Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex discrimination against women – Europe

Academic literature on the topic 'Sex discrimination against women – Europe'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex discrimination against women – Europe"

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Rufanova, Viktoriia Mykolaivna. "Formation of the modern paradigm of countering gender-based violence in the activities of international organizations." Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 2, no. 16 (December 20, 2021): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2021.16.244320.

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The author conducted a retrospective review of the activities of international organizations through the prism of their role in forming the legislative foundation for combating gender-based violence. It is noted that for the first time at the international level the norm of equality of all people was enshrined in Art. 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. An important step towards combating gender-based violence was the signing in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. The Istanbul Convention visualizes the issue of gender-based violence. It has been determined that women and girls are increasingly exposed to severe forms of violence, such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, forced marriage, crimes committed in the name of so-called "honor", and genital mutilation, which constitutes a significant violation of human rights. for women and girls and is a major obstacle to achieving equality between women and men. The author singles out three conditional periods of formation of the modern paradigm of counteraction to gender - based violence in the activity of international organizations: 1) 1945 - 1974. The basic foundations of gender equality are laid at the level of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Combating gender-based violence was not considered through the prism of sex discrimination. The activities of the world community were aimed primarily at combating discrimination against women in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres of society. 2) 1975-2010.During this period, all 4 World Conferences on the Status of Women were held. In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Articles 30 of the Convention clearly define discrimination against women and propose an agenda for action at the national level to end such discrimination. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, adopted by the General Assembly in 1993, contains a definition of violence against women. 3) 2011 - to the present time. This period covers the process of realizing the scale of the spread of gender-based violence. A key event of this period was the adoption in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. Activation of the world community to intensify the fight against gender-based violence. Adoption of sustainable development goals, in which gender equality is recognized as the general idea (Goal 5) and condition of sustainable development.
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Nemtoi, Gabriela. "Tools for Regulating Women’s Rights." European Journal of Law and Public Administration 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/8.1/144.

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Acts that that guarantee the specific rights of women are various national regulations on conventions and instruments of international and European law. Several international legislative instruments - conventions involving obligations for acceding states, as well as political declarations of universal value - prohibit the gender-based exclusion from the exercise of all rights of any individual but especially of women. One such instrument is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as the United Nations International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other conventions of this organization, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. However, there are several Conventions of the International Labour Organization in this area, or Action Plans approved at the last major UN conferences, especially those dedicated especially to the situation of women that took place in Beijing in September 1995. The current situation has shown that women are a product that imposes protection against discrimination of any kind. The status of women through the new regulations now opens a new perspective. There are currently regional instruments, in particular those of the Council of Europe - the European Convention on Human Rights - that prohibit discrimination based on sex.
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Jiménez-Lasserrotte, María del Mar, Esperanza López-Domene, José Manuel Hernández-Padilla, Cayetano Fernández-Sola, Isabel María Fernández-Medina, Karim El Marbouhe El Faqyr, Iria Dobarrio-Sanz, and José Granero-Molina. "Understanding Violence against Women Irregular Migrants Who Arrive in Spain in Small Boats." Healthcare 8, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030299.

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African irregular migrants risk their lives crossing the Mediterranean Sea in small boats hoping to reach Europe. Women irregular migrants (WIMs) are an especially vulnerable group that suffer from violence and sexual aggression, but little is known about their actual experiences. The objective of our study is to describe and understand the violence against WIMs who arrive in Spain in small boats. A qualitative study based on Gadamer’s phenomenology was used. The data collection included twenty-six in-depth interviews with WIMs. Three main themes arose: “Poverty and discrimination push WIMs into migrating”; “WIMs as a paradigm of extreme vulnerability”, and “WIMs in small boats should raise the alarm”. WIMs who arrive to Europe in small boats have a history of violence, rape, prostitution, forced pregnancy, and human trafficking. Emergency care must include gynecological examinations and must make detecting sexual violence and human trafficking of WIMs part of their care protocols.
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Burke, Ciarán, and Alexandra Molitorisová. "Reservations/Declarations under the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (cedaw) in Light of Sex/Gender Constitutional Debates." International Human Rights Law Review 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 188–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802002.

