Journal articles: 'Sex offenders'

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Johnson, Scott A. "Erotica and the sexual offender: the importance of restricting sex offenders from using or possessing erotica and pornography." Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00186.

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The Courts are struggling with issues of civil liberty in regards to sexual offenders. The rights of sexual offenders to possess pornography or erotica is of utmost concern. When an individual’s erotica has become intertwined in sex offense or other violent behavior, the erotica has now become part of the offender’s violent fantasies and behavior. The offender should no longer have access to or possession of any erotica that involves the offender’s offense behavior or target victim population. This has become an issue of constitutional rights and even some in the sex offender treatment profession fail to see the connection. For the Courts, this is an important issue to rethink when imposing probation, parole, or other restrictions on the sex offender. What follows is a discussion of the importance of restricting sex offenders from accessing or possessing any erotica or pornography that is related in any way to their sexual offense behavior or other violent crime.

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Bailey, Danielle J. S., and Lisa L. Sample. "Sex Offender Supervision in Context." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 176–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415572876.

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Social distance, or the level of familiarity and rapport, within the officer–offender relationship is important in reducing recidivism and promoting desistance. Although examined in a variety of contexts, few researchers have studied the social distance between sex offenders and community supervision officers. When this has been examined, little attention has been paid to the legal and regulatory structure in place specifically for sex offenders or the cultural perceptions that citizens hold about sex offenders and sex offending. Within these structural and cultural contexts, we argue that sex offenders are a unique offender group, and thus, their relationships with supervision officers are likely qualitatively different from those formed between non-sex offenders and supervision officers. Using interviews with community supervision officers and convicted sex offenders, we highlight the structural and cultural contexts under which sex offenders are supervised and the ways in which the social distance in sex offender–officer relationships may vary from non-sex offender–officer relationships.

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Kerr, Nathan, Ruth J. Tully, and Birgit Völlm. "Volunteering With Sex Offenders: The Attitudes of Volunteers Toward Sex Offenders, Their Treatment, and Rehabilitation." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 6 (February 9, 2017): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217691964.

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The general public has been shown to hold negative attitudes toward sexual offenders, sex offender treatment, and the rehabilitation of sexual offenders. It appears pertinent to the success of sex offender management strategies that utilise volunteers that selected volunteers do not share these attitudes. Here, volunteers for Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA), a community-based initiative supporting the reintegration of sex offenders, completed three validated psychometric measures assessing attitudes toward sex offenders in general and toward their treatment and rehabilitation. Responses were compared with a U.K. general public sample. The results showed that volunteers held more positive attitudes toward sex offenders, sex offender treatment, and sex offender rehabilitation than the U.K. general public sample. The significance of these findings is discussed alongside directions for future research.

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Schneck, Mary M., Thomas G. Bowers, and Maria A. Turkson. "Sex-Role Orientation and Attachment Styles of Sex Offenders." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.16.21.pr0.110.2.624-638.

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Given the increase of individuals who have a history of sexual offenses, there has been an increase in research on the etiology of sex-offending behavior. The present purpose was to evaluate the relationship between sex-role orientation and attachment styles of males who were sex offenders. Analysis yielded statistically significant differences between comparison ( n = 22) and clinical groups ( n = 21) in gender roles, with little sign of the androgynous gender type for sex offenders. The offender group showed significantly lower frequency of androgyny scores and significantly higher scores on feminine and undifferentiated orientations, supporting the theoretical view of sex offenders as being “cross-sex-typed.” In addition, the sex offender group had a significantly higher mean score on anxious-avoidant relationship attachment. Based on the present findings, there appears to be a need to help sex offenders explore how their gender roles may relate to their sex-offending behavior and assist sex offenders in the development of adaptive relationships with reduced anxiety and ambivalence.

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Mackelprang, Emily, and Judith V. Becker. "Beauty and the Eye of the Beholder: Gender and Attractiveness Affect Judgments in Teacher Sex Offense Cases." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215597646.

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The present study investigated the effects of gender and attractiveness on judgments of bail requirements, incarceration, and sex offender registration lengths, and attitudes toward offenders and victims in a teacher–student sexual perpetration scenario. Researchers presented 432 undergraduate students at a large southwestern university with one of four vignettes detailing a sexual relationship between a 35-year-old teacher and a 14-year-old student. Vignettes varied by both attractiveness and gender of the offender (using heterosexual offender–victim dyads). Results indicate that both gender and attractiveness affect judgments of sex offenders; specifically, female sexual offenders were viewed more leniently and judged less punitively than male sexual offenders. Although attractive female sexual offenders were given particularly lenient treatment, attractiveness did not affect judgments toward male sex offenders. In addition, although male and female participants tended to rate male offenders similarly, male participants were more lenient toward female offenders than were female participants. Finally, post hoc analyses revealed that, for many variables, unattractive female sexual offenders may not be viewed differently from male sexual offenders. These results have serious implications for the legal system, sex offender management, and societal views regarding male and female sexual offenders and their victims.

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ten Bensel, Tusty, Benjamin Gibbs, and Chris Rush Burkey. "Female Sex Offenders: Is There a Difference Between Solo and Co-Offenders?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 19 (October 18, 2016): 4061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516674202.

