Dissertations / Theses: 'Sex recognition'

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Hall, Jessica. "Psychological mechanisms underlying sex differences in facial expression recognition." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506818.

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A female advantage is observed in the accurate recognition of mental and emotional states from the face (Hall, 1978, 1984). The psychological mechanisms that may underlie this advantage have not been addressed systematically by researchers. The present thesis discusses the potential mechanisms underlying the female advantage by considering the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) hypothesis of autism (Baron-Cohen, 2002). Several possible directions for research are presented, including sex differences in i) automaticity of processing facial expressions; ii) attention to the eyes; iii) configural versus featural processing of faces; and iv) stimulation of emotion. The first three of these directions are addressed in experimental chapters. A priming task and emotional face-word Stroop task were used to investigate sex differences in the automaticity of processing facial expressions. Sex differences in attention to the eyes were investigated in two eye tracking studies, and in two studies manipulating the eye region of emotional faces. Finally, a study with spatial frequency filtered emotional faces examined sex differences in the use of fine and coarse detail facial information. Overall, the investigations provide some evidence for greater female attention to the eye region in faces, and the possibility that this may explain an observed female advantage in facial expression recognition. Results are discussed in relation to the EMB hypothesis and sex differences in social cognition more generally. Potential directions for further research are outlined.

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Dumais, Kelly M. "Involvement of the oxytocin system in sex-specific regulation of social behavior and sex-specific brain activation." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106876.

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Thesis advisor: Alexa H. Veenema
The poorly understood, but robust sex differences in prevalence, symptom severity, and treatment responses of many psychiatric disorders characterized by social dysfunction signifies the importance of understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex differences in the regulation of social behaviors. One potential system involved is the oxytocin (OT) system. OT is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide that has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of social behaviors in rodents and humans. This thesis aims to clarify the role of OT in sex-specific regulation of social behavior and brain function in rats. Study 1 characterized sex differences in the OT system in the brain, and found that males show higher OT receptor (OTR) binding densities in several forebrain regions compared to females. Studies 2 and 3 then determined the relevance of these sex differences in OTR binding densities for the sex-specific regulation of social behavior using pharmacological manipulations of the OTR and in vivo measurement of OT release. Study 2 focused on the function of the OT system in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp), because this region showed the largest sex difference in OTR binding density, and is part of the core social behavior network. Results show that endogenous OT in the BNSTp is important for social recognition in both sexes, but that exogenous OT facilitated social recognition in males only. Furthermore, social recognition in males, but not in females, was associated with higher endogenous OT release in BNSTp. This study is the first to provide a link between sex differences in OTR binding density and OT release with sex-specific regulation of social recognition by OT. Study 3 focused on amygdala subregions because these regions were found to show sex-specific correlations of OTR binding density with social interest. Results show that the OT system modulates social interest in the central amygdala (CeA), but not the medial amygdala, in sex-specific ways, with activation of the OTR in the CeA facilitating social interest in males, but not in females. These results provide evidence that the CeA is a brain region involved in the sex-specific processing of social stimuli by the OT system. Finally, Study 4 examined whether sex differences in OTR binding densities in forebrain regions lead to sex-specific brain activation in response to OT. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in awake male and female rats following central or peripheral administration of OT. Central OT administration induced sex differences in BOLD activation in numerous brain regions (including several regions with denser OTR binding in males), in which males showed predominantly higher activation compared to females. Peripheral OT administration also induced sex differences in BOLD activation, but in fewer brain regions and in different brain regions compared to central OT, indicating that the pattern and the magnitude of sex differences in neural activation induced by OT strongly depend on the route of administration. Together, outcomes of this thesis provide novel insight into the sexual dimorphic structure and function of the OT system in rats, and highlights the fact that research seeking a full understanding of the role of the OT system in behavioral and brain responses is incomplete without the inclusion of both sexes. These results may be informative given the increasing popularity of the use of OT as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of social dysfunction in sex-biased psychiatric disorders
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology

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Hitchings, E. "Restraining the heartless : a comparative analysis of same-sex relationship recognition." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510240.

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Rehnman, Jenny. "The role of gender in face recognition." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Psychology, Stockholm University : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6636.

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Dipa, Asanda. "The recognition of victims rights of sexual offences." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014361.

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“Indeed in rape cases it is the victim who is most often placed on trial rather than the perpetrator, accused of having ulterior motives and subjected to degrading questions with often pornographic overtones. Prosecutors might fail to adequately address the victims needs and all too often, information is either intentionally or unintentionally withheld from victims.” The victims of sexual offences have to face not only the consequences of the sexual crime that was perpetrated upon them, but they also have to deal with the effects of the criminal justice system. Victims who take part in the criminal justice system should not be exposed to unnecessary distress and trauma. The victims of sexual offences must not be re-victimised by the criminal justice system. Re-victimisation has been coined to describe the experience where victims are subjected to further victimisation by the very state organs to whom they turn for assistance. This has the effect that the victim is victimised twice, first by the offender and then by the criminal justice system. It is therefore the duty of the law to protect this group of witnesses from such a traumatic and damaging experience. The question that needs to be answered in this research is whether the Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment has made any difference in respect of protection of victims sexual crimes. It was concluded that the Sexual Offences Act is indeed a step in the right direction to protect the rights of victims of sexual offences but that it could have afforded more protection.

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Eriksson, Kristoffer. "Att främja självförverkligande : Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesvägledare." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-30248.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine whether and how labor consultants, job coaches, guidance counselors promote the possibility of self-realization of the clients they encounter in their work. By analyzing, based on the theoretical framework, six semi-structured interviews of people having the chosen professions answer the questions "Do counselors promote client's opportunities for self-realization in their work?" and "If so: how is this practiced?". In the theoretical framework three important concepts are addressed: "identity", "recognition" and "self-realization". These are explained with the help of works by including Emma Engdahl, Anthony Giddens, Axel Honneth and Allison Weir. Other influential theorists appearing are George H. Mead, Erving Goffman, Michel Foucault and Charles Taylor. The results show that respondents' practices are different but there is a similarity in the goals they are trying to achieve. The goal is that clients should have received tools to be free to set long-term goals and achieve them. Guidance and counseling is, according to the results of the essay, to create awareness for the clients of their own roles (mostly as job seekers) and enable the development of these.

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Henry, Michelle. "The impact of psychosocial stress and biological sex on false recognition memory." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14332.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-114).
Based on the premise that both the hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex are affected by cortisol and involved in declarative memory processes, the current research aimed to confirm that psychosocial stress can lead to increased rates of false recognition memory errors in humans. In addition, it attempted to show that false recognition error rates differ depending on biological sex and the original stimulus type, thus extending and validating the research done by Gallo and colleagues (2004) on material specificity in false memory. Participants in a Stress group (15 males and 13 females) were exposed to a procedure designed to induce mild psychosocial stress, whereas participants in a Relax group (15 males and 14 females) were exposed to a period of relaxation. Salivary cortisol, heart rate, and subjective self-report measures were used to determine participants' stress levels. All participants completed a false memory task, entailing 3 different recognition tests, on 2 consecutive days. Results showed that under both stressful and non-stressful conditions, pictures were better remembered than words, and that this effect was not mediated by biological sex. However, false recognition errors were greater for pictures compared to words, and neither experimental condition nor biological sex mediated this effect. It was also found that the amount of false memory recognition errors made was not affected by the presence of a stressor, as participants in the Stress and Relax groups performed equally. This result is in contrast with previous studies which indicate that false memories increase under stressful conditions. Furthermore, the impact of stress on false memory was not mediated by biological sex, as both male and female participants in the Stress group performed equally. False memory rates increased over a 24- hour retention period in all participants - however the decay of true memory yielded inconsistent results. This was the first study to examine the material specificity of false memory under stressful conditions. It was also the first study to examine whether the amount of false memory errors made under stressful conditions differed between male and female participants. Therefore, the question of whether the material specificity of false memory is affected under stressful conditions and mediated by biological sex remains open for further research. The use of varying false memory paradigms and larger sample populations would help clarify this question.

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Tulloch, Bridget. "The effects of relatedness, social contact, and sex on observational learning in rats (Rattus norvegicus)." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2468.

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Kin recognition is the ability to identify a conspecific as a relative and can occur even when animals are complete strangers. By being able to recognise relatives, animals are able to give preferential treatment to those with which they share genes. Recognition may occur by either direct familiarisation (learning a phenotypic cue that reliably correlates to kinship), or by indirect familiarisation (learning kinship relationships through previous encounters). Rats (Rattus norvegicus) can recognise kin, however to what degree kin recognition is mediated by genetics (direct familiarisation) or social relationships (indirect familiarisation) are unknown; the influences of kinship and familiarity on the ability to learn from a conspecific is also unknown. Furthermore, the sex of an animal can also influence its ability to learn but this effect has received little attention in the literature, particularly when considering observational learning tasks. I assessed if relatedness and/or familiarity influenced a rat's ability to learn through observation, and if gender relationships influence the learning process. Eighty rats ( observers ) were given the opportunity to observe a demonstrator rat press a joystick in a given direction to obtain a food reward. Observers watched a demonstrator that had one of the following relationships with them: related and familiar, related and unfamiliar, unrelated and familiar, or unrelated and unfamiliar. When observers were given the opportunity to manipulate the joystick, the number of sniffs of the joystick, the latency to first move the joystick and the total number of presses were recorded. Rats that were both familiar and related to the demonstrator consistently performed better than any other treatment group; furthermore, rats that were familiar with the demonstrator performed the task more efficiently than rats that were not familiar with the demonstrator. When the demonstrators and observers were related, the observers produced more presses and sniffs of the joystick while having a lower latency to the first push In addition, male observers learnt better than females regardless of the demonstrator sex, with males that were familiar to their demonstrator making nearly twice as many pushes than any other treatment group. The results from this study are discussed in relation to both the mechanisms of direct and indirect recognition and the potential adaptive value on kin discrimination in the learning process. The home range hypothesis may explain why gender differences in learning were found: male rats have larger home ranges than females. Male rat will regularly encounter more rats than females and would need to ascertain if unfamiliar individuals are relatives. Females remain closer to natal sites and as such are more likely to encounter kin and therefore may not need as well as developed kin recognition ability.

