Academic literature on the topic 'Sex role – Brazil'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Santos, Betania, Indianarae Siqueira, Cristiane Oliveira, Laura Murray, Thaddeus Blanchette, Carolina Bonomi, Ana Paula da Silva, and Soraya Simões. "Sex Work, Essential Work: A Historical and (Necro)Political Analysis of Sex Work in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010002.
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Brazil has made international headlines for the government’s inept and irresponsible response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, sex worker activists have once again taken on an essential role in responding to the pandemic amidst State absences and abuses. Drawing on the theoretical framework of necropolitics, we trace the gendered, sexualized, and racialized dimensions of how prostitution and work have been (un)governed in Brazil and how this has framed sex worker activists’ responses to COVID-19. As a group of scholars and sex worker activists based in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, we specifically explore the idea of sex workers as “essential workers”, but also of sex work as, essentially, work, demonstrating complicities, differences, and congruencies in how sex workers see what they do and who their allies in the context of the 21st century’s greatest health crisis to date.
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Inciardi, James A., and Hilary L. Surratt. "Male Transvestite Sex Workers and HIV in RIO De Janeiro, Brazil." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700109.
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The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among a group of transvestite prostitutes in Rio de Janeiro and to identify HIV-related risk behaviors to develop targeted intervention strategies. A total of 46 transvestite sex workers were recruited and assessed regarding drug use and sexual risk behaviors. Sixty-three percent tested positive for antibody to HIV-I. Injection drug use was the only factor statistically related to HIV seropositivity. However, sexual risk behaviors, including unprotected anal sex and sex for drug exchanges, were reported by a substantial part of the sample. In addition, given that they engage in both receptive and insertive anal sex with a primarily heterosexual male clientele, they may be playing a role in the heterosexual spread of HIV/AIDS in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that transvestite sex workers are at uniquely high risk for HIV infection and that intervention efforts for this population must be equally unique.
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Dourado, Inês, Sarah MacCarthy, Manasa Reddy, Gabriela Calazans, and Sofia Gruskin. "Revisiting the use of condoms in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 18, suppl 1 (September 2015): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201500050006.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction:It is known that a single prevention strategy is not enough to control multiple HIV epidemics around the world and in Brazil. However, it is not only necessary to recognize the importance of condoms as part of the policy of HIV/AIDS prevention but also discuss its limits. In this article, we aim to investigate the use of condoms in Brazil, draw critical reflections, and understand how they can once again be highlighted in Brazil's prevention strategy going forward.Methods:A narrative review of literature was conducted using keywords in PubMed. Reports from national surveys that guide the epidemiological and behavioral surveillance of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were also included.Results:A total of 40 articles and 3 reports were included in the review and 11 intervention studies to promote the condom use; the main findings were as follows: 1) Despite the increase in national studies on sexual behavior, little attention is given to the role of condom use; 2) There are few studies examining the factors associated with condom use among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), drug users (DU), and transvestites and transexuals (TT), while substantial studies focus on adolescents and women; 3) Evidence suggests that a combination of interventions is more effective.Discussion:new prevention technologies must not lose sight of the critical importance of condoms, and efforts to reintroduce them should focus on the role of pleasure in addition to their potential to minimize the risk of HIV.
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Gawryszewski, Vilma Pinheiro, and Eugênia Maria Silveira Rodrigues. "The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 124, no. 4 (2006): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802006000400007.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Since 1980, injuries have been the second biggest cause of death among the Brazilian population. This study aimed to analyze national data on fatal injuries and nonfatal injury hospitalization in Brazil, for 2003. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a population-based descriptive study, Brazil, 2003. METHODS: Data from 126,520 fatal injuries and 733,712 nonfatal injuries seen at public hospitals were analyzed. The data were stratified by sex, age, intent and injury mechanism. Raw and age- and sex-specific rates were calculated per 100,000 individuals. RESULTS: The raw injury mortality rate was 71.5/100,000 (122.6/100,000 for male and 22.0/100,000 for female). For fatal injuries, the proportions of unintentional and intentional injuries were equal (44.3% and 46.9%, respectively). Homicides were the leading cause, 40.3% overall (28.8/100,000), followed by transport-related deaths, 26.2% overall (17.0/100,000). For nonfatal injuries, the rate was 414.8/100,000 and unintentional injuries were predominant (88.9%). Overall, the leading cause was unintentional falls, accounting for 42.6% of victims treated in public hospitals (176.8/100,000). Transport-related injuries were second: 15.0% overall; 62.0/100,000. Fractures comprised 46.7% of principal diagnoses at hospitals. The injury types in the fatal and nonfatal datasets varied according to sex and age. The highest rates were found among young males and elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention activities need to be developed. To prevent deaths, homicide has to be addressed. Among hospitalized cases, falls are the most important problem. Traffic-related injuries play an important role in morbidity and mortality.
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Hobold, Edilson, Vitor Pires-Lopes, Rossana Gómez-Campos, Miguel de Arruda, Cynthia Lee Andruske, Jaime Pacheco-Carrillo, and Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños. "Reference standards to assess physical fitness of children and adolescents of Brazil: an approach to the students of the Lake Itaipú region—Brazil." PeerJ 5 (November 30, 2017): e4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4032.
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Background The importance of assessing body fat variables and physical fitness tests plays an important role in monitoring the level of activity and physical fitness of the general population. The objective of this study was to develop reference norms to evaluate the physical fitness aptitudes of children and adolescents based on age and sex from the lake region of Itaipú, Brazil. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 5,962 students (2,938 males and 3,024 females) with an age range of 6.0 and 17.9 years. Weight (kg), height (cm), and triceps (mm), and sub-scapular skinfolds (mm) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI kg/m2) was calculated. To evaluate the four physical fitness aptitude dimensions (morphological, muscular strength, flexibility, and cardio-respiratory), the following physical education tests were given to the students: sit-and-reach (cm), push-ups (rep), standing long jump (cm), and 20-m shuttle run (m). Results and Discussion Females showed greater flexibility in the sit-and-reach test and greater body fat than the males. No differences were found in BMI. Percentiles were created for the four components for the physical fitness aptitudes, BMI, and skinfolds by using the LMS method based on age and sex. The proposed reference values may be used for detecting talents and promoting health in children and adolescents.
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Pagliaro, Heloisa, Natália da Silva Carvalho, Douglas Rodrigues, and Roberto G. Baruzzi. "Demographic dynamics of the Suyá, a Jê people of the Xingu Indigenous Park, Central Brazil, 1970-2004." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, no. 5 (May 2007): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007000500009.
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This paper analyses the demographic dynamics of the Suyá, a Jê people, inhabitants of the Xingu Indigenous Park, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, during the years 1970-2004. Data was gathered from medical records of the São Paulo Federal University Health Program at the Xingu Indigenous Park. The demographic characteristics addressed include composition by age and sex, crude birth rates, general mortality rates, mortality rates by age and sex, proportional mortality by sex, age, and basic causes of death. The results show a population recovery process, with growth rates of 3% per year between 1970 and 2004. In addition to moderate birth rates and declining mortality rates, migration has also played an important role in the demographic dynamics. Mortality indicators show a decline in general and infant mortality rates, higher death rates among women, higher proportions of deaths among individuals < 1 and 50+ years of age, and major causes of death to be infectious diseases and cancer.
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Ferris, Jason, Cheneal Puljević, Florian Labhart, Adam Winstock, and Emmanuel Kuntsche. "The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz040.
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Abstract Aims This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries. Methods Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries. Results The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Conclusions Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.
