Academic literature on the topic 'Sex offenders risk assessment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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Beech, Anthony R., Dawn D. Fisher, and David Thornton. "Risk assessment of sex offenders." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34, no. 4 (August 2003): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.339.
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Ferguson, Glenn E., Roy J. Eidelson, and Philip H. Witt. "New Jersey's Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale: Preliminary Validity Data." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 26, no. 3 (September 1998): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539802600303.
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The Registrant Risk Assessment Scale (RRAS) was developed to aid New Jersey law enforcement representatives in assigning convicted sex offenders to risk tier classifications. The three risk tier classifications (low, moderate, and high risk) are linked to corresponding levels of community notification. The present study examined the scores of 574 adult males convicted of sex offenses in New Jersey on the seven RRAS items that assess static indicators of recidivism risk. Based on sentencing decisions, the sample included three groups of offenders: probationers, state prisoners, and those assigned to the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADTC), an inpatient sex offender treatment facility for repetitive and compulsive offenders. An exploratory factor analysis of the RRAS items identified two important orthogonal factors: a forcible assault factor and a sexual deviance factor. One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences among the three placement groups, with state prisoners tending to score highest on items reflecting antisocial orientation and forcible sexual assault and ADTC offenders scoring highest on items reflecting deviant sexual behavior. A discriminant analysis generated two distinct functions that classified well over half of the sample into their correct sentencing groups. Taken as a whole, the results provide preliminary support for the use of the RRAS in making sex offender risk determinations.
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Witt, Philip H., Joseph DelRusso, Jessica Oppenheim, and Glenn Ferguson. "Sex Offender Risk Assessment and the Law." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 24, no. 3 (September 1996): 343–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539602400302.
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After discussing the historical, legal, and criminal justice context, the article reviews risk assessment principles for sex offenders. Issues of actuarial vs. clinical prediction, base-rate considerations, and duration of prediction are reviewed. The article next addresses specific factors found to predict sex offender recidivism, factors such as indicators of deviant sexual interest and an antisocial, psychopathic lifestyle. Finally, the article provides a current application in the form of New Jersey's Registrant Risk Assessment Scale to illustrate the risk assessment principles.
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Šobot, Valentina, Svetlana Ivanović-Kovačević, Vladimir Knežević, and Ana-Marija Vejnović. "Risk assessment of adolescent sex offenders: A case overview." Engrami, no. 00 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/engrami43-35947.
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One of the most important roles of mental health professionals in the forensic evaluation of the adolescent sex offenders is to assess the risk of future delinquent behavior. A psychiatric and psychological expertise of a 17-year-old male adolescent, who was accused of rape, was conducted at court's request in order to determine the maturity of the juvenile, the risk of reoffending and the need for treatment. The current case report demonstrates risk assessment based on the structured professional evaluation. This approach integrates clinical with empirical knowledgeand it has been proven highly useful in risk assessment of sexual recidivism in adolescent sex offenders. The assessment was based on the integration of tha data obtained from the structured risk assessment tool Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (JSOAP-II,Prentky and Righthand, 2003) and data based on standard professional expertise by forensic clinicians. The aim of the present case report was to show the advantages of a structured approach to risk assessment in adolescent sex offenders, as well as to assess the practical implications related to appropriate case management and the need for treatment.
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Sahota, Kirpal Kaur. "Transgender sex offenders: gender dysphoria and sexual offending." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 6, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-03-2020-0031.
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Purpose Transgender sex offenders are a small, complex and atypical group. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues in relationship to the assessment of gender dysphoria in transgender sex offenders and approaches to risk management. Design/methodology/approach Clinical and research experience as a Gender Specialist and Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist who has managed sex offender populations has informed this publication. Findings Little is known about the relationship between gender dysphoria and criminality. More research is required to develop a typology of transgender sex offenders and develop actuarial risk instruments. Protective factors in relation to gender affirmative care are also important to understand. Research limitations/implications There is little empirical research to guide gender specialists and criminal justice professionals in the management of gender dysphoria and address risk and recidivism in transgender offender populations. The treatment of gender dysphoria could result in improved well-being and better psychosocial adjustment but cannot be relied to reduce future recidivism. Practical implications There is no evidence that treatment of gender dysphoria reduces risk and recidivism in transgender sex offenders and that research is required to identify specific gender related dynamic risk factors. Social implications Recommendations are directly relevant to the work of prison and probation staff, community supervisors and gender identity specialists. Originality/value As far as the author is aware it is the first paper on the assessment and management of gender diverse sex offenders integrating approaches to gender dysphoria assessment and treatment and risk management. It has implication for gender identity specialists, criminal justice professionals, research and policy.
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JUNG, SANDY, and EDWARD P. RAWANA. "Risk and Need Assessment of Juvenile Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 26, no. 1 (March 1999): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854899026001004.
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The validity of a newly developed probation risk and need assessment instrument, the Ministry Risk/Need Assessment Form (MRNAF), was evaluated in a medium-sized Canadian city over-represented by Native Canadians. In the present study, 263 young offenders were assessed on the MRNAF. At 6 months, 250 youths were followed-up to determine if they had offended subsequent to their initial assessment. Results indicated that the total risk/need score and all of the eight risk/need factors could discriminate between recidivists and nonrecidivists. Moreover, despite some differences between Native and non-Native youths and between male and female youths, the ethnicity and sex of young offenders were inconsequential with regards to the instrument's prediction of recidivism. Therefore, the findings support MRNAF as a robust risk/need assessment instrument to ethnicity and sex.
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Christodoulides, T. E., G. Richardson, F. Graham, P. J. Kennedy, and T. P. Kelly *. "Risk assessment with adolescent sex offenders." Journal of Sexual Aggression 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600410001697848.
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Zgoba, Kristen M., Michael Miner, Jill Levenson, Raymond Knight, Elizabeth Letourneau, and David Thornton. "The Adam Walsh Act." Sexual Abuse 28, no. 8 (August 2, 2016): 722–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215569543.