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The decisions of the governments of Slovakia, Bulgaria and Latvia not to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) caused a turmoil within the Council of Europe system. This article first examines the respective rationales provided to justify the states’ decisions not to ratify the Convention. Against the background of the Bulgarian Constitutional Court’s recent decision, legal advice provided to the governments of Slovakia and Latvia and various public announcements, the present article examines legal, cultural, linguistic and societal arguments put forward by the respective governments against ratification. It then revisits the interpretative declarations submitted by Poland, Lithuania, Croatia and Latvia against the Convention’s narrow reservation regime. The article then compares the situation ignited by the Istanbul Convention with the reservation regime under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (cedaw) and the so-called Sharia reservations. It highlights the interconnectedness of the two treaties as well as their differences, while shedding light on the treaties’ reservations/declarations regimes. In so doing, a discussion is offered of the advantages and disadvantages of wider and narrower reservation regimes in treaties pertaining to the rights of women. The article concludes by pointing to the implications for the validity and effectiveness of the interpretative declarations submitted by the EU countries in question if the Istanbul Convention and cedaw are not treaties in conflict, and if the declarations are manifestly unfounded. The article also places emphasis on the role of grevio and the cedaw Committee to combat potential withdrawal tendencies via high-quality monitoring and evaluation output.
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Caldrer, Sara, Ambra Vola, Guglielmo Ferrari, Tamara Ursini, Cristina Mazzi, Valeria Meroni, and Anna Beltrame. "Toxoplasma gondii Serotypes in Italian and Foreign Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study Using a Homemade ELISA Test." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081577.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite responsible for human toxoplasmosis. The three major clonal lineages and different recombinant strains of T. gondii have a varied global distribution. This study aimed at evaluating the epidemiological distribution of types II and I–III and recombinant or mixed T. gondii in Italians and foreigners residing in Italy, establishing an association between serotypes and demographic characteristics. We collected the sera of 188 subjects who had tested positive for specific T. gondii antibodies. The population was differentiated into groups based on sex, nationality, and place of birth (Italy, Africa, South America, Asia, or Europe (except Italy)). We then performed a homemade ELISA test that detected both the antibodies against the amino acid sequences of the three main genotype antigens (I–III) in human sera and discerned the T. gondii strains. Serotype II of T. gondii was the most prevalent in the Italian population, whereas type I–III was the most prevalent in the foreign group. Surprisingly, we observed a notable amount of recombinant or mixed serotypes in European and Italian subjects. Moreover, we showed a significant difference in the prevalence of T. gondii serotypes between men and women, Italians, and foreigners. This descriptive study is the first to investigate the epidemiological distribution of T. gondii serotypes in humans in Italy using a homemade ELISA. We considered this technique suitable for discriminating between serotypes II and I–III and, consequently, for an epidemiological study focusing on the observation of circulating T. gondii strains and clinical correlations.
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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Laws. Part 2." Arab Law Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2010): 225–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x504962.

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AbstractThis article focuses on several different issues of discrimination against women. While some such discriminatory issues are based on law, others are in fact based on just a matter of practice. Interestingly enough, some of the sex discrimination issues actually dispute the Shari‘a. One example can be found in education. The Shari‘a encourages education for both sexes while, historically, women have been denied education. The importance of mentioning the Shari‘a here is that, while Kuwait claims that it is an Islamic country and devoted to the Shari‘a, especially when it comes to women, this article proves that it is culture, not the Shari‘a, that represses women.
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Baker, Lesley. "Sex Discrimination Against Part-Time Workers: The “Biggs” Issues for Women." Feminist Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (May 1998): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03359632.

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Firdaus, Nada, and Yulistiyanti Yulistiyanti. "DISCRIMINATION OF GENDER AGAINST WOMEN IN THE NOVEL KIM JI-YOUNG, BORN 1982 BY CHO NAM-JOO." Dinamika Bahasa dan Budaya 17, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/bb.v17i2.9068.