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Studies on female sex offending have been limited for a number of reasons, such as societal perceptions that females are incapable of engaging in such behaviors because of their role as caretakers and nurturers in society. However, over the past few decades, studies examining female sex offenders have increased, revealing that females do commit sexual offenses and differ from their male counterparts. We examined offender, victim, and offense characteristics of female sex offenders who were convicted from 1995 to 2013 ( N = 223) in Arkansas and were sentenced to serve time in prison or placed on probation. We focused on the similarities and differences of solo and co-female sex offenders because we know from previous studies that the pathway of offending can differ between solo and co-female offenders, yet few studies have exclusively compared the similarities and differences among female sex offenders. Our data were collected from offender files that included basic personal offender information, offender survey and social history, criminal history, incident reports while incarcerated, court records, police investigation reports, initial offender and victim statements (prior to offender incarceration), and probation/parole reports. We believe the results of this study will provide further insight into the types of female sex offenders as well as the possible differences between co- and solo-offenders in relation to their victim preferences, risk levels, rehabilitation amenability, and recidivism propensities.

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Birgden, Astrid, and Heather Cucolo. "The Treatment of Sex Offenders." Sexual Abuse 23, no. 3 (October 11, 2010): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063210381412.

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Public policy is necessarily a political process with the law and order issue high on the political agenda. Consequently, working with sex offenders is fraught with legal and ethical minefields, including the mandate that community protection automatically outweighs offender rights. In addressing community protection, contemporary sex offender treatment is based on management rather than rehabilitation. We argue that treatment-as-management violates offender rights because it is ineffective and unethical. The suggested alternative is to deliver treatment-as-rehabilitation underpinned by international human rights law and universal professional ethics. An effective and ethical community–offender balance is more likely when sex offenders are treated with respect and dignity that, as human beings, they have a right to claim.

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Lacombe, Dany. "“Mr S, you do have sexual fantasies?” The Parole Hearing and Treatment of a Sex Offender at the Turn of the 21st Century." Canadian Journal of Sociology 38, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs14844.

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How does the Parole Board decide a sex offender is rehabilitated and can be released into the community? This case study of a parole hearing reveals the significance the Parole Board gives to a sex offender’s management of his arousal as a clear sign of his rehabilitation. To explain the Board’s preoccupation with a sex offender’s sexual fantasies and arousal, I draw on a prison ethnography of a sex offender treatment program. Rehabilitation as risk management relies on the development of a crime cycle and relapse prevention plan designed to grasp the connection between fantasies, arousal and offending. I argue the parole hearing and treatment program exist in a symbiotic relationship that fabricates the sex offender into a species larger than life, one at risk of offending all the time. Key words: rehabilitation, sex offenders, parole, sexual fantasies, ethnography, prison.

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Clark, Valerie A., and Grant Duwe. "What Predicts Where Sex Offenders Live? An Examination of Census Tract Data in Minnesota." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 488–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415594200.

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Communities across the United States have become increasingly concerned over the presence of sex offenders in their neighborhoods. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that are associated with the concentration of sex offenders in a large geographic area with few residency restrictions. This research also examines multiple categories of sex offenders subject to varying levels of community notification, allowing for an assessment of what, if any, effect community notification has on the residential patterns of sex offenders. Concentrated disadvantage, concentrated affluence, and housing affordability are all significant factors in explaining the concentration of multiple categories of sex offenders. Concentrated affluence relative to poverty is the most consistent predictor of sex offender concentration, revealing that more affluent communities ward off sex offender residents, regardless of community notification requirements.

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Chua, Joanne, Gary Cheung, Susan Hatters Friedman, and Sigourney Taylor. "What are the characteristics of first time older sexual offenders?" International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 5 (November 2, 2017): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002186.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Our objective was to examine and describe the common socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of first time older sex offenders.Methods:Research papers published in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were searched systematically. Following removal of duplicates and irrelevant papers, a total of 423 papers were reviewed to determine whether the selection criteria were met. A total of seven publications were included and evaluated by two researchers.Results:Of the seven publications, there were two retrospective research studies and five case reports. There was a higher proportion of neurocognitive disorder in this offender group and the victims were usually vulnerable individuals. Yet, cognitive assessments were rarely done or reported. Two subtypes of older sex offenders were identified: (i) offenders who had offended in the past but were not previously detected; (ii) first-time offenders with a high proportion of neurocognitive disorder.Conclusion:There is a paucity of research in first time sex offending by older people. This review has highlighted a need for better designed studies to explore the characteristics of older sex offenders. Better collaboration between forensic and old-age psychiatric services is required for improved assessment and management of older sex offenders.

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11

Spoo, Susanne, Leah E. Kaylor, Sarah Schaaf, Michelle Rosselli, Anniken Laake, Christina Johnson, and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. "Victims’ Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders and Sex Offender Legislation." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 11 (November 7, 2017): 3385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17740537.