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Sanchez, Cortes Diana. "The influence of alexithymia and sex in the recognition of emotions from visual, auditory, and bimodal cues." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-98519.

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Alexithymia is a personality trait associated with impairments in emotional processing. This study investigated the influence of alexithymia and sex in the ability to recognize emotional expressions presented in faces, voices, and their combination. Alexithymia was assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and participants (n = 122) judged 12 emotions displayed uni- or bimodally in two sensory modalities as measured by the Geneva Multimodal Emotion Portrayals Core Set (GEMEP-CS). According to their scores, participants were grouped into low, average, and high alexithymia. The results showed that sex did not moderate the relationship between alexithymia and emotional recognition. The low alexithymia group recognized emotions more accurately than the other two subgroups, at least in the visual modality. No group differences were found in the voice and the bimodal tasks. These findings illustrate the importance of accounting for how different modalities influence the presentation of emotional cues, as well as suggesting the use of dynamic instruments such as GEMEP-CS that increment ecological validity and are more sensitive in detecting individual differences, over posed techniques such as still pictures
Genetic and neural factors underlying individual differences in emotion recognition ability

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Davis, S. M. "Conflicts of law and the mutual recognition of same-sex unions in the EU." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/58783/.

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My thesis uses legal arguments to demonstrate a requirement for recognition of same-sex marriages and registered partnerships between EU Member States. I draw on the US experience, where arguments for recognition of marriages void in some states previously arose in relation to interracial marriages. I show how there the issue of recognition today depends on conflicts of law and its interface with US constitutional freedoms against discrimination. I introduce the themes of the importance of domicile, the role of the public policy exception, vested rights, and relevant US constitutional freedoms. Recognition in the EU also depends on managing the tension between private international law and freedoms guaranteed by higher norms, in this case the EU Treaties and the European Convention on Human Rights. I set out the inconsistencies between various private international law systems and the problems this creates. Other difficulties are caused by the use of nationality as a connecting factor to determine personal capacity, and the overuse of the public policy exception. I argue that EU Law can constrain the use of conflicts law or public policy by any Member State where these are used to deny effect to same-sex unions validly formed elsewhere. I address the fact that family law falls only partly within Union competence, that existing EU Directives have had limited success at achieving full equality and that powers to implement new measures have not been used to their full potential. However, Treaty provisions outlawing discrimination on grounds of nationality can be interpreted so as to require recognition in many cases. Treaty citizenship rights can also be interpreted favourably to mandate recognition, once private international law is itself recognised as an obstacle to free movement. Finally, evolving interpretations of the European Convention on Human Rights may also support claims for cross-border recognition of existing relationships.

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Irvine, Karen. "Sex differences in cognition in Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/13879.

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Inspection of the published research shows that sex differences in cognition in the general population have been widely cited with the direction of the advantage depending on the domain being examined. The most prevalent claims are that men are better than women at visuospatial and mathematical tasks whereas women have superior verbal skills and perform better than men on tasks assessing episodic memory. There is also some evidence that women are more accurate than men at identifying facial expressions of emotion. A more in-depth examination of the literature, however, reveals that evidence of such differences is not as conclusive as would at first appear. Not only is the direction and magnitude of sex differences dependent on the cognitive domain but also on the individual tasks. Some visuospatial tasks show no difference (e.g. figure copying) whist men have been shown to be better than women at confrontation naming (a verbal task). Alzheimer’s disease is a heterogeneous illness that affects the elderly. It manifests with deficits in cognitive abilities and behavioural difficulties. It has been suggested that some of the behavioural issues may arise from difficulties with recognising facial emotion expressions. There have been claims that AD affects men and women differently: women have been reported as being more likely to develop AD and showing a greater dementia severity than men with equivalent neuropathology. Despite this, research into sex differences in cognition in AD is scarce, and conflicting. This research was concerned with the effect of sex on the cognitive abilities of AD patients. The relative performance of men and women with AD was compared to that of elderly controls. The study focused on the verbal, visuospatial and facial emotion recognition domains. Data was collected and analysed from 70 AD patients (33 male, 37 female), 62 elderly controls (31 male, 31 female) and 80 young adults (40 male, 40 female). Results showed those with AD demonstrate cognitive deficits compared to elderly controls in verbal and visuospatial tasks but not in the recognition of facial emotions. There were no significant sex differences in either the young adults or the healthy elderly controls but sex differences favouring men emerged in the AD group for figure copying and recall and for confrontation naming. Given that elderly men and women perform equivalently for these tasks, this represents a deterioration in women’s cognitive abilities, relative to men’s. Further evidence of such an adverse effect of AD was apparent in other tasks, too: for most verbal and visuospatial tasks, either an effect favouring women in the elderly is reversed or a male advantage increases in magnitude. There is no evidence of sex differences in facial emotion recognition for any group. This suggests that the lack of published findings reporting on sex differences in this domain is due to the difficulty in getting null findings accepted for publication. The scarcity of research examining sex differences in other domains is also likely to be due to this bias.

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Campbell, Dana L. M. "Species recognition in zebra finches: testing the effects of sex, sensory modalities, and social ontogeny." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/4442.

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Species recognition is an integral component of mate selection and must occur in all sexually reproducing organisms to avoid costly hybridisation. Species recognition abilities may be comprised of both innate components and experience during ontogeny through the learning of visual, acoustic, and other sensory species-specific cues. But how greatly is the ability to recognise one‟s own species (conspecifics) over others (heterospecifics) dependent on the phylogeographic relationship of the array of potential species as social partners and to what extent is the discriminatory behaviour modulated by subject ontogeny versus species identity? Using a model system, which is widely studied in all disciplines of avian research, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis), I aimed to investigate the visual and acoustic cues involved in conspecific recognition by both female and male individuals of this species. I used an array of previously untested phylogeographically relevant estrildid heterospecifics as my stimuli and tested subjects of diverse experimental ontogenetic treatments. By scoring a wide-selection of measured behavioural responses my research indicates that female and male zebra finches prefer live conspecifics over live phylogeographically relevant heterospecific stimuli and this preference is more consistent by females than males. Female zebra finches rely on both visual and acoustic features of potential social partners for accurate species discrimination; in this regard video playbacks or the diverse colour morphs of domesticated zebra finches may be useful tools for further experimentation. Additionally, females display significant individuality in their behavioural responses which may be relevant for pair bonding decisions made by both sexes. I further documented that normally-reared zebra finches will prefer song playbacks of their own species but that both rearing in an indoor restricted acoustic environment of conspecifics or cross-fostering to another species will reduce discrimination preferences, although the results may depend on the behavioural metrics analysed. This dissertation is presented as a general overview with details of my specific contributions towards the work included in this thesis, followed by discrete review and data chapters, and a final general discussion.

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Barker, Nicola. "Not the marrying kind : feminist critiques of marriage and legal recognition of same-sex relationships." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558316.

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This thesis is a critical analysis of the legal recognition of same-sex relationships, particularly through marriage. Through a close examination of marriage as a legal institution and the separate forms of relationship recognition that have been modelled on it (such as civil partnership in the UK) I demonstrate both the continuing significance of the marriage model and the continuing relevance of a second wave feminist analysis to the issue of same-sex marriage. The institution of marriage is assumed to have a clear and universal meaning, or essence. I argue that this assumption is mistaken and a close reading of UK law in relation to marriage reveals that the statement articulated by Lord Penzance in Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee [1866] does not provide an accurate definition of marriage. Rather, while the marriage model can be identified by reference to legal structure, legal consequences and ideology, the essence of marriage is not fixed or universal. In light of my critique of the marriage model and analysis of the ways in which both same-sex marriage and new, separate forms of relationship recognition for same-sex couples fit within this marriage model, I modify feminist critiques of marriage to both take account of queer contributions to this debate and more directly engage with the issue of same-sex marriage. I argue that although the feminist analyses of marriage are in themselves important and pertinent to the issue of same-sex marriage, particularly concerns about the privatisation of care and dependency, a queer lens can complement and inform these analyses. Queer provides not only additional critiques of marriage but also a more direct response to some of the arguments for same-sex marriage, particularly those that are based on the (perceived) need for positive state recognition of same-sex relationships.

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Kaplinska, Julia. "Risk Recognition and Response in Relation to College Women’s Sexual Victimization: The Context of Sex Motives." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1351454416.