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This study was designed to compare the Adam Walsh Act (AWA) classification tiers with actuarial risk assessment instruments and existing state classification schemes in their respective abilities to identify sex offenders at high risk to re-offend. Data from 1,789 adult sex offenders released from prison in four states were collected (Minnesota, New Jersey, Florida, and South Carolina). On average, the sexual recidivism rate was approximately 5% at 5 years and 10% at 10 years. AWA Tier 2 offenders had higher Static-99R scores and higher recidivism rates than Tier 3 offenders, and in Florida, these inverse correlations were statistically significant. Actuarial measures and existing state tier systems, in contrast, did a better job of identifying high-risk offenders and recidivists. As well, we examined the distribution of risk assessment scores within and across tier categories, finding that a majority of sex offenders fall into AWA Tier 3, but more than half score low or moderately low on the Static-99R. The results indicate that the AWA sex offender classification scheme is a poor indicator of relative risk and is likely to result in a system that is less effective in protecting the public than those currently implemented in the states studied.
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Elwood, Richard W. "Defining Probability in Sex Offender Risk Assessment." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60, no. 16 (July 28, 2016): 1928–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15587912.
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There is ongoing debate and confusion over using actuarial scales to predict individuals’ risk of sexual recidivism. Much of the debate comes from not distinguishing Frequentist from Bayesian definitions of probability. Much of the confusion comes from applying Frequentist probability to individuals’ risk. By definition, only Bayesian probability can be applied to the single case. The Bayesian concept of probability resolves most of the confusion and much of the debate in sex offender risk assessment. Although Bayesian probability is well accepted in risk assessment generally, it has not been widely used to assess the risk of sex offenders. I review the two concepts of probability and show how the Bayesian view alone provides a coherent scheme to conceptualize individuals’ risk of sexual recidivism.
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Elwood, Richard W. "Calculating Probability in Sex Offender Risk Assessment." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 5 (November 18, 2016): 1262–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16677784.
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Risk is the probability of an adverse event or outcome. In a previous article, I compared the Bayesian and Frequentist models of defining probability. This article compares the Bayesian and regression models of quantifying probability. Both approaches are widely used in the biomedical and behavioral sciences even though they yield different results. No consensus has emerged as to which is more appropriate. The choice between them remains controversial. This article concludes that the Bayesian model provides a viable alternative to logistic regression and may be more useful in quantifying the absolute recidivism risk of individual sex offenders. It shows how evaluators can easily calculate Bayesian probabilities and their associated credible intervals from an actuarial data set. Last, the article proposes a forensic practice guideline that evaluators do not conclude that an offender meets an absolute risk threshold unless the subject’s risk exceeds the threshold by a credible margin of error.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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McWhaw, Andrew. "Online Child Pornography Offenders and Risk Assessment: How Online Offenders Compare to Contact Offenders Using Common Risk Assessment Variables." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20193.
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The aim of this study was to compare online child pornography offenders and contact offenders along the predictive items of the Static-2002 actuarial risk assessment tool, as well as, several other items and scales predictive of recidivism. In addition, the study wished to determine if the Static-2002 was a well-equipped to assess online offenders. 120 subjects were assessed in this study, 53 online child pornography offenders, 53 child molesters, and 7 offenders who committed both a contact and online offense. The research identified a number of similarities between the two groups of offenders, including a finding that the two groups did not significantly differ in age. The most pronounced differences were found on the several measures of criminality used in the study where contact offenders scored significantly higher. The Static-2002 was found to not be well suited for use with online offenders as the tool had difficulty assessing their sexual deviancy.
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Tully, Ruth. "Sex offender risk assessment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664317.
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This thesis examined sex offender risk assessment. A systematic review of the literature found that the predictive validity of tools that take an actuarial approach, and tools that take a structured professional judgement (SPJ) approach is promising, but that the quality of available research in this field is variable. Further evaluation of tools taking the SPJ approach was recommended, as was further validation of sex offender risk assessment tools on sex offender sub-groups. A case study of an adult male sex offender demonstrated the complexities involved in sex offender risk assessment in clinical practice, and the challenges clinicians face in making assessments and recommendations following sex offender treatment. Following this, the RM2000/S (Thornton et aI., 2003) was critically appraised, and finally an empirical research study was preformed whereby the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Risk and Need Treatment Needs Analysis (SARN TNA; Thornton, 2002) was assessed. Despite widespread use ofthe SARN TNA by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) of England and Wales, its level of predictive power was found to be small. The findings suggest that the SARN TNA should not be relied on as a predictor scale for sexual recidivism. This highlights the need for further evaluation of the tool, which could result in the method of assigning risk group being modified. The final chapter of the thesis summarises the findings of the thesis chapters, and concludes that further evaluation of the effectiveness of sex offender risk assessment tools is necessary to be able to use these tools to aid defensible decision-making.
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Henning, Christopher John. "An assessment of routinely collected information on internet sex offenders by criminal justice social workers and the police in Scotland : an exploratory study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31028.