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Lucchini, Karen, Rebecca Umeed, Luana Guimarães, Paulo Santos, Iara Sommer, and Bruna Bezerra. "The role of touch in captive and semi-captive Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus)." Behaviour 158, no. 3-4 (February 9, 2021): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10069.
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Abstract Tactile signals have been neglected in aquatic animal studies despite being a major communication modality. We investigated Antillean manatees’ tactile behavioural repertoire and budget in captivity (7-females and 4-males) and semi-captivity (4-males) in Brazil. We detected 17 tactile behaviours (14.03% of the activity budget) with social, self-maintenance, or environmental exploration functions. The observation method influenced the detection of self-maintenance behaviours — focal animal and ad libitum detected more of these behaviours than scan sampling. Age, sex, housing, and centre routines influenced the tactile repertoire. The captive females and semi-captive males tactile patterns differed, suggesting that sex and animal-pool density play a role in tactile patterns. We recommend carefully choosing the observation method when investigating functional categories of manatee tactile behaviours. The monitoring and stimulation of manatee tactile behaviours should integrate rehabilitation and reintroduction practices. Environmental enrichment may stimulate tactile behaviours related to habitat exploration, key behaviours in aiding manatee navigation.
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Finger, Mariane Angélica, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Ivan Roque de Barros Filho, Ivan Deconto, Peterson Triches Dornbusch, Leila Sabrina Ullmann, and Alexander Welker Biondo. "Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in carthorses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 1 (March 2013): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013005000001.
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Toxoplasma gondii, the agent for toxoplasmosis, has worldwide distribution. Horses normally play a secondary role in its life cycle, but movement around urban areas, feeding on grass and the increasing use of carthorses for gathering recyclable material in some urban areas of Brazil may increase their exposure to T. gondii infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies in carthorses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, PR. IgG antibodies against T. gondii were detected using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) (titers ≥ 64). Seventeen (17.0%) of the 100 horses sampled were seropositive. There were no statistical differences in relation to sex (p = 0.28) or age (p = 0.15). Our findings suggest that carthorses are exposed to T. gondii infections and that no associations with age or sex exist.
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Nicolete, Jamilly Nicácio, and Jane Soares de Almeida. "Women and education: Normalization and professionalization." Policy Futures in Education 16, no. 5 (July 25, 2017): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210317715817.
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In this article, in a historical perspective, the authors discuss the symbolization of the female figure in the social imaginary in relation to a teaching career, based on the practices of teacher training, professionalization and co-education,. Since colonial times, the education of females in Brazil has always been permeated with expectations about domestic duties being women’s main role. The opening of the possibility of entering a paid profession that was in harmony with this role made the teaching profession the vocational path of women in education from the outset. The subordination of the female sex to the male sex is another mechanism of social control between the sexes, which also means a relation of power. Power aims, above all, to regulate habits and customs and to sanitize and moralize behaviours. As a consequence, it induces full compliance with the legal, social and religious precepts. This ideal retains the privileges of the minority group, whether in terms of social class or sex.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Pauli, Gisela. "The creation of real food and real people : gender complementarity among the Menku of Central Brazil." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11062.
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The thesis aims to provide a first ethnographic description of the Menkü of Central Brazil by focussing on their non-hierarchical gender-complementarity as it realises itself in relationships of production and reproduction. The first part of the thesis comprises of an introduction to the group from a historical point of view by providing a description of the Menkü's historical experiences during this century. This is followed by a description of the settlement, and the social spaces it encompasses. The second part focusses on the creation of real food by firstly elaborating social and physical aspects of material production. Secondly, it explores the metaphysical aspects of production and reproduction by uncovering the relationships human beings engage in with the world of masters of the elements, animals and ancestors. The third part of the thesis investigates processes underlying the creation of real people by focussing on Menkü life cycle, kinship and social organisation. A person's life is depicted in the way it is geared towards the acquisition of gendered skills of production and reproduction, which are fully manifested by the married couple. An outline of the Menkü system of classificatory marriage reveals the stress on the married couple from another point of view. It will be shown that the ideal marriage partners are identified by a conflation of gender and affinity. The last chapter explores the generation of sociality as it reveals itself in happiness, abundance and togetherness. It shows the extent to which a high communal morale is preconditioned upon non-hierarchical gender-relationships.
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Lorenzi, Varenka. "The Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Fish Sex Change: The Role of Steroids and Monoamines." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/76.
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Social status influences reproductive physiology in many species, and sex change in marine teleost fishes provides an excellent model to understand how an organism can modulate its reproductive system in response to social stimuli. The series of experiments presented in this dissertation has focused on the proximate mechanisms underlying sex change and, in particular, the neuroendocrine factors that might translate social information into physiological changes. The bluebanded goby (Lythrypnus dalli) is a sexually plastic fish, and the dominant female typically changes sex when the male is removed from the social group. The direct physical interactions between the male and the females were found to be the main sensory cues that inhibit sex change. Sex steroids can both modulate and be modulated by behavior, and as a result they have been the most obvious candidates for a key role in the regulation of sex change. Males and females showed similar diurnal patterns for steroid hormones, but females had significantly higher water-borne estrogen levels. Concentrations of estradiol, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone presented sex and tissue differences in brain, gonad and muscle, and they varied in complex ways in different tissues during sex change. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been suggested to be involved in the inhibition of socially regulated sex change because of its role in the modulation of both reproductive and aggressive behavior. None of the pharmacological manipulations performed in L. dalli to alter serotonergic activity was able to overcome the input from the social environment and affect sex change. Neither monoamine levels nor the area or number of 5-HT immunoreactive neurons were different between males, females and sex changers or between dominant and subordinate females. The results do not support the hypothesis of a serotonergic inhibition on sex change in L. dalli, but show that rapid changes in brain androgen levels might be implicated in inducing behavioral or morphological changes associated with sex reversal. Also, steroids respond to changes in the social environment in different ways in different tissues so local steroid synthesis should receive greater attention, and caution is required when using circulating levels to understand behavioral regulation.
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Cummins, Elizabeth D., Stephen B. Griffin, Chase M. Duty, Katherine C. Burgess, and Russell W. Brown. "The Role of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in Adolescent Methylphenidate Conditioned Preference: Sex Differences and BDNF." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/962.
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The purpose was to analyze the role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in conditioned place preference (CPP) of a relatively high dose (5 mg/kg) of methylphenidate (MPH) in adolescent male and female rats, as well as the role of these receptors in the effects of MPH on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The primary mechanism of MPH in the brain is the blockade of the dopamine transporter, yielding an increase of dopamine in the synaptic cleft and is the basis for the rewarding properties of MPH. An initial preference given on postnatal day (P)32 yielded no preference for any context in a three-chambered shuttle box with removable dividers, thus, a biased procedure was used. Conditioning began the day after the initial preference test on P33. On conditioning trials, animals were first administered saline or their respective antagonist (D1 antagonist: 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg SCH-23390; D2 antagonist: 0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg Eticlopride HCl), followed by methylphenidate (MPH; 5mg/kg). Approximately 10 min after MPH administration, rats were placed into the paired context for a 10 min trial. The choice of the paired context was balanced across animals. In a separate session, all animals received saline in the opposing context. One day post-conditioning on P38, a preference test was administered with dividers removed. Preference was determined through the amount of time spent in the paired context as compared to time spent in the unpaired context on the post-conditioning preference test. One day following the preference test on P39, brain tissue was removed, and nucleus accumbens and striatum analyzed for BDNF. Results showed that MPH produced an increased preference on the post-conditioning preference test that was blocked by either dose of SCH-23390, but was not affected by either dose of eticlopride. Additionally, the higher dose of SCH-23390 resulted in a conditioned place aversion in males, which may be due to the increased presence of dopamine D1 receptors in adolescent males. MPH produced a robust significant increase in BDNF in both nucleus accumbens and striatum, and this increase was alleviated by SCH-23390, but the effect on BDNF is still to be analyzed relative to D2 antagonism. These results show that MPH results in a conditioned place preference in adolescent male and female rats, and these effects appear to be mediated by the dopamine D1 receptor. Further, MPH results in a significant increase of BDNF in drug reward areas of the brain, which has implications towards synaptic plasticity in these regions in response to MPH.