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Lewin, Catharina. "Sex Differences in Memory and Other Cognitive Abilities." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Psychology [Psykologiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-12.

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Owen, Michelle Kelly. "We are family?, the struggle for same-sex spousal recognition in Ontario and the conundrum of family." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/NQ45790.pdf.

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Roberts, Briony Z. Jr. "Dialects, Sex-specificity, and Individual Recognition in the Vocal Repertoire of the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79692.

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The following study is part of a larger study examining techniques that might be of use in the release program of the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata), including marking, capturing, and radio-tracking. The portion of the study reported here documents the vocal behavior of A. vittata during the reproductive season and examines the possibility of using vocalizations to identify individuals, determine the sex of individuals and determine the location of an individual's breeding territory. Objectives of this study included: 1) cataloguing and categorizing the vocal repertoire of A. vittata, 2) determining whether the vocal repertoire was sex-specific and region-specific and 3) determining if an individual's vocal repertoire could be used to identify it. The vocal repertoire was characterized using a hierarchical method and 147 calls were described. The repertoire was found contain a high percentage (76 %) of graded calls. Evolutionary strategies that may explain the complexity of such a repertoire are discussed. The vocal repertoire was found to be both sex- and region-specific. Characteristics analyzed included time and frequency parameters of sonagrams. Three methods were used to determine the feasibility of vocal recognition of individuals. These methods included: bird-call pairing, sonagraphic analysis, and linear predictive coding. Sonagraphic analyses in combination with linear predictive coding techniques show the most promise as tools in voice recognition of the parrot, however, further research will be necessary to determine how reliable voice recognition may be as a method for identifying individuals in the field.
Master of Science

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de, la Huerga Alonso Maria. "Mediating Justice in Sex Trafficking : A closer look to media representations and discourses about the sex trade in the context of the Epstein case." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183217.

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Sex trafficking, the fastest growing form of human trafficking, exacerbates among the world’s most vulnerable and marginalized women and girls. News media, as powerful social institutions, have the potential to shape opinions and attitudes towards critical issues (Sobel 2014). So how does two of the most internationally influential newspapers report about the sex trade? Seeking answers, I study sex trafficking news articles published from January 2019 to February 2020 by The Guardian and The New York times about the sex trade in the context of the highly mediatic Epstein case. From a media justice and feminist perspective (see Fraser. 2009; Silverstone. 2007; Couldry. 2013; Friedman and Johnston. 2013) I design an explanatory sequential mixed method study. In the first stage of the study I conduct a quantitative content analysis of 74 articles to explore wether the Epstein case may be reflected in the reporting on sex trafficking, more generally in the amount of coverage and its content. In the second stage of the study I conduct a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) on a smaller sample of 6 articles, to gain insights into how are victims, perpetrators and patriarchal power abuses in the sex trade discursively constructed. The findings emerging from the study provide empirical evidence to suggest that: (I) marginalized women have unequal accesses to media recognition and representation in the studied sample. (II) These articles tend to underrepresent and misrepresent victims and survivors, their voices and experiences while prioritizing male, powerful and privileged ones. (III) The studied articles contain discourses that legitimize patriarchal views of sexual violence and slavery.

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Meade, Brian J., and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Semiochemicals in merino ewes: Field effects and chemical identification." Deakin University. School of Sciences, 1986. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050815.112723.

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Wingenbach, Tanja. "Facial emotion expression, recognition and production of varying intensity in the typical population and on the autism spectrum." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.704810.

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The current research project aimed to investigate facial emotion processing from especially developed and validated video stimuli of facial emotional expressions including varying levels of intensity. Therefore, videos were developed showing real people expressing emotions in real time (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness, contempt, embarrassment, contempt, and neutral) at different expression intensity levels (low, intermediate, high) called the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set – Bath Intensity Variations (ADFES-BIV). The ADFES-BIV was validated on all its emotion and intensity categories. Sex differences in facial emotion recognition were investigated and a female advantage in facial emotion recognition was found compared to males. This demonstrates that the ADFES-BIV is suitable for investigating group comparisons in facial emotion recognition in the general population. Facial emotion recognition from the ADFES-BIV was further investigated in a sample of individuals that is characterised by deficits in social functioning; individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A deficit in facial emotion recognition was found in ASD compared to controls and error analysis revealed emotion-specific deficits in detecting emotional content from faces (sensitivity) next to deficits in differentiating between emotions from faces (specificity). The ADFES-BIV was combined with face electromyogram (EMG) to investigate facial mimicry and the effects of proprioceptive feedback (from explicit imitation and blocked facial mimicry) on facial emotion recognition. Based on the reverse simulation model it was predicted that facial mimicry would be an active component of the facial emotion recognition process. Experimental manipulations of face movements did not reveal an advantage of facial mimicry compared to the blocked facial mimicry condition. Whereas no support was found for the reverse simulation model, enhanced proprioceptive feedback can facilitate or hinder recognition of facial emotions in line with embodied cognition accounts.

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Gous, Georgina. "Effects of manipulating fundamental frequency and speech rate on synthetic voice recognition performance and perceived speaker identity, sex, and age." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2017. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/33899/.

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Vocal fundamental frequency (F0) and speech rate provide the listener with important information relating to the identity, sex, and age of the speaker. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that manipulations in F0 or speech rate can lead to accentuation effects in voice memory. As a result, listeners appear to exaggerate the representation of a target voice in terms of F0 or speech rate, and mistakenly remember it as being higher or lower in F0, or faster or slower in speech rate, than the voice originally heard. The aim of this thesis was to understand the effect of manipulations/shifts in F0 or speech rate on voice matching performance and perceived speaker identity, sex, and age. Synthesised male and female voices speaking prescribed sentences were generated and shifted in either F0 and speech rate. In the first set of experiments (Experiments 2, 3, and 4), male and female listeners made judgements about the perceived identity, sex, or age of the speaker. In the second set of experiments (Experiment 5, 6, and 7) male and female listeners made target matching responses for voices presented with and without a delay, and with different spoken sentences. The results of Experiments 2, 3, and 4 indicated the following: (1) Shifts in either F0 or speech rate increased uncertainty about the identity of the speaker, though were more robust to shifts in speech rate than they were to shifts in F0. (2) Shifts in F0 also increased uncertainty about speaker sex, but shifts in speech rate did not. Male voices were accurately perceived as male irrespective of the direction of manipulation in F0. However, for female voices, decreasing F0 increased the uncertainty of speaker sex (i.e., the voices were more likely to be perceived as male rather than female). (3) Increasing either F0 or speech rate resulted in both male and female voices as sounding younger, whereas decreasing either F0 or speech rate lead to listeners perceiving the voices as sounding older. The results of Experiments 5, 6, and 7 indicated the following: (4) Shifts in either F0 or speech rate did increase matching errors for the target voice, however, there was no evidence of an accentuation effect. Specifically, for voices shifted in F0, there was an increase in the selection of voices higher in F0 compared to voices lower in F0. For voices shifted in speech rate, there was an increase in the selection of voices faster in speech rate compared to voices slower in speech rate, but only for slow speech rate target voices. (5) Accentuation errors were no more likely to occur when the inter-stimulus interval was increased, or (6) when a different sentence was spoken in the sequential voice pair to the one previously spoken by the target voice. The findings have theoretical and applied relevance. The work has provided a clearer understanding of how shifts in F0 or speech rate are likely to affect perceptions about the identity, sex, and age of the speaker than was possible to establish from previous studies. It has also contributed further to our understanding about the effect of shifts in F0 or speech rate on voice matching performance, and their importance in accurate recognition. This information might be insightful to the police and help to determine the accuracy of descriptions made about a voice and decisions made during a voice lineup, particularly if a suspect of a crime was likely to be disguising their voice.

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Júnior, Rui de Moraes. "Reconhecimento de faces com filtragens de frequências espaciais altas e baixas nos hemicampos visuais direito e esquerdo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-17012013-211718/.

