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Martinez, Bengochea Anabel Lee. "Insights of sex determination and sex differentiation in fish /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190916.
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Orientador: Rafael Henrique NóbregaResumo: A decisão sobre se uma gônada bipotencial se desenvolverá em um testículo ou em um ovário é considerado um estágio crítico na diferenciação sexual dos vertebrados. A administração de esteróides exógenos durante este período pode afetar essa plasticidade, promovendo a diferenciação sexual na direção feminina ou masculina. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento de 17β-estradiol no desenvolvimento de Astyanax altiparanae (lambari), através de análises histológicas e de análises de expressão genica de possíveis genes envolvidos em vias masculinas e femininas. Para isso, larvas com gônadas indiferenciadas foram alimentadas com Artemia contendo diferentes concentrações de estradiol durante 28 dias, desde o 1 dia pós-eclosão (dpe) até o período que precede a diferenciação gonadal. Nossos resultados mostraram que o E2 modificou o fenotípo e a relação sexual histológica e, surpreendentemente, induziu intersexo com com a presença de óvulos nos testículos nas concentrações de 2 e 6 mg de E2/kg de alimento. Esses dados são uma evidência clara de que o tratamento utilizado não foi suficiente para induzir a reversão completa do sexo em A. altiparanae. Em termos de expressão gênica, o tratamento com E2 (6 mg/kg de alimento) produziu uma notável plasticidade gonadal entre machos e fêmeas aos 90 dias após a eclosão (dph). Os machos, denominados “machos resistentes ao estradiol”, superexpressaram os genes masculinos, como dmrt1, sox9 e amh. Dessa forma, nó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The decision whether a bipotential gonad will become a testis or ovary is considered a critical stage in vertebrate sex determination. Administration of exogenous steroids can affect this plasticity by skewing the sex gonadal differentiation towards a male or female. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) diet on Astyanax altiparanae (lambari) development, focusing on the gonadal development and gene expression analysis of possible candidate genes involved in either male or female pathways. Larvae with undifferentiated gonads were fed with steroid diet containing different concentrations of E2 during 28 days, from the mouth opening until a period that precedes the gonadal differentiation. Animals were sampled at 90 days post-hatching (dhp) for histology and gene expression analysis. Our results showed that E2 disrupted both phenotypic and histological sex ratios, and surprisingly, induced intersex with testis-ova in the concentrations of 2 and 6 mg E2/Kg food. This data is a clear evidence that the treatment used was not enough to induce complete sex reversal in A. altiparanae. However, in terms of gene expression, E2 (6mg/Kg food) induced a remarkable gonadal plasticity between males and females at 90 dph. The males, named as E2 resistant males, overexpressed the male-biased genes, such as dmrt1, sox9 and amh. We suggested that these males were able to resist the E2-induced feminization by the expression of genes related to testis differentiat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Chipungu, Patrick M. K. "Tilapia genetics : survival, growth and sex differentiation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17765.
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Production of all-male tilapia for aquaculture is assuming an increasingly important role. An important pre-requisite to repeated obtainment of monosex tilapia is a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differentiation. Histological observations on gonadal morphorgonesis and sex differentiation provided basic data for hormonal sex manipulation in four commercially important species. Results indicate that gonadal morphogenesis starts at different times ranging from eight days after hatching in 0. mossambicus to 17 days in 0. niloticus. Sex differentiation followed a similar pattern, and ranged from 22 days in O. mossambicus to 36 days in 0. niloticus. The effects of subjecting fish to different rearing temperatures was assessed. No significant influence was found on sex ratio of treated fish. Observations on offspring sex ratio in intraspecific breeding and interspecific hybridization demonstrated that significant differences between batches are a common occurrance and their regularity cannot be adequately explained on the basis of sex chromosome theory alone. Treating fish with synthetic androgen (17 alpha methyltestosterone) and synthetic oestrogen, (17 alpha ethenylestradiol) resulted in species specific and dosage dependant differences in sex ratios. Results also revealed significant differences in sex ratios of different batches of fish subjected to the same treatment, thus demonstrating that success rate in sex inversion varies not only between species and between stocks, but in sib groups as well. Results of intraspecific and interspecific breeding suggest that sex determination in tilapia is under the influence of multiple factors. Results of hormone treatments indicate variations in inversion rate at batch level, thus demonstrating presence of individual differences in lability. On the basis of results from these four experiments, it is hypothesized that sex in tilapia is influenced by multiple genes and the fishes' propencity to change sex varies in individual fish. Progeny testing oestrogen sex inversed fish indicates that on the basis of the chromosome theory of sex determination, S. galileaus and O. niloticus are female homogametic, while O, macrochir is female heterogametic. The implications of the results obtained in this study for production of all-male tilapia are briefly discussed.