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Sex-based discrimination includes gender discrimination. The fundamental cause of gender discrimination against women is that patriarchal ideology shapes society’s attitudes and behaviors. This study examines how women are treated differently because of their gender in the novel Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982. This study aims to find out the types and impacts of gender discrimination against women in the novel. This study is categorized as qualitative research and uses a feminism approach. The feminism theory presented in Simone de Beauvoir’s book The Second Sex (1949) is used by the researcher to analyze the novel. The researcher discovered two types of gender discrimination in Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982; gender discrimination in domestic spaces and gender discrimination in public spaces. The five different forms of gender discrimination in domestic spaces are; (1) the expectation that women should have male offspring, (2) the favoritism toward sons over daughters, (3) the idea that sons are the ones who ensure the success of the family, (4) woman as a reproducer, and (5) woman as a housewife. The novel also shows three forms of gender discrimination in public spaces; (1) discrimination toward women in school, (2) discrimination toward women in the workplace, and (3) sexual harassment of women. Furthermore, the main character, Kim Ji-Young, experiences gender discrimination against women, and the impacts of the gender discrimination on Kim Ji-Young are feeling inferior and experiencing mental changes. Keywords: gender discrimination, feminism, patriarchy ideology, novel
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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Family Law. Part 1." Arab Law Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2010): 119–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x497312.

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Family Law in Middle Eastern countries in general and in Kuwait in particular has always been an example of the subordination of women in areas such as marriage, divorce, alimony, and custody. Since Family Law is based on the Shari'a, some jurisprudents claim that it is fair to all women and that claiming otherwise is speaking against the Shari'a. However, this article is meant to get to the root of Family Law articles that show unjust treatment of women. Much of such injustice depends on the opinions of some jurisprudents with no evidence from either the Qur'ān or the Hadīth, while other articles that are rooted in the Qur'ān can be interpreted in different ways that provide a certain degree of justice to women.
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Siddiq, Hafifa, Najmeh Maharlouei, Babak Najand, Arash Rahmani, and Hossein Zare. "Immigration Status, Educational Level, and Perceived Discrimination in Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 2222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032222.

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Background: Multiple studies have been conducted to test the moderating effect of immigration on the positive health results yielded through educational attainment. However, no study has been conducted to examine the role of immigration as a moderator in the association between educational level and perceived discrimination in Europe. Aim: We aimed to study whether an inverse association exists between educational level and perceived discrimination in European countries and whether immigration status moderates the association between educational level and perceived discrimination. Methods: Data from the 10th round of the cross-sectional European Social Survey (ESS) were used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 17,596 participants between 15–90 years old who lived in European countries were included. The independent variable was educational level, a categorical variable, and the dependent variable was perceived discrimination. Immigration status was the moderator, and age and sex were confounders. Results: Of 17,596 participants, 16,632 (94.5%) were native-born and 964 were immigrants (5.5%). We found that higher levels of educational level were protective against perceived discrimination, which was also found in immigrant participants; however, the effect was weaker. Conclusions: This study found that educational level was a protective factor against perceived discrimination. This effect, however, was more robust in the native-born participants than in their immigrant counterparts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex discrimination against women – Europe"

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Yau, Kin-man Angela. "Changes in educational and working opportunities for women of China and Japan." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31953335.

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Chwang, Lam-ying Constance. "Working women in Japan and Hong Kong." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13022180.

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Cheung, Wing-kan Simon. "The changing role of women police officers in the Royal Hong Kong Police during the past ten years." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18596514.

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Bundens, Robert William. "The effects of employee gender, performance level, and decision-maker's dogmatism on causal attributions and personnel decisions /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1986. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8605247.

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Bougie, Evelyne. "Group processes and the perception of discrimination." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64323.pdf.

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Du, Preez Martelizé. "The construction of multiple identites in the display of women as objects of desire and submission /." Link to the onlline version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1014.

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Campbell, Sarah Ann Sparks. "Female infanticide in China and India: a comparative study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29520253.

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Yona, Noxolo Nondwe Trewhellah. "Effects of discrimination on promotion of women into top managerial positions in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57.