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O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar se o reconhecimento de faces ocorre prioritariamente por processamento analítico ou holístico nos hemisférios cerebrais em homens e mulheres por meio do estudo do espectro de frequência espacial. Para isso, no Experimento I, 40 voluntários (20 mulheres) realizaram duas sessões. Em cada uma delas foram memorizadas 14 faces para uma tarefa de reconhecimento. Nesta, cada face foi apresentada por 300 ms, e em uma das sessões as imagens foram apresentadas somente no hemicampo visual direito, e noutra só no hemicampo visual esquerdo por meio de uma adaptação do método do campo visual dividido. A tarefa dos participantes foi assinalar o grau de confiabilidade de sua resposta (confidence rating method) ao discriminar as faces memorizadas de outras inéditas. Os estímulos da tarefa de reconhecimento foram apresentados em três condições: (1) em frequências espaciais altas, FEAs, (2) em frequências espaciais baixas, FEBs, e (3) sem filtragem, SFE. As frequências de respostas aos graus de confiabilidade permitiram calcular as curvas ROC e os parâmetros Az e da da Teoria de Deteção de Sinal. Por meio destes, foi comparado o desempenho do reconhecimento facial nas diferentes faixas do espectro espacial. De maneira complementar, foi realizado uma ANOVA para testar a diferença dos tempos de resposta no reconhecimento entre as filtragens. Não foi evidenciada especialização hemisférica no reconhecimento de faces com filtragem espacial. Mas homens, de modo tênue, perceberam melhor faces em FEBs e mulheres em FEAs. Para verificar se este resultado não se deu em função da apresentação lateralizada, foi realizado o Experimento II, nos moldes de uma sessão experimental do Experimento I, mas com apresentação central. Vinte voluntários (10 mulheres) participaram do experimento. Novamente, homens e mulheres foram mais sensíveis às faces em FEBs e FEAs, respectivamente. Deste modo, conclui-se que homens utilizam mais recursos holísticos e mulheres, por sua vez, operações analíticas. Os resultados dão bases para a não ocorrência de especialização hemisférica de frequencias espaciais no reconhecimento de faces em longos tempos de exposições. A diferença de sexo observada e nos atenta para a necessidade de controle amostral por sexo em pesquisas da área.
This study aimed to investigate whether face recognition occurs primarily by analytic or holistic processing in the cerebral hemispheres of men and women through the study of the spatial frequency spectrum. Therefore, in Experiment I, 40 volunteers (20 women) performed two sessions. In each of, 14 faces were memorized for a recognition task and each face was presented for 300 ms. Images were presented only in the right visual hemifield in a session, and in another only in the left visual hemifield by means of an adaptation of the method of divided visual field. The participants task was to assign the reliability of their response (confidence rating method) to discriminate the study faces from distractors. The recognition task stimuli were presented in three conditions: (1) at high spatial frequencies, FEAs, (2) at low spatial frequencies, FEBs, and (3) unfiltered, SFE. The frequencies of responses to the degree of reliability used to calculate ROC curves and parameters Az and da of the Signal Detection Theory compared the performance of face recognition in different bands of the spectrum. In a complementary way, an ANOVA was conducted to test response times differences in the recognition between filtering. There was no evidence of hemispheric specialization in face recognition with spatial filtering. But men had better performance in recognizing faces in FEBs and women faces in FEAs. To verify that this result was not in function of lateralized presentation, Experiment II was conducted, along the lines of an experimental session of Experiment I, but with central presentation. Twenty volunteers (10 women) participated in the experiment. Again, men and women were more sensitive to faces in FEBs and FEAs, respectively. Thus it follows that men use holistic resources and women analytical operations. The results provide no basis for the occurrence of hemispheric specialization of spatial frequencies in face recognition over long exposure times. The sex difference observed brings us to the need for control sample by sex in spatial frequency research.

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Budde, Emma Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] [Knill. "Surprisingly permissive : Abortion, same-sex marriage and legal gender recognition policy in post-authoritarian South Africa and Argentina / Emma Budde ; Betreuer: Christoph Knill." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1183572018/34.

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Budde, Emma [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Knill. "Surprisingly permissive : Abortion, same-sex marriage and legal gender recognition policy in post-authoritarian South Africa and Argentina / Emma Budde ; Betreuer: Christoph Knill." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1183572018/34.

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Balkaran, Sabina. "Impact of Child Abuse Education on Parent's Self-Efficacy: An Experimental Study." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1432.

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Each year, approximately 1 million children are found to have been abused, with an average of 4.5 children dying each day at the hands of parents, caretakers, relatives, and friends. Child abuse recognition and parental self-efficacy is understood to decrease the prevalence of child abuse. The literature documents the importance of educating mandatory reporters and suggests inconclusive findings about sex differences in child abuse recognition parental self-efficacy. The current research examines the impact of child abuse education on parental child abuse detection self-efficacy, child abuse recognition knowledge, and sex differences in parental child abuse detection self-efficacy. Bandura's self-efficacy theory states that higher levels of self-efficacy will lead to an individual's higher levels of reaction to the situation. The purpose of this experimental quantitative study was to test (a) if reading a child abuse education pamphlet would significantly increase parents ability to recognize child abuse; (b) if reading a child abuse education pamphlet would impact parental self-efficacy and (c) if gender would be significantly reflected in posttest scores on ability to recognize child abuse. A convenience sample of 66 participants was drawn from parents from a middle class neighborhood in Florida. A mixed ANOVA was used to test the study's hypotheses. According to the results, child abuse education improved both parents' knowledge of, and ability to detect, child abuse. This study promotes positive social change by bringing awareness to this community about this problem. Social conditions will be improved with child abuse training by increasing the individual's self-efficacy and knowledge which will help to prevent child abuse.

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Zukauskis, Ronald L. "Tachistoscopic recognition of vertical and horizontal letter symmetry in response to the contralateral organization of the human nervous system." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221268.

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Eight-letter upper case arrays containing vertically symmetrical (VS), e.g., A-T-U-W, horizontally symmetrical (HS), e.g., B-D-C-E, doubly symmetrical (DS), e.g., H-I-O-X, and non-symmetrical (NS), e.g., F-G-L-R, were tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally for 50 ms. to fifteen male and fifteen female undergraduates. The number of letters correctly recognized for each classification condition was used as the criterion measure. A fixed, two-factor design with the second factor being repeated was analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Consequent to testing Null Hypothesis 1 (that there is no difference between the classification conditions), a check was made for the presence of a significant interaction between gender and classification condition (Null Hypothesis 2). Because Null Hypothesis 1 was rejected and there was no interaction present, the classification group means were tested using a post hoc multiple comparison procedure identified as Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test. Test statistics for the Tukey HSD contrasts found that significantly more VS letters were reported than DS, HS, and NS letters. Significantly more DS letters were reported than HS and NS letters. No difference in report accuracy was found between HS and NS letters. This is in sharp contrast to studies that count only responses reported in the same left-to-right order as the tachistoscopic presentation, i.e., order of report. Previous studies using an order of report method found vertically asymmetrical letters to be reported more accurately than vertically symmetrical ones. The present study disregarded order of from an order of report. It was emphasized that the subject maintain focus on the fixation dot and not attempt to scan the letter-array pattern in a left-to-right direction, as the lettersdid not have to be reported in their respective positions. A different explanation for the Harcum (1964) directionality and Bryden (1968) masking interpretations follows from an order of report method activating additional processing mechanisms such as working memory that are ordinarily not needed to process letter features.Results obtained by the present study are discussed in terms of a reversal of spatial information for touch, kinesthesis, and sound to match the brain’s reversed retino-cortical projection.
Department of Educational Psychology

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Guapo, Vinicius Guandalini. "Investigação de fatores implicados na diferença entre os sexos no reconhecimento de expressões faciais: emoção despertada e fases do ciclo menstrual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17148/tde-22022013-091339/.

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As diferenças entre os sexos e o impacto dos hormônios sexuais no processamento emocional normal e patológico destacam-se na investigação do dimorfismo sexual na frequência, diagnóstico e terapêutica de patologias psiquiátricas. Transtornos depressivos e ansiosos não apenas são mais comuns em mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens, como parecem ser influenciados pelas concentrações hormonais séricas das mulheres em diferentes fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Ao mesmo tempo, o sexo e as concentrações dos hormônios sexuais, mostram influência na função do cérebro em uma diversidade de tarefas cognitivas e emocionais. O reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas tem sido visto como função de extrema importância na adaptação social do indivíduo e existem evidências de que esteja relacionado com o desenvolvimento de transtornos psiquiátricos. Já foi demonstrado que esta tarefa é influenciada pelo sexo do indivíduo e seu ambiente hormonal, no entanto, a literatura carece de resposta sobre os mecanismos pelos quais estas diferenças acontecem. Em dois experimentos buscamos maior entendimento de como se dão as diferenças entre os sexos no reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas (raiva, asco, medo, tristeza, surpresa e alegria). No experimento 1, 33 voluntários saudáveis do sexo masculino e 30 do sexo feminino foram testados quanto à acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões faciais, ao tipo de erro ao realizar esta tarefa e à emoção despertada durante este reconhecimento. No experimento 2, 24 voluntárias saudáveis foram testadas quanto à acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões faciais em três diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual: fase folicular precoce (primeiro ao quinto dia do ciclo), periovulatória (décimo segundo ao décimo quarto dia do ciclo), e lútea (vigésimo primeiro ao vigésimo terceiro dia do ciclo), em delineamento cruzado. Foi realizada dosagem sanguínea de estradiol, progesterona e testosterona ao final de cada sessão experimental, com o intuito de confirmar a fase do ciclo das voluntárias e buscar possíveis correlações entre esses hormônios e o processamento de expressões faciais. Utilizou-se análise de contraste na avaliação do desempenho no reconhecimento de todas as emoções básicas com o desempenho no reconhecimento da emoção alegria. No experimento 1, raiva e medo em faces femininas foram reconhecidos com maior acurácia por mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os sexos quanto à emoção despertada durante a visualização de expressões faciais. O experimento 2 mostrou que o reconhecimento das emoções asco e tristeza em faces masculinas variou de maneira significativa durante as fases do ciclo menstrual. As mulheres na fase lútea obtiveram maior acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões de asco em comparação com a fase folicular precoce, enquanto o desempenho no reconhecimento de tristeza foi maior na fase periovulatória do que na fase lútea. Os resultados sugerem que as diferenças entre homens e mulheres na capacidade de reconhecer emoções não estejam relacionadas à valência da emoção despertada nos indivíduos durante o processamento emocional. A modulação do reconhecimento de expressões faciais pelas fases do ciclo menstrual aponta que este seja um dos fatores implicados nas diferenças entre os sexos nesta tarefa
The impact of sex and sexual hormones in the normal and pathological emotional processing has reached unique importance in the investigation of sexual dimorphism in prevalence, diagnostic features and therapeutics of psychiatric disorders. Depressive and anxiety disorders are not only more common in women compared to men, but they also seem to be influenced by the hormonal status of women at different stages of the reproductive cycle. At the same time, the sex of the subject and the level of sex hormones have been suggested to play a role in brain function in a variety of emotional and cognitive tasks. The recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions has been recognized not only as of extreme importance in social adjustment as there is also evidence of its relation to the development of psychiatric disorders. It has been shown that this task is influenced by the sex and hormonal status of subjects, however, the literature shows a gap in explanations about how these differences occur. In two experiments we sought a better understanding of how sex differences in facial expressions recognition of basic emotion (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness and neutral) happens. In experiment 1, 33 male and 30 female healthy volunteers were tested for accuracy in the recognition of facial expressions, the type of error when performing this task as well as the emotion aroused during this recognition. In experiment 2, 24 healthy female volunteers were tested for accuracy in the recognition of facial expressions in 3 different phases of menstrual cycle, early follicular (days 1 to 5), periovulatory phase (days 12 to 14) and luteal phase (days 21 to 23), in a crossover study design. Volunteers were tested for blood levels of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone at the end of each experimental session in order to confirm cycle phase and look for possible correlations between hormones and processing of facial expressions. We used contrast analysis in the recognition of each basic emotion against the recognition of happiness. In experiment 1, anger and fear, in feminine faces, were more accurately recognized by women in comparison to men. No significant differences among sexes were found on the emotion aroused while viewing facial expressions. Experiment 2 showed that the recognition of the emotions disgust and sadness, in male faces, varied significantly during the menstrual cycle phases. Women in luteal phase showed greater accuracy in recognizing expressions of disgust than when in early follicular phase whereas the recognition of sadness were more accurate during periovulatory phase than during luteal phase. These results suggest that differences between men and women in the ability to recognize emotions are not related to the valence of the emotions aroused in the subjects during emotional processing. This study also showed that the role played by the menstrual cycle in the ability to recognize facial expressions points to this feature as an important factor implicated in sex differences in this task.