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It is commonly assumed that victims of sexual abuse feel more negatively toward sex offenders and advocate for harsher punishments than individuals who have not been victimized. This belief was examined by comparing attitudes toward sex offenders and their treatment, support of registration, notification, and residence restriction policies, as well as general knowledge about sex offenders between a sample of 129 individuals who reported sexual victimization and a sample of 841 individuals who did not report sexual victimization. Overall, we found that victims of sexual abuse reported more positive attitudes toward sex offenders and were more supportive of mandated treatment compared with nonvictims. However, while victims showed decreased support for the community notification laws, there were no differences in support of residence restrictions laws compared with those who reported no victimization. Finally, knowledge about sex offenders predicted attitudes regardless of victim status. These findings are discussed as they pertain to sex offender treatment and legislation.

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Cossins, Annie, and Malory Plummer. "Masculinity and Sexual Abuse." Men and Masculinities 21, no. 2 (June 5, 2016): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x16652655.

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Psychological theories attempt to prove the abnormality of child sex offenders’ behavior through a deterministic analysis, whereby particular psychological characteristics are considered to predict child sex offending. Such a focus ignores the structures of power that influence men’s lives, a man’s active engagement with that social context, and how we might understand child sexual abuse as part of that engagement. By considering the meanings that sexual behavior with children has for offenders’ lives as men, this article discusses how an offender’s body and the body of a child are related to the concepts of sexuality and potency, how those bodies are ascribed meanings by the individual offender and other men, as well as the analytic utility of social learning theory and the power/powerlessness theory for understanding why sexually abused boys rather than sexually abused girls are more likely to become sex offenders with reference to two case studies.

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13

Mogavero, Melanie C., and Ko-Hsin Hsu. "Sex Offender Mobility: An Application of Crime Pattern Theory Among Child Sex Offenders." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 8 (June 2, 2017): 908–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217712219.

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Sex offenders are a heterogeneous group and exhibit various offense patterns. Often the location where the offender committed the offense is different from where the offender encountered their victim. Applying crime pattern theory, this study sought to understand if the type of location, victim, and situational characteristics could predict whether an offender would commit the sexual offense in a different and more secluded location than where he first encountered the victim. Among a sample of 114 incarcerated sex offenders, the results showed that offenders who contacted their victims in locations where children are known to congregate were more than 4 times more likely to travel to a more secluded location to complete the sexual offense. Those who used noncoercive strategies (e.g., bribes, seduction) during the offense process were approximately 7 times more likely to travel to a more secluded location that those who did not. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.

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Vess, James, Brooke Langskaill, Andrew Day, Martine Powell, and Joe Graffam. "A comparative analysis of Australian sex offender legislation for sex offender registries." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 44, no. 3 (December 2011): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811419065.

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Australia has followed the course taken by other English-speaking countries in recent years of enacting legislation that requires convicted sexual offenders to register personal details with law enforcement agencies. These laws have been enacted to protect the public from the perceived threat posed by sex offenders, but have been written with little apparent reference to the available research literature about the nature and extent of this threat. In addition, there is no empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of legislatively based sex offender registries to either reduce sexual offending or to enable the police to investigate sex crimes and apprehend offenders. This article compares and contrasts the current laws governing sex offender registration enacted by the various states and territories in Australia, and offers a critical analysis of their provisions in light of the research literature on sexual offending.

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Miller, Holly A., and Ethan A. Marshall. "Comparing Solo- and Co-Offending Female Sex Offenders on Variables of Pathology, Offense Characteristics, and Recidivism." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 972–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218791179.

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Due to the smaller proportion of female sex offenders (2%-12% of all sexual offenses) compared with male sex offenders, we know much less about these women to aid in the assessment, treatment, and prevention of their offending behavior compared with men. One promising distinction in female sex offender typology is solo-offending females versus females who offend with a male co-offender. The current study uses a sample of 225 incarcerated female sex offenders to compare solo and co-offending women on variables of psychopathology, criminal history, victim and offender information, and recidivism rates. Results indicate that solo offenders are more likely to have male, unrelated victims, score higher on dominance and aggression, and are more likely to generally recidivate. Solo versus co-offending status was not a significant predictor for sexual recidivism. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.

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Bohmert, Miriam Northcutt, Grant Duwe, and Natalie Kroovand Hipple. "Evaluating Restorative Justice Circles of Support and Accountability: Can Social Support Overcome Structural Barriers?" International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 3 (June 5, 2016): 739–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16652627.

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In a climate in which stigmatic shaming is increasing for sex offenders as they leave prison, restorative justice practices have emerged as a promising approach to sex offender reentry success and have been shown to reduce recidivism. Criminologists and restorative justice advocates believe that providing ex-offenders with social support that they may not otherwise have is crucial to reducing recidivism. This case study describes the expressive and instrumental social support required and received, and its relationship to key outcomes, by sex offenders who participated in Circles of Support and Accountability (COSAs), a restorative justice, reentry program in Minnesota. In-depth interviews with re-entering sex offenders and program volunteers revealed that 75% of offenders reported weak to moderate levels of social support leaving prison, 70% reported receiving instrumental support in COSAs, and 100% reported receiving expressive support. Findings inform work on social support, structural barriers, and restorative justice programming during sex offender reentry.

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Cooley, Brooke. "Desistance from Sexual Offending or Not Reoffending? A Taxonomy of Contact Sex Offenders." Journal of Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4234.34105.