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Clement, Tracy M. "Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and testis differentiation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/t_clement_050709.pdf.
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Tavallaee, Ghazaleh. "Molecular mechanism of SRY action during testicular differentiation in the mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112313.
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SRY (Sex determining Region of Y chromosome) is the master gene initiating testis determination in mammals. To shed light on the molecular mechanism of SRY action during testicular differentiation, we examined the effects of TAT-HMG fusion protein on gonadal sex differentiation in culture. HMG is the DNA binding motif of SRY and "TAT" is a protein transduction domain. Each pair of CD1 mouse gonadal primordia at 11.5 days post coitum (dpc) was cultured with or without TAT-HMG dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) up to 3 days. Immunocytochemical labeling and Real-time RT-PCR of Sry, Sox9 and Mis indicated that DMSO blocked testicular differentiation, Sertoli cell differentiation and testis cords formation, downstream of SRY. TUNEL showed a massive mesenchymal cell death, which might be responsible for disruption of testis cord formation. Treatment with TAT-HMG rescued Sertoli cell differentiation, probably by up regulation of Sry, but not testis cord formation or cell death.
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Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen, R. (Renata). "Role of Wnt4 signaling in mammalian sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct differentiation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526204727.
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Abstract Mammalian female sex development was considered a default developmental pathway. However, the deletion of the Wnt4 gene, a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals, was shown to reverse the sex of XX female mouse embryo and caused exhibition of certain male characteristics. This indicated that the female sexual development cannot be default but depends on active signaling and cell-cell interaction. The aim of the current study was to reveal the functional role of the Wnt4 gene in the control of sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct formation. This study demonstrates that testosterone is produced by the ovary of Wnt4-deficient female embryos. The inhibition of androgen action by an antiandrogen, flutamide, during gestation leads to complete degeneration of the Wolffian ducts in 80% of the Wnt4 mutant females. This suggests that testosterone is the possible mediator of the masculinization phenotype in Wnt4-deficient females. Wnt4 is expressed by ovarian somatic cells, which are vital for the control of female germline development. This work has shown that Wnt4 is the factor maintaining germ cell cysts, cell-cell interaction and early follicular gene expression. In addition, the findings indicate a critical role for Wnt4/5a signaling in meiosis. Our research has proven that Wnt4 has roles during postnatal ovary development as its defective signaling leads to premature ovarian failure associated with diminished Amh levels, defective basement membrane and cell polarization. The Mullerian duct, the anlagen of oviduct, uterus and upper part of vagina, does not form in Wnt4-deficient females. This study indicates that Wnt4 is needed for migration initiation and maintenance during Mullerian duct formation prenatally. During the postnatal uterine differentiation Wnt4 is essential for endometrial gland formation. The present study provides new evidence for Wnt4 function during embryonic and adult female sexual differentiationTiivistelmä Nisäkkäiden naaraspuolista kehitystä pidettiin aiemmin sukupuolisen erilaistumiskehityksen oletusarvona. Signaloivien proteiinien Wnt-perheeseen kuuluvan Wnt4-geenin puutteen todettiin kuitenkin johtavan XX naarasalkion sukupuolen kääntymisen koiraaksi sekä aiheuttavan tiettyjä koiraille ominaisia piirteitä. Tämä osoitti, ettei naaraspuolinen kehitys ole oletusarvo, vaan se riippuu aktiivisesta signaloinnista ja solujen välisestä interaktiosta. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää Wnt4-geenin roolia sukupuolen määräytymisessä, munasarjojen kehittymisessä sekä naaraan sukupuolitiehyitten muodostumisessa. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että munasarjat tuottavat testosteronia niillä naaraspuolisilla alkioilla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. 80 prosentilla naaraista, joilla on Wnt4-geenin puute, androgeenivaikutuksen esto raskauden aikana annettavalla antiandrogeenilla, flutamidilla, estää sukupuolen vaihtumisen fenotyypin. Tämä viittaa siihen, että testosteroni toimii mahdollisena koiraan fenotyypin välittäjänä naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Wnt4 ilmentyy munasarjojen somaattisissa soluissa, jotka ovat tärkeitä naaraspuolisen ituradan kehityksen säätelyn kannalta. Väitöstutkimus osoittaa, että Wnt4 on itusoluryppäitä, solujen välistä interaktiota sekä varhaista follikkeligeeni-ilmentymistä ylläpitävä tekijä. