Brazil, has implemented PrEP guidelines. We carried out a multinational online survey of MSM in Latin America (n = 22698) in 2012 to assess whether MSM at highest risk of HIV acquisition (i.e., those engaging in condomless anal sex [CAS; n = 2606] and transactional sex [n = 1488]) had higher levels of awareness of PrEP, PrEP use and interest in participating in a PrEP trial. After adjusting for demographic and psychosocial characteristics including depressive symptoms, hazardous alcohol use, childhood sexual abuse, and sexual compulsivity, transactional sex and CAS were associated with increased PrEP awareness (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05–1.59, p < .001 and aOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11–1.34, p < .001, respectively) and PrEP trial interest (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25–1.71, p < .001 and aOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.57–1.95, p < .001, respectively). Findings demonstrate substantial awareness of and interest in PrEP among MSM with behavioral risk factors for HIV in Latin America, suggesting that this region is primed for PrEP implementation, which has been slow.
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Pimentel, Renata Macedo Martins, Jefferson Drezett, Hugo Macedo Jr, Solange Andreoni, and Rebeca Souza e. Silva. "Abortion withdrawal of sexual violence pregnancy: the role of the sex offender." Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.10363.
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Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy is a serious consequence for women who experience sexual violence. Although deciding on abortion is frequent in these cases, there is not much information on women who give up abortion in this circumstance.
Objective: To analyse the associated factors in abortion withdrawal of sexual violence pregnancy.
Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a convenience sample of adolescents and women with pregnancy due to sexual violence and requesting legal abortion between August 1994 and December 2012, at Hospital Pérola Byington, São Paulo, Brazil. Pregnant women who gave up abortion after receiving the procedure approval were included and, in another group, pregnant women who completed the abortion. The variables were selected from a digitized database and analyzed using SPSS 15.0 software. The outcome was abortion withdrawal. The study variables were age; low education level; gestational age; color/black ethnicity; not being united; declare religion; serious threat from the aggressor; known offender; and residence of the aggressor. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The analysis used Wald's chi-square test (?2W) and logistic regression with variable of interest defined as the known aggressor. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo, Opinion No. 6767.
Results: The study included 941 women, 849 (90.2%) who had an abortion and 92 (9.8%) who gave up after being approved. Age ranged from 10-46 years, mean 23.2 ± 7.9 years, gestational age 4-22 weeks, average 11.9 ± 4.5 weeks. Among those who gave up abortion, 12.0% were <14 years old; 50.0% had gestational age ? 13 weeks; 50.0% had low education; 14.2% were black; 90.2% single; 85.9% declared to have religion; 50.0% were threatened; 12.0% of the cases occurred at the perpetrator's residence and 53.3% of the victims were raped by known perpetrators. In logistic regression, the only significant variable was the known perpetrator, increasing the victim's chance of giving up abortion twice.
Conclusion: The known sex offender has influenced the woman or adolescent's decision to give up legal abortion.
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Lima, Daniela Oliveira de, Luana Gabriele Arenhart Braun, Fabrício Luiz Skupien, Daniele Pereira Rodrigues, and Jady de Oliveira Sausen. "Movement distances for four small mammals in two Atlantic forests fragments, Southern Brazil." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e59669.
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Animal movement has an important role in individual performance, species reproduction, population demography, and conservation, especially in fragmented landscapes. The distance moved by an individual may vary depending on individual needs, such as the search for food resources and sexual partners. Here we investigated which factors affect the distances between successive captures (hereafter DSC) for Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Sooretamys angouya, and Didelphis albiventris. This study was conducted from April 2015 to October 2016 in two fragments in the south of Atlantic Forest biome through capture, mark and recapture technique. DSC was analyzed using Generalized Linear Models with Poisson distribution where the independent variables were sex, whether the animal was active or not in terms of reproduction, body weight, and climatic season. The mean DSC was greater for D. albiventris (44.6 ± 28.8 m), followed by S. angouya (31.9 ± 25.7 m), O. nigripes (25.8 ± 22.5 m) and A. montensis (18.9 ± 22.0 m). Males of all species moved larger DSC than females. Considering the rodents, reproductive animals also moved larger DSC than non-reproductive animals. Sex may have masked the effect of body weight, as males tend to be larger than females. Climatic effects were tested for A. montensis and O. nigripes, however, with diverse effects.
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Assaf, Ryan D., Kelika A. Konda, Thiago S. Torres, E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez, Oliver A. Elorreaga, Dulce Diaz-Sosa, Steven D. Diaz, et al. "Are men who have sex with men at higher risk for HIV in Latin America more aware of PrEP?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0255557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255557.
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Introduction PrEP awareness in Latin America has been poorly characterized, with studies in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru highlighting awareness of 65% among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We assessed the association between higher risk of HIV infection, indicative of PrEP eligibility, and PrEP awareness among MSM from these countries. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a web-based survey advertised on social media platforms from March-June 2018 in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. Eligible individuals were cisgender MSM, ≥18 years old, HIV negative or of unknown status, who lived in these countries, and provided informed consent. Higher risk of HIV infection was defined as having 10 or more points in the HIV Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM). We used multivariable Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) testing the association between higher risk for HIV and PrEP awareness. Results After exclusions, 19,457 MSM were included in this analysis. In Brazil, 53.8% were classified as higher risk for HIV, 51.9% in Mexico, and 54.2% in Peru. Higher risk for HIV was minimally associated with PrEP awareness among those in Brazil (aPR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06), but no such association was observed in Mexico or Peru. Having more than a high school education, high income, daily use of geosocial networking (GSN) applications, and substance use were associated with PrEP awareness. Conclusion Higher risk of HIV infection was associated with increased PrEP awareness in Brazil. However, this association was weak indicating that PrEP awareness could be strengthened with further prevention efforts. In the remaining countries, results were non-conclusive between risk and awareness. Interventions to increase PrEP awareness are paramount to increase PrEP willingness and uptake and in turn prevent new HIV infections. Social media platforms could play an important role to achieve this goal.
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G Duarte, Fernanda, Sandra da Silva Moreira, Maria da Conceição C. Almeida, Carlos A. de Souza Teles, Carine S. Andrade, Art L. Reingold, and Edson D. Moreira Jr. "Sex differences and correlates of poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Brazil and Venezuela." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e023401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023401.