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This paper explored why contact sex offenders lack reoffending, and a taxonomy was developed to better understand the desistance process, or more commonly, the non-reoffending process. Through qualitative conversational interviews with 29 contact sex offenders, it was found that contact sex offenders can be categorized into two broad groups. First, the criminal career sex offender who had persistent habitual offending. This category was comprised of a relatively small number of the sample (20.7%). This category can then be further broken down into two smaller categories, the desisters and the non-reoffenders. The desisters lacked reoffending due to cognitive transformations, while non-reoffenders were able to manage their sexual deviant behaviors due to strategies such as therapy, religious practices, and avoidance. Only two participants could be considered desisters, while the other participants were non-reoffenders. This is a noteworthy finding, demonstrating how rare it is to desist from contact sex offending based on scholars’ definitions of desistance as a process. Conversely, contact sex offenders who are not habitual persistent offenders lack reoffending because they never came to see themselves as “sex offenders” nor do they feel they have problems to address as their crimes were temporary and situational. This group contained the majority of the sample (79.3%) and was further divided into taxonomic subgroups. This study established the need to differentiate between career criminal sex offenders and those who are situational and temporary. Persistent offenders and situational offenders need different treatment practices, and they have different non-reoffending pathways.

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Trice, Ashton D., and Michel Lamb. "Sex-Role Orientation among Incarcerated Women." Psychological Reports 79, no. 1 (August 1996): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.92.

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This study of 120 women inmates of a state prison showed that sex-role orientation was related to the type of offence committed by women but, contrary to the hypothesis about the “new” female offender, violent offenders were more traditionally feminine than financial and drug-related offenders. Drug offenders had high rates of undifferentiated ratings. Women became more traditionally masculine or feminine with length of incarceration. Women who had children were more likely to score as traditionally feminine.

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Murrey, G. J., D. Briggs, and C. Davis. "Psychopathic Disordered, Mentally Ill, and Mentally Handicapped Sex Offenders: A Comparative Study." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 4 (October 1992): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249203200408.

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Although there currently exists a large amount of research on the characteristics and treatment of psychopathic disordered (PD) sex offenders, little if any empirical studies have addressed the mentally ill (MI) and mentally handicapped (MH) offender populations. A total of 106 PD, MI, and MH sex offender records from Rampton (Special) Hospital were reviewed for the study. Offender categories were compared by age of first documented sex offence, IQ at the time of admission, sex offence type, frequency of each offence type, history of violence during sex offences, age and gender of sex offence victims and number of victims for age and gender. Results revealed that 88 per cent of PD, 98 per cent of MI, and only 56 per cent of MH offenders' victims were female. Further analysis revealed that PD and MI offenders' victims were primarily female, with the largest proportion being pubescent and adult females. MH offender victims were primarily males and females under the age of 16. IQ correlated positively with history of violence during sexual assault and mean IQs were higher for ‘violent’ than ‘non-violent’ offenders in each offender category. A discussion of these and other significant findings, as well as implications for clinical treatment, is presented.

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Bailey, Danielle J. S., and Jennifer L. Klein. "Ashamed and Alone." Criminal Justice Review 43, no. 4 (March 14, 2018): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016818756486.

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Originally intended to decrease sexual victimization by increasing community awareness of convicted sex offenders, sex offender registration and notification laws have been shown to produce numerous unintended consequences for both registrants and their family members (FMs). In many cases, these unintended consequences may actually increase sexual reoffending risk by reducing offenders’ informal social control and inhibiting successful postconviction reintegration. The current study examines two such consequences, shame and social isolation, using a sample of 109 registered sex offenders and 116 sex offender FMs ( N = 225). Although prior research has documented the existence of shame and social isolation within both populations, to date, there have been no systematic attempts to examine variation between groups. We found that the degree of social isolation and shame does significantly differ between registered sex offenders and their FMs, with registered sex offenders reporting higher levels of both social isolation and shame compared to FMs at the bivariate level. Using ordinary least squares regression analysis, we determined that attitudinal variables (disrespect and unfair sanctions) were the most salient predictors of participants’ perceived intensity of social isolation and shame.

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Vandiver, Donna M. "Female Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Solo Offenders and Co-Offenders." Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.3.339.

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Even though much of the prior sex offender literature focuses on males, recent research has included females as offenders. Such research, however, has been limited by small sample sizes. Several researchers have proposed typologies of female sex offenders that include both females who act alone (i.e., solo offenders) and females who act with another person (i.e., co-offenders), often a male. The current research includes a cross-national sample of 123 females who were solo offenders and 104 who were co-offenders. It was found that the two groups of females were not significantly different in regard to their age, race, time of offense, and the location of the offense. Co-offenders were more likely than solo offenders to have more than one victim, to have both male and female victims, to be related to the victim, and to have a nonsexual offense in addition to the sexual offense listed.

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Hoppe, Trevor. "Punishing Sex: Sex Offenders and the Missing Punitive Turn in Sexuality Studies." Law & Social Inquiry 41, no. 03 (2016): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12189.