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että Wnt4/5a -signaloinnilla on tärkeä rooli meioosissa. Tutkimus osoittaa lisäksi, että Wnt4 vaikuttaa munasarjojen kehitykseen myös syntymän jälkeen. Puutteellinen signalointi alentaa Anti-Müllerian hormonin tasoa, heikentää tyvikalvoa ja vähentää solujen polarisaatiota, joka johtaa ennenaikaiseen munasarjojen toiminnan hiipumiseen. Müllerin tiehyet, joista myöhemmin kehittyvät munanjohtimet, kohtu ja vaginan yläosa, jäävät kokonaan muodostumatta naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että Wnt4 on tarpeen alkioaikaiseen Müllerin tiehyen muodostavien solujen liikkeellelähtöön ja ylläpitoon. Wnt4:llä on myös keskeinen rooli kohturauhasten muodostumisessa sukukypsyyden saavuttamisen aikana ja sen jälkeen
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Doszyn, Olga. "Sex differences in neuronal differentiation of human stem cells." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384661.
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Sexual dimorphism has been long noted in human neurobiology, apparent most notably in sex-biased distribution of multiple neurological disorders or diseases, from autism spectrum disorder to Parkinson's disease. With the advances in molecular biology, genetics and epigenetics have come into focus as key players in sexually dimorphic neural development; and yet, many studies in the field of neuroscience overlook the importance of sex for the human brain. For this project, human embryonic and neural stem cells were chosen for three main reasons. Firstly, they provide an easily obtainable, scalable and physiologically native model for the early stages of development. Secondly, neural stem cells populations are retained within the adult human brain, and are implicated to play a role in cognition and mental illness, and as such are of interest in themselves. Thirdly, stem cell lines are widely used in research, including clinical trials of transplantation treatments, and for this reason should be meticulously examined and characterized. Here, the morphology, behaviour, and expression of selected genes in four stem cell lines, two of female and two of male origin, was examined in side-by-side comparisons prior to and during neuronal differentiation using a variety of methods including light microscopy, time-lapse two-photon microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. The obtained results have shown previously uncharacterised differences between those cell lines, such as a higher rate of proliferation but a slower rate of neuronal differentiation in male cell cultures compared to female cells cultivated in the same conditions, and a sex-biased expression of several markers of neuronal maturation at late stages of differentiation, as well as diverse patterns of expression of X- and Y-linked genes involved in stem cell proliferation and neural development.
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Rahm, Olivia. "Variations in Sex Differentiation : The Neurobiology of Gender Dysphoria." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17657.
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The aim of this review paper was to investigate variations in sex differentiation, andalso, examine what neurobiological underpinnings there are to gender identity andgender dysphoria. In addition, the most extreme form of gender dysphoria,transsexuality, will be described from a neurobiological perspective but also discussedin terms of the classification from DSM-5. One theory considered on how genderidentity originates is the fact that the sexual differentiation of the brain and thedifferentiation of sexual organs develop during different time periods. Alterationswere displayed in a demonstration of male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male(FTM) transsexuals that showed reversed results in cell number in a part of thehypothalamus, acronymized INAH-3 and reversal volume results in another region,acronymized BSTc. Likewise, differences in grey matter in the right putamendepended upon their natal gender. It can be concluded that there is biologicalevidence for sex differentiation and indications that lead science into consideringbiological components for gender dysphoria. This conclusion suggests for futureresearch questions focused more on the possible genetic factors of gender identity,also, consider larger sample sizes and more replications. There is still incompleteknowledge of what exactly constitutes an individual’s gender identity.
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Gamba, Thiago de Oliveira 1977. "Avaliação do dimorfismo sexual por meio de estudo antropométrico em imagens por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônicos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288978.