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The number of offenders who have been convicted of possession, distribution or production of sexually explicit media involving children (SEMIC) has increased exponentially in the last decade. The majority of these cases have been facilitated by increased availability and affordability of the internet and mobile technology. This has led both practitioners and academics to question whether or not internet sex offenders are a new type of offender or whether they are similar to contact offenders who target children offline. Questions have also been raised as to whether or not such internet sex offenders are a homogenous group or whether they can be distinguished by their potential to recidivate or escalate to contact offences. This thesis contributes to this body of knowledge by assessing the information routinely collected on internet sex offenders by criminal justice social workers and the police in Scotland. The forensic reports produced by the police (N=80) alongside matched social enquiry reports from criminal justice social workers (N=30), on all of the offenders convicted for breach of section 52 of the Civic Government Scotland Act (1982) in a particular region of Scotland from 2002-2009, were assessed. Police reports contained detailed information relating to specific offending behaviours: the number of images/videos found on the offender’s computer; the age and sex of the children depicted; the severity of the SEMIC (based on the modified COPINE scale); where the SEMIC was from and how it was stored; whether the offender attempted to hide any images or videos, and whether or not he shared or produced any SEMIC. These reports also noted whether the offender had any previous convictions, as well as age at the time of the offence. Based on the social enquiry reports, the criminal justice social workers focused on demographic characteristics (age, educational background, employment history, family status) of the offenders as well as the attitudes or beliefs they might have held (expression of remorse or guilt and admission to being sexually attracted to children). The social enquiry reports also provided risk assessments, which assessed this group of internet sex offenders as a normally distributed range from low to very high risk to reoffend utilizing the RM2000 and Stable/Acute 2007. The criminal justice social workers did not differentiate between offenders in their management recommendations, which as reported in social enquiry reports, included: no use of the internet except for education or employment; no ownership of devices capable of taking or receiving images/videos, and no unsupervised access to children. Statistical analysis of this sample showed that distinctions between internet sex offenders could be made based on their offending behaviour, demographic information and attitudes they held about the crime. Correlation analysis suggested that offenders who were in possession of SEMIC depicting very young children were also likely to be in possession of SEMIC depicting boys and Level 4/5 images or videos (based on the modified COPINE scale). In addition, offenders who possessed very large collections of SEMIC were also the most likely to be in possession of the most deviant images and videos. Post-hoc analysis suggested offenders who were producers of SEMIC were more likely to have been in relationships and single offenders were more likely to be in possession of the more deviant collections. Contrary to what was expected, the size of an offender’s collection of SEMIC was negatively correlated with the risk assessment level reported by the criminal justice social workers. These results are discussed in the context of current research on risk assessment and management. Based on that current literature and the results of this research, it is recommended that criminal justice social workers utilize information relating the offender’s behaviour, or more specifically the quantity and deviancy of the SEMIC he possessed, in relation to his social circumstances when making recommendations for management and assessing his risk to reoffend.
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McGinnis, Wendy J. "The validity of the Iowa Sex Offender Risk Assessment for predicting recidivism in female sexual offenders." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1694.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Iowa Sex Offender Risk Assessment (ISORA) instrument used in the Iowa Department of Corrections to assess for future occurrences of female offender recidivism. Using a sample of 105 females convicted of a sexual offense in the State of Iowa, the current study examined rates of recidivism using the ISORA. The goal of this study was to determine the validity of the ISORA in predicting recidivism rates as measured by (a) new convictions for sex offenses and other violent crimes, (b) new convictions for sex crimes using a strict definition, and (c) any new conviction for any new crime. Data were collected on all female participants in this study using case file information from various database resources. Mean-cost rating scores and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between risk assessment categories on the ISORA and each type of recidivism as well as between raw ISORA scores and each type of recidivism. Results showed the overall recidivism rate of female offenders was 22% for this study, while the sexual recidivism rate in this study was 2%. Results also provided evidence that the ISORA can be used to predict sexual and violent recidivism (AUC = .85) as well as general recidivism (AUC = .64) for female sex offenders. In conclusion, the ISORA is a valid risk assessment tool when predicting general and sexual or violent recidivism for female sexual offenders. However, further research examining improvements in the instrument could be conducted to enhance the validity of the instrument.
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Beggs, Sarah Marie. "Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, and Recidivism among Sexual Offenders against Children." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1824.
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The sexual abuse of children is an issue that society must address with urgency and commitment, given the profoundly damaging effects and widespread occurrence of this kind of crime. Providing psychological treatment to identified offenders is an important endeavour of the criminal justice system, with the aim of reducing recidivism and thereby preventing future victims. This dissertation explores a number of areas relevant to the treatment of sexual offenders on a sample of 223 adult males who completed a prison-based programme for child sexual offenders in New Zealand. Specifically, the assessment of treatment outcome and its relationship with recidivism, risk assessment, and the influence of specific offender factors on estimates of treatment outcome and risk were investigated. Study 1 (N = 218) is an independent validation of the validity of the Violence Risk Scale: Sexual Offender Version (VRS:SO; Olver, Wong, Nicholaichuk, & Gordon, 2007), a recently developed risk assessment instrument for sexual offenders that incorporates both static and dynamic risk factors and contains protocols for the assessment of change as a result of treatment. Results indicate support for the inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the VRS:SO with regard to sexual recidivism, with pre-treatment and post-treatment scores showing superior predictive validity relative to a widely used measure of static risk (Static-99; Hanson & Thornton, 1999) and a measure of "Deviance" based on a 4-factor battery of relevant psychometric tests (Allan, Grace, Rutherford, & Hudson, 2007). In Study 2 (N = 218), three separate methods of assessing proximal treatment outcome (representative of three categories of treatment outcome measures that have previously been applied in the literature) are applied and compared in terms of their predictive validity with regard to sexual recidivism, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of their use. These measures are: change on a battery of relevant psychometric tests administered prior to and following treatment; change across treatment on the VRS:SO; and post-treatment ratings of the attainment of treatment goals as measured by a modified version of Hogue’s (1994) Standard Goal Attainment Scaling for Sexual Offenders (SGAS). Results indicate that positive treatment outcomes as measured by all of these methods are associated with reduced sexual recidivism. SGAS scores are identified as being relatively simple and efficient to obtain, however the VRS:SO and the psychometric battery are both able to provide useful pre-treatment clinical information regarding potential treatment targets for a particular offender. Study 3 (N = 223) and Study 4 (N = 216) are explorations of the influence of particular offender characteristics on response to treatment and risk of recidivism. Of particular interest was the personality construct of psychopathy (measured using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, PCL-R; Hare, 1991), and both studies are attempted replications and extensions of previously reported interaction effects involving this construct (Heilbrun, 1979; Seto & Barbaree, 1999). The results of Study 3 indicate that there is no interaction effect between PCL-R scores and treatment outcome (as measured by the SGAS) on sexual recidivism, in contrast to an influential study by Seto and Barbaree (1999). Study 4 reports an interaction effect between PCL-R scores and intelligence on recidivism, such that higher than average IQ scores appear to moderate the well-known association between psychopathy and risk. Overall, the findings reported in this dissertation suggest the importance of considering dynamic factors as well as static factors in sex offender risk assessments, and support the premise that dynamic factors are changeable, with change being associated with changes in recidivism. The potential for certain offender characteristics to influence treatment response and risk of recidivism is highlighted, and several areas for further exploration are identified.