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At precisely the same time that gay and lesbian activists were securing marriage rights for same-sex couples nationwide, courts and “tough on crime” state legislatures were devising new ways to regulate sex. Despite recent estimates that over 750,000 Americans are registered sex offenders, few sexuality scholars have examined the growth of punitive policies regulating sex offenders. In this article, I draw on a unique set of data on the population of sex offenders in the United States to analyze: (1) whether recent trends in sex offender registration mirror those of corrections more generally, and (2) whether these policies disproportionally impact racial minorities. Findings reveal that sex offender registries grew dramatically between 2005 and 2013; that this growth is out of step with concurrent trends in corrections; and that black communities are disproportionately impacted. I conclude by considering whether these data reveal a new mode of “governing through crime” specifically targeting sex. It might as well be admitted that sex is a disgrace. Michael Warner (1999) There is a big secret about sex: most people don't like it. Leo Bersani (1987)

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Bowen, Kendra, Erika Frenzel, and Jason D. Spraitz. "Sex offender registration and notification laws: thoughts from registered sex offenders in three states." Safer Communities 15, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-12-2015-0040.

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Purpose – In the USA, sex offender policy research has focussed on demographic characteristics of registrants, recidivism rates of registrants, accuracy and completeness of listed information, and the collateral consequences experienced by registrants. This growing body of research demonstrates the need to explore offender perceptions of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether registration related variables influenced sex offenders’ opinions about the registry, compliance with the registry, self-worth, and deterrence perceptions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper utilized a sample of 286 male registered sex offenders (RSO) in Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin. Four multivariate regression models were run to examine registration related variables impact on sex offender opinions of the registry, registry compliance, feelings of self-worth, and perceptions of deterrence. Findings – The multivariate regression results suggest registration related variables have a significant impact on RSO opinion of the registry, compliance with the registry, and opinions of self. Specifically, the number of collateral consequences that one experienced, police contacts that RSOs had, and being recognized as a sex offender were significantly related to the dependent variables in the regression models. Originality/value – This study adds to the body of research that indicates sex offenders experience a myriad of consequences that are outside the scope of the registered sex offender laws. Policy implications and societal consequences of these findings are discussed, as well as a future research agenda.

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OLIVER, LORI L., GORDON C. NAGAYAMA HALL, and STEVEN M. NEUHAUS. "A Comparison of the Personality and Background Characteristics of Adolescent Sex Offenders and Other Adolescent Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 20, no. 4 (December 1993): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854893020004004.

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The current study investigated personality differences between adolescent sex offenders and nonsexually offending adolescents on the Jesness Inventory. Subjects were 50 adolescent males charged with a sexual offense, 50 adolescent males charged with nonviolent offenses, and 50 adolescent males charged with violent offenses. The adolescent sex offender group generally displayed the least deviant personality and historical characteristics among the groups examined. These findings, inconsistent with the adult sex offender literature, suggest that sex offenders may be more amendable to treatment during adolescence than during adulthood and that early intervention may have preventive value.

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Rice, Jenna, and Raymond A. Knight. "Differentiating Adults With Mixed Age Victims From Those Who Exclusively Sexually Assault Children or Adults." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 410–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218759324.

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Although adults who have sexually offended against both child and adult victims (i.e., adults with mixed aged sexual offense victims [MASOVs]) have been found at increased risk to reoffend, they have been a neglected and rarely studied group of individuals who have sexually offended. The present study explored their differentiating characteristics by comparing them with adults who had sexually offended exclusively against children (child sex offense victims [CSOVs]) or adults (adult sex offense victims [ASOVs]). Using an extensive database gathered on offenders examined for civil commitment, we found that although MASOVs were not distinguished from the other types of offenders by any specific developmental trauma, they cumulatively tended to be higher across traumas. They evidenced lower self-esteem relative to both other offender types. In addition, MASOVs, like ASOVs, exhibited higher levels of psychopathy relative to CSOVs. The implications of these findings for etiology and treatment are discussed.

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Linden, Leigh, and Jonah E. Rockoff. "Estimates of the Impact of Crime Risk on Property Values from Megan's Laws." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 1103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.1103.

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We estimate the willingness to pay for reductions in crime risk using the location and move-in dates of sex offenders. We find significant effects of sex offenders' locations that are geographically localized. House prices within 0.1 miles of a sex offender fall by 4 percent on average. We then use this finding to estimate the costs to victims of sexual offenses, and find costs of over $1 million per victim—far greater than previous estimates. However, we cannot reject the alternative hypotheses that individuals overestimate risks posed by offenders or that living near an offender poses significant costs exclusive of crime risk. (JEL K42, R23, R31)

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Lawson, Louanne. "Female Sex Offenders’ Relationship Experiences." Violence and Victims 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.331.

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Interventions for child sexual abusers should take into account their perspectives on the context of their offenses, but no descriptions of everyday life from the offender’s point of view have been published. This study therefore explored female offenders’ views of their strengths and challenges. Documented risk assessments of 20 female offenders were analyzed using inductive content analysis (Cavanagh, 1997; Priest, Roberts, & Woods, 2002; Woods, Priest, & Roberts, 2002). The Good Lives Model provided the initial coding framework and ATLAS.ti software (Muhr, 1997) was used for simultaneous data collection and analysis. The content analysis yielded 999 coding decisions organized in three themes. The global theme was relationship experiences. Offenders described the quality of their relationship experiences, including their personal perspectives, intimate relationships, and social lives. These descriptions have implications for treatment planning and future research with women who have molested children.

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Call, Corey. "The Collateral Consequences of Sex Offender Management Policies: Views From Professionals." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 676–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16653978.