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Cyrenne, De-Laine. "Developmental and sex differences in responses to novel objects : an exploration of animal models of sensation seeking behaviour." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2550.

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Human adolescents exhibit higher levels of sensation seeking behaviour than younger or older individuals, and sensation seeking is higher in males than females from adolescence onwards. Data suggest that changes in gonadal hormone levels during adolescence and differences in the dopamine neurotransmitter system are the bases for why some people exhibit sensation seeking behaviour while others do not. However, causal relationships between physiology and behaviour have been difficult to establish in humans. In order to explore the physiological influences on novelty-seeking behaviour, we looked at response to novelty in a laboratory rodent. This research examined responses to novelty in the conditioned place preference (CPP) task and the novel object recognition (NOR) task in Lister-hooded rats, and assessed the benefits and limitations of each methodology. While the CPP task was not found to provide a reliable measure of response to novelty, the NOR task was more successful. In order to understand the ontogeny of sex differences in novelty responses, both males and females were tested from adolescence through to adulthood. While no sex difference was found in adults in the NOR test, mid-adolescent males exhibited higher novelty preference behaviour than either younger or older males, or females at each stage of development. Since gonadal hormones levels rise during adolescence, a pharmacological agent (a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist) was used to suppress gonadal hormone levels from early adolescence before again examining responses on the NOR test at mid-adolescence. Gonadal hormone suppression from early adolescence onwards eliminated the sex difference in the NOR test at mid-adolescence by reducing the male response to novelty, while no difference was measured in the female animals. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones play a significant role in the development of response to novelty, especially in males, and the implications for our understanding of human sensation-seeking behaviour are discussed.

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Costanzo, Marna S. "Aspects of memory in the Damaraland mole-rat, Cryptomys damarensis spatial learning and kin recognition /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032007-130259.

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Chen, Yen-Shan. "MAMMALIAN TESTIS-DETERMINING FACTOR SRY HAS EVOLVED TO THE EDGE OF AMBIGUITY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1372888881.

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Buquicchio, Luke J. "Variational Open Set Recognition." Digital WPI, 2020. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1377.

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In traditional classification problems, all classes in the test set are assumed to also occur in the training set, also referred to as the closed-set assumption. However, in practice, new classes may occur in the test set, which reduces the performance of machine learning models trained under the closed-set assumption. Machine learning models should be able to accurately classify instances of classes known during training while concurrently recognizing instances of previously unseen classes (also called the open set assumption). This open set assumption is motivated by real world applications of classifiers wherein its improbable that sufficient data can be collected a priori on all possible classes to reliably train for them. For example, motivated by the DARPA WASH project at WPI, a disease classifier trained on data collected prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 might erroneously diagnose patients with the flu rather than the novel coronavirus. State-of-the-art open set methods based on the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) fail to adequately model class distributions with unequal variances. We propose the Variational Open-Set Recognition (VOSR) model that leverages all class-belongingness probabilities to reject unknown instances. To realize the VOSR model, we design a novel Multi-Modal Variational Autoencoder (MMVAE) that learns well-separated Gaussian Mixture distributions with equal variances in its latent representation. During training, VOSR maps instances of known classes to high-probability regions of class-specific components. By enforcing a large distance between these latent components during training, VOSR then assumes unknown data lies in the low-probability space between components and uses a multivariate form of Extreme Value Theory to reject unknown instances. Our VOSR framework outperforms state-of-the-art open set classification methods with a 15% F1 score increase on a variety of benchmark datasets.

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Lindman, Oskar, and Moa Lövdahl. "Ansiktsigenkänning: Effekter av kort- och långtidsretention." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-159459.

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Igenkänning av ansikten har främst undersökts i form av korttidsretention. Via sådan forskning har det kunnat påvisas att människor generellt har en bättre förmåga till igenkänning av ansikten jämfört med visuella stimulus av liknande komplexitet. Det har även påvisats effekter av extraversion och kön på förmågan att känna igen ansikten. Denna studie undersökte långtidsretention av ansikten och detta i relation till extraversion och kön. Utöver detta undersökte studien relationen mellan igenkänning av ansikten och annat visuellt stimulus (hundar). Detta studerades genom en experimentell inomgruppsdesign där deltagarna utförde ett datorbaserat igenkänningstest direkt och 24 timmar efter inlärning. Extraversion mättes med självskattningsformuläret Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI R). Studien inkluderade 51 deltagare (31 kvinnor, 19 män, en icke-binär, M = 27.69 år). Resultaten visade en fördel för igenkänning av ansikten, men kunde inte påvisa någon skillnad i nedgång stimulusen emellan. Vidare visade resultaten en signifikant stimulus × kön interaktion, där kvinnor presterade bättre än män på igenkänning av ansikten men inte på igenkänning av hundar. En effekt av extraversion hittades enbart i extremgrupperna på kontinuumet extraversion. Slutligen visade studien att det inte fanns något signifikant samband mellan prestation på igenkänning av hundar och ansikten vid det första testtillfället. I studien diskuteras implikationerna ett holistiskt processande verkar ha på inlärning men inte på minneskonsolidering över tid. Studien belyser också brister i tidigare studier som undersökt extraversion i relation till ansiktsigenkänning och fördjupar sig i eventuella orsaker till uppmätta könsskillnader.
Face-recognition has foremost been studied with a focus on short-term retention. This research has concluded that in general people are a better in recognizing faces in comparison to recognition of stimuli with matching complexity. Studies have also shown that extraversion and sex affect face-recognition ability. This study investigated long-term memory retention of faces in relation to extraversion and sex. In addition, this study explored the relationship between recognition of faces, and another visual stimulus (dogs). This was conducted by using an experimental within-subjects-design in which the participants performed a computer-based recognition-test both immediately after the study phase, as well as 24 hours later. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI R) was used to measure extraversion. The study had 51 participants (31 women, 19 men, one non-binary, M = 27.69 years). The results showed an advantage in recognition of faces but failed to show a difference in decline between stimuli. There was a stimulus × sex interaction, where women showed an advantage compared to men in recognition of faces but not regarding recognition of dogs. Extraversion was shown to have an effect on the performance only when the most and least extraverted was compared. Finally, there was no relationship between face-recognition and recognition of dogs in the short-term retention test. The study highlights shortcomings in earlier studies investigating extraversion in relation to face recognition and discusses possible reasons for the obtained sex differences. The study also discusses whether holistic processing is implicated in learning, but not with respect to long-term memory consolidation.

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Petkovic, Nebojsa, and Lisa Bäckdal. "”Att bli så underminerad och ifrågasatt och lite dumförklarad nästan…” : - En kvalitativ studie om ickebinära transpersoners identitetsskapande och livsvillkor." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39962.