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Hilke, Susanne. "Galanin and NPY in the rodent brain: rapid effects of 17beta-estradiol and possible roles in hippocampal plasticity." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Klinisk kemi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4152.
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The neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) play an important role in the reproduction of rodents, e.g. by modulating the release of gonadal hormones, the nutritional status by effects on feeding behavior and also by influencing mating behavior. There are age- and gender- differences in galanin- and NPY- like immunoreactivities (LIs) in brain areas important for higher functions including the hippocampal formation (HiFo) and cortex, that are related to the concentrations of 17β-estradiol. Neuropeptides in general are currently not considered critical in normal integrative neuronal functions but are rather thought to act as slow modulators during periods of stress or injury. In the present thesis we attempted to investigate, if the normal cyclical changes in the female sex-hormone 17β-estradiol can affect neurotransmission in brain areas important for memory, cognition and mood. We studied not only ”long term” (days and weeks) but also ”short-term” (one hour) effects on galanin and NPY concentrations in 17β-estradiol-primed ovariectomized (ovx) rats and mice. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of galanin-LI in extracts of brain tissues from ”long-term” 17β-estradiol-treated ovx rats showed that its effects on galanin are dependent on boththe dose and on duration. Galanin - and NPY-LI in brain tissues of young ovx rats and mice increased in response to 17β-estradiol treatment in the HiFo, frontal cortex and striatum already within hours. This effect was not blocked by Tamoxifen® in rats. The mechanism of the 17β-estradiol effects on galanin levels in the rat HiFo may be related to decreased release of galanin into the extracellular fluid, since galanin-LI decreased in microdialysis samples two hours after a single injection of 17β-estradiol. Species differences were observed with regards to galanin, possibly due to tissue and species differences in the distribution of estrogen receptors. In the HiFo and caudate nucleus of mice, we found an increase in NPY-transcript after two hours by means of insitu hybridization, perhaps a compensatory up-regulation of NPY mRNA after increased 17β-estradiol-induced release in these areas. Taken together with no effects of Tamoxifen® on the levels on galanin in the HiFo of rats, the short duration, and the fact that the density of classical estrogen receptors seems to be limited in the striatum, we suggest that these effects are mediated through a membrane-related mechanism perhaps not involving the classical ER route. With an antiserum raised against the C-terminal end of the first 16 aminoacids of galanin- the sequence important for binding of intact galanin to its receptor - we found a novel compound which appears to be a homologue to galanin. Chromatographical analysis revealed that it was not galanin(1-29) or the galanin related peptide, galaninlike peptide (GALP), but appeared with immunohistochemistry in the galanin systems in the brain and was further influenced by 17β-estradiol in the HiFo and frontal cortex in a similar manner as galanin(1-29). In conclusion, tissue concentrations of galanin, a putative galanin homologue and NPY can be altered already after one hour by 17β-estradiol treatment e.i. in the HiFo. These ”short-term” effects are most likely to be due to effects on estrogen-primed peptide release which might influence mechanisms important for memory, cognition and mood.
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Lopes, Charles Roberto Ross. "Seja gay... mas não se esqueça de ser discreto : produção de masculinidades homossexuais na Revista Rose (Brasil, 1979-1983)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32309.
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Rose... assim era denominada a primeira revista gay editada no Brasil entre fins da década de 1970 e princípios de 1980. Em suas páginas eram publicadas informações do cenário artístico-cultural da época, contos eróticos, estórias em quadrinho, cartuns, anúncios de homens interessados em corresponder-se com outros homens, artigos que versavam sobre a homossexualidade masculina. Nessas páginas havia, também, uma profusão de corpos masculinos tendendo a nudez. Entretanto, nos limites dessa dissertação a revista Rose, não foi considerada apenas como veículo de comunicação e entretenimento, mas, antes disso, tomada como fonte histórica. Enquanto portadora de um conjunto de pedagogias do gênero e da sexualidade, a revista está implicada na produção de um modelo de masculinidade homossexual normalizada. A partir do referencial teórico dos Estudos de Gênero, desde uma perspectiva feminista e pós-estruturalista, analiso o enunciado que articula a masculinidade homossexual a comportamentos efeminados. E é a abjeção a tais comportamentos que servirá de base para a construção do homem gay discreto, marcadamente masculinizado. Portanto, a discrição – enquanto signo de masculinidade – parece assegurar a inteligibilidade social desses homens, “autorizando” sua própria existência. De qualquer maneira, a revista não deve ser reduzida a problemática aqui desenvolvida, uma vez que nela estão presentes outros enunciados.Rose... so it was named the first gay magazine edited in Brazil between late 1970s and early 1980s. On its pages, information about the cultural-artistic scene of that time, erotic stories, stories in comics, cartoons, advertisements of men interested in corresponding with other men, and articles that dealt with male homosexuality were published. On those pages there was also a profusion of male bodies tending to nudity. However, within the bounds of this dissertation, Rose magazine has not been considered only as a vehicle of communication and entertainment, above all, it has been taken as a historical source. As a carrier of a set of pedagogies of gender and sexuality, the magazine is involved in producing a normalized model of homosexual masculinity. Based on the theoretical referential of Gender Studies from a feminist and post-structuralist perspective, it was analyzed the “enunciation” that articulates the homosexual masculinity to feminine behaviors. It is the degradation of such behaviors that will serve as the basis for the construction of a discrete gay man, with a distinct male-like behavior. Therefore, discretion – as a sign of masculinity – seems to ensure the social intelligence of those men, "authorizing" their own existence. However, the magazine should not be reduced to the problematic here developed, since there are other issues presented in it.
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Murray, Emma. "Immune Challenge During Puberty: Role of the Gut Microbiota and Neurobehavioural Outcomes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40467.
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Puberty is a critical period of development characterized by rapid physiological changes and significant brain reorganizing and remodeling. These rapid changes render the developing brain particularly vulnerable to stress and immune challenge. In mice, exposure to an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) during puberty causes enduring effects on stress reactivity, cognitive functioning, and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors later in life. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. The gut microbiome can profoundly influence the immune system. There is also close bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS) through neural, endocrine and immune signaling pathways, which can alter brain chemistry and emotional behaviour. Thus, we hypothesized that altering microbial composition during puberty could mitigate acute immune responses and prevent enduring outcomes later in life. The current thesis examined the effect of gut manipulation with probiotics during puberty on LPS-induced immune responses and enduring anxiety- and depression-like behaviours, and stress-reactivity in adulthood, in male and female CD1 mice (Article 1). Next, we examined age and sex differences in gut microbial composition before and after exposure to an immune challenge. We also examined the effects of consuming a single strain probiotic bacterium (Lactobacillus Reuteri) during puberty on the immune response and the long-term changes in memory, anxiety-like behavior, and stress reactivity in adulthood (Article 2). Lastly, we examined how microbial colonization between pubertal and adult mice can alter acute peripheral and central inflammatory responses to LPS (Article 3). The current dissertation has addressed sex-specific vulnerabilities to an immune challenge during pubertal development and the moderating influence of the gut microbiome. These studies have demonstrated that manipulating the gut microbiome during puberty can mitigate acute immune responses and prevent enduring neurobehavioural outcomes later in life.