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In this study, the perceptions of community corrections professionals and clinical specialists toward the collateral consequences of current sex offender management policies were explored and contrasted. In addition, potential influencing factors of these perceptions were examined. Results indicate high levels of belief that sex offenders experience a variety of collateral consequences upon reentry; however, community corrections professionals are significantly less likely to believe that sex offenders experience collateral consequences than clinical specialists. Furthermore, few demographic variables were found to significantly influence the perceptions of the sample. Implications for the management of sex offenders are discussed.

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Jones, Ashley C. T., and Tess M. S. Neal. "A Call for Research on Sex Offender Treatment Programs." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18786608.

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The effects of sex offender treatment programs have been addressed in the literature, but there are opportunities to expand research and potentially improve existing sex offender treatment programs. The Federal Bureau of Prison’s Sex Offender Treatment Program gives offenders the opportunity to change their behavior by reducing criminality and recidivism, and receive transition services as offenders exit the prison system and reenter society. This program is evidence-based and utilizes landmark research in sex offender treatment, however there are a few details that may present limitations to the effectiveness of the treatment program within the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Entry requirements, such as literacy, cognitive, and remaining sentence requirements, as well as the treatment program environment, present opportunities for research to evaluate the effects of these variables on the convicted sex offender population.

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Monto, Martin, Zgourides George, James Wilson, and Richard Harris. "Empathy and Adolescent Male Sex-Offenders." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1598.

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This study provides data on empathy for 82 adolescent male sex-offenders and 108 male nonoffenders. No statistically significant association was found between scores on a 4-item measure of empathy and sex-offender status.

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Watson, Rachael, Michael Daffern, and Stuart Thomas. "The Impact of Interpersonal Style and Interpersonal Complementarity on the Therapeutic Alliance Between Therapists and Offenders in Sex Offender Treatment." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215580969.

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Therapist and treatment process variables affect the effectiveness of offender rehabilitation programs. This study examined the influence of therapists’ and offenders’ interpersonal styles (IPSs) and interpersonal complementarity on therapeutic alliance (TA). Seventy-five sex offenders and their therapists evaluated each other’s IPSs and the TA after 3 weeks of treatment. Offenders evaluated the TA more positively than therapists. Regarding the impact of IPS, therapist affiliation was positively correlated and therapist control was negatively correlated with offenders’ ratings of the TA; in other words, offenders evaluated the TA more strongly when therapists were perceived as affiliative, and weaker when therapists were viewed as controlling. Offender affiliation was positively correlated with therapists’ ratings of TA; in other words, therapists evaluated the TA more strongly when offenders were viewed as more affiliative; perceptions of offender control were unrelated to offenders’ ratings of TA. Complementarity in IPS between offenders and therapists did not affect TA.

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DeLuca, Joseph S., John Vaccaro, Amalia Rudnik, Nicole Graham, Anna Giannicchi, and Philip T. Yanos. "Sociodemographic Predictors of Sex Offender Stigma: How Politics Impact Attitudes, Social Distance, and Perceptions of Sex Offender Recidivism." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 10 (August 9, 2017): 2879–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17723639.

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Stigma toward general criminal offenders has been found to be particularly salient among community members who identify as politically conservative; however, less is known about how political identification relates to stigma toward sex offenders. This is a particularly important area of inquiry, given that criminal jurisprudence and politics legitimatize stigmatizing labels attributed to sex offenders through laws and policies that apply specifically to this group. A nonrandom sample ( N = 518) of participants living in the United States was recruited for this survey study. Findings indicated that a specific aspect of conservative political ideology—right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)—significantly predicts negative attitudes and intended social distancing behavior toward sex offenders, even when controlling for other important predictors, such as education and prior contact. RWA was found to be the strongest predictor of negative attitudes and estimations of sex offender recidivism, and also significantly predicted intended social distancing behavior. Implications for addressing stigma toward sex offenders are discussed.

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Ho, David K., Nikki Collins, Morris Vinestock, and Mrigendra Das. "Polygraph testing of sex offenders in a high secure hospital." Psychiatrist 37, no. 4 (April 2013): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.112.038463.

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Aims and methodTo illustrate the clinical benefit of polygraph testing for mentally disordered sex offenders at a high secure psychiatric hospital. It is a retrospective review of two patients' case notes and of interviews with clinicians. Post Conviction Sex Offender Testing (PSCOT) was used to assist these patients in making disclosures regarding their sexual history and to aid their treatment.ResultsPost Conviction Sex Offender Testing was responsible for bringing about new disclosures relating to the patients' sexual histories and aiding their treatment progression to lower secure settings. New information was incorporated into the patients' treatment programmes and risk management plans. Post Conviction Sex Offender Testing also encouraged a more honest and effective participation in sex offender treatment programmes and allowed the evaluation of antilibidinal medication.Clinical implicationsPost Conviction Sex Offender Testing should be more widely considered among mentally disordered sex offenders who have been challenging to treat, as it has the potential to aid their management and progression to lower-security settings.

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Ricci, Ronald J., and Cheryl A. Clayton. "EMDR With Sex Offenders: Using Offense Drivers to Guide Conceptualization and Treatment." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 10, no. 2 (2016): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.10.2.104.