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Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka ickebinära transpersoners identitetsskapande och livsvillkor med utgångspunkt i ett socialt och institutionellt bemötande. Uppsatsen har använt sig av kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som identifierar sig som ickebinära transpersoner. Tidigare forskning har visat att fler identifierar sig bortom könen man och kvinna, mår psykiskt dåligt samt utsätts för risker och förtryck inom ramen för möjligheter och begränsningar som det sociala och strukturella erbjuder. Teorier som kopplas till uppsatsen är Honneths teori om erkännande, Jenkins teori om social identitet samt Butlers teori om den heterosexuella matrisen och könets performativitet. Resultatet påvisar att de ickebinära transpersoner inte erkänns av hela samhället, ett försök att hitta sig själv i en heteronormativ värld med en tvingande tvåkönsnorm och att detta har en påverkan på deras psykiska hälsa och livsvillkor. Representation är av stor betydelse för identitetsskapandet, vilket understöds av informationssamhällets framväxt.
The purpose of this essay has been to examine the identity creation and living conditions of non-binary transgender people based on a social and institutional approach. In this essay, we have used qualitative methods in the form of eight semi-structured interviews with people who identify themselves as non-binary transgender people. Previous research has shown that more people identify beyond the gender of man and woman, they suffer from mental stress and are exposed to risks and oppression within the scope of opportunities and limitations that the social and structural offers. Theories linked to this essay are Honneth's theory of recognition, Jenkin's theory of social identity and Butler's theory of the heterosexual matrix and the sex's performativity. The result shows that non-binary transgender people are not recognized by the entire society, an attempt to find themselves in a heteronormative world with a compelling dual- sex norm and that this has an impact on their mental health and living conditions. Representation is of great importance for their identity creation, which is supported by the emergence of the information society.

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Cristianetti, Jessica. "A união homoafetiva no STF e o constitucionalismo democrático: contribuições da filosofia do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth e Nancy Fraser." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5527.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
No presente trabalho objetiva-se realizar uma análise filosófica e jurídica da estratégia argumentativa utilizada pelos Ministros do STF no julgamento da ADI 4277/ ADPF 132. O principal problema dessa pesquisa é: em que medida os referenciais teóricos de Post, Siegel e Fraser podem elucidar - ou criticar - a estratégia argumentativa implícita aos votos dos Ministros do STF no julgamento da ADI 4277-DF? As respectivas estruturas conceituais revelariam alcance para desconstruir o binarismo sexual? No âmbito filosófico, a dissertação trabalha sob as perspectivas teóricas de Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth, onde objetivou-se responder a questão: o reconhecimento é uma questão de justiça ou de autorrealização? Já no que diz respeito à questão jurídica, o problema que se põe é: à luz do Constitucionalismo Democrático sustentado por Post e Siegel, a recepção de uma perspectiva minimalista - delineada por Sunstein – à cultura política brasileira, revela alcance teórico para potencializar a efetivação judicial de direitos fundamentais de minorias LGBT? Para tanto, será utilizado o método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, por se tratar de um método de abordagem que pretende aproximar o sujeito e o objeto da pesquisa. Segundo Stein (1979), não se trata de uma análise externa, pois sujeito e objeto não estão desconectados. Diferentemente, o sujeito está diretamente implicado, relacionando-se com o objeto de estudo, o qual interage com ele. O método de indução analítica (método de abordagem) também será utilizado. Deslauriers (1997) leciona que trata-se de um procedimento lógico, que consiste em partir do concreto para chegar ao abstrato, delimitando as características essenciais de um fenômeno. Assim, seguindo a indução analítica, a pesquisa é desenvolvida de “baixo” para “cima”, iniciando-se por uma análise aprofundada do conteúdo dos votos dos Ministros, para estabelecer conceitos e proposições teóricas que se articularão ao caso estudado. Como resultado, afirma-se a relevância da teoria de Fraser, que tem como questão central a justiça social, que é tridimensional. Esta teoria é mais adequada para trabalhar a questão do papel do STF na efetivação de direitos de minorias LGBT estigmatizadas, justamente por desvincular-se de uma abordagem psicológica. Por sua vez, sustenta-se que o Minimalismo Judicial também não revela alcance teórico para incrementar a concretização dos direitos de minorias LGBT, porquanto o recurso a argumentos estreitos desconsidera o potencial democrático do backlash, que é uma condição normal para o desenvolvimento do direito constitucional. Por fim, com base em Bunchaft (2016), a dissertação pretende articular as teorias de Post, Siegel e Fraser por meio da ideia de Constitucionalismo Democrático-Paritário. O Constitucionalismo Democrático-Paritário, potencializando as práticas comunicativas de interpretação constitucional dos movimentos sociais e sua interação com o Judiciário a partir de contrapúblicos subalternos, pode desmascarar assimetrias de poder que surgem na esfera pública oficial e que se refletem em decisões judiciais que ainda consagram o binarismo sexual, o qual foi expresso no voto do Ministro Relator da ADI 4.277-DF. Essa dissertação sustenta que as estratégias argumentativas dos votos dos Ministros Marco Aurélio, Celso Mello e Ellen Gracie contêm um conjunto de discursos implícitos inerentes ao paradigma da autorrealização.
This work aims to outline a philosophical and legal analysis of the argumentative strategy used by the Justices of the STF in the judgment of ADI 4277 / ADPF 132. The main problem of this research is: to what extent the theoretical referencials of Post, Siegel and Fraser can clarify - or criticize - the implicit argumentative strategy presupposed by the votes of STF justices in the judgment of ADI 4277-DF? Would their conceptual structures reveal potential to deconstruct the sexual binarism? In philosophical context, the dissertation works on the theoretical perspectives of Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth, which aim to answer the question: the recognition is a matter of justice or self-realization? In what concerns the legal issue, the problem that arises is: in the light of Democratic Constitutionalism endorsed by Post and Siegel, the reception of minimalist approach - outlined by Sunstein – in the Brazilian political culture, reveals theoretical power to enhance the judicial realization of the LGBT minorities’s fundamental rights? For this, will be used the phenomenological-hermeneutical method, because it is a approach method that intends to join subject and object of search According Stein (1979), it is not an external analysis, because subject and object aren’t disconnected. In contrast, the subject is directly involved, relating to the study object, which interacts with it. The analytical induction method (approach method) will be also used. Deslauriers (1997) teaches that it is a logical procedure, which consists to start from the concrete to reach the abstract, delimiting the essential characteristics of a phenomenon. So following analytical induction, the research is developed from "down" to "top", starting with a deep analysis about the content of the Justices votes, to establish concepts and theoretical propositions that will be linked to the case study. As a result, it states the relevance of the theory sustained by Fraser, whose central question is the social justice which is three-dimensional. This theory is most appropriated to work the issue about the Brazilian Supreme Court role of enforcing rights of LGBT stigmatized minorities, precisely because it’s disconnected from a psychological approach. In turn, maintains that the Judicial Minimalism also does not reveal theoretical power to increase the achievement of the LGBT minorities rights, because the use of narrow arguments disregards the democratic potential of the backlash, which is a normal condition for the development of constitutional right. Finally, based on Bunchaft (2016), this dissertation intends to articulate the Post, Siegel and Fraser’s theories, through the idea of Democratic-participatory Constitutionalism. The Democratic-egalitarian Constitutionalism, enhancing the communicative practices of constitutional interpretation of social movements and their interaction with the judiciary through subaltern counterpublics, can unmask asymmetries of power that arise in own official public sphere and which are reflected in court decisions that still consecrate sexual binarism, which was expressed on the Justice Carlos Brito’ vote in the ADPF n. 132-RJ This dissertation argues that the argumentative strategies presupposed the votes of Justices Marco Aurélio, Celso Mello and Ellen Gracie contain a set of implicit discourses inherent the paradigm of self-realization.

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Nunez, Olsson Thalia. "Samkönade relationer : Hur rättssäkra är civilståndshandlingar vid EU-medborgares gränsöverskridningar inom EU?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19100.