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Sjöstedt, Gabrielle. "Violent recidivism among sexual offenders : risk factors and assessment procedures /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-328-7/.
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Hersant, Jamie L. "Risk assessment of juvenile sex offender reoffense /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1208144681&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Rowlands, Michael T. "Dangerous sex offenders: Recidivism and risk factors associated with serious sexual offending." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116343/2/Michael_Rowlands_Thesis.pdf.
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There is limited research on dangerous sex offenders in Australia. The current PhD study examined reoffending rates of offenders classified as dangerous in Queensland Supreme Courts. A review of the literature noted that sex offenders generally have low recidivism rates. Offenders considered high-risk are more likely to re-offend with general offences, but the overall level of sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism was low. Further, early onset of offending, diverse criminal careers, diverse victimologies, ecological change, and substance misuse were factors for recidivism. Last, the project identified that conceptualising dangerousness is complex and fraught with ethical and legal concerns.
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Rombouts, Sacha, and n/a. "Development of a Risk Assessment Checklist for Juvenile Sexual Offenders: a Meta-Analytic Approach." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070123.151237.
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Over the last decade there has been a substantial research effort directed toward understanding recidivism and risk prediction among adult sex offenders. In contrast, the juvenile sex offender field has received much less empirical attention. Consequently, there are very few risk assessment instruments designed for use with young persons who have committed sexual offences. Available measures do not appear to take into account the higher rates of non-sexual recidivism typical of this population. This thesis aimed to identify risk factors for sexual and non-sexual recidivism among juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) and explore their utility in the context of a risk assessment instrument. In Study One, a meta-analysis was conducted on JSO research to examine risk factors for sexual recidivism. The meta-analysis involved 17 studies and 22 predictor constructs. Seven variables emerged as reliable predictors of sexual recidivism: an index sexual offence involving a stranger victim, a history of physical abuse in the offender's background, the presence of sexual deviance, a non-contact index sexual offence, sexually offending against a greater number of victims, a history of sexual offending, and a history of non-sexual offending. In Study Two, a meta-analysis was performed on JSO research to identify risk factors for non-sexual recidivism. The meta-analysis involved 14 studies and 19 predictor constructs. Six variables emerged as reliable predictors of non-sexual recidivism: a history of non-sexual offending, a history of sexual abuse (negative relationship), the presence of an antisocial orientation, an index sexual offence involving a child victim (negative relationship), a history of physical abuse in the offender's background, and the use of threats/force in the index sexual offence. Taken together, the two meta-analyses were able to identify risk factors specific to sexual recidivism (e.g., sexual deviance) and non-sexual recidivism (e.g., antisocial orientation) as well as risk factors common to both outcomes (e.g., a history of non-sexual offending). These studies therefore made an original and significant contribution to the understanding of recidivism among JSOs. Based upon the meta-analyses, Study Three involved the construction of a risk assessment checklist that could be easily scored from file information. The Juvenile Risk Assessment Checklist (J-RAC) contained 11 items based upon the most consistent operationalisations of the predictors that emerged from the meta-analyses. The J-RAC is unique in the JSO risk assessment field as it contains two scales designed to provide separate estimates of the risk of youth engaging in further sexual and non-sexual recidivism, respectively. The J-RAC was scored based on file information from 82 youth who had been found guilty of sexual offences and referred to a treatment service in Queensland, Australia. The majority of the items possessed good inter-rater reliabilities and the two scales both possessed high inter-rater reliabilities. An existing JSO risk assessment instrument, the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol Version 2 (J-SOAP-II; Prentky & Righthand, 2003), was also administered and the J-RAC possessed significant correlations with the majority of the J-SOAP-II scales. The J-RAC was also found to significantly discriminate between juveniles in detention and juveniles in the community, with those in detention found to be at higher risk on both scales. Thus, the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the J-RAC was established. Consistent with current adult sex offender recidivism theory, the findings demonstrated the distinct roles of sexual deviance and antisocial orientation in the prediction of sexual and non-sexual recidivism of JSOs, respectively. The current thesis goes some way towards advancing a theory of juvenile sex offender recidivism by drawing upon the variables that emerged as reliable risk factors in the two meta-analyses. While the J-RAC could not yet be considered an actuarial instrument capable of assigning low, medium and high risk levels, the results of the research conducted in this thesis are encouraging. The utility of the J-RAC may be further enhanced through the aid of prospective research that incorporates substantial numbers of juvenile recidivists.