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Evidence shows that sexual offenders have higher levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) than either the general population or other criminal populations. Historically, it was considered standard practice for sex offender therapists to dissuade their clients from addressing childhood trauma or adversity for fear of excuse making for his offending. The pathways model, which highlights etiology, made room for trauma treatment for offender’s ACE as a legitimate treatment intervention. The adaptive information processing model inherent in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma therapy is theorized to reorganize the maladaptively stored clustering of cognitions and emotions related to overwhelming or traumatic experiences such as childhood sexual abuse. We suggest EMDR therapy as a means of restructuring distorted implicit cognitions and personal vulnerability factors which are theorized to drive offending behavior. Through a comprehensive literature review, the authors considered 5 extant models in the sex offender literature and developed the offense drivers model. This model is designed to guide and inform EMDR therapy with sex offenders. A case example illustrates the implementation of this treatment process. A checklist of offense drivers is provided to assist in case conceptualization and treatment.

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TERRY, KAREN. "SEX OFFENDERS." Criminology Public Policy 3, no. 1 (November 2003): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2003.tb00023.x.

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36

Hayes, Susan. "Sex offenders." Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 17, no. 2 (January 1991): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07263869100034441.

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37

Fisher, Nick. "Sex Offenders." Classical Review 55, no. 2 (October 2005): 582–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clrevj/bni318.

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38

McElroy, S. L. "Sex Offenders." Science 279, no. 5347 (January 2, 1998): 10d—15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5347.10d.

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39

Cavanaugh, James L., and Richard Rogers. "Sex offenders." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 3, no. 4 (September 1985): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370030401.

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van Wijk, Anton, Robert Vermeiren, Rolf Loeber, Lisette’t Hart-Kerkhoffs, Theo Doreleijers, and Ruud Bullens. "Juvenile Sex Offenders Compared to Non-Sex Offenders." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 7, no. 4 (October 2006): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838006292519.

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41

Schwaebe, Charles. "Learning to Pass: Sex Offenders' Strategies for Establishing a Viable Identity in the Prison General Population." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 49, no. 6 (December 2005): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x05275829.

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This article endeavors to illustrate the realities of prison life for sex offenders and the means by which they attempt to establish viable identities and acquire a survivable niche in the prison general population, particularly when established identities and protective niches are put at risk by entry into a sex offender treatment program. Qualitative data was collected by repeatedly interviewing a cohort of sex offenders for 6 months as they completed a basic sex offender treatment program. The findings indicate a need to include consideration of treatment context in understanding the limits of treatment gain in prison-based programs.

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Cann, Deanna, and Deena A. Isom Scott. "Sex Offender Residence Restrictions and Homelessness: A Critical Look at South Carolina." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 8 (July 15, 2019): 1119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419862334.

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Sex offender residence restrictions (SORRs) have been widely implemented across the United States since the 1990s. A common concern regarding the implementation of SORRs is the decrease in viable housing options for registered sex offenders, which could potentially lead to homelessness. The vast application of SORRs across the United States, in addition to the known association between homelessness and crime, necessitates a deeper understanding of how SORRs impact rates of homelessness among this population. Utilizing data from South Carolina’s Sex Offender Registry, this study describes patterns of homelessness among this population. Specifically, using an interrupted time series analysis, we examine whether the state’s implementation of its SORR has an effect on the proportion of registered sex offenders reported as homeless. Our findings reveal a strong association between the implementation of residence restriction policies and rates of homelessness for registered sex offenders in South Carolina. Policy implications are discussed.

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Suero, Maria Aparcero, and Ashley Dickinson. "Moderating effects of age, employment status and level of education on the predictive utility of the LSI-R for sexual offenders." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v11i1.4770.

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Using a Midwestern sample of sex offenders, the current study reports findings on the utility of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) in predicting recidivism for offenders with a history of sexual crimes. The current study includes data from a sample of 250 sexual offenders over a 36-month period. This study aims to investigate how three variables – level of education, age and employment status – correlate to recidivism, and if they moderate the effectiveness of the tool in predicting future offending. This study found a statistically significant relationship between total LSI-R score and general recidivism, supporting the predictive utility of the LSI-R for sex offenders. These findings imply the need for intervention programmes focused on young sex offenders to reduce their potential for reoffending. The present study contributes to the available research by increasing the knowledge regarding sexual offender recidivism rates. Keywords: Sex offenders, recidivism, age, level of education, employment

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Glaser, Bill. "Paternalism and the Good Lives Model of Sex Offender Rehabilitation." Sexual Abuse 23, no. 3 (October 11, 2010): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063210382044.

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The lives of sex offenders are often confused and disorganized. Modern sex offender rehabilitation approaches such as the good lives model emphasize holistic aims such as helping offenders to live more satisfying and fulfilling lives, rather than merely teaching them to avoid risk. The appeal of the model lies in its justification by paternalism: Whatever harms are inflicted on offenders during the rehabilitation process are ultimately for their own good. But paternalism has its limitations, which include potential infringements on offenders’ autonomy and human rights, the risk of therapists imposing their own values and attitudes, and false claims that harmful interventions are justified by their benefit for offenders. Furthermore, some recent empirical studies suggest that offenders themselves do not necessarily prefer personal well-being goals over risk management techniques and that some offenders find it distressingly easy to incorporate “good lives” principles into an ongoing antisocial lifestyle. These limitations need to be taken into account when applying a good lives approach.