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I dag är det vanligt att EU-medborgare företar en gränsöverskridning med sin familj inom EU. Samkönade par har möjlighet att ingå äktenskap i fem medlemsstater, men eftersom äktenskapet inte erkänns i övriga 22 medlemsstater riskerar det samkönade paret att mottagarstaten ser äktenskapet som ogiltigt i rättslig mening vid en gränsöverskridning inom EU. Samkönade par som redan är gifta kan dock erhålla visst skydd för de fall en medlemsstat föreskriver samkönat registrerat partnerskap. EU-rätten föreskriver inga minimikrav för hur registrerat partnerskap bör utformas i medlemsstaters nationella rättssystem. Det har i sin tur vilket lett till att rättskyddet för samkönat registrerat partnerskap ser olika ut bland medlemsstaterna. Samkönade civilstånd är därför rättsosäkert vid gränsöverskridningar sett ur ett helhetsperspektiv. Familjerätten är ett rättsområde där medlemsstaterna har suveränitet. Medlemsstaterna har därför själva rätten att besluta hur familjerätten utformas i det nationella rättssystemet, men det finns vissa restriktioner. Medlemsstaternas utövande av sin suveränitet måste ske i konformitet med etablerade EU-principer och annan relevant EU-rätt. Kommissionen har kommit med ett förslag om ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar och uppsatsens syfte är därför att utreda om ett automatiskt erkännande är kompatibelt med gällande EU-rätt. För att besvara syftet i uppsatsen utreds gällande EU-rätt med direkt eller indirekt inverkan på samkönade relationer. Vidare utreds förslaget om ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar i kommissionens grönbok om minskad byråkrati för medborgarna tillsammans med de yttranden som grönboken mottagit från olika organisationer. Genom att ställa ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar mot gällande EU-rätt leder slutsatsen fram till vilka hinder och möjligheter som föreligger vid genomförandet av förslaget. De hinder och möjligheter som föreligger talar för att ett automatiskt erkännande av civilståndshandlingar är genomförbart. EU-rätten ställer vissa krav på medlemsstaterna även om medlemsstaterna har suveränitet inom familjerätten. Följden blir att EU måste samarbeta med medlemsstaterna för att säkerställa rättssäkerheten av civilståndshandlingar när EU-medborgare vidtar gränsöverskridningar inom EU.
Today it’s common for EU-citizens to move across borders with their families within the EU. Same-sex couples have access to marriage in five Member States, but because their marriage is not recognized in the other 22 Member States the same-sex marriage might be void in a legal sense in another Member State. Same-sex couples who are already married may benefit from some protection in the event that a Member State provides same-sex registered partnership. EU law does not provide a minimum requirement when Member States develop legal protection for same-sex couples through registered partnership in their legal system. This in turn has led to the differences among the Member States when it comes to same-sex registered partnership. Therefore, a same-sex civil status doesn’t provide a legal certainty in cross-border situations when looked upon from a broader perspective. Family law is an area of law where Member States have sovereignty. Therefore, the Member States have the right to shape the family law themselves in their national legal system, although there are some restrictions. When Member States exercise their sovereignty they must still exercise it in conformity with established EU principals and other relevant EU law. The Commission has now proposed an automatic recognition of civil status records and the purpose for this thesis is therefore to analyze whether an automatic recognition of civil status record are compatible with existing EU law. In order to answer the purpose in the thesis, EU law with direct or indirect impact on same-sex relationships is analyzed. Furthermore, the proposal of an automatic recognition of civil status records in the Commissions Green Paper on less bureaucracy for citizens is analyzed together with the opinions the Green Paper received from different organizations. When looking at the compatibility of an automatic recognition of civil status records and existing EU law, the conclusion highlights the obstacles and opportunities that exist with the implementation of the proposal. The obstacles and opportunities that exist suggest that an automatic recognition of civil status records is achievable. EU law imposes certain requirements on Member States, although Member States have sovereignty over their national family law. The previous suggests that the EU must work together with the Member States in order to ensure the legal certainty of civil status records when EU-citizens cross the borders within the EU.

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Prakash, Vinod. "In-set/out-of-set speaker recognition under sparse enrollment." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442938.

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Jia, Xiaoguang. "Extending the feature set for automatic face recognition." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/250161/.

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Automatic face recognition has long been studied because it has a wide potential for application. Several systems have been developed to identify faces from small face populations via detailed face feature analysis, or by using neural nets, or through model based approaches. This study has aimed to provide satisfactory recognition within large populations of human faces and has concentrated on improving feature definition and extraction to establish an extended feature set to lead to a fully structured recognition system based on a single frontal view. An overall review on the development and the techniques of automatic face recognition is included, and performances of earlier systems are discussed. A novel profile description has been achieved from a frontal view of a face and is represented by a Walsh power spectrum which was selected from seven different descriptions due to its ability to distinguish the differences between profiles of different faces. A further feature has concerned the face contour which is extracted by iterative curve fitting and described by normalized Fourier descriptors. To accompany an extended set of geometric measurements, the eye region feature is described statistically by eye-centred moments. Hair texture has also been studied for the purpose of segmenting it from other parts of the face and to investigate the possibility of using it as a set of feature. These new features combine to form an extended feature vector to describe a face. The algorithms for feature extraction have been implemented on face images from different subjects and multiple views from the same person but without the face normal to the camera or without constant illumination. Features have been assessed in consequence on each feature set separately and on the composite feature vector. The results have continued to emphasize that though each description can be used to recognise a face there is a clear need for an extended feature set to cope with the requirements of recognizing faces within large populations.

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暁芸, 王., and Xiaoyun Wang. "Phoneme set design for second language speech recognition." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13044980/?lang=0, 2017. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13044980/?lang=0.

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本論文は第二言語話者の発話を高精度で認識するための音素セットの構成方法に関する研究結果を述べている．本論文では，第二言語話者の発話をネイティブ話者の発話とは異なる音響特徴量の頻度分布を持つ情報源とみなし，これを表現する適切な音素セットを構築する手法を提案している．具体的には，対象とする第二言語と母語との調音位置や調音様式などの類似性に加え，同音異義語の発生による単語識別性能の低下を総合した基準に基づき，最適な音素セットを決定する．提案手法を日本人学生の英語発話の音声認識に適用し，種々の条件下で認識精度の向上を検証した．
This dissertation focuses on the problem caused by confused mispronunciation to improve the recognition performance of second language speech. A novel method considering integrated acoustic and linguistic features is proposed to derive a reduced phoneme set for L2 speech recognition. The customized phoneme set is created with a phonetic decision tree (PDT)-based top-down sequential splitting method that utilizes the phonological knowledge between L1 and L2. The dissertation verifies the efficacy of the proposed method for Japanese English and shows that the feasibility of building a speech recognizer with the proposed method is able to alleviate the problem caused by confused mispronunciation by second language speakers.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University

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39

Hou, Jiaqi. "An Upgrade of Network Traffic Recognition System for SIP/VoIP Traffic Recognition." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4205.

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The purpose of this project is to update the tool of Network Traffic Recognition System (NTRS) which is proprietary software of Ericsson AB and Tsinghua University, and to implement the updated tool to finish SIP/VoIP traffic recognition. Basing on the original NTRS, I analyze the traffic recognition principal of NTRS, and redesign the structure and module of the tool according to characteristics of SIP/VoIP traffic, and then finally I program to achieve the upgrade. After the final test with our SIP data trace files in the updated system, a satisfactory result is derived. The result presents that our updated system holds a rate of recognition on a confident level in the SIP session recognition as well as the VoIP call recognition. In the comparison with the software of Wireshark, our updated system has a result which is extremely close to Wireshark’s output, and the working time is much less than Wireshark. In the aspect of practicability, the memory overflow problem is avoided, and the updated system can output the specific information of SIP/VoIP traffic recognition, such as SIP type, SIP state, VoIP state, etc. The upgrade fulfills the demand of this project.

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陳國評 and Kwok-ping Chan. "Fuzzy set theoretic approach to handwritten Chinese character recognition." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30425876.

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Grosse, Neil G. "Image processing of Red Sea geophysical data." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308392.

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Almeida, Bruno Rodrigues. "O reconhecimento dos casamentos e parcerias entre parcerias entre pessoas do mesmo sexo no direito transnacional: pluralismo, dignidade e cosmopolitismo nas famílias contemporâneas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4747.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A partir da última década do século passado, muito embora alguns ordenamentos jurídicos tenham reconhecido os relacionamentos entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, conferindo-lhes alguns efeitos jurídicos, até hoje o padrão de heteronormatividade impede que estes alcancem a plena equiparação com o paradigma heterossexual. Os organismos internacionais de proteção aos direitos humanos já reconhecem certos patamares inerentes ao direito de liberdade à orientação sexual, muito embora ainda não se tenha alcançado à etapa da consagração do direito à vida afetiva e familiar. No entanto, a crescente internacionalização da vida contemporânea aumentou a estraneidade jurídica dos relacionamentos homoafetivos, cujo reconhecimento fora do Estado da constituição é muitas vezes recusado por argumentos que podem ser superados pela ótica convergente do Direito Transnacional promovendo a legitimidade do pleno reconhecimento transfronteiriço de todos os casamentos e parcerias entre pessoas do mesmo sexo validamente realizadas, como forma de garantir o respeito à cidadania cosmopolita inerente à dignidade dos indivíduos pertencentes a estas famílias.
Since the last decade of the 20th century some States have recognized legal effects to same-sex relationships, which conferred some internal legitimacy to homosexual minorities, although different-sex paradigms imbued in the legislation are still encroaching full recognition of freedom to sexual orientation. International human rights courts have also established certain standards of this fundamental right, but have stopped shortly of recognizing the human right to affective and familiar life, regardless sexual orientation. Meanwhile, the increasing internationalization of private life has promoted more multi-connected same-sex relationships, and such cross border recognition is resisted by arguments which can be surpassed by convergent epistemology of Transnational Law, which promotes full recognition of same-sex marriages and partnerships validly celebrated through enforcing cosmopolitan citizenship inherent to dignity of all family members, regardless sexual orientation.

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Saeed, Mehreen. "Soft AI methods and visual speech recognition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299270.

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Tran, Dat Tat, and n/a. "Fuzzy approaches to speech and peaker recognition." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.151916.