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ObjectiveExamine whether glycaemic control varies according to sex and whether the latter plays a role in modifying factors associated with inadequate glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Brazil and Venezuela.Design, setting and participantsThis was a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted in Brazil and Venezuela from February 2006 to June 2007 to obtain information about glycaemic control and its determinants in patients with diabetes mellitus attending outpatient clinics.Main outcome measuresHaemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was measured by liquid chromatography, and patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% (53 mmol/mol) were considered to have inadequate glycaemic control. The association of selected variables with glycaemic control was analysed by multivariate linear regression, using HbA1c as the dependent variable.ResultsA total of 9418 patients with T2D were enrolled in Brazil (n=5692) and in Venezuela (n=3726). They included 6214 (66%) women and 3204 (34%) men. On average, HbA1c levels in women were 0.13 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.24; p=0.015) higher than in men, after adjusting for age, marital status, education, race, country, body mass index, duration of disease, complications, type of healthcare, adherence to diet, adherence to treatment and previous measurement of HbA1c. Sex modified the effect of some factors associated with glycaemic control in patients with T2D in our study, but had no noteworthy effect in others.ConclusionsWomen with T2D had worse glycaemic control than men. Possible causes for poorer glycaemic control in women compared with men include differences in glucose homeostasis, treatment response and psychological factors. In addition, sex modified factors associated with glycaemic control, suggesting the need to develop specific treatment guidelines for men and women.
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Borges, Ana Luiza Vilela, and Eunice Nakamura. "Social norms of sexual initiation among adolescents and gender relations." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 17, no. 1 (February 2009): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692009000100015.
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This study aimed to identify standards and expectations regarding sexual initiation of 14 to 18 year-old adolescents in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, using data from four focal groups conducted in 2006. Results revealed that gender issues are clearly present in participants' reports and showed to be essential in their choices about the moment, partners and contraceptive practices in the first sexual relation. Adolescents are subordinated to gender roles, traditionally attributed to male and female genders, i.e. the notion that sex is an uncontrolled instinct for boys, and intrinsically and closely associated to love and desire for girls. Adolescents also play a preponderant role in the perpetuation of these values within the group they live in.
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Lima, Henrique Espada. "Wages of Intimacy: Domestic Workers Disputing Wages in the Higher Courts of Nineteenth-Century Brazil." International Labor and Working-Class History 88 (2015): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547915000174.
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AbstractExploring the legal context and arguments put forth by women who sued for their wages, this article illustrates how contested definitions of “work” and “intimacy” played a fundamental role in the arguments that both domestic workers and those whom they challenged in court made. It discusses a sample of legal complaints concerning labor arrangements (specifically, wage contracts, or contratos de soldada) from the Brazilian National Archives involving women working in the households of single men or widowers in nineteenth-century Brazil. Brought by both former slaves and Portuguese immigrants and other “free” women, domestic workers advanced demands for compensation, claiming wages and entitlements that clearly defined their connection to their masters as “work,” even when personal intimacy and sex were also present. The article also considers the place occupied by “free” domestic work in a slave society, relating it to the changing legal and social context of nineteenth-century Brazil.
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TOMBOLATO, Mário Augusto, Ana Cláudia Bortolozzi MAIA, Anna Paula UZIEL, and Manoel Antônio dos SANTOS. "Prejudice and discrimination in the everyday life of same-sex couples raising children." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 35, no. 1 (March 2018): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000100011.
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Abstract The present study investigated the experiences of prejudice and discrimination in the everyday lives of five same-sex couples raising children. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an interview and were analyzed by thematic analysis. Participants attributed meanings to their experiences of being homoparental families: they assumed their social role as they managed to develop their own conjugality and parental projects in the struggle within a social context permeated by the hegemony of heteronormative values. The participants experienced prejudice related to their lifestyle and attained parenthood status, challenging social norms and gender stereotypes. However, it was also found that attitudes of willingness and perseverance in their fight for their rights proved to be protective measures against prejudice and social intolerance. A limited number of studies have examined the prejudice and discrimination towards same-sex families in Brazil; therefore, there is a need for greater visibility and further discussion about this phenomenon.
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Brignol, Sandra Mara Silva, Inês Dourado, Leila Denise Amorim, José Garcia Vivas Miranda, and Lígia R. F. S. Kerr. "Social networks of men who have sex with men: a study of recruitment chains using Respondent Driven Sampling in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, suppl 1 (November 2015): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00085614.
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Abstract Social and sexual contact networks between men who have sex with men (MSM) play an important role in understanding the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In Salvador (Bahia State, Brazil), one of the cities in the survey Behavior, Attitudes, Practices, and Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis among Men Who Have Sex with Men in 10 Brazilian Cities, data were collected in 2008/2009 from a sample of 383 MSM using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Network analysis was used to study friendship networks and sexual partner networks. The study also focused on the association between the number of links (degree) and the number of sexual partners, in addition to socio-demographic characteristics. The networks’ structure potentially facilitates HIV transmission. However, the same networks can also be used to spread messages on STI/HIV prevention, since the proximity and similarity of MSM in these networks can encourage behavior change and positive attitudes towards prevention.
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CREMASCHI, Renata Carvalho, Camila HIROTSU, Sergio TUFIK, and Fernando Morgadinho COELHO. "Health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy types 1 and 2 from a Sleep Center in Brazil." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 78, no. 8 (August 2020): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20200032.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Narcolepsy patients have higher prevalence of comorbidities, such as obesity, depression, and pain. Narcolepsy symptoms and concomitant medical conditions can impact the daily activities of patients. The objective of this study is to describe the quality of life in a sample of patients with narcolepsy, and the influence of the nutritional status in health domains. Methods: At Unifesp, two groups of 33 patients (narcolepsy types 1 and 2 meeting 2014 criteria, concerning hypocretin-1) and 33 controls without sleepiness, matched by age and sex, filled out the SF-36. Results: Narcolepsy groups, regardless of their nutritional status, had significantly lower scores in all domains, compared to controls, mainly in Role-physical, Role-emotional, and Energy/Fatigue. Role-physical score was lower in type 1 than in type 2 and controls (37.8±1.0 vs. 50.0±1.2 vs. 85.6±1.6; p<0.0001). Obese with type 2 narcolepsy scored lower than type 1 in physical scales. Conclusion: In a Sleep Center in São Paulo, Brazil, physical and mental health were impaired in narcolepsy types 1 and 2. The first report of the poor health status in Brazilians with narcolepsy type 2 suggests that obesity negatively affects physical domains.
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SPONCHIADO, J., G. L. MELO, T. F. MARTINS, F. S. KRAWCZAK, F. C. JACINAVICIUS, M. B. LABRUNA, D. M. BARROS-BATTESTI, and N. C. CÁCERES. "Ectoparasites of small-mammals: determinants of community structure in South American savannah." Parasitology 144, no. 4 (November 8, 2016): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001906.
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SUMMARYThis study aimed to assess the contribution of hosts characteristics (rodents and marsupials) in the organization of ectoparasite communities present in woodland patches in western central Brazil. We verified the effect of host species, sex, body mass and vertical strata in addition to the role of seasonality on the ectoparasite composition, richness and abundance. The total sampling effort was 22 032 trap-nights equally distributed in 54 woodland patches. Variance partition and principal coordinate analysis were used to verify the existence of significant relationships between response variables and predictors. As expected, host species was the most important variable in ectoparasite community assembly. The composition, richness and abundance of mites and lice were highly influenced by host species, although higher for mites than for lice. Host body mass had a determining role on the richness and abundance of tick species. Vertical stratification and seasonality had weak influence, while the sex of the host had no influence on the organization of these communities. The results are closely related to the evolutionary characteristics of the species involved, as well as with local environmental characteristics of the study area.