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Méndez, Natalia Pietra. "Com a palavra o segundo sexo : percursos do pensamento intelectual feminista no Brasil dos anos 1960." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16887.
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A análise da intelectualidade e de seu papel como um dos agentes de mudanças sociais e culturais é um tema que vem galgando espaços significativos na produção historiográfica. Neste trabalho, proponho um estudo sobre o percurso do pensamento feminista no Brasil Contemporâneo. Para tanto, escolhi três autoras que desempenharam um importante papel ao introduzir um olhar feminista no campo intelectual brasileiro: a jornalista Carmen da Silva, a escritora e editora Rose Marie Muraro e a socióloga Heleieth Saffioti. Através da palavra, estas mulheres colaboraram para o questionamento do conhecimento tradicional e misógeno. Trouxeram à luz novas interpretações para os problemas sociais, afirmando a análise das relações entre os sexos como um ponto fundamental para a compreensão e transformação da sociedade. Atentas às alterações na vida das mulheres que transcorriam ao longo do século XX, mantiveram os olhos focados na realidade brasileira. Na década de 1960, em meio a um regime ditatorial, seus escritos simbolizaram a liberdade almejada por mulheres e homens que sonhavam com a possibilidade de um país diferente. No período em questão, Carmen, Rose e Heleieth germinaram um debate, a partir de seus espaços de atuação, sobre a condição da mulher. Respectivamente, a Imprensa, a Igreja Católica e a Universidade. São instituições de onde surgiram parte significativa dos pensadores e da atividade intelectual no Brasil. Analisar as obras e as trajetórias de vida destas mulheres proporciona outros olhares sobre as relações de poder vigentes no contexto dos anos de 1960 e sobre o papel da intelectualidade na elaboração e difusão do pensamento feminista.The analysis of the intellectuality and its role as one of the responsible for the social and cultural changes is a theme which is achieving meaningful positions in the historical production. In this study, I propose an analysis concerning to the development of the feminist thought in the Contemporary Brazil. So, three authors who have performed an important role in this field were chosen since they introduced a feminist perspective in the Brazilian intellectual environment. Such women are: the journalist Carmem da Silva, the writer and publisher Rose Marie Muraro and the sociologist Heleieth Saffioti. These women have collaborated to the inquiring of the traditional and misogynist knowledge through their concepts. They have brought to light new interpretations to the social problems, claiming the analysis of the gender relations as a fundamental subject for the comprehension and changing of the society. Being careful about the changes in the women lives that happened during the XX century, they kept their eyes focused on the Brazilian reality. In the 1960s, during the dictatorial period, their writings symbolized the desired freedom by women and men who dreamed about the possibility of a different country. In that period, Carmen, Rose e Heleieth evolved a debate about the women's condition starting from their working fields. Respectively, the press, the Catholic Church and the Universities are institutions from where emerged a significant part of the scholars and of the intellectual activity in Brazil. The analysis of these women's issues and their course of life provides us with a different point of view about the relation of the power in effect in the context of the 1960s and on the role of the intellectuality in the development and spreading of the feminist thought.
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Acharya, Kalpana D. Ms. "ROLE OF MEMBRANE BOUND G-PROTEIN COUPLED ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GPR30 AND Z-LINKED RIBOSOMAL GENE S6 (RPS6) IN SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZEBRA FINCH BRAIN." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1341338394.
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Duncan, Kelli Adams. "The Role of Ribosomal Protein L7, An Estrogen Receptor Coactivator, on the Development of Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia Guttata) Song System." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/47.
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The Australian zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) serves as an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms that influence brain sexual differentiation. The brain and behavior of the zebra finch are sexually dimorphic. The regions of the brain that control the learning and production of song (song control nuclei) are significantly larger in the male brain than in the female brain and only males sing courtship songs, thus the majority of past research has focused on the development of these sex differences. In the majority of mammals, brain sexual differentiation occurs because hormones secreted from the gonads act to initiate male or female brain development. In zebra finches, estradiol is sufficient to masculinize the male brain, however manipulations of developmental hormone exposure fail to fully reverse the sex differences in song nuclei size. Furthermore, genetic females induced to develop functional testicular tissue do not develop a completely masculinized song system and castration has no effect on development of the song system in males. The source of the increased estrogenic signal in male zebra finch brain has yet to be identified, but data suggest that other neuronal factors play a role in development of the song control nuclei. Coregulators, such as coactivators and corepressors, are proteins and RNA activators that work by enhancing or depressing transcriptional activity of the nuclear steroid receptor with which they associate. Coregulators also modulate the development of sex-specific brain morphology and behavior in rodents and birds and may help to explain the difficulties observed in altering song nuclei development via castration and gonadal hormone replacement. As an estrogen receptor-α coactivator, ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7) is able to make the brain more sensitive to estradiol by enhancing the effects of steroid receptor action. Therefore, this dissertation addressed the following questions regarding RPL7: (1) is RPL7 expression sexually dimorphic in the song nuclei of the zebra finch brain?; (2) is RPL7 protein expression regulated by steroid hormones?; and (3) does decreasing RPL7 protein expression with antisense oligonucleotides alter neuronal survival in vivo and song nuclei size and neuron number in vitro? Collectively, these studies will provide valuable information about the role of steroid receptor coactivators in development of the zebra finch song system and on the role of coactivators on sexual differentiation of the brain.
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Mohamed, Esraa M. "ENDOGENOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: ENDOMORPHIN-1 AND NOCICEPTIN PLAY A SEX-SPECIFIC ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF OLIGODENDROCYTE MATURATION AND BRAIN MYELINATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5984.
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Myelin is an extensive cell membrane produced by oligodendrocytes to ensheath neuronal axons in the central nervous system with the primary goal of maximizing the efficiency of electrochemical impulse transmission. During brain development, oligodendrocytes differentiate into myelin forming cells in a tightly regulated process which makes them vulnerable to multiple insults. Previous results from the laboratory showed that the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation and rat brain myelination were altered by perinatal exposure to buprenorphine and methadone, opioid analogues used for treating pregnant addicts. The mechanism by which these opioids exerted their effects involved two opioid receptors, the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOR). However, the role of these receptors and their endogenous ligands in controlling the timing of myelination under normal physiological conditions of brain development is not known. In this dissertation, we found that the endogenous MOR ligand endomorphin-1 (EM-1) acts as a strong promoter of rat pre-oligodendrocyte differentiation, but surprisingly, this effect is observed only in cells isolated from female pups. Interestingly, the stimulatory action of EM-1 was abolished upon co-incubation with the endogenous NOR ligand, nociceptin. Moreover, injections of NOR antagonist to 9-day-old female and male rat pups accelerated rat brain myelination in female rat pups with no significant changes in their male counterparts. Interestingly, the lack of major sex-dependent differences in developmental brain levels of EM-1 and nociceptin and the presence of the two receptors MOR and NOR in male and female oligodendrocytes suggested that the observed sex-specific responses may be highly dependent on critical intrinsic sex-dependent differences within these cells. Although nociceptin alone did not exert observable effects on pre-oligodendrocyte maturation, it increased the number of cells expressing Ki-67, a cell proliferation indicator, in oligodendrocyte progenitor cultures. These results suggest that nociceptin may be playing a stage specific role in oligodendrocyte development during brain maturation. The finding of critical functions of EM-1 and nociceptin in the developing female oligodendrocytes and brain myelination highlights the need for considering sexual dimorphism in the design of safer and more effective therapeutic approaches for treating opioid abuse, pain, and demyelinating disease as multiple sclerosis.