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The effects of discrimination on promotion of women into top managerial positions is investigated in this study. In order to investigate these effects, the use of a questionnaire for survey was developed. The questionnaire consisted of thirty-one statements in which a response to each question contributed towards the results of this study. The literature study was used as an eye opener to the South African situation with comparison to other countries. The purpose of the empirical study was to determine the effects of discrimination especially in the Eastern Cape. The answers of the respondents were analysed and interpreted with relation to the findings from the literature study. Concluding remarks are provided which could assist firms in the private sector when faced with the challenge of the advancement of women and the implementation of the Labour policies which endorse the equal opportunity programme.
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Edwards, Larry Guy. "Dimensions of gender discrimination in Oklahoma's system of higher education : case studies /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1989.

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Deitle, Lisa A. "Macroeconomic consequences of job discrimination agains women in Russia." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FDeitle.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert ; Second Reader: Moltz, James. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Russian economic policy, job discrimination, Russian women, macroeconomics, demographic-economic paradox Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-80). Also available in print.
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Books on the topic "Sex discrimination against women – Europe"

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1934-, Anderson Malcolm, and Buckley Mary, eds. Women, equality, and Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1988.

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Elman, R. Amy. Sexual equality in an integrated Europe. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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Frances, Gardiner, ed. Sex equality policy in Western Europe. London: Routledge, 1997.

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Linda, Dickens, Kravaritou-Manitakē Giōta, and European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions., eds. Equal opportunities and collective bargaining in Europe. Loughlinstown, Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 1996.

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Verloo, Mieke. Multiple meanings of gender equality: A critical frame analysis of gender policies in Europe. Budapest: CEU Press, 2007.

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Verloo, Mieke. Multiple meanings of gender equality: A critical frame analysis of gender policies in Europe. Budapest: CEU Press, 2007.

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Femmes de pouvoir: Une histoire de l'égalité professionnelle en Europe (XIXe-XXe siècle). Paris]: Payot, 2010.

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Kennet, Miriam, and Odeta Grabauskaitė. Green economics: Policy and practice in Eastern Europe. Reading: The Green Economics Institute (GEI), 2014.

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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Legal protection against sex discrimination: Recommendation No. R (85) 2 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 5 February 1985 and explanatory memorandum. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1985.

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Hubert, Agnès. L' Europe & les femmes: Identités en mouvement. Rennes: Apogée, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex discrimination against women – Europe"

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Argren, Rigmor, Marco Evola, Thomas Giegerich, and Ivana Krstić. "The Evolving Recognition of Gender in International and European Law." In Gender-Competent Legal Education, 261–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_8.