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Machado da Costa, Marina, Patrícia Hoffmann, Geslaine Rafaela Lemos Gonçalves, and Maria Lucia Negreiros-Fransozo. "Sexual maturity of the small shrimp Potimirim brasiliana Villalobos, 1959 (Crustacea, Atyidae), from the southeastern coast of Brazil." Revista de Biologia Neotropical / Journal of Neotropical Biology 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rbn.v17i1.60646.
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The shrimp Potimirim brasiliana plays an important role in streams along the Brazilian coast as it feeds on the organic debris from the surrounding ecosystem. We determined the morphological sexual maturity of P. brasiliana by means of relative growth. Monthly throughout a year, we used sieves (2 mm mesh diameter) to collect the specimens in a coastal stream. A total of 3,521 specimens had their carapace length (CL) measured, as well as their second pleura length (PL) and the length (AML) and width (AMW) of the appendix masculina. The studied relationships were the following: CL vs. PL; CL vs. AML and CL vs. AMW, with the data adjusted to a logistic equation. All the relationships tested among the demographic groups differed statistically. The CL50 of females measured 3.45 mm, while the CL50 of males measured 2.75 mm. Two adult morphological groups were set apart for each sex. The CL vs. AMW relationship is the best at demonstrating the separation of the morphological groups for males. This fact is an intriguint issue as it suggests the presence of morphotypes in males, probably, playing different roles in the reproductive process.
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Hallak, Jorge, Thiago A. Teixeira, Ligia V. Barrozo, Júlio Singer, Esper G. Kallas, and Paulo HN Saldiva. "Male sex rather than socioeconomic vulnerability as a determinant for COVID-19 death in Sao Paulo: A population-based study." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212211055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221105583.
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Objectives: To determine the role of the male sex as a risk factor for coronavirus disease deaths in Sao Paulo and to what extent socioeconomic vulnerability and individual health issues can interfere in such risk. Methods: The primary cause of death, age, sex, comorbidities, and code of the Human Development Units of the residence of 37,583 individuals in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were obtained from the records on confirmed coronavirus disease resident hospitalizations of the city of Sao Paulo from the National Influenza Surveillance Information System. A social vulnerability index was assigned to each Human Development Unit. Using “death” as the outcome variable and sex, admission to the intensive care unit, obesity, renal and heart diseases, diabetes, and social vulnerability as confounders, the odds of death for males and females were compared via logistic regression. Results: The odds of death for males were 1.242 (confidence interval 95% = 1.237, 1.247) times the corresponding odds for females with the same values for all confounders. We estimated the odds of death for patients living in regions with high social vulnerability as 2.243 (CI 95% = 2.151, 2.339) times the corresponding odds of patients living in regions with very low social vulnerability with the same values of the remaining variables. Conclusion: The male:female death ratio by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Sao Paulo cannot be attributed only to comorbidities or social vulnerabilities. Our results suggest that the male sex is an independent biological risk factor for coronavirus disease death. Besides sex-specific factors, further research should focus on crucial biological factors in male sex coronavirus disease mortality.
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Öze, Nuran, and Murat Sayan. "Social Network Dynamics in Transmission of HIV by Sexual Contact." International Conference on Gender Research 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): pp171–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/icgr.5.1.81.
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According to statistics published by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), by the end of 2019, 38 million people were living with HIV. Hornet is the most frequently-used gay-oriented social network worldwide, especially in France, Russia, Brazil, Turkey, and Taiwan. In this study, we focused on the correlation between the route of transmission for the HIV-1 virus and social media application usage in terms of sexual contact according to the generation category in Turkey. The study included 280 heterosexual, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (MSM) who were newly diagnosed and antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1 patients from cities located in the Marmara region in Turkey. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with each patient between 2015 and 2020. As key populations of the study, bisexuals and MSMs were counted together in the MSMs category because in both sexual preferences, MSM. HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were identified by phylogenetic analysis. Subtype B (80%, 224/280), non-subtype B (7.5%, 21/280), and CRFs (12.5%, 35/280) were identified as the most commonly occurring HIV-1 subtypes. HIV-1 acquisition route was found to be largely through MSM contact (67.9%, 190/280) compared to heterosexual contact (32.1%, 90/280). We have analysed the role of sex-oriented social media applications in HIV transmission among different sexual contacts. The study results showed that sex-oriented social media applications play a facilitator role in HIV transmission between key populations. This study may be useful for developing policies to prevent HIV transmission.
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Laperrière, Hélène. "Evaluation of STD/HIV/AIDS peer-education and danger: a local perspective." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 13, no. 6 (December 2008): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232008000600016.
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An evaluation of peer-education projects with sex workers, men who have sex with men and marginalized adolescents, was introduced in a remote region of Brazil. The context of varied limits of predictability made it difficult to conduct inquiry. To go beyond available epidemiological surveys and questionnaires on sexual behavior, a self-evaluation aimed at increasing pragmatic knowledge about prevention in a challenging socio-political context. During five-months, a participatory-action research explored participant observation; individual and collective exchanges with users, peer-educators, coordinators, administrators, politicians and regional health professionals. Collective understanding of peer-education in prostitution zones underlines the reality of unforeseen social repercussions and confluence/divergence of multiple actors' perspectives. It identifies meaningful dimensions at a community-level, such as the collective history and dangerous working conditions. Nurses face complex struggles and negotiations over multiple actors in their practice. This study suggests that nurses have a role to play in the conceptualization of participatory evaluation. It also underlines the threats to their physical and social safety, which they might share with peer-educators.
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Proietti, Fernando A., Urquisa H. M. Paulino, Clea A. Chiari, Anna B. F. C. Proietti, and Carlos M. F. Antunes. "Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a low-endemic area in Brazil: clinical and nutritional characteristics." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 34, no. 5 (October 1992): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651992000500007.
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A cross-sectional case-control study designed to evaluate the role of malnutrition in the association between the intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection and clinical schistosomiasis, was conducted in an area with both low frequency of infection and low morbidity of schistosomiasis in Brazil. Cases (256) were patients with a positive stool examination for S. mansoni; their geometrical mean number of eggs/gram of feces was 90. Controls (256) were a random sample of the negative participants paired to the cases by age, sex and length of residence in the area. The clinical signs and symptoms found to be associated with S. mansoni infection, comparing cases and controls, were blood in stools and presence of a palpable liver. A linear trend in the relative odds of these signs and symptoms with increasing levels of infection was detected. Adjusting by the level of egg excretion, the existence of an interaction between palpable liver and ethnic group (white) was suggested. No differences in the nutritional status of infected and non-infected participants were found.
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Moura, A. B. de, S. C. Osaki, D. L. Zulpo, J. L. Garcia, and E. B. Teixeira. "Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in beef cattle of microrregion of Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 79, no. 3 (September 2012): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-16572012000300014.