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Rombouts, Sacha. "Development of a Risk Assessment Checklist for Juvenile Sexual Offenders: a Meta-Analytic Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365598.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decade there has been a substantial research effort directed toward understanding recidivism and risk prediction among adult sex offenders. In contrast, the juvenile sex offender field has received much less empirical attention. Consequently, there are very few risk assessment instruments designed for use with young persons who have committed sexual offences. Available measures do not appear to take into account the higher rates of non-sexual recidivism typical of this population. This thesis aimed to identify risk factors for sexual and non-sexual recidivism among juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) and explore their utility in the context of a risk assessment instrument. In Study One, a meta-analysis was conducted on JSO research to examine risk factors for sexual recidivism. The meta-analysis involved 17 studies and 22 predictor constructs. Seven variables emerged as reliable predictors of sexual recidivism: an index sexual offence involving a stranger victim, a history of physical abuse in the offender's background, the presence of sexual deviance, a non-contact index sexual offence, sexually offending against a greater number of victims, a history of sexual offending, and a history of non-sexual offending. In Study Two, a meta-analysis was performed on JSO research to identify risk factors for non-sexual recidivism. The meta-analysis involved 14 studies and 19 predictor constructs. Six variables emerged as reliable predictors of non-sexual recidivism: a history of non-sexual offending, a history of sexual abuse (negative relationship), the presence of an antisocial orientation, an index sexual offence involving a child victim (negative relationship), a history of physical abuse in the offender's background, and the use of threats/force in the index sexual offence. Taken together, the two meta-analyses were able to identify risk factors specific to sexual recidivism (e.g., sexual deviance) and non-sexual recidivism (e.g., antisocial orientation) as well as risk factors common to both outcomes (e.g., a history of non-sexual offending). These studies therefore made an original and significant contribution to the understanding of recidivism among JSOs. Based upon the meta-analyses, Study Three involved the construction of a risk assessment checklist that could be easily scored from file information. The Juvenile Risk Assessment Checklist (J-RAC) contained 11 items based upon the most consistent operationalisations of the predictors that emerged from the meta-analyses. The J-RAC is unique in the JSO risk assessment field as it contains two scales designed to provide separate estimates of the risk of youth engaging in further sexual and non-sexual recidivism, respectively. The J-RAC was scored based on file information from 82 youth who had been found guilty of sexual offences and referred to a treatment service in Queensland, Australia. The majority of the items possessed good inter-rater reliabilities and the two scales both possessed high inter-rater reliabilities. An existing JSO risk assessment instrument, the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol Version 2 (J-SOAP-II; Prentky & Righthand, 2003), was also administered and the J-RAC possessed significant correlations with the majority of the J-SOAP-II scales. The J-RAC was also found to significantly discriminate between juveniles in detention and juveniles in the community, with those in detention found to be at higher risk on both scales. Thus, the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the J-RAC was established. Consistent with current adult sex offender recidivism theory, the findings demonstrated the distinct roles of sexual deviance and antisocial orientation in the prediction of sexual and non-sexual recidivism of JSOs, respectively. The current thesis goes some way towards advancing a theory of juvenile sex offender recidivism by drawing upon the variables that emerged as reliable risk factors in the two meta-analyses. While the J-RAC could not yet be considered an actuarial instrument capable of assigning low, medium and high risk levels, the results of the research conducted in this thesis are encouraging. The utility of the J-RAC may be further enhanced through the aid of prospective research that incorporates substantial numbers of juvenile recidivists.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Books on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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Canada. Dept. of the Solicitor General. Static 99: Improving actuarial risk assessment for sex offenders. Ottawa: Department of Solicitor General, 1999.
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Arkansas. Dept. of Correction. and Arkansas. Sex Offender Assessment Committee., eds. Sex offender guidelines and procedures for implementing risk assessment and community notification regarding sex offenders. 2nd ed. [Pine Bluff, Ark.]: Arkansas Dept. of Correction, 2004.
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R, Beech Anthony, Craig Leam, and Browne Kevin, eds. Assessment and treatment of sex offenders: A handbook. New York: Wiley, 2008.
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Kemshall, Hazel. Risk assessment and management of known sexual and violent offenders: A review of current issues. London: Home Office Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, 2001.
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Hanson, R. Karl. Static 99: Improving actuarial risk assessments for sex offenders. Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada, 1999.
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Rich, Phil. Juvenile sexual offenders: A comprehensive guide to risk evaluation. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
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Connecticut. Advisory Committee on Risk Assessment of Sex Offenders. Report of the Advisory Committee on Risk Assessment of Sex Offenders. [Hartford: State of Connecticut, Office of Policy and Management, 2003.
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Craig, Leam. Assessing risk in sex offenders: A practitioner's guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008.
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Assessing sex offenders: Problems and pitfalls. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, 2007.
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Bickley, James. The Self-Regulation Model of the Offense and Relapse Process: A Manual. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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Seto, Michael C. "Risk assessment." In Internet sex offenders., 193–223. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14191-008.
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Karl Hanson, R. "Sex Offenders." In Violence Risk-Assessment and Management, 148–58. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118485545.ch17.
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Lehmann, Robert J. B., Yolanda Fernandez, and Leslie-Maaike Helmus. "Strengths of Actuarial Risk Assessment." In Treatment of Sex Offenders, 45–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25868-3_3.
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Logan, Caroline. "Risk Formulation: The New Frontier in Risk Assessment and Management." In Treatment of Sex Offenders, 83–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25868-3_4.
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Laws, D. Richard. "Assessment of Risk to Reoffend: Actuarial Versus Risk Formulation." In Social Control of Sex Offenders, 91–119. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39126-1_7.
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Craig, Leam A., and Martin Rettenberger. "A Brief History of Sexual Offender Risk Assessment." In Treatment of Sex Offenders, 19–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25868-3_2.
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Boer, Douglas P., JO Thakker, and Tony Ward. "Sex Offender Risk-Based Case Formulation." In Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders, 76–87. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470714362.ch5.
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Laws, D. Richard. "Assessment of Risk to Reoffend: Historical Background." In Social Control of Sex Offenders, 73–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39126-1_6.
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Doren, Dennis M. "Actuarial Risk Assessments in USA Courtrooms." In Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders, 551–66. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470714362.ch29.
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Rich, Phil. "A contemporary approach to the assessment of risk in sexually abusive youth." In Working with Sex Offenders, 39–48. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315673462-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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Nasiri Sarvi, Masoud, and Yunhua Luo. "Development of an Image-Based Biomechanical Model for Assessment of Hip Fracture Risk." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47878.
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Low-trauma hip fracture, usually caused by fall from standing height, has become a main source of morbidity and mortality for the elderly. Factors affecting hip fracture include sex, race, age, body weight, height, body mass distribution, etc., and thus, hip fracture risk in fall differs widely from subject to subject. It is therefore necessary to develop a subject-specific biomechanical model to predict hip fracture risk. The objective of this study is to develop a two-level, image-based, subject-specific biomechanical model consisting of a whole-body dynamics model and a proximal-femur finite element (FE) model for more accurately assessing the risk of hip fracture in lateral falls. Required information for constructing the model is extracted from a whole-body and a hip DXA (Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry) image of the subject. The proposed model considers all parameters subject-specifically, which will provide a fast, accurate, and non-expensive method for predicting hip fracture risk.
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Doyle, Barry J., Anthony Callanan, Michael T. Walsh, David A. Vorp, and Timothy M. McGloughlin. "Assessment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Risk: Asymmetry as an Additional Diagnostic Tool?" In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-191585.