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Orientador: Francisco Haiter NetoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T22:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gamba_ThiagodeOliveira_M.pdf: 1982337 bytes, checksum: 59e9e9eb3c74854ff87b24acbb1ed82a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O objetivo no presente estudo foi verificar se medidas antropológicas realizadas em mandíbulas, por meio de imagem de Tomografia Computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), podem detectar o dimorfismo sexual em uma população brasileira. Adicionalmente, criar uma fórmula, a partir destas medidas para determinação do sexo. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra de 159 imagens de TCFC de indivíduos de uma população brasileira (74 homens e 85 mulheres), com idade variando de 18 a 60 anos. As imagens foram analisadas por 5 avaliadores, que realizaram seis mensurações: comprimento do ramo mandibular em altura (CR), comprimento da base mandibular (CBM), menor comprimento do ramo mandibular em largura (MCR), ângulo goníaco (AG), distância intercondilar (DIC) e distância intergoníaca (DIG), em reconstruções 3D de TCFC. Após quinze dias, as mensurações foram repetidas com 25 % da amostra. Para análise estatística, foi aplicada a Correlação Intraclasse na avaliação intra e interexaminador, Análise de Variância (ANOVA) para comparação entre os valores médios das mensurações presentes e equações binárias de Regressão Logística foram criadas para determinação do sexo. As mensurações evidenciaram valores do sexo masculino superiores aos do feminino, exceto na variável MCR que não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. As medidas com maiores índices dimórficos foram: DIG, CR, DIC, e AG. Associando estas quatro medidas obteve-se uma precisão de 95,1% na determinação do sexo, assim, foi possível concluir que a fórmula desenvolvida no presente estudo pode ser utilizada para identificação do sexo na prática forense
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether anthropological measurements taken in jaws through image cone beam CT (CBCT) could aid in detecting sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian population. Additionally, this study was aimed at creating a formula from these measurements for sex determination. Subjects (n=159) involved a Brazilian population (74 men and 85 women), aged 18-60 years. The CBCT images were analyzed by 5 reviewers, who performed six measurements in the analysis of sexual dimorphism: Ramus length (R-L); Gonion-gnathion length (G-G-L); Minimum ramus breadth (M-R-Br); Gonial angle (G-A); Bicondylar breadth (Bic-Br); and Bigonial breadth (Big-Br), reconstructions in 3D CBCT. The measurements were repeated with 25% of the sample 15 days after the first evaluation for statistical analysis, the intraclass correlation was used to evaluate intra- and inter-examiners, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean values and the binary logistic regression equations were created to determine the sex. The measurements showed higher values for males, except for M-R-Br, showing no statistically significant difference between genders. The measurements with the highest rates were dimorphic: Big-Br, R-L, Bic-Br and GA. When the four variables were associated, an accuracy of 95.1% in sex determination was observed. In conclusion, the formula developed in this study can be used for sexual differentiation in forensic settings
Mestrado
Radiologia Odontologica
Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica
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Poonlaphdecha, Srisupaph. "Recherche et caractérisation de gènes exprimés dans les gonades et le cerveau d'Oreochromis niloticus, utilisables comme marqueurs liés au sexe pour la production de populations monosexes mâles par des approches respectueuses de l'environnement." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20223.