Books on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Princess Isabel of Brazil: Gender and power in the nineteenth century. Wilmington, Del: SR Books, 2002.
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Violence in the city of women: Police and batterers in Bahia, Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
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Gender, Catholicism, and morality in Brazil: Virtuous husbands, powerful wives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
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Housewives in the field: Power, culture, and gender in a south-Brazilian village. Amsterdam, Netherlands: CEDLA, 1991.
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Cleansing honor with blood: Masculinity, violence, and power in the backlands of northeast Brazil, 1845-1889. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2012.
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Costa, Silvia Generali da. Assédio sexual: Uma versão brasileira. Porto Alegre, RS: Artes e Ofícios, 1995.
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E, Fitz Earl, ed. Ambiguity and gender in the new novel of Brazil and Spanish America: A comparative assessment. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993.
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"Licentious liberty" in a Brazilian gold-mining region: Slavery, gender, and social control in eighteenth-century Sabará, Minas Gerais. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
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Gender and sociality in Amazonia: How real people are made. Oxford: Berg, 2001.
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A, Bruschini Maria Cristina, Hollanda, Heloísa Buarque de, 1939-, and Fundação Carlos Chagas, eds. Horizontes plurais: Novos estudos de gênero no Brasil. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Fundação Carlos Chagas, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Bianchi, Nicola, Olga Prontera, Mauro Dicuio, Sergio Concetti, Alessandra Sforza, and Giovanni Corona. "Male Sex Hormones in Andrology Today." In Practical Clinical Andrology, 251–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11701-5_19.
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AbstractSeveral hormonal pathways are deeply involved in the regulation of male sexual function. Testosterone (T) is involved in the modulation of all steps of sexual response from the activation (sexual desire) to the resolution (orgasm and ejaculation). Androgen receptors are deeply expressed in several brain areas involved in the control of sexual response as well as in the male genitalia tract and corpora cavernosa. At these levels, T plays a crucial role in all pathways of penile erection, including nitric oxide (NO) production and degradation, adenosine signaling, calcium sensitization, and penile smooth muscle differentiation. In addition, T is also involved in the control of ejaculatory reflex modulating male genitalia tract contractility and semen bolus expulsion. The role of other sex steroids is more limited, although estrogens seem to partially regulate male sexual desire. Thyroid system is mainly involved in the control of the ejaculatory reflex, although a possible contribution in the modulation of sexual desire and penile erection has also been supposed. Available evidence suggests that prolactin (PRL) acts in the control of sexual desire either through indirect (inducing secondary hypogonadism) or direct mechanisms (modulating dopamine and serotonin central pathways). The role of other hormonal pathways in the regulation of male sexual response appears negligible.
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Metzger, Anna, Anna Lotz, and Knut Drewing. "Neutral Point in Haptic Perception of Softness." In Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications, 57–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06249-0_7.
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AbstractHaptic perception of objects’ softness plays an important role in the identification and interaction with objects. How softness is represented in the brain is yet not clear. Here we investigated whether there is a neutral point in the perceptual representation of haptically perceived softness relative to which the objects are represented as being “soft” or “hard”. We created a wide range of softness stimuli, varying from very hard (ceramic) to very soft foam with differently soft foam and silicone stimuli in between. Participants were assigned to one of three different stimulus set conditions: full set (18 stimuli), soft set (13 softest stimuli) or the hard set (13 hardest stimuli). They categorized each stimulus as “hard” or “soft” and we estimated the neutral point as the point of subjectively equal categorization as “hard” or “soft”. We found that neutral points were different from the middle stimulus of each set. Furthermore, during the course of the experiment neutral points rather moved away from the middle of the stimulus set than towards it. Our results indicate that there might be a neutral point in the representation of haptically perceived softness, however range effects may play a role.
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Jan, Steven. "2 The Evolution of Human Musicality." In Music in Evolution and Evolution in Music, 63–164. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0301.02.
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Chapter 2: explores the evolution of the human capacity for music, looking at what is known of the physical, cognitive and social development of our species from our early hominin ancestors (starting with Australopithecus) and the role music may have played in this process (as cause and/or effect). In this sense, music is discussed as an adaptation (or potentially an exaptation), and its various survival-enhancing roles – in the enhancement of social cohesion, in sexual selection, and in infant nurture – are explored. Key to this chapter is its consideration of the relationship between music and language and the structural marking, in brain function and hemispheric localisation, of this relationship. This topic forms a six-section thread running through Chapters 2–7, and the basic position taken (after Steven Brown and Steven Mithen) is that mu-sic and language arose from a common ‘musilinguistic’ ancestor – this made up of increasingly discrete, replicated (memetic) sound particles – that bifurcated into spoken language and expressive music around 200,000 years ago. Structural correspondences between music and language, explored here in and in Chapter 3, are taken as evidence of this common ancestor.
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Olfos, Raimundo, Masami Isoda, and Soledad Estrella. "Multiplication of Whole Numbers in the Curriculum: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile." In Teaching Multiplication with Lesson Study, 25–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_2.
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AbstractThis chapter shows how the teaching of multiplication is structured in national curriculum standards (programs) around the world. (The documents are distributed by national governments via the web. Those documents are written in different formats and depths. For understanding the descriptions of the standards, we also refer to national authorized textbooks for confirmation of meanings.) The countries chosen for comparison in this case are two countries in Asia, one in Europe, two in North America, and two in South America: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA (where the Common Core State Standards (2010) are not national but are agreed on by most of the states), Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, from the viewpoint of their influences on Ibero-American countries. (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards (published in 2000) and the Japanese and Singapore textbooks have been influential in Latin America. Additionally, Portugal was selected to be compared with Brazil). To distinguish between each country’s standard and the general standards described here, the national curriculum standards are just called the “program.” The comparison shows the differences in the programs for multiplication in these countries in relation to the sequence of the description and the way of explanation. The role of this chapter in Part I of this book is to provide the introductory questions that will be discussed in Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 to explain the features of the Japanese approach. (As is discussed in Chap. 1, the Japanese approach includes the Japanese curriculum, textbooks, and methods of teaching which can be used for designing classes, as has been explored in Chile (see (Estrella, Mena, Olfos, Lesson Study in Chile: a very promising but still uncertain path. In Quaresma, Winsløw, Clivaz, da Ponte, Ní Shúilleabháin, Takahashi (eds), Mathematics lesson study around the world: Theoretical and methodological issues. Cham: Springer, pp. 105–122, 2018). The comparison focuses on multiplication of whole numbers. In multiplication, all of these countries seem to have similar goals—namely, for their students to grasp the meaning of multiplication and develop fluency in calculation. However, are they the same? By using the newest editions of each country’s curriculum standards, comparisons are done on the basis of the manner of writing, with assigned grades for the range of numbers, meanings, expression, tables, and multidigit multiplication. The relationship with other specific content such as division, the use of calculators, the treatment of multiples, and mixed arithmetic operations are beyond the scope of this comparison. Those are mentioned only if there is a need to show diversity.
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KLEIN, HERBERT S. "The Free Afro-Brazilians in a Slave Society." In Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0012.
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This chapter evaluates the free coloured class under slavery in imperial Brazil. Being the largest such group in the Americas, the free coloureds by the middle of the nineteenth century were also by far the single largest ethnic/status group in Brazilian society. The chapter examines how and why this class emerged and how it evolved through the complex processes of manumission, stressing the increasing pace of these manumissions in the nineteenth century as well as the biases in age and sex of the newly emancipated slaves. The social, economic and even political role of these free coloureds within the slave society is analysed along with their relationship to whites and the slave population. The chapter then stresses how the existence of this free class before abolition affected the integration of all Afro-Brazilians after the abolition of slavery.