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AbstractThis chapter explains the development of international and European law from a gender perspective and describes how the process from a gender-neutral to a gender-sensitive approach was developed.Since 1945 and the adoption of the UN Charter, the idea of achieving greater gender equality was merged into many international documents, including the first catalog of women’s rights—Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Many principal and subsidiary bodies were established, contributing to the elimination of gender discrimination and to awareness-raising on some critical issues which were an impediment to achieving gender equality. Twenty years ago, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was adopted, due to a global effort to establish a platform as a foundation to national and international policies to ensure greater protection of women and girls, during and after, armed conflicts. International Humanitarian Law, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, also has rules that specifically seek to protect women during armed conflicts. Also, International Criminal Law has been developed to recognize extreme forms of sexual violence as international crimes.On the European level, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, several international conventions were adopted to achieve gender equality. One of the main instruments, the European Convention on Human Rights, provides broad protection from discrimination based on gender, established in a comprehensive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The EU has a set of primary and secondary sources on anti-discrimination, which provides comprehensive protection from gender discrimination and serves as an inspiring model to States candidates and other European countries.
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Sundstrom, Lisa McIntosh, Valerie Sperling, and Melike Sayoglu. "Turkish Gender Discrimination Cases in Domestic and International Courts." In Courting Gender Justice, 175–224. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932831.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 is a comparative inquiry into the international and domestic opportunity structure for gender discrimination court cases. The chapter asks, how generalizable are the barriers and opportunities to bringing sex-based discrimination cases to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from Russia to other Council of Europe member states? The chapter examines social, interpersonal, and material barriers to bringing gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in Turkey. It looks at types of gender discrimination, including domestic violence and honor killing, as well as violence against members of the LGBT community, such as hate crimes. The chapter includes an in-depth analysis of discrimination cases from Turkey regarding both women and LGBT citizens, and finds that, with a few illuminating exceptions, the barriers in Turkey are similar to those in Russia (these include reluctance to go to court, stereotypical attitudes toward sex-based and LGBT discrimination among law enforcement and in the courts, a lack of statistical data to prove patterns of discrimination, lengthy procedures and unsatisfying court decisions and/or implementation of decisions, and a lack of legal training on discrimination). In addition to discussing important gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in domestic court in Turkey, the chapter covers ECtHR rulings on Turkish cases, as well as the impact of the Convention on Eliminating All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence.
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Sundstrom, Lisa McIntosh, Valerie Sperling, and Melike Sayoglu. "International Obstacles to Russian Gender Discrimination Cases at the European Court of Human Rights." In Courting Gender Justice, 135–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932831.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 takes up the international obstacles to successful gender discrimination claims at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), both across the Council of Europe, and from Russia specifically. The reluctance of the Court until recently to find violations of Article 14 alongside violations of other articles of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the limited set of circumstances in which discrimination falls under the Convention’s jurisdiction, and the very high bar of evidence required to prove discrimination, all play a large part in explaining the Court’s miniscule case record on gender discrimination. Yet we also document how the Court has become more open in the past several years to finding sex-based discrimination violations, in part due to the diffusion of successful logics of argument among women’s rights lawyers, as well as the emergence of standards in other international women’s rights conventions that the ECtHR has begun to acknowledge, such as the Convention on Eliminating All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The chapter discusses a variety of landmark cases at the ECtHR in this area, such as Opuz v. Turkey and Konstantin Markin v. Russia.
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Mulder, Jule. "Remote Working, Working from Home, and EU Sex Discrimination Law." In Exponential Inequalities, 276–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192872999.003.0015.

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Abstract The chapter discusses how EU sex discrimination law can respond to new work-life arrangements that are emerging due to the worldwide pandemic and put significant emphasis on flexibility and working from home. While flexible remote work arrangements can help carers to organize their work responsibilities around (unpaid) care responsibilities, such working arrangements can also carry significant disadvantages, as workers with care responsibilities have to renegotiate their private arrangements to accommodate work. For example, the creation of reasonable workspaces and time at home may seriously interfere with the way families’ private lives are organized and the absence from the workplace may mean that workers miss out on opportunities for progression and career development. Given that care responsibilities remain gendered across the EU and women are more likely to belong to the poorer parts of society or to be single parents, it is likely that these additional burdens fall on women more significantly than men. Against this background, the chapter considers remote work arrangements in the light of EU non-discrimination law. First, it evaluates how (indirect) sex discrimination law can facilitate access to and enjoyment of this new workplace organization and protect workers from disadvantages associated with them. Specially, it discusses how disadvantages within the private sphere can be considered under the scope of disadvantages recognized under the concept of indirect sex discrimination, as the Court of Justice of the European Union has often separated the public and private sphere. Secondly, it analyses to what degree employers indeed need to accommodate the enjoyment of such work rearrangements.
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Szyszczak, Erika. "The Fight Against Sex Discrimination." In A People’s Europe, 67–84. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429464638-3.

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Tai, Eika. "Discrimination against Women." In Comfort Women Activism, 105–30. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528455.003.0005.