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An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localised dilation of the infrarenal aorta. This localised dilation is a result of a degradation of the elastic media of the arterial wall. This degradation of the aortic wall can be attributed to risk factors such as tobacco smoking, sex, age, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperlipidaemia, and family history of the disorder [1]. With the recent advancements in medicine, more AAAs are being detected than ever. Approximately 500,000 new cases are diagnosed each year worldwide resulting in 15,000 deaths per year in the USA alone [2]. Currently, the rupture risk of AAAs is regarded as a continuous function of aneurysm size, with surgical intervention decided based on the maximum diameter of the AAA. Most AAA repairs are performed when the diameter exceeds 50–60mm. It has been shown that maximum diameter may not be a reliable predictor of rupture, as smaller AAAs can also rupture. It is believed by many researchers that there is a need to review the determination of the timing of surgical intervention based solely on aneurysm diameter, and include other relevant risk factors. These additional risk factors could, for example, include, AAA wall stress, AAA expansion rate, degree of asymmetry, presence of intraluminal thrombus (ILT), and hypertension. The addition of these parameters may aid the surgical decision-making process. Shifting the current trend towards more encompassing assessment of AAA rupture potential may help reduce the morbidity and mortality rates associated with AAA repair. It was previously reported [3] that 82% of AAA ruptures occur on the posterior wall. In this research, the asymmetry of the AAA is examined, with respect to both peak wall stress and posterior wall stress, in ten realistic cases, and a resulting threshold factor is presented.
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Carballo Leyenda, Belén, Jorge Gutiérrez Arroyo, José Gerardo Villa Vicente, Fabio García-Heras, Juan Rodríguez Medina, and Jose A Rodríguez-Marroyo. "Laboratory assessment of heat strain in female and male wildland firefighters." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003976.
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Wildland firefighters (WFF) face a set of specific work-related factors that directly affect their physical and cognitive abilities and compromise their health and safety. The working conditions include hard physical work and environmental conditions that combine high temperatures and high radiant heat. Such environments make using personal protective equipment (PPE) mandatory to protect them from risks. This fact restricts heat removal and adds extra weight, increasing thermal strain and the risk of heat-related illnesses on WFF. Since the number of females WFF has increased, it is necessary to study the repercussions of heat stress on this group. To date, it is not yet well-known whether sex-related differences in thermoregulation will be relevant when the individuals are wearing PPE and performing high physical effort in a hot environment. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the physiological response when performing moderate to high-intensity effort in a hot-dry environment while wearing PPE according to sex. Twenty WFF 10 females [23.9 ± 3.2 yr, 163.8 ± 3.4 cm and 62.7 ± 9.1 kg] and 10 males [31.9 ± 6.6 yr, 178.8 ± 5.8 cm and 73.9 ± 7.7 kg]) performed a 125 min treadmill test in a controlled ambient (30 ºC and 30% relative humidity). The protocol consisted of two exercise stages where WFF performed different continuous and variable exercise bouts in order to mimic the effort performed during real deployments. Participants wore the full standard PPE during the test. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), core temperature (CT) and chest temperature (SkT) were monitored throughout the test. HR and CT were used to calculate the physiological strain index (PSI). Differences in body mass pre-post trials corrected for fluid intake were used to calculate sweat production (SwP), sweating rate (SwR), and evaporative efficiency (EE). Differences (p < 0.05) between females and males were found in %VO2max (62.5 ± 7.4 vs 55.3 ± 5.), HR (155 ± 10 vs 134 ± 14 beats·min–1), % of maximal HR (81.3 ± 3.5 vs 42.3 ± 6.5), CT (38.0 ± 10 vs 37.7 ± 0.33 ºC), SkT (36.0 ± 0.6 vs 35.3 ± 0.6 ºC) and PSI (4.1 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.6). Even though SwR was higher (p < 0.05) for male participants (1001.5 ± 268.3 ml) compared to females (647.5 ± 145.9 ml), females had higher EE (32.9 ± 4.6 vs 16.7 ± 6.2 %). In conclusion, performing high-intensity exercise in hot-dry conditions while wearing PPE leads to a higher thermal and cardiovascular load for female WFF, making them more susceptible to heat illness. These results could be linked to lower aerobic fitness, sweating rate, and hormonal aspects that increased the thermal burden.
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Azevedo, Wylson, Eduardo Augusto Schutz, Mayara Menezes Attuy, Thamara Graziela Flores, and Melissa Agostini Lampert. "Prediction model to delirium in hospitalized elderly people." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.478.
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Introduction: Delirium has a high prevalence in hospitalized elderly patients. This is due to low hospital detection and the absence of a screening instrument. Objective: evaluate predictive variables in the development of delirium in na in-hospital environment. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Data collection was carried out between 2015-2016, with a sample of 493 elderly people. The variables used were age, sex, the reason for hospitalization, Identification of Elderly at Risk (ISAR), delirium during hospitalization using the Confusion Assessment Method, frailty using the Edmonton Scale, the impact of comorbidities by the Charlson Index and hospital immobility. Predictive variables were identified through logistic regression. Results: 469 elderly people were taken. The presence of delirium during hospitalization was mostly observed between 80 and 89 years old (n = 12), female (n = 16), with the most common reasons for hospitalization due to fractures (n = 6) and accident brain vascular (n = 11), 79% chance of surviving in one year using the Charlson Index (n = 11) and with ISAR> 2 (n = 26). There are important associations for the development of delirium for patients who have a 98% chance of surviving in one year (p = 0.05) and with ISAR <2 (p = 0.027), with a 34% increased chance and 38%, respectively. Conclusion: It is observed that, by the results, the predictive variables of inhospital delirium are patients with a 98% chance of survival and with ISAR <2.
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Fairlie, Anne, Christine Lee, and Mary Larimer. "Differences in Marijuana Use, Consequences, and Motives based on Young Adults’ Interest in Reducing their Marijuana Use or Consequences: May 2021 Data from a High-risk Community Sample." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.09.