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Kükürt, Abdulsamed, Mushap Kuru, Ömer Faruk Başer, and Mahmut Karapehli̇̇van. "Kisspeptin: Role in Female Infertility." In Sex Hormones [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94925.
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Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide encoded by the kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) and located in different brain regions, primarily in the hypothalamus. Kisspeptin and its receptor G-protein-coupled receptor-54 (GPR54), are also found in behavioural brain regions such as the hippocampus and cortex. Kisspeptin, a very powerful neuropeptide that stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary, does this by increasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels. In recent studies, it has been noted that kisspeptin is effective on reproductive functions. Globally 8 to 12% of couples have infertility problems, and the majority are residents of developing countries. Approximately 70% of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in women. The frequency of infertility in women continues to increase every year and the underlying factors require further research. Bearing this problem in mind, this review examines the possible role of kisspeptin in female infertility. In doing so, it aims to find out how future application of kisspeptin may potentially unravel the neural reproductive disorder.
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Neri, Marcelo. "Brazil." In Inequality in the Developing World, 109–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863960.003.0005.
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After three decades of persistently high income inequality, from 2001 onwards Brazil experienced a downward inequality trend followed by rising household income growth. Both movements lasted until 2015. This work synthesizes the results of six papers that describe the evolution of Brazilian income distribution. A common approach pursued was to jointly assess inequality, mean income, and social welfare rates of growth. We use a vast array of datasets to fill the gaps found in the literature. Top incomes’ movements reduced income inequality fall but increased mean income growth, suggesting challenges in measuring and interpreting inequality changes. Overall, inequality fall was driven by labour earnings through firm-specific effects. Rising schooling and falling returns also played a role, especially if parents’ educational background is taken into account. Missing income values did not affect inequality measures. Direct and indirect taxes increased inequality trends, while official monetary benefits helped to reduce them.
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Saleh, Fabian M., John M. Bradford, Jacob Taylor, and J. Paul Fedoroff. "The Neurobiology of Sexual Behavior and the Paraphilias." In Sex Offenders, edited by Fabian M. Saleh, John M. Bradford, and Daniel J. Brodsky, 61–80. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190884369.003.0004.
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This chapter analyzes the biological underpinnings of male sexual behavior. Research in human sexual behavior has been primarily focused on the effects of pharmacological agents, especially those acting on the serotonergic system and agents that affect the production and action of sex hormones. More recently, brain-imaging studies have increased the understanding of the brain regions and circuits that may underlie sexual desire, arousal, and behavior. The chapter reviews some of these studies, with particular emphasis on the role of the mesolimbic reward system in influencing sexual behavior. In addition to discussing neurobiological contributors to the intensity of the sexual drive, it also describes some work that suggests an association between certain neuroimaging findings and pedophilia. For many years, there has been an understanding of the role of sex hormones in human sexual behavior. Sexual drive and sexual behavior in general are dependent on the levels of these sex hormones. In general terms, androgens are important for the maintenance of sexual behavior in males.
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Solomon, M. B., and J. P. Herman. "Sex Differences in HPA-Axis Regulation: The Role of Gonadal Hormones." In Hormones, Brain and Behavior, 2291–308. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00071-1.
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Hung, Shao-Wen, Chia-Chi Chen, Hsiao-Yun Chen, Ying-Ching Hung, Ping-Min Huang, and Chia-Yu Lin. "The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation." In Epilepsy - Seizures Without Triggers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105865.
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Microglia typically exist in a resting state of a mature brain and monitors the brain environment. In response to brain injuries or immunological stimuli, however, microglia are readily activated. In their activated state, they can serve diverse beneficial functions essential for enhancing neuron survival through the release of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Under certain circumstances, such as sustained epilepsy, however, microglia become overactivated and can induce significant and highly detrimental neurotoxic effects by the excessive production of a large array of cytotoxic factors, such as nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines. Neuroinflammation has been identified in epileptogenic tissue and is suspected of participating in epileptogenesis. Recent evidence has shown the effects of anti-inflammation and protection against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pharmacologically and genetically. We assume that sEH inhibition might be also beneficial to prevent inflammatory processes caused by seizures and subsequent chronic epilepsy. In the present study, we investigated whether sEH is involved in overactivated microglia-induced neuroinflammation and subsequent epileptogenesis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Overactivated microglia will be detected by using imaging techniques. It is hoped that the results of the present study would provide a better understanding of the roles of sEH and microglia in epileptogenesis.
Conference papers on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Rosenberger, Joshua G., Nathan E. Jones, and David S. Novak. "O15.1 Examining the role of location in sti prevention among men who have sex with men using mobile applications." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.84.
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Rompalo, Anne, Rachel Chambers, Summer Rosenstock, Novalene Goklish, Angelita Lee, and Lauren Tingey. "O07.6 Exploring the role of sex and sexual experience in predicting american indian adolescent condom use intention using protection motivation theory." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.41.
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Town, Katy, Nigel Field, Michelle Cole, Simon Harris, and Gwenda Hughes. "O05.5 What role does importation play in the spread of antimicrobial resistantneisseria gonorrhoeaein the uk? associations between antimicrobial resistant strains and recent sex abroad." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.28.
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Sousa, Marianna Ramalho de, Beatriz da Silva Ávila, Caique Nunes Moreira, Carla Resende Vaz Oliveira, Laura dos Santos de Souza, Carolina Monte Santo Burdman Pereira, Michelly Hellem Alves de Freitas Gonçalves, et al. "Analysis of hospitalizations for Parkinson’s disease and the role of primary health care in patient care." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.038.
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Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that affects the dopamine-producing neurons and affects the patient’s movements. According to the World Health Organization, about 1% of the world’s population aged 65 years or older has PD. The study aims to analyze the hospitalizations for Parkinson’s disease in Brazil and highlight the importance of primary health care (PHC) in the care of these patients. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, using articles from the Pubmed and Medline databases, as well as the DATASUS database from January 2017 to January 2021. The descriptors used were: “Parkinson’s Disease”; “Comprehensive Health Care”; “Patient-Centered Care”. Results: In the period analyzed there were 3.536 hospitalizations for PD in Brazil with spending of R$14,937,372.3 highlighting the Southeast region that represents 49% of the total of these. Regarding sex, age and self-reported color/race, the most affected are men with 60.6%, individuals between 60 and 69 years (26.3%) and whites (49.9%). A total of 218 deaths were registered, with a mortality rate of 6.1%. Discussion: The PHC is responsible for part of the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with PD, being a central part in the coordination of care. It acts through the levels of care and improves the quality of life of its users through health actions, thus improving their quality of life. Conclusion: Basic health units must improve themselves through the continuous training of the professionals involved, thus resulting in a decrease in the mortality rate.
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Kiebach, Wolff-Ragnar, Ruth Knibbe, Kristian B. Frederiksen, Ming Chen, Lars Mikkelsen, and Peter V. Hendriksen. "Investigation of Failure Mechanisms in Ti Containing Brazing Alloys Used in SOFC/SOEC Environments." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33039.
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The two braze alloys TiCuNi® and Silver-ABA® were tested as possible candidates for seals in SOFC or SOEC stacks. The different Ti amount in the samples allowed an evaluation of Ti as a matrix filler and as an active metal/wetting agent in brazing alloys. The sealing ability towards ferritic steel and yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) was investigated. After the sealing process steel/braze/YSZ joints were further annealed in oxidizing (Air) or reducing (9% H2 in Ar) atmospheres at 750 °C for 150 h. The boundaries of the braze and the joining partners for as-sealed and annealed samples were examined with SEM/EDS. XRD and EXAFS were used to characterize reaction products after the annealing process. Based on these results and taking before reported data into consideration, the advantages and disadvantages of Ti containing seals and the role of Ti in failure mechanism are discussed. Even if the use of Ti in active brazing alloys has its benefits, the disadvantages caused by Ti and its reaction products strongly suggest the use of Ti free brazes in SOFC/SOEC applications.