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Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in blood samples of 250 bovine beef cattle of the microrregion of Guarapuava, Paraná State was verified by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) (> 1:200) and correlated to age, sex and breed of animals. The statistical analysis was carried out through Fisher's Exact and qui-square tests (p < 0.05) to associate the results of the serology with the analyzed variables. From 250 evaluated samples, 33 (13.2 %) were positive for N. caninum. The titles obtained for N. caninum were 1:200 (8), 1:400 (14) and 1:800 (11). Seropositives animals were present in 40% (10/25) of the evaluated properties. These results demonstrate wide distribution of the protozoa among the beef cattle in the region of Guarapuava, PR. Animals without defined breed showed higher rates of seropositives for N. caninum (P = 0.002). The age had positive association with the incidence of antibodies against N. caninum (P = 0.02), indicating that horizontal transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of this coccidia.
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Fux, Blima, Kamila Covre, Rosalida Estevan Nazar Lopes, Luciane Bresciani Salaroli, and Ricardo Wagner De almeida Vitor. "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Cats in Espirito Santo State, Brazil." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_037.
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Abstract Objectives Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite found worldwide. It can infect all warm-blooded animals and an estimated 30% of the human population carries the parasite. Cats are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete environmentally resistant oocysts and humans become infected by ingesting tissue cysts from undercooked meat, consuming food or drink contaminated with oocysts, or by accidentally ingesting oocysts in the environment. Some outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans have been associated with oocyst contamination. Cats probably play a major role in transmitting T. gondii through faecal contamination of soil, food or water because they can excrete millions of oocysts in a short period. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in cats and to determine the risk factors associated with seropositivity in the regions of Vitoria, in state of Espirito Santo (ES), Brazil. Methods Serum samples from 79 cats from Zoonosis Control Centers and temporary shelters were evaluated, as well as epidemiological data on origin, sex, breed and age of each animal. Anti-T. gondii IgG immunoglobulins were analyzed by Immunoenzymatic Assay (ELISA) and Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IFI). Results The serological prevalence in cats by ELISA was 15.2% (12/79) and 7.6% (6/79) by (IFI). Among the serum of cats, although there was agreement between the tests (k = 0.63), they were significantly different (P = 0.041). The results demonstrated high contamination of the environment by the parasite, suggesting a high risk of human and other animal infection by cat feces. Conclusions This is the first study to determine the frequency of anti-T. gondii and the risk of food contamination by cats feces in urban gardens in Espirito Santo state. Funding Sources CAPES and FAPES.
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Cerqueira, Monique Magnavita Borba da Fonseca, Helena Maria Silveira Fraga Maia, Magno Conceição das Mercês, Marcio Santos da Natividade, Onsli dos Santos Almeida, Eduardo Fernandes Santana, Beatriz Andrade Mafra Oliveira, and Marcelo Araújo. "Complications related to diabetic foot ulcer and associated social vulnerability factors at a referral centre in Brazil." Journal of Wound Care 31, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 946–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2022.31.11.946.
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Objective: To analyse the prevalence and associated social vulnerability factors of complications related to diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) among individuals followed up in a public care centre in Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with individuals followed up at the diabetic foot service of the State Referral Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology Assistance (CEDEBA) between December 2019 and October 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analysis and comparison of the prevalence of complications related to DFU were carried out. The factors associated with the outcome variables were verified by hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 253 participants in this study, 30.4% had an active ulcer, 57.1% had a previous ulcer and 45.1% had an amputation. Lower limb ulcers were positively associated with male sex (prevalence ratio (PR): 1.22 (1.04–1.43)) and negatively associated with age >60 years (PR: 0.71 (0.61–0.83)), screening for diabetic foot (PR: 0.79 (0.67–0.92)) and the use of public transport to access CEDEBA (PR: 0.82 (0.71–0.96)). On the other hand, amputations were positively associated with male sex (PR: 1.61 (1.23–2.11)) and not working (PR: 3.83 (1.48–9.95)) and negatively associated with age >60 years (PR: 0.57 (0.45–0.74)) and the use of public transport to access CEDEBA (PR: 0.63 (0.49–0.81)). Conclusion: The prevalence of complications was higher than in previous studies, and associated with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Further research should be encouraged to investigate the role that determinants of health play in the course of the disease, contributing to the construction of strategies that incorporate formulations developed in the social and economic spheres to broaden the impact of health actions on the prevention of major diabetic foot complications.
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ABBATEPAULO, Felippe Veneziani, Sergio Luiz dos Santos TUTUI, and Acacio Ribeiro Gomes TOMÁS. "MORPHOMETRICS OF JUVENILE WHITE SHRIMP IN SANTOS (SP, BRAZIL) - AN ATLANTIC STRESSED ESTUARY." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 46, no. 3 (December 16, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.3.597.
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Shrimps are one of the world’s most valuable fishing resources, with the Penaeidae family having the greatest economic importance. In the southwest Atlantic the white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti plays an important socioeconomic role for small-scale fisheries, and juveniles are targeted as live bait for recreational fisheries. This study was carried out monthly along two periods (May/2009‑January/2010 and March/2011-March/2015) at Santos estuary and aimed to investigate the relationship between morphometric and sex of the early development stages of Litopenaeus schmitti. A total of 6,978 individuals were caught and measured, with no differences (p>0.1) between sexes shown regarding total length or weight. Differences between males and females were found for Total length (TL) x Carapace length (CL) and TL x Total weight (TW) and negative allometries (b<3) were found for all relationships. The results indicate that morphometric differences among sexes seem to be more associated with total length, suggesting that TL could be a more appropriate body measurement to compare specimens of L. schmitti, at least when the analysis includes juveniles. The presence of L. schmitti specimens all year long inside the estuary reinforces the idea of a continuous reproductive cycle with peak periods. Both information comes to fulfill part of the lack of knowledge regarding this species estuarine phases.
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Simões, R. O., J. L. Luque, R. Gentile, M. C. S. Rosa, S. Costa-Neto, and A. Maldonado. "Biotic and abiotic effects on the intestinal helminth community of the brown ratRattus norvegicusfrom Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Journal of Helminthology 90, no. 1 (September 29, 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x14000704.
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AbstractRattus norvegicushas attracted much attention because of its role as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens. This work aimed to identify the intestinal helminth species inR. norvegicusand to analyse the effects of temperature, rainfall, host age and sex on the helminth community structure. Moreover, this study investigated the possible associations among helminth species in an urban population ofR. norvegicusin São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, sampled during the rainy and dry seasons over a span of 2 years. A total of 112 rats were infected by six species of helminths. The nematodeNippostrongylus brasiliensiswas the most prevalent and abundant species, with high mean intensity in both seasons, followed byStrongyloides venezuelensis,Heterakis spumosa,Raillietinasp.,Hymenolepis nanaandMoniliformis moniliformis.Co-occurrence was found betweenN. brasiliensisandS. venezuelensisand betweenN. brasiliensisandH. spumosa.The occurrence ofS. venezuelensiswas related to rainfall. The understanding of the helminth community structure in this synanthropic rat provides basic information on parasites of public health importance, as two helminth species (H. nanaandM. moniliformis) recovered from rats in the urban area studied can infect humans.