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Purpose. This study contributes to our understanding of the factors associated with young adults’ interest in reducing their marijuana use or consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study compared high-risk young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their marijuana use to those who were satisfied with their marijuana use. These two groups were compared on biological sex, age, marijuana use, consequences, and 12 motives. Method. The data were part of a larger longitudinal study that recruited a community sample of young adults from the Seattle WA area (ages 18-25 at recruitment), who reported recent alcohol use and also simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. Participants were recruited through various methods including social media and Craigslist advertisements. Participants completed a baseline survey and six 2-week bursts of online daily surveys across two years as well as other follow-up surveys. Data presented here were collected in May 2021, the final follow-up assessment point. May 2021 data were collected from 376 participants (92% of the original recruited sample), and the current analyses focus on the 265 participants who reported using marijuana in the past month (50.6% females, 48.68% non-Hispanic/Latinx White, mean age = 24.58 (SD = 2.20). Results. Over one-third (37.7%, n = 100) indicated they were open to changing or currently thinking about changing their marijuana use by using less or by reducing marijuana’s negative effects. Almost two-thirds (60.4%, n = 160) indicated they were satisfied with their use of marijuana, 1.5% (n = 4) indicated they were currently seeking or in treatment for marijuana use, and 0.4% (n = 1) did not provide a response. More men (44.60%) than women (32.30%) indicated they were open to changing or currently thinking about changing their marijuana use by using less or by reducing marijuana’s negative effects. Young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their use reported significantly more hours high in a typical week and more marijuana consequences than those who were satisfied with their use of marijuana. Finally, young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their use reported significantly higher scores for the following seven marijuana motives: coping, boredom, altered perceptions, social anxiety, perceived low risk, sleep, and availability. No differences were found for five marijuana motives: enjoyment, conformity, experimentation, alcohol-related, and celebration. Conclusions. Findings underscore the potential role of negative consequences as a motivator for young adults’ interest in reducing their marijuana use. Coping motives, social anxiety motives, and sleep motives may be of particular importance with respect to young adults’ self-motivation to change and facilitating the process of change.
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Wallace, Elliot, Li-Hui Chu, and Jason Ramirez. "An Examination of Relationships Between Mental Health Symptoms, Marijuana Use Motives, and Marijuana Use Outcomes Among Late Adolescents in Washington State." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.13.
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Adolescence is a critical period of development which can be affected by the initiation and escalation of marijuana use. Examining risk factors of marijuana misuse among adolescents is a public health priority. Previous research examining depression and anxiety as risk factors for marijuana use among young adults is mixed. Some studies found a positive relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana use, while other studies have found gender-specific relationships or no relationship at all. Despite this research, little is known regarding mental health symptoms and marijuana use among adolescents. The aims of current analysis were to 1) examine associations between mental health symptoms and marijuana use behavior among adolescents, and 2) examine coping motives as a moderator of the relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana outcomes. The current study included 170 late adolescents (15-18 years old, Mage = 16.86, SDage = 0.94, 50% female) recruited from Washington State. The sample was stratified by gender and marijuana use such that participants ranged from never using marijuana to reporting heavy, regular marijuana use. Participants were asked to complete three online assessments over the course of six months. Data described here come from the first online assessment. This included a 4-item measure of mental health symptoms (depression and anxiety) in the past 2 weeks, in addition to measures of marijuana use, marijuana-related consequences, and marijuana use motives. A series of initial linear regression models that controlled for age and sex found that mental health symptoms were not significantly associated with typical marijuana use (p > .05) but were significantly positively associated with marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.33, p < .001). Additional models that also included coping motives found that stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect was associated with more hours high in a typical week (β = 0.25, p < .05) and more marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.24, p < .05). There were no significant interactions between coping motives and mental health symptoms in predicting either marijuana use or consequences (ps > .05). The findings suggest that adolescents who report more mental health symptoms do not necessarily use more marijuana than those who report fewer symptoms, but may be at greater risk for experiencing negative consequences as a result of their usage. Additionally, the results suggest a stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect is related to greater marijuana use and risk for experiencing negative consequences. No evidence of moderation was found suggesting the relationships between mental health symptoms and marijuana use outcomes do not vary as a function of coping motives. Screening during adolescence for early signs of mental health symptoms to predict risk may be beneficial towards preventing negative outcomes and providing early interventions for marijuana misuse.
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Ramirez, Jason, Christine Lee, Elliot Wallace, and Kristen Lindgren. "Development and Initial Validation of Marijuana Identity Implicit Associations Tests among Late Adolescents in Washington State." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.13.
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The current climate surrounding adolescent marijuana use in the U.S. is facing unprecedented circumstances. Rates of daily use are at or near all-time highs and perceptions of risk are at an all-time low in the history of the Monitoring the Future study among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. These rates are occurring despite research demonstrating worse long-term health outcomes associated with earlier age of marijuana use onset and increasing THC levels among marijuana products. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify risk factors that may represent screening markers of risk or targets for prevention and intervention among adolescents. One important risk factor for alcohol and tobacco is the extent to which one identifies with each substance. This aspect of identity can be measured with adaptations of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a reaction time measure that aims to assess associations held in memory between constructs (e.g., marijuana and one’s self-concept). The aim of the current study was to develop and test two Marijuana Identity IATs among late adolescents in Washington State, one using images and another using words to represent marijuana and its control category. The current study included 169 adolescents between the ages of 15-18 (Mean age = 16.9, SD age = 0.9, 50% female, 66% high school student) with recruitment stratified by marijuana use (to include participants that range from non-users to heavy users) and gender. Data described here come from the online baseline assessment that included the Marijuana Identity IATs and self-report measures of marijuana use, consequences, and explicit (i.e., self-reported) marijuana identification. Results from the IATs reveal two normal distributions of IAT scores that were both positive on average indicating faster reaction times when marijuana was categorized with the self (and a neutral category categorized with other people). Split-half reliabilities of the IATs revealed internal consistencies in the range of previous substance-related IATs (word-based IAT, r = 0.52; imaged-based IAT, r = 0.40). In negative binomial regression models that controlled for age and sex, both IATs were significantly associated with use and consequences such that faster reaction times categorizing marijuana with the self were associated with more marijuana use and consequences (ps< .01). When controlling for self-reported identification marijuana, only the image-based IAT was significantly associated with marijuana use and consequences (ps< .05). The findings demonstrate relationships between IAT performance and marijuana use outcomes that compare favorably to past marijuana-related IATs lending support to implicit associations between the marijuana and the self as an important marker of marijuana use behaviors. Despite this promise, the relative inferiority of the internal consistency of these IATs to self-report measures may limit their utility as tools for screening. Future experimental and longitudinal research is warranted however, to examine identification with marijuana as a causal candidate for marijuana misuse to examine its potential as a prevention and intervention target.