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Schoonbaert, Stephen, Xiao Huang, Scott Yandt, and Peter Au. "Brazing and Wide Gap Repair of X-40 Using Ni-Base Alloys." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27340.
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Co-base superalloys are commonly used for vanes and parts of the combustion chamber in gas turbine engines. The Co-base superalloys are primarily solid solution strengthened and have good resistance to hot corrosion, creep and thermal fatigue. In particular, Co-base alloy X-40 was used to fabricate the first stage NGV airfoils of T56 series engines; inspections after service have revealed that X-40 airfoils suffered from severe thermal fatigue damages. In this study, a new braze repair scheme is proposed; in which Ni-base alloys are used to repair the X-40 substrate in both narrow and wide gap configurations. Metallographic examination, X-ray mapping and EDS semi-quantitative compositional analyses were carried out to study the microstructures in the braze joint in the asbrazed condition and after thermal exposure at 950°C. The results obtained so far suggest the formation of Cr-rich borides, eutectic phases and various carbides in the joint. No TCP phases were found in the brazed joint and base metals adjacent to the joint. The high carbon content in the alloy X-40 may have played an important role in preventing the formation of TCP phases during brazing and subsequent thermal exposure.
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Milovanovic-Bertram, Smilja. "Lina Bo Bardi: Evolution of Cultural Displacement." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.61.
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In recent years much has been written and exhibited regarding Lina Bo Bardi, the Italian/Brazilian architect (1914-1992). This paper aims to look at the phenomenon of cultural displacement and the dissemination of her design thinking as a major female figure in a male dominated profession. This investigation is distinguished from others in that it addresses the importance of regional and cultural influences that formed Lina’s design philosophy in her early years in Italy. Cultural displacement has long played a significant role in the creative process for artists. Often major innovators in literature are immigrants as elements of strangeness, distance, and alienation all contribute to their creativity. The premise is that critical distance is paramount for reflection as a change of context unfolds unforeseen possibilities. Displacement was a consistent element throughout the trajectory of Lina’s architectural career as she moved from Rome to Milan, from Milan to Sao Paolo from Sao Paolo to Bahia and back to Sao Paolo. Viewing this form of detachment and dislocation permits insight into her career and body of work as displacement mediates the paradoxical relationship between time and space. The paper will examine three distinct periods in her career. The first period is set in Rome, where she assimilated the city, showed artistic aptitude and spent her university years studying under Piacentiniand Giovannoni. The second period is set in Milan, where she developed impressive editorial and layout skills in publications work with Gio Ponti and BrunoZevi. and was influenced by Antonio Gramsci’s writings. The third is set in Brazil, where she builds and evolves as an architect via what she absorbed in Rome, wrote in Milan, and finally realized in Brazil. After Italy’s collapse in WWII Lina writes, draws, edits, critiques the plight of the Italians in need of better housing and circumstances. She leaves Milan with her new husband, PM Bardi (a prominent journalist, art critic) for Brazil. In Sao Paolo she absorbs the optimism and positive direction of Brazil. Her early design work in Brazil echoes European modernism, but when she travels to Bahia and becomes aware of the social conditions, she draws from her Italian experiences of and ideas of transforming lives through craft. Her architectural projects become directly responsive to the culture of Bahia and the politics of poverty. Lina’s design thinking evolves and parallels George Kubler’s study, The Shape of Time, and the history of man-made objects by bridging the divide between art and material culture.
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Fairhead, J. D., Nasreddine Bournas, and M. Chaker Raddadi. "The role of gravity and aeromagnetic data in mapping mega Gondwana crustal lineaments: The Argentina‐Brazil‐Algeria (ABA) lineament." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2007. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2792516.
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Teixeira, Igor de Lima e., Stella de Angelis Trivellato, Igor Oliveira da Fonseca, Danielle Patrícia Borges Margato, Rodrigo Bazan, and Arthur Oscar Schelp. "An Eye of a Tiger cannot see all the true: a case series." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.224.
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Background: Multiple System Atrophy is a neurodegenerative disease with parkinsonism, cerebelar ataxia and autonomic failure. Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation diseases are neurodegenerative diseases, as the Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration, with a very distinct pattern on neuroimaging, known as the “Eye of the Tiger Sign”, which is rare in MSA but many studies confirm the role of striatal regions iron accumulation in parkinsonisms. Objective: We describe MSA patients with iron accumulation in striatal regions in neuroimaging. Methods: We report clinical cases from São Paulo State University-Brazil. Results: 62-year-old with 5 years of bradykinesia and stiffness progressing to wheelchair, REM sleep behavioral disorder, no improvement with levodopa, disarthrophonia and choking with gastrostomy after 3 years, associated to syncope episodes. Neurological examination showed blood pressure of 105x80mmHg lying down and 80x60mmHg standing up, severe disarthrophonia, anterocapitis, severe parkinsonism, postural instability and ataxia. Neuroimaging showed the “Eye of the Tiger”, “putaminal rim” and the “hot cross bun” signs. 78-year-old with 1.5 years syncope episodes, slow walking, falls, difficulty moving hands and feet and constipation. No improvement with levodopa. Neurological examination showed blood pressure of 130x80 mmHg lying down and 90x60 mmHg standing up, severe bradykinesia and stiffness, drooling, ataxia and “square-wave jerks”. Neuroimaging showed “Eye of Tiger” and bilateral “putaminal rim” signs and cerebellar atrophy. In both cases were excluded all differential diagnosis. Conclusions: Both cases fulfilled criteria for MSA, with the radiological sign of the “Eye of the Tiger”. We emphasize the importance of knowing this variation of MSA to avoid diagnostic confusion.
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Wang, Zhixiang, Xianglin Zeng, Bo Li, and Yue Xiao. "Verification and Application of CTV Technology for Deep Sea Crude Oil Offloading in Brazil Project." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21244-ms.
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Abstract In view of the problem of high risk and high cost of deep-sea crude oil export technology, this paper starts with the problem that DPST (Dynamic Positioning Shuttle Tanker) in Brazil's one deep sea project compulsorily be used in offloading operation. From coordinating and participating in the comparison and selection of offloading schemes from CNOOC and individual partners, to the raising of technical proposal CTV (Cargo Transfer Vessel) and subsequent carrying out of ship design, construction, sea trial and until actual application, this paper fully discusses and verifies CTV's correctness and adaptability. As the world's first unique technological solution for the offloading issue. its excellent security and low cost advantages will assure CTV a greater role in the field of deep sea oil offloading and other marine areas.
Reports on the topic "Sex role – Brazil"
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Alcaíno, Manuel, Analia Jaimovich, Sofía Lerche, Carolina Méndez, Marcela Ortiz Guerrero, and Eloísa Vidal. Gestión local y mejora educativa: la colaboración en el contexto estadual en Brasil. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004667.