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Camozzato, Analuiza, Cláudia Godinho, Juliana Varela, Cristiano Kohler, Juciclara Rinaldi, and Márcia L. Chaves. "The Complex Role of Having Confidant on the Development of Alzheimer's Disease in a Community-Based Cohort of Older People in Brazil." Neuroepidemiology 44, no. 2 (2015): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371521.
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Background: Social interaction is a lifestyle factor associated with a decreased risk of dementia in several studies. However, specific aspects of these social factors influencing dementia are unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the role of the distinct aspects of social support on the incidence of dementia in a community-based cohort of older people in Brazil. Methods: A total of 345 healthy and independent elderly subjects living in the community were followed by 12 years. Incident cases of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease were defined by DSM-IV criteria and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, respectively. Social variables evaluated were marital status, living arrangement, living children, living sibling, confidant and attending recreational groups. Sex, age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, depressive symptoms and family income were entered as co-variates in a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The absence of confidant was the only social variable associated to higher risk of developing dementia (HR = 5.31; p < 0.001), even after adjustment for age (HR = 1.08; p = 0.048) and baseline MMSE score (HR = 0.79; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our data suggest that to have a confidant could be an important lifestyle factor associated with dementia.
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Amorim, Felipe Wanderley, Clesnan Mendes-Rodrigues, Pietro Kiyoshi Maruyama, and Paulo Eugênio Oliveira. "Sexual ratio and floral biology of the dioecious Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) in a cerrado rupestre of central Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000400006.
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Dioecy is characterized by a complete separation of sexual functions on male and female plants. It has evolved many times in flowering plants and is widespread among distinct Angiosperm families. It is viewed as a reproductive strategy to reduce endogamy, and to promote optimal resource allocation between male and female sexual functions. Neea theifera is a common species in Cerrado, neotropical savannas in Brazil, but information regarding its reproductive biology is still incomplete. In order to investigate how environmental conditions possibly affect this dioecious species, we studied its floral biology, sex ratio and spatial distribution of sexual morphs along a soil-altitudinal gradient. The sex ratio did not significantly deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio. However, flower abundance in the population was significantly biased towards staminate flowers. Female individuals were larger than male individuals and plant size was negatively correlated with altitude, but did not differ between sexual morphs. The population did not show spatial segregation of sexes and male individuals were sexually mature earlier than female ones. Staminate flowers were larger than pistillate flowers and presented high pollen viability. Meliponini bees, small flies and thrips were potential pollinators, but pollination success was very low. Dioecy in N. theifera corroborates many general features of this reproductive strategy, such as woody habit, inconspicuous flowers, pollination by small generalist insects and differential resource allocation between male and female plants. However, reproduction in this species seems to be impaired by pollinator limitation. The results showed that the soil-altitude gradient influenced the growth pattern of the species and may play an important role in its reproductive biology but did not affect dioecy directly.
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Aguilar, Cruz Manuel, Elizabeth F. Rangel, Leonardo Garcia, Elio Fernandez, Hooman Momen, Gabriel Grimaldi Filho, and Zaray de Vargas. "Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis associated with domestic animals in Venezuela and Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 1 (March 1989): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000100005.
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After outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Solano State, Venezuela, 5% of the population had parasitized ulcers while after similar outbreaks in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 9% had the disease. In these foci children, including some under six years of age, wre affected. There was no significant difference in the occurence of the disease according to sex or type of employment. In Solano, 3% of dogs and 28% of donkeys had parasitized lesions, while in Mesquita these indices were 19.8% and 30.8% respectively. The parasite from man, dogs and equines was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, by zymodeme and serodeme characterization. In these foci there is evidence suggesting that leishmaniasis is a zoonosis, possibly with equine and dogs as reservoirs, although both a wild enzootic cycle and the role of man as a source of infection can not be ruled out. Transmission is assumed to occur peridomestically by sandfly vectors such as Lutzomyia panamensis in Venezuela and Lutzomyia intermedia in Brazil. Information about the origin of these foci suggests that infected equines may be an important factor in the dissemination of the parasite in a peridomestic situation where these sandflies are abundant.
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Ribeiro Cruz, Ana Cecília, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Glennda Juscely Galvão Pereira, Maissa Maia Santos, Hamilton Antônio de Oliveira Monteiro, et al. "Chikungunya virus Detection in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus during an Outbreak in the Amazon Region." Viruses 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080853.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first reported in Brazil in 2014 and, after it spread countrywide, an outbreak of febrile illness with reports of arthralgia happened in the municipality of Xinguara, Pará, Brazil in 2017, indicating the virus’ circulation. Here, we aimed to investigate CHIKV in mosquito vectors collected during an active surveillance of virus isolation in cell culture by using molecular detection and viral genome sequencing. A total of 492 Aedes, Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes were collected and separated in 36 pools according to the species and sex, and 22.2% (8/36) were positive. CHIKV was indentified in pools of Ae. aegypti females (n = 5), an Ae. aegypti male (n = 1) and in Culex quinquefasciatus females (n = 2). However, as the mosquitoes’ whole bodies were macerated and used for detection, one cannot suggest the role of the latter in the viral transmission. Despite this, vector competence studies must be carried out in the different species to investigate long-term adaptations. Viral genome sequencing has characterized the East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotype in all positive pools analyzed, corroborating previous reports for the Amazon region.
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Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina, Miguel Borges, Raul Alberto Laumann, Rafael Borges, Amanda Rodrigues Viana, Marcílio José Thomazini, Cleonor Cavalcante Alves Silva, Márcio Wandré Morais de Oliveira, and Mari Ines Carissimi Boff. "Identification and field evaluation of a new blend of the sex pheromone of Hypsipyla grandella." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 11 (November 2017): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001100003.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify and carry out a field testing of the sex pheromone composition of the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella, from a population in Southern Brazil. Abdominal glands of H. grandella females were excised and extracted using n-hexane; the gland extracts were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). Wind-tunnel and electrophysiology experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of gland compounds in the mating behavior of H. grandella males. In the field, pheromone traps containing the identified pheromone were tested. In addition to the two previously identified compounds - (9Z,12E)-tetradecadien-1-ol and (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate -, in insects from Central America populations, two additional compounds were identified in the blend: (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol and (9Z)-tetradecenyl acetate. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic analyses showed that these four components elicited antennal responses from conspecific males. Wind tunnel bioassays using different amounts of the components Z9-14:OH, Z9,E12-14:OH, Z9-14:OAc, and Z9,E12-14:OAc, elicited male responses similar to the response to conspecific calling females. When the binary and quaternary mixtures were tested in field conditions, males were attracted to the traps containing the quaternary mixture. The new pheromone blend identified in H. grandella males has a great potential to be exploited as a monitoring tool or control measure in the field.