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La connaissance et la maîtrise du déterminisme du sexe et de la différenciation sont des défis majeurs pour la production de tilapia. L'élevage de populations monosexes mâles évite les effets négatifs d'une reproduction continue et profite de la meilleure croissance des mâles. Dans le contexte d'une aquaculture durable, le développement de stratégies alternatives et écologiques est nécessaire pour le contrôle du sexe du tilapia sans avoir recours aux approches hormonales. Ces alternatives reposent sur des approches génétiques ou environnementales, en utilisant l'effet masculinisant des températures élevées appliquées au cours de la différenciation sexuelle. Dans cette thèse la recherche de gènes impliqués dans la différenciation sexuelle a été réalisée dans les gonades et le cerveau en utilisant l'analyse de certains gènes candidats. L'objectif était de développer des marqueurs putatifs pour produire des populations monosexes mâles par des approches respectueuses des consommateurs et de l'environnement. Les expressions temporelles et spatiales de cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, FOXL2, dmrt1, SOX9, DAX1 et amh ont été analysées dans plusieurs descendances de mâles ou des femelles génétiques ainsi que dans des femelles traitées à fortes températures. Leur lien avec les masculinisations par la températ ure a également été recherché sur des lignées thermosensibles de tilapia. L'un des gènes qui présente un dimorphisme sexuel important est l'amh qui est exprimé aussi bien dans les gonades que dans le cerveau pendant les premiers stades de la différenciation sexuelle. Le niveau d'expression de l'amh dans le cerveau est élevé chez les mâles quand les gonades sont toujours indifférenciées et probablement même avant la synthèse des stéroïdes gonadique. Une procédure de sexage moléculaire précoce a été développée en utilisant ce gène chez le tilapia. Cette procédure sera d'un grand intérêt pour les éleveurs et les scientifiques pour identifier rapidement des individus YY mâles avec un gain en temps et en argent, et pourra être utilisée également pour rechercher d'autres approches fiables de production de populations monosexes mâles sans l'utilisation des hormonesKnowledge and the control of sex determination and differentiation are major challenges for tilapia production. Farming of male monosex populations avoids the negative effects of a continuous reproduction and benefits from males' fast growth. In the context of a sustainable aquaculture, alternative and ecological strategies have to be developed to control sex in tilapia without hormonal treatment. These approaches will rely on genetic and environmental treatments, such as the use of masculinising high temperatures applied during sex differentiation. The search for genes implicated in sex differentiation has been performed in both gonads and brains using the analysis of candidate genes. The objective was to develop putative markers to produce male monosex populations through consumer and environmentally friendly approaches. Temporal and organ expressions of cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, foxl2, dmrt1, sox9, dax1 and amh were analysed in several progenies o f genetic males or females as well as in temperature-treated individuals. Their link with temperature masculinisation was also performed on the thermosensitive tilapia lines. One of the sexual dimorphic genes was amh which was found expressed in both gonads and brains during early stages of sex-differentiation. Brain amh was elevated in males when the gonads were still undifferentiated and probably before steroid synthesis took place. A precocious molecular sexing procedure was developed in tilapia using this gene. This procedure will be of great advantage for both farmers and scientists in identifying quickly male individuals and in finding reliable male monosex approaches not using hormones
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Nasseri, Roksana. "Transcriptional activity of sex chromosomes in the oocytes of the B6.Ytir sex-reversed female mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21613.
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In the B6.YTIR mouse strain, half of the XY progeny develop bilateral ovaries and the female phenotype. These XY females are infertile mainly due to the death of their embryos. This developmental failure has been attributed to a defect intrinsic to the XY oocyte.The present study examined the transcriptional activity of the X and Y chromosomes in these oocytes. RT-PCR results show that the Ube1y gene is transcribed in the XY ovary at all stages examined and also in growing XY oocytes. The Sry gene was transcribed only at the onset of ovarian differentiation whereas the Zfy gene was undetectable at all stages during fetal life. The Xist gene, which is involved in X inactivation, was not expressed in XY oocytes. We speculate that expression of Y-encoded genes may have a deleterious effect on the quality of the oocytes and thus renders them incompetent for post-fertilization development.
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Piske, David A. "An integral-holist account of human sexual differentiation and gender identity." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Jones, Rosalyn. "An ethnographic study of gender differentiation in a middle school." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/496/.
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This study examines facets of gender differentiation in a middle school. Utilizing an ethnographic methodology emphasis is placed upon the exploration of classroom interaction, inter-personal relations and participants' perceptual stances in order to explore how gender is implicated in the process of schooling. Although inquiries are located within a micro sociological context, the study is conducted against a backdrop of the socio-economic position of women and particular attention is accorded to the educational experience of girls and its implications for gender inequality at a structural level. The research demonstrates gender differentiation to be a ubiquitous feature of school life both in terms of its more formal routines and rituals and in its informal relations at the interactive level. Conventional constructs of femininity and masculinity impinge upon teacher perceptions of,and interaction with pupils, with the result that girls' competencies are devalued, they are not subject to the same degree of educative rigour as boys and, consequently, are marginalized within the classroom. Various dimensions of teacherpupil interaction are presented which elucidate the intricacies of such differentiation and which suggest how opportunities for enhancing pupils' self-esteem and facilitating the acquisition of participatory learning skills are distributed in favour of boys. Certain preoccupations and predispositions are, moreover, presented by pupils and the inquiry elaborates how these are reciprocated with institutional arrangements and expectancies. In terms