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Regímenes federales como Brasil poseen importantes desafíos institucionales en el que administradores estatales y municipales comparten responsabilidades por la educación en un mismo territorio. En el año 2017, siguiendo el modelo del estado de Ceará, la gobernación del estado de Espíritu Santo formaliza por medio de una iniciativa legal el Pacto por el Aprendizaje de Espíritu Santo (PAES), un instrumento de coordinación estado-municipios en pos de objetivos de mejora sistémicos. El programa consistió en distintos ejes de acción que consideraron la consolidación de equipos en el nivel local que pudiesen liderar los regímenes de colaboración, la elaboración de directrices curriculares de enseñanza básica en torno a las cuales se realizaron instancias de formación continua a docentes y se elaboraron materiales tanto para docentes como para estudiantes; la generación de mecanismos de monitoreo y gestión de indicadores y objetivos de calidad educativa en las redes municipales, y, por último, la reorganización de la oferta educativa en los municipios. En el presente estudio se describe el detalle de este régimen de colaboración de Espíritu Santo, dando cuenta de su organización y gobernanza. En un contexto de alto nivel de complejidad institucional, instancias de colaboración y articulación que han logrado un alto porcentaje de participación de los distintos actores del sistema, representan una experiencia innovadora de estudio y aprendizaje para contextos similares. La nota técnica examina las tensiones que han acompañado la implementación y readecuación del PAES en un escenario de cambios en los ciclos políticos. Por último, se destacan las oportunidades de mejora que posee el PAES, destacando dos claves: 1) Profundizar su vinculación en la gobernanza política y programática del estado, buscando acentuar la responsabilización y rendición de cuentas. 2) Robustecer el rol y atribuciones de los niveles regionales del estado en el apoyo, monitoreo y seguimiento del PAES en la estructura municipal.
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Kohon, Jorge. Ferrocarriles suburbanos de pasajeros en América Latina: banco de datos, caracterización, indicadores y benchmarks. Edited by Julieta Abad, Cristian Moleres, and Lorena Peinado. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004410.
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Se denominan servicios ferroviarios de pasajeros suburbanos a los que se prestan entre el centro de una ciudad cabecera mediana a grande y sus suburbios y otras ciudades cercanas, movilizando volúmenes muy importantes de pasajeros que en general viajan diariamente en servicios que tienen menos de 100 km entre estaciones extremas. Son siete los países de la región que cuentan con servicios ferroviarios de pasajeros suburbanos: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, México, Uruguay y Venezuela. De ellos, resultan relevantes en el desempeño de cinco de las grandes áreas metropolitanas de América Latina: San Pablo, Río de Janeiro y Belo Horizonte en Brasil; Buenos Aires en Argentina; y Ciudad de México (CDMX) en ese país. En otras 14 ciudades de la región (de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Venezuela) poseen un rol menor pero también realizan aportes a la calidad de vida y la reducción de la congestión. Por sus efectos positivos en cuanto a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, el transporte ferroviario de pasajeros es fundamental para apoyar la descarbonización del sector, contribuyendo así a la mitigación del Cambio Climático, uno de los pilares fundamentales de la Visión 2025 del BID: Reinvertir en las Américas. En sólo tres ciudades de la región los servicios se prestan mediante verdaderas redes ferroviarias, con múltiples líneas accediendo a diversas zonas de sus respectivas áreas metropolitanas: en San Pablo y Río de Janeiro en Brasil, y en Buenos Aires en Argentina. En las restantes, se trata de sistemas que tienen hasta dos líneas con menos de 100 kilómetros de extensión total. Aun así, en alguno de estos casos poseen relevancia en el movimiento de los pasajeros de sus respetivas áreas de influencia directa: son los casos de Belo Horizonte en Brasil y CDMX; en un nivel menor, los de Santiago y Valparaíso, ambos en Chile. Todos los datos acerca de los indicadores y benchmarks que se presentan en este documento se encuentran contenidos en la “Base de datos de ferrocarriles suburbanos en América Latina”. Se obtuvieron 56 indicadores y benchmarks para cada servicio, agrupados en 11 grandes temáticas. De estos, en este documento se revisa y compara los 14 índices más relevantes y que aportan información estratégica sobre los servicios y las empresas. Esa información permite, por un lado, entender la dimensión y características del nivel de actividad de cada uno de ellos, y por otro, mediante los benchmarks conocer la eficiencia operativa-financiera de su desempeño al compararlos con sus ferrocarriles pares (“peers”). Cabe mencionar que el documento no busca calificar ni valorizar ni juzgar mejores o peores desempeños empresariales, sino explicitarlos. Con el objetivo de hacer más comparables y graficables los indicadores y benchmarks, los distintos operadores fueron agrupados en función de la demanda anual que trasladaron en 2018.
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Agusti Strid, Alma, and James Ronicle. Social Impact Bonds in Latin America: IDB Lab's Pioneering Work in the Region: Lessons Learnt. Edited by Christine Ternent. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003004.
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In recent years, Latin America has seen the introduction of innovative pay-for-success mechanisms to fund social programs, including Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) and Development Impact Bonds (DIBs), outcome-based contracts that incorporate the use of private financing from investors to cover the upfront capital required for a provider to set up and deliver a social service. In this context, IDB Lab established a SIB Facility in 2014 to promote the focus on outcomes in social programs and increase outcomes-based commissioning. The SIB Facility has resulted in IDB Lab providing support to developing SIBs in Colombia (first SIB launched in a middle-income country), Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Brazil. Since then, several employment SIBs have launched in Colombia and Argentina and prefeasibility studies for SIBs on other topics are currently underway in Chile. This Technical Note aims to capture the lessons learnt from developing SIBs in Latin America, focusing on the five countries where the SIB Facility played a pioneering role. The study takes a retrospective view in examining what has been done and a prospective view in considering how challenges can be overcome and how lessons learnt might be considered within the IDB Lab, both at SIB level and at ecosystem level looking at the SIB ecosystems that have started to emerge. In the study, we find that the SIBs that have launched in the study countries were well designed and that there had also been thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the model.
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Cruz-Aguayo, Yyannú, María Mercedes Mateo Díaz, Verónica Xhardez, Viviana Ramallo, and Celeste De Marco. Hacia una transformación digital del sector educativo: Aprendizajes de la virtualización de emergencia. Edited by Mara Sessa. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003958.
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La pandemia de COVID-19, que llegó a América Latina en marzo de 2020, ubicó a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en un rol protagónico a la hora de sostener la prestación de los servicios públicos. En el ámbito educativo, la virtualización de emergencia de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la incorporación de tecnologías de forma no planificada presentaron un punto de inflexión y volvieron a poner en agenda una potencial transformación digital virtuosa del sector. En ese marco, el estudio busca contribuir al debate actual sobre la adecuación de la educación en América Latina a partir de la experiencia en pandemia y explorar las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías a futuro. Mediante diferentes instrumentos de consulta aplicados a especialistas, funcionarios y practitioners de la Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y México, y con el apoyo de fuentes secundarias, se identificaron nuevas y no tan nuevas demandas que la emergencia sanitaria le impuso al sistema educativo, así como oportunidades y desafíos generados por la incorporación de tecnologías en los diferentes procesos.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.
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Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.
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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.
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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.
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Acceptability of the female condom after a social marketing campaign in Campinas, Brazil. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1000.
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The female condom is a relatively new product that is intended to serve the dual role of protecting against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Recent research has found moderate to high levels of initial trial and acceptance of the female condom among women. However, information is lacking about its continued use, particularly among women at high risk of HIV and other STIs. The female condom was registered in Brazil in January 1997 and since then has been available commercially through DKT, a social marketing organization. In addition to socially marketed female condoms, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has also given female condoms to public health clinics and community organizations to distribute free as part of activities targeted to vulnerable groups of women. This brief summarizes the findings from a study that examined the role of the female condom as a method of protection against HIV/STIs among female sex workers in Campinas, Brazil, who received increased access to the product and information about it through an educational and social marketing intervention.