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PASSOS, Maria do Carmo F., Maira Libertad Soligo TAKEMOTO, and Luciana S. GUEDES. "PATTERNS OF FIBER INTAKE AMONG BRAZILIAN ADULTS: PERCEPTIONS FROM AN ONLINE NATIONWIDE SURVEY." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 57, no. 2 (June 2020): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-26.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Adequate fiber intake is associated with digestive health and reduced risk of several noncommunicable diseases and is recognized as essential for human health (World Health Organization, 2003). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily fiber consumption of ≥25 g, but previous studies observed a fiber intake in Brazil lower than recommended. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe fiber intake among adults in Brazil and also respondents’ knowledge and perceptions about their fiber intake. METHODS: National online survey with community-dwelling Brazilian individuals. The survey was conducted during September 2018, using an online platform with closed-ended questions. A representative sample of Brazilian internet users stratified by sex, age, socioeconomic status and geographic region was adopted. Sample size was calculated using a 2% error margin and 95% confidence interval (n=2,000). Data was descriptively analyzed using measures of frequency, central tendency and dispersion. RESULTS: Sample included 2,000 individuals who were well-balanced in terms of sex (51.2% female), with mean age of 35.9 years (most represented age group was 35-54 years, 39.6%) and from all country geographic regions (49.4% from Southeast). A total of 69.7% of them consider their usual diet as healthy and 78.4% reported consuming fibers regularly. Fibers from natural sources are consumed at least once a day by 69.5% of the sample, while daily fiber supplements were reported by 29.9%. Absence of regular fiber intake was reported by 21.7% of respondents and the most common reason was “lack of knowledge about fiber sources” (39.3%). When informed about the food sources of each type of fiber (soluble and insoluble) and asked about the regular intake, only 2.5% answered that they do not consume any of them regularly (as opposed to 21.7% before receiving information about specific fiber sources). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that fiber intake in Brazil is probably insufficient with a high proportion of individuals reporting irregular or absent ingestion of fiber sources in their daily lives. Lack of knowledge about fiber sources and fiber types seems to play a role in this inadequate intake, highlighting the need for nutritional education to achieve healthy dietary patterns in the country.
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Mello, Vinicius M., Lucas M. Bianchi, Paulo Sergio F. Sousa, Pedro S. Tavares, Daniel R. G. Di Salvo, Cleber F. Ginuino, Nathalia A. A. Almeida, et al. "Increase in Hepatitis A Cases Linked to Imported Strains to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020303.
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This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and molecular features associated with HAV transmission in adults in Rio de Janeiro during a period of increased registered cases of HAV (2017–2018). Socio-epidemiological data and serum samples from anti-HAV IgM+ individuals were obtained. HAV RNA was RT-PCR amplified and sequenced for further phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. From fifty-two HAV IgM+ individuals, most were men (78.85%; p = 0.024), aged 20–30 years old (84.61%; p < 0.001), resided in the Rio de Janeiro north zone (31/52; 59.62%; p = 0.001), and are men who have sex with men (MSM) (57.69%; p = 0.002). Sexual practices were more frequent (96%) than others risk factors (food-borne (44%), water-borne (42.31%), and parenteral (34.62%)). Individuals who traveled to endemic regions had a 7.19-fold (1.93–36.04; p < 0.01) increased risk of HAV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct clades of subgenotype IA, three of them comprised sequences from European/Asian MSM outbreaks and one from Brazilian endemic strains. Bayesian Inference showed that the imported strains were introduced to Brazil during large mass sportive events. Sexual orientation and sexual practices may play a role in acquiring HAV infection. Public policies targeting key populations must be implemented to prevent further dissemination of HAV and other STIs.
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Bastos, Bethânia Ferreira, Beatriz Brener, Liza Gershony, Liliane Willi, Norma Labarthe, Cássia Pereira, and Flavya Mendes-De-Almeida. "SEROPREVALENCE OF Toxoplasma gondii (Nicole & Manceaux, 1909) AND RETROVIRAL STATUS OF CLIENT-OWNED PET CATS (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 3 (June 2014): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000300004.
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Cats, as definitive host, play an important role in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to establish the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins G and M, and determine the frequency of oocysts in the feces of the domestic cat population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also aimed to study the association between T. gondii infection and age, sex, breed, lifestyle, diet and retroviral infection. A total of 108 cats were included in the study and fecal samples of 54 of those cats were obtained. Only 5.6% of the cats were seropositive for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins using the indirect hemagglutination test. None of the 54 cats presented oocysts in their fecal samples. Although not statistically significant, males, mixed-breed, free-roaming and cats aged two years and older were found to be more exposed. Age, lifestyle and the use of litter boxes were found to play an important role as risk factors. Anemia and retroviral infections were independent of T. gondii infection. No antibodies were detected in the majority of cats (94.4%), indicating that those cats had never been exposed to the parasite and, therefore, once infected, they could present the risk of shedding large numbers of oocysts into the environment.
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Fehringer, Jessica, Francisco I. Bastos, Elize Massard, Leonardo Maia, J. H. Pilotto, and Deanna Kerrigan. "Supporting Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Protected Sex Among People Living with HIV/AIDS: The Role of Patient–Provider Communication in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20, no. 9 (September 2006): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.20.637.
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Reis, Dener Carlos dos, Thiara Amanda Corrêa de Almeida, Mariane Mendes Miranda, Rodrigo Henrique Alves, and Anézia Moreira Faria Madeira. "Health vulnerabilities in adolescence: socioeconomic conditions, social networks, drugs and violence." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, no. 2 (April 2013): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692013000200016.
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OBJECTIVE: to analyze the health vulnerabilities in adolescence associated with socioeconomic conditions, social networks, drugs and violence from the perspective of students. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 678 students between 14-15 years old in Contagem, Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire divided into modules by subject was used. Quantitative, descriptive and stratified analyses were performed by sex. RESULTS: high percentage of adolescents (40.4%) were beneficiaries of Government financial support called "Bolsa Família" and 14.6% had a job, 57.1% and 23.6% had tried alcohol and tobacco, respectively. We identified 15% of aggression and 26.7% of bullying. The majority informed they never/rarely talk to parents about the daily difficulties (64.5%) and 22% reported insomnia and/or feelings of loneliness. CONCLUSION: the results indicated that there is a need to intensify educational activities that seek to develop cognitive, affective and social skills aimed at improving the way adolescents face the vulnerabilities, in these activities, nursing has a fundamental role.
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GONÇALVES, Carlos S., Fausto E. L. PEREIRA, and Luis C. C. Gayotto. "Hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil: report of a national survey (Florianópolis, SC, 1995)." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 39, no. 3 (May 1997): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651997000300008.