Reports on the topic "Sex offenders risk assessment"
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Chinaglia, Magda, Waimar Tun, Maeve Mello, Magdalena Insfran, and Juan Diaz. Assessment of risk factors for HIV infection in female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2.1014.
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de Mello, Maeve, Adriana Pinho, Magda Chinaglia, Waimar Tun, Aristides Junior, Maria Cristina, F. J. Ilario, et al. Assessment of risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in the metropolitan area of Campinas City, Brazil, using respondent-driven sampling. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2.1004.
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Rancans, Elmars, Jelena Vrublevska, Ilana Aleskere, Baiba Rezgale, and Anna Sibalova. Mental health and associated factors in the general population of Latvia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/0mqsi9.
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Description The goal of the study was to assess mental health, socio-psychological and behavioural aspects in the representative sample of Latvian general population in online survey, and to identify vulnerable groups during COVID-19 pandemic and develop future recommendations. The study was carried out from 6 to 27 July 2020 and was attributable to the period of emergency state from 11 March to 10 June 2020. The protocol included demographic data and also data pertaining to general health, previous self-reported psychiatric history, symptoms of anxiety, clinically significant depression and suicidality, as well as a quality of sleep, sex, family relationships, finance, eating and exercising and religion/spirituality, and their changes during the pandemic. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used to determine the presence of distress or depression, the Risk Assessment of Suicidality Scale was used to assess suicidal behaviour, current symptoms of anxiety were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. (2021-02-04) Subject Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keyword: COVID19, pandemic, depression, anxiety, suicidality, mental health, Latvia
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OLUWASANYA, Grace, Ayodetimi OMONIYI, Duminda PERERA, Manzoor QADIR, and Kaveh MADANI. Unmasking the Unseen: The Gendered Impacts of Water Quality, Sanitation and Hygiene. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr24gar011.
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This report investigated the interplay between water quality, sanitation, hygiene and gender by examining distinct variables of water quality and their varying impacts on gender like reported water-related illnesses of males and females, and the consequences of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on menstrual hygiene practices, particularly focusing on a low- and middle-income country- LMICs. This report presents the key findings, outlining a framework and guidance for examining gender-specific impacts stemming from poor water quality and WASH practices through a piloted case study in Abeokuta City, Nigeria, to serve as a preliminary guide for conducting comprehensive, site-specific assessments. The piloted Differential Impacts Assessment, DIA framework is a 5-step approach, guiding the evaluation of gendered impacts from method design to the field activities, which include water sampling and laboratory analysis, public survey, and health data collection, to the data and gender analysis. The focus on low- and middle-income countries underscores the importance of DIA in such regions for better health and socioeconomic outcomes, promoting inclusive development. The study results reveal unsettling, largely unseen gender disparities in exposure to health-related risks associated with non-utility water sources and highlight pronounced differences in water source preferences and utilization, the burden of water sourcing and collection, and health- and hygiene-related practices. Specifically, this preliminary assessment indicates an alarming inadequacy in accessing WASH services within the pilot study area, raising considerable doubts about achieving SDG 6 by 2030. While this finding is worrying, this report also discusses the lack of a standardized protocol for monitoring water-related impacts utilizing sex-disaggregated data, shedding light on the unseen global-scale gendered impacts. The report warns about the water safety of non-utility water sources. Without point-of-use treatment and water safety protocols, the water sources are unsuitable for potable uses, potentially posing compounded health risks associated with microbial contaminations and high calcium content, particularly affecting boys. Girls are likely the most affected by the repercussions of water collection, including time constraints, health implications, and safety concerns. Men and boys face a higher risk related to poor hygiene, while women may be more susceptible to health effects stemming from toilet cleaning responsibilities and shared sanitation facilities. Despite the preference for disposable sanitary pads among most women and girls, women maintain better menstrual hygiene practices than girls. This age-specific disparity highlights potential substantial health risks for girls in the near and distant future. Enhancing women's economic status could improve access to superior healthcare services and significantly elevate household well-being. The report calls for targeted actions, including urgent planning and implementation of robust water safety protocols for non-utility self-supply systems and mainstreaming gender concerns and needs as the “6th” accelerator for SDG 6. The piloted methodology is scalable and serves as an introductory guide that can be further refined to explore and track site-specific differential health and socioeconomic effects of inadequate water quality, especially in locales similar to the study area. The report targets policymakers and donor organizations advocating for sustainable water resource development, public health, human rights, and those promoting gender equality globally
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Estimating the cost and effectiveness of different STI management strategies for sex workers in Madagascar. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2002.1002.
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In Madagascar, the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a serious public health problem, particularly among sex workers. A Horizons study conducted in 2000 found approximately two-thirds of female sex workers had an STI, although few were infected with HIV. Since the link between STIs and transmission of HIV has been well established, affordable strategies to manage STIs among sex workers need to be developed. Study investigators also assessed STI management practices in health facilities in two urban areas of Madagascar. Health practitioners were using a syndromic approach, which may be appropriate for managing certain STIs in the general population but is less appropriate for sex workers who may have multiple, often asymptomatic infections. Diagnosing STIs with laboratory tests would make medical visits prohibitively expensive. Researchers developed a risk profile for various STIs based on characteristics of women that present with each STI, such as age, number of partners, symptoms. The investigators hypothesized that a risk assessment tool using these profiles would result in more appropriate and effective STI treatment for sex workers. This summary presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of different strategies to manage STIs among sex workers in Madagascar.