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Feminist scholars argue that the licensed prostitution system, a system of sexual slavery created in prewar Japan to complement the patriarchal system, became the basis of the wartime comfort women system. They have begun to examine the comfort women issue in relation to contemporary issues of sexual violence such as adult videos, pointing out that deep-seated sex culture of Japan as a reason for the social resistance against taking responsibility for the issue. Activists in the comfort women movement include those involved in the women’s liberation movement of the early 1970s, in which the comfort women issue was problematized. One such activist, Tanimoto Ayako, criticizes in her narrative the commodification of women, pointing to similarities between survivors of Japan’s military sexual slavery and those of domestic violence in today’s Japan. In their narratives, Nakagawa Kayoko and Yamagata Junko talk about how they have struggled with pervasive gender discrimination in Japanese society from a human rights framework and from a perspective of Christianity, respectively.
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Ogilvie, Sheilagh. "Guilds and Women." In The European Guilds, 232–306. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691137544.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses how guilds balanced the benefits that their members derived from cheap and productive female workers against the threat posed by female competitors. One of the most far-reaching ways in which guilds manipulated markets was by restricting the economic options of half the population—women. Indeed, some guilds absolutely forbade any activity by any females. However, most guilds granted masters' wives and widows the right to work, at least in a conditional and limited way; some extended this to daughters and other dependent female family members; and a few admitted female masters. There were even a few guilds set up by women themselves, though usually under male tutelage. Ultimately, pre-industrial guilds provide a fruitful context for analysing the cultural, technological, and institutional determinants of economic discrimination—and its potential costs for economic performance.
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Edwards *, Alice. "Violence Against Women as Sex Discrimination: Judging the Jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies." In Equality and Non-Discrimination under International Law, 389–448. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315094410-17.

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Taylor, Stephen, and Astra Emir. "17. Sex-related characteristics (gender reassignment, marital status, pregnancy, sexual orientation)." In Employment Law, 289–301. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806752.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses the law on discrimination due to the protected characteristics of gender reassignment, marital status and civil partnership, and pregnancy and maternity. The Sex Discrimination Act as originally drafted only prohibited discrimination on grounds of sex and marital status. However, civil partners are now treated in the same way as married people. Transgender people, who live as someone of the opposite gender, are protected from discrimination. They can also change their birth certificates so that their new gender is reflected there. Pregnant women have a right not to be discriminated against, and this is a free-standing right. People are entitled not to be discriminated against because of their sexual orientation. The prohibition against sex discrimination covers heterosexuals as well as homosexual people.
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Saade, Marta Vides. "Procedural Remedies as Continuing Violations and Therapeutic Jurisprudence as Best Practice to Prevent Workplace Harassment in the United States." In Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Overcoming Violence Against Women, 147–70. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2472-4.ch010.

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The well-being of adversaries and witnesses participating in workplace gender and sex discrimination actions filed under federal and state laws in the United States is generally not considered as important. These actions are typically initiated within the personal workplace where the offending conduct presumably occurred, and proceed in an already tension filled atmosphere. The effect is that the procedure itself becomes an additional violation harming claimants through overt and micro-aggressions. These practices have focused on “rule” not “relational” principles. Conventional law and policy frameworks inadequately address the harms these processes promote. This chapter will move from the limitations of rights-based regulation to a jurisprudence of imperfect obligations and vulnerability, incorporating therapeutic understandings of needs and relationships, as the more inclusive and equitable foundation of institutional practices. It offers “best practices” models in therapeutic jurisprudence as alternatives to resolve workplace conflicts.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sex discrimination against women – Europe"

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Karaman, Ebru. "Government’s Responsibility to Prevent the Violence against Women in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01228.

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Violence against women, which is accepted as a violation of human right in Turkey and in whole world for many years, causes physical and mental harms by practicing all kind of personal and collective behavior including force and pressure. Femicides have increased 1400% in the last seven years and one of every three women is subjected to violence. It is doubtful that in international law; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and Council of Europe Convention and in additional to this in national law; The 1982 Constitution and The Law to Protect Family and Prevent Violence Against Women can provide effective guarantee to protect the place of woman in Turkish Society or not? Despite all of the legislative regulations, the violence against women in Turkey increasingly goes on. For this reason it is crucial to evaluate the articles no 5th, 10th, 17th, 41st and 90th of Constitution which compose the legal basis for preventing violence against women. Republic of Turkey’s founding philosophy bases on equality of women and men, which means equal rights for every single citizen. To end this violence against women; can be achieve only through provide this equality legally and defacto, and also, apply social state’s principles in real life. Because in social states, struggling against this violence should be accepted as government’s policy. The state should be in cooperation with all women's organizations and provide training for related trade bodies.
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