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In order to investigate epidemiological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Brazil, basic informations about cases diagnosed from January 1992 to December 1994 were requested to several medical centers of different Brazilian States. A simple questionnaire included age, sex, alcohol abuse (over 80g/day), associated liver cirrhosis, persistent HBV infection (HBsAg), HCV infection (anti-HCV) and serum levels of alpha fetoprotein. 287 cases, over 16 years old, from 19 medical centers of 8 States (Pará, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul) were analysed. The results showed: (a) Mean age was 56.3 ± 14.4 for men and 54.7 ± 16.8 yr for women and the male/female ratio was 3.4:1. (b) 69.6% were caucasians, 21.8% mullatoes, 4.8% orientals and 3.7% blacks. (c) HBsAg (+) in 77/236 cases (41.6%) without differences between males and females. (d) Anti-HCV (+) in 52/193 cases (26.9%). (e) 7/180 cases were positive both for HBsAg and anti-HCV (3.8%). (f) There was chronic alcoholism in 88/235 cases (37%). (g) HCC was found in cirrhotic livers in 71.2% of 202 cases in which the presence or absence of cirrhosis was reported. (h) Alpha-fetoprotein above 20 ng/ml was found in 124/172 cases (72%) and above 500 ng/ml only in 40 cases (23.2%). These results showed that the HCC in Brazil has an intermediate epidemiological pattern as compared to those from areas of low and high incidence of the tumor. In spite of the high frequency of the association of HCC with the HBV and/or HCV infections, 42% of 180 cases were negative both for HBsAg and anti-HCV, indicating the possible role of other etiological factors. The comparison of data from different States showed some regional differences: higher frequency of associated HBsAg in Pará, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, higher frequency of associated HCV infection in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and States of the Southern region and low frequency of associated liver cirrhosis in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro (55.5 and 50% respectively). Further investigation will be necessary to study the presence of other possible etiological factors as aflatoxins, suggested by the favourable climatic conditions for food contamination by fungi in the majority Brazilian regions
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Cubillos-Angulo, Juan Manuel, María B. Arriaga, Elisângela C. Silva, Beatriz L. A. Müller, Daniela M. P. Ramalho, Kiyoshi F. Fukutani, Pryscila F. C. Miranda, et al. "Polymorphisms in TLR4 and TNFA and Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Development of Active Disease in Contacts of Tuberculosis Cases in Brazil: A Prospective Cohort Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 6 (November 24, 2018): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1001.
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AbstractBackgroundThe role of genetic polymorphisms in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and progression to active TB is not fully understood.MethodsWe tested the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743708 (TLR2), rs4986791 (TLR4), rs361525 (TNFA), rs2430561 (IFNG) rs1143627 (IL1B) as risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion or development of active TB in contacts of active TB cases. Contacts of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases were initially screened for longitudinal evaluation up to 24 months, with clinical examination and serial TST, between 1998 and 2004 at a referral center in Brazil. Data and biospecimens were collected from 526 individuals who were contacts of 177 active TB index cases. TST conversion was defined as induration ≥5 mm after a negative TST result (0 mm) at baseline or month 4 visit. Independent associations were tested using logistic regression models.ResultsAmong the 526 contacts, 60 had TST conversion and 44 developed active TB during follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4.6), as well as SNPs in TLR4 genes (OR: 62.8, 95% CI: 7.5–525.3) and TNFA (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–9.5) were independently associated with TST conversion. Moreover, a positive TST at baseline (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 2.3–9.7) and SNPs in TLR4 (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.1–36.7) and TNFA (OR: 12.4, 95% CI:5.1–30.1) were independently associated with incident TB.ConclusionsSNPs in TLR4 and TNFA predicted both TST conversion and active TB among contacts of TB cases in Brazil.
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Brand, Caroline, Cézane Priscila Reuter, Arieli Fernandes Dias, Jorge Mota, Michael Duncan, Anelise Reis Gaya, Luiza Naujorks Reis, Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner, and Emilio Villa-González. "Like Mother, like Son: Physical Activity, Commuting, and Associated Demographic Factors." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145631.
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A mother’s healthy conduct may lead to the healthy conduct of their children. Thus, this study aimed to verify the role of demographic factors in the relationship between mothers’ physical activity (PA) and commuting to work with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. This cross-sectional study comprised 1421 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years and 1421 mothers, from Brazil. PA, commuting, socioeconomic status (SES), skin color/ethnicity, and living area were evaluated by questionnaire. Logistic binary regression models were used. Results indicated that mothers’ PA and commuting were associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school in crude and adjusted models. Considering the role of the demographic factors, an association was only observed for girls in the relationship between mother’s PA with children’s PA. In adolescents, an association was observed in both high/low SES, boys/girls, and rural/urban areas. Regarding children and adolescent active commuting to school, there was an association with mothers commuting. All demographic factors were strongly associated, except for rural areas. Therefore, mothers’ PA as well as commuting to work are associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. Sex, living area, and SES are the related demographic factors.
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CAMARGOS, MIRELA CASTRO SANTOS, CARLA JORGE MACHADO, and ROBERTO DO NASCIMENTO RODRIGUES. "DISABILITY LIFE EXPECTANCY FOR THE ELDERLY, CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL, 2000: GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001428.
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Summary.There is evidence that ‘health life expectancy’ (expected number of years to be lived in health) differs by socioeconomic status. Time spent in health or disability plays a critical role in the use of health care services. The objective of this study was to estimate ‘disability life expectancy’ by age, gender and education attainment for the elderly of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in the year 2000. Data came from the SABE database, population censuses and mortality statistics (SEADE Foundation). Life expectancy with disability was calculated using Sullivan’s method on the basis of the current probability of death and prevalence of disability by educational level. The prevalence of disability increased with age, for both sexes and both levels of educational attainment studied. Men showed a lower prevalence of disability, in general, and persons with lower educational attainment showed a higher prevalence of disability. Regarding life expectancy, women could expect to live longer than men, with and without disability. For both sexes, the percentage of life expectancy lived with disability decreased with increasing educational attainment. With increasing educational attainment, the sex differences in the percentage of remaining years to be lived with disability increased for most ages. Finally, the percentage of remaining years to be lived with disability increased with age for males and females, except for males with high educational attainment between the ages 70–75 and 75–80. The results may serve as a guide for public policies in the country, since health problems faced by older persons, such as disability, are the result of a number of past experiences during their life-times, such as health care, housing conditions, hygiene practices and education. Education influences health behaviours and is related, to some extent, to all these factors. Therefore, improvements in education for the disadvantaged may improve health.
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Barnabé, Nathanael Natércio da Costa, José Dêvede da Silva, Maira Porto Viana, Newcelia Paiva Barreto, Évyla Layssa Gonçalves Andrade, Pedro Jorge Álvares de Faria, Albério Antonio de Barros Gomes, Severino Silvano dos Santos Higino, Sérgio Santos Azevedo, and Clebert José Alves. "Characterization of caseous lymphadenitis in caprine animals slaughtered in a semi-arid region of Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5p1867.