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Leon, Carmen M., and Chiara Rollero. "The Role of Ambivalent Sexism, Punitiveness, and Ability to Recognize Violence in the Perception of Sex Offenders: A Gender-Perspective Analysis." Sexes 2, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2040039.

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Sexual violence is a public health problem that affects not just the victim, but the offender and the surrounding communities. Research shows that public perceptions regarding the perpetrators of such offenses are of critical importance since citizens’ insights are a major force in the creation and implementation of sex offender policies. This study aimed to analyze, from a gender perspective, public perceptions about sex offenders in an Italian population sample (N = 768; 62.0% women, M = 32.8 years old). To do so, the Perceptions of Sex Offenders Scale (PSO) (α = 0.82) was used. The explanatory variables included in the study were the General Punitiveness Scale (GPS), the short versions of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI), as well as awareness about subtle forms of violence. Results showed that women reported higher levels of sex offenders’ risk perception. At the same time, it was found that men outscored women on the endorsement of stereotypes toward such perpetrators. Finally, findings revealed similarities and differences between women and men regarding correlates of perceptions about sex offenders. Implications for research and public policy in this area are discussed.

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Dewey, Susan, and Tonia P. St. Germain. "Sex Workers/Sex Offenders." Feminist Criminology 10, no. 3 (September 16, 2014): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085114541141.

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Budd, Kristen M., and Christina Mancini. "Public Perceptions of GPS Monitoring for Convicted Sex Offenders: Opinions on Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring to Reduce Sexual Recidivism." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 1335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15622841.

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In the United States, electronic monitoring (EM) and global positioning systems (GPS) are new applications that are used to extensively monitor and track convicted sex offenders. What is unclear though are public perceptions of this strategy. This research examines public perceptions of a national sample of Americans on the use of GPS/EM with convicted sex offenders as a method to reduce their sexual recidivism. Using a multinomial regression model, we analyze the effects of sex offender myths and parental status on public perceptions that sex offender GPS/EM is very effective in reducing sexual recidivism. Findings suggest that public perceptions of effectiveness are partially driven by myths and also that parents are unsure of this strategy. The analysis contributes to the growing body of knowledge on public perceptions of GPS/EM to manage sex offenders in communities. Implications of the study and areas for future research are discussed in light of the findings.

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Schaaf, Sarah, Elizabeth L. Jeglic, Cynthia Calkins, Linsey Raymaekers, and Alejandro Leguizamo. "Examining Ethno-Racial Related Differences in Child Molester Typology: An MTC:CM3 Approach." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 8 (June 9, 2016): 1683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516653550.

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Sex offender typologies have been developed in an effort to better understand the heterogeneity of sexual offending as well as offenders’ varied risk and therapeutic needs. Perhaps the most well-known and validated child molester typology is the Massachusetts Treatment Center: Child Molester Typology–Version 3 (MTC:CM3). However, this typology was developed and validated using primarily White sex offenders. The current study aimed to replicate this typology in an ethno-racially diverse sample of incarcerated White, Black, and Latino child molesters ( N = 499). Overall, we found that the MTC:CM3 was applicable to non-White child molesters but that there were differences in the proportion of offenders of different ethno-racial groups in Axis I type classifications. We found no differences in Axis II type classifications. Specifically, Black offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually attracted to adults compared with White and Latino offenders. Whereas White offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually fixated on children when compared with Black offenders, Latino offenders were more often classified as high in social competence and sexually attracted to adults than Black offenders. On Axis II, the majority of all three subsamples were classified as not having sexual contact with children beyond the offense, unlikely to inflict physical harm on victims, and as not having sadistic interests. Addressing these typological characteristics in the development and implementation of prevention and treatment efforts might increase the responsiveness of specific sex offender populations.

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Hinds, Lyn, and Kathleen Daly. "The War on Sex Offenders: Community Notification in Perspective." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 3 (December 2001): 256–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400304.

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This article explores the contemporary phenomenon of “naming and shaming” sex offenders. Community notification laws, popularly known as Megan's Law, which authorise the public disclosure of the identity of convicted sex offenders to the community in which they live, were enacted throughout the United States in the 1990s. A public campaign to introduce “Sarah's Law” has recently been launched in Britain, following the death of eight-year old Sarah Payne. Why are sex offenders, and certain categories of sex offenders, singled out as targets of community notification laws? What explains historical variability in the form that sex offender laws take? We address these questions by reviewing the sexual psychopath laws enacted in the United States in the 1930s and 40s and the sexual predator and community notification laws of the 1990s, comparing recent developments in the United States with those in Britain, Canada, and Australia. We consider arguments by Garland, O'Malley, Pratt, and others on how community notification, and the control of sex offenders more generally, can be explained; and we speculate on the likelihood that Australia will adopt community notification laws.

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Cubellis, Michelle A., Douglas N. Evans, and Adam G. Fera. "Sex Offender Stigma: An Exploration of Vigilantism against Sex Offenders." Deviant Behavior 40, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1420459.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex offenders'

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