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Stastical pattern recognition is the most successful approach to automatic speech and speaker recognition (ASASR). Of all the statistical pattern recognition techniques, the hidden Markov model (HMM) is the most important. The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and vector quantisation (VQ) are also effective techniques, especially for speaker recognition and in conjunction with HMMs. for speech recognition. However, the performance of these techniques degrades rapidly in the context of insufficient training data and in the presence of noise or distortion. Fuzzy approaches with their adjustable parameters can reduce such degradation. Fuzzy set theory is one of the most, successful approaches in pattern recognition, where, based on the idea of a fuzzy membership function, fuzzy C'-means (FCM) clustering and noise clustering (NC) are the most, important techniques. To establish fuzzy approaches to ASASR, the following basic problems are solved. First, a time-dependent fuzzy membership function is defined for the HMM. Second, a general distance is proposed to obtain a relationship between modelling and clustering techniques. Third, fuzzy entropy (FE) clustering is proposed to relate fuzzy models to statistical models. Finally, fuzzy membership functions are proposed as discriminant functions in decison making. The following models are proposed: 1) the FE-HMM. NC-FE-HMM. FE-GMM. NC-FEGMM. FE-VQ and NC-FE-VQ in the FE approach. 2) the FCM-HMM. NC-FCM-HMM. FCM-GMM and NC-FCM-GMM in the FCM approach, and 3) the hard HMM and GMM as the special models of both FE and FCM approaches. Finally, a fuzzy approach to speaker verification and a further extension using possibility theory are also proposed. The evaluation experiments performed on the TI46, ANDOSL and YOHO corpora showbetter results for all of the proposed techniques in comparison with the non-fuzzy baseline techniques.

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Hall, Royston. "Emotion recognition and set shifting in women with anorexia nervosa." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33925.

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Objective: Neuropsychology models of anorexia nervosa (AN) propose that cognitive difficulties including poor Emotion Recognition (ER) and set-shifting ability may be central to the development and maintenance of eating pathology. This study aimed to test the central positions of such models by assessing specific ER difficulties in AN as well as the relationship between ER deficits and set-shifting performance. Methods: Fifty-one women were assessed (25 with AN; M = 28.20 SD = 8.69 and 26 control M = 21.27 SD = 5.10) on a novel measure of ER, a set-shifting test and self-report questionnaires concerning co-morbid factors. Results: The data did not reveal a global difference in ER or set-shifting performance between groups. Specific hypotheses of ER deficits in AN were also not met as performance on individual emotions was comparable between groups. There was an unexpected negative correlation between disgust recognition and set-shifting performance, however, this was only significant across the whole sample. ER performance was not related with any confounding factors. Conclusions: Despite an abundance of research supporting the position of social cognitive difficulties in AN, the current study failed to find global or specific deficits in ER in the present sample. Similarly, ER performance was not related to set-shifting as proposed by neuropsychological models of AN aetiology. Possible explanations for a lack of difference observed using this novel ER task are explored and future directions for evaluating ER in AN are discussed.

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Demirel, Hasan. "Training set analysis for image-based facial feature detection." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264934.

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Ebrahimpour-Komleh, Hossein. "Fractal techniques for face recognition." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16289/.

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Fractals are popular because of their ability to create complex images using only several simple codes. This is possible by capturing image redundancy and presenting the image in compressed form using the self similarity feature. For many years fractals were used for image compression. In the last few years they have also been used for face recognition. In this research we present new fractal methods for recognition, especially human face recognition. This research introduces three new methods for using fractals for face recognition, the use of fractal codes directly as features, Fractal image-set coding and Subfractals. In the first part, the mathematical principle behind the application of fractal image codes for recognition is investigated. An image Xf can be represented as Xf = A x Xf + B which A and B are fractal parameters of image Xf . Different fractal codes can be presented for any arbitrary image. With the defnition of a fractal transformation, T(X) = A(X - Xf ) + Xf , we can define the relationship between any image produced in the fractal decoding process starting with any arbitrary image X0 as Xn = Tn(X) = An(X - Xf ) + Xf . We show that some choices for A or B lead to faster convergence to the final image. Fractal image-set coding is based on the fact that a fractal code of an arbitrary gray-scale image can be divided in two parts - geometrical parameters and luminance parameters. Because the fractal codes for an image are not unique, we can change the set of fractal parameters without significant change in the quality of the reconstructed image. Fractal image-set coding keeps geometrical parameters the same for all images in the database. Differences between images are captured in the non-geometrical or luminance parameters - which are faster to compute. For recognition purposes, the fractal code of a query image is applied to all the images in the training set for one iteration. The distance between an image and the result after one iteration is used to define a similarity measure between this image and the query image. The fractal code of an image is a set of contractive mappings each of which transfer a domain block to its corresponding range block. The distribution of selected domain blocks for range blocks in an image depends on the content of image and the fractal encoding algorithm used for coding. A small variation in a part of the input image may change the contents of the range and domain blocks in the fractal encoding process, resulting in a change in the transformation parameters in the same part or even other parts of the image. A subfractal is a set of fractal codes related to range blocks of a part of the image. These codes are calculated to be independent of other codes of the other parts of the same image. In this case the domain blocks nominated for each range block must be located in the same part of the image which the range blocks come from. The proposed fractal techniques were applied to face recognition using the MIT and XM2VTS face databases. Accuracies of 95% were obtained with up to 156 images.

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Fischer, Manfred M., and Josef Benedikt. "The Use of Fuzzy Set Theory in Remote Sensing Pattern Recognition." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1996. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4174/1/WSG_DP_5096.pdf.

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Satellite images increasingly become a major data source for monitoring changes in the natural environment. A main task in the analysis of satellite images is concerned with the modelling of land use classes by reducing uncertainty during a classification process. In the approach presented in this paper uncertainty is perceived to be due to the vagueness of geographical categories caused by either the complexity of the category (like 'urban area') or by the use of the category in several application contexts. Two circumstances of use of an extended set theoretical concept (fuzzy sets) are discussed. First, two algorithms from the ISODATA class are used to determine the grades of membership to three a priori defined classes (woodland, suburban area, urban area) of a LANDSAT TM satellite image of Vienna, Austria. The results are visualized by a RGB image of the grades of membership to each category. Second, a measure of fuzziness is employed on the results. The measure relies on the concept of distance between a seUcategory and its complement. The so determined vagueness provide more information on the uncertainty of the different categories and may improve further information processing tasks. (authors' abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

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Wierucka, Kaja. "Multimodal mother-offspring recognition in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS432.

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Abstract:

La reconnaissance joue un rôle important dans les systèmes de communication animale et plusieurs modalités sensorielles sont impliquées à cette fin. Bien que la reconnaissance mère-jeune ait été largement étudiée, il y a un manque d'information sur la reconnaissance multimodale et l'importance relative des différentes modalités dans ce processus. Dans cette thèse, j'ai exploré la communication multimodale chez un mammifère colonial - le lion de mer Australien (Neophoca cinerea). La reconnaissance mère-jeune est connue pour être multimodale chez cette espèce, mais les processus sous-jacents de la reconnaissance olfactive et visuelle, ainsi que les interactions entre les indices acoustiques, visuels et olfactifs, et leurs contributions relatives restent inconnues. Des analyses chimiques ont permis de déterminer si les profils chimiques diffèrent selon le sexe et l'âge, les colonies et les régions corporelles des animaux. La présence de similarités chimiques entre la mère et son petit suggèrent que l'appariement des phénotypes pourrait être utilisé pour la reconnaissance olfactive. J'ai examiné le rôle des indices visuels lors de la reconnaissance mère-jeune et j'ai constaté que les indices visuels spécifiques à l'âge sont utilisés par les femelles pour affiner la recherche de leur petit dans la colonie. Les jeunes ont également la capacité de distinguer divers indices visuels, qui peuvent être utilisés pour identifier les différentes classes de congénères. Enfin, j’ai pu aussi déterminer comment les indices acoustiques, olfactifs et visuels sont utilisés de manière synergique dans le processus d’identification individuel, et les résultats sont interprété dans une perspective coûts-avantages pour démêler les pressions évolutives sur chaque composante de ce système de communication. Si les différents indices sensoriels ont la capacité de transmettre des informations en isolation, leur rôle peut être différent lorsque d'autres indices sensoriels sont présents. Les résultats de cette recherche fournissent des résultats sans précédent, contribuant à une meilleure compréhension de la reconnaissance mère-jeune chez les mammifères, ainsi que des règles générales de communication chez les vertébrés
Recognition plays an important role in animal communication systems and individuals often employ different sensory modalities to enact this activity. Although recognition has been widely investigated, especially for mother-offspring interactions, there is a dearth of information about multimodal recognition and the relative importance and interactions of various sensory cues. In this thesis, I explored multimodal communication in a colonial mammal – the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Communication during mother-pup reunions is known to be multimodal in this species, yet the underlying processes of olfactory and visual recognition, as well as the interactions between acoustic, visual and olfactory cues remain unclear. Through chemical analyses, I determined whether chemical profiles differ among sex and age classes, colonies, and body regions of animals. Chemical similarities between mothers and pups indicate that phenotype matching may be used by Australian sea lions for olfactory recognition. I examined the role of visual cues in mother-pup recognition and found that age-specific visual cues assist mothers to refine their search for their offspring in the colony. Pups are capable of distinguishing various visual cues that can be used in the assessment of conspecifics. Having provided baseline information about the role of sensory cues in isolation, I determined how acoustic, olfactory, and visual cues are used in a synergistic way to ensure accurate mutual recognition and then interpreted the results using a cost-benefit perspective to disentangle the evolutionary pressures on each component of this communication system. I showed that although cues have the ability to convey given information in isolation, their role may be different when other sensory cues are present. Furthermore, there is a mutual dependency in the communication system, where the limitations imposed on one participant of the dyad affect cue use by the other. These findings contribute to a better understanding of mammal mother-offspring recognition and communication mechanisms in vertebrates

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Scherreik, Matthew. "A Probabilistic Technique For Open Set Recognition Using Support Vector Machines." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1419252745.

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