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In the Northeast of Brazil, goat breeding plays an important socioeconomic and strategic role in coexistence within the semi-arid region. The rural nature of the species and adaptations that are appropriate for the climate are some of the characteristics that favor the Northeast as the largest national producer of goats (93% of the national herd). In spite of this, sanitary deficiencies facilitate the appearance and diffusion of pathogenic agents that compromise the productivity, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, which are widespread in the national herd and cause damages in the industry. The objective of this study was to characterize caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in lamb cuttings at semi-arid abattoirs. The research was carried out between March and August 2017 at the Municipal Abattoir of Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil, where the caprines from this region are slaughtered. We studied 304 animals with no defined racial pattern, of both the sexes, characterized according to their age group as evidenced by their teeth, submitted to ante- and post-mortem examinations with microbiological confirmation. Cheek material was processed for diagnostic confirmation, using the techniques of isolation and microbiological identification (gold standard). The bacteriological examination confirmed the presence of the agent in 21.38% of the animals, in which 13.16% were females and 8.22% were males. Of those affected, 11.51% had the clinical form of the disease, while 9.87% had the subclinical form and 1.31% had both the clinical form as well as the internal impairment. The precrural (25.71%), mammary (11.43%), and prescapular (11.43%) lymph nodes were the most affected. Internally, the most affected were the liver (63.33%), lung (13.33%), and medium mediastinal lymph nodes (10%). The presence of skin lesion/scars (Odds ratio = 2.394, 95% CI = 1.371 - 4.182, p = 0.003) and sex (females) (Odds ratio = 1.845, 95% CI = 1.053 - 3.232, p = 0.044) were found to be risk factors. CL is present in goats from the intermediate geographical region of Patos, reinforcing the need for control measures, with attention to the inspection of animals in the slaughter line.
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Lander, Rebecca L., Karl B. Bailey, Alastair G. Lander, Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh, Hugo C. Costa-Ribeiro, Angela P. Mattos, Danile L. Barreto, et al. "Disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care in Salvador, Northeast Brazil have a low prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 9 (September 5, 2013): 1984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002310.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the micronutrient status of disadvantaged pre-schoolers from Northeast Brazil, following the introduction of pro-poor policies, by assessing the prevalence of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies and the role of sociodemographic factors, genetic Hb disorders and parasitic infections.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, data on sociodemographic status, health, growth, genetic Hb disorders, parasites and nutrient supply from day-care meals were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed for Hb, serum ferritin, transferrin receptor, folate, vitamin B12, retinol, Zn and Se.SettingSeven philanthropic day-care centres serving urban slums in Salvador, Northeast Brazil.SubjectsPre-schoolers aged 3–6 years from disadvantaged households.ResultsOf the 376 sampled children, 94 % were of black or mixed race; 33 % and 29 % had at least one genetic Hb disorder and intestinal parasite, respectively. Stunting and underweight were ≤5 %; 14 % were overweight. Day-care centres supplied micronutrient-dense meals and snacks each weekday. Less than 10 % of pre-schoolers had anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Predictors (P< 0·05) of Hb were α3·7thalassaemia, Se and retinol (but not ferritin). Micronutrient predictors (P< 0·05) were: elevated α1-glycoprotein for ferritin, Hb AS and BMIZ-score >1 for transferrin receptor, Zn and elevated α1-glycoprotein for retinol, sex and helminths for Se, helminths for vitamin B12, andGiardia intestinalisinfection for serum folate.ConclusionsImpaired growth, anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies were uncommon among these disadvantaged pre-schoolers attending day care. A range of interventions including provision of micronutrient-dense, fortified day-care meals, deworming and vitamin A supplementation likely contributed to improved micronutrient status, suggesting expanded coverage of these programmes.
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Afonso, Marcelo P. D., Helena E. Shimizu, Edgar Merchan-Hamann, Walter M. Ramalho, and Tarcisio Afonso. "Association between hospitalisation for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions and primary health care physician specialisation: a cross-sectional ecological study in Curitiba (Brazil)." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e015322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015322.
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IntroductionHospitalisation for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (HACSCs) is frequently used as an indicator of the quality and effectiveness of primary healthcare (PHC) services around the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the PHC model (family health strategy (FHS) x conventional) and the availability of specialised PHC physicians is associated or not with total hospitalisation or HACSCs in the National Health System (SUS) of the municipality of Curitiba, Paraná state (PR), Brazil.MethodologyThis is a cross-sectional ecological study using multiple linear regression with socioeconomic and professional data from municipal health units (MHUs) between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015.ResultsAfter adjustment for age and sex and control of socioeconomic variables, the FHS model was associated with six fewer HACSCs a year per 10 000 inhabitants in relation to the conventional model and the availability of one family physician at each FHS model MHU per 10 000 inhabitants was associated with 1.1 fewer HACSCs for heart failure a year per 10 000 inhabitants. Basic specialists (clinicians, paediatricians and obstetrician/gynaecologists) and subspecialists showed no significant association with HACSC rates.ConclusionThese results obtained in a major Brazilian city reinforce the role of FHS as a priority PHC model in the country and indicate the potentially significant impact of specialising in family medicine on improving the health conditions of the population.
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Forti, LR, ASO Tissiani, T. Mott, and C. Strüssmann. "Diet of Ameerega braccata (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Chapada dos Guimarães and Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 (February 2011): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000100027.
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The understanding of feeding habits is important for anurans in general, both from an ecological and a phylogenetic perspective. For diurnal poison frogs belonging to the Dendrobatidae family, diet aspects play a crucial role in their defense and survival. Herein, we investigated feeding habits, foraging behaviour, and overall effects of habitat, sex, and body size on the diet of individuals of Ameerega braccata, a poorly known dendrobatid species. Specimens were observed and collected in the type-locality, Chapada dos Guimarães, and in the neighbouring municipality of Cuiabá, both in the State of Mato Grosso, Midwestern Brazil. The most important prey categories for A. braccata were Formicidae, Isoptera, and Acari, whose representatives were caught during active foraging. Individuals from Chapada dos Guimarães population consumed more Acari but fewer Isoptera than individuals from Cuiabá. Despite this, niche breadth values were narrow and similar for the two populations. Individuals from two distinct habitats (campo sujo and cerrado stricto sensu) showed differences in their diet, probably as an effect of differential prey availability. Females consumed more Isoptera than males. The number of prey categories used as food was not influenced by the variation of body size of the target species. However, the abundance and the volume of consumed Acari were statistically correlated with body size. The main results suggest that Ameerega braccata has a narrow niche breadth, as well as a specialised diet in ants, termites, and mites, which reinforces the hypotheses of close association between Acari consumption and the presence of skin toxic alkaloids, already found in other species of Dendrobatidae. Although differences in prey consumption between sexes are uncommon among poisonous frogs, differences in the diet composition between age classes, which probably reduce intraspecific competition, are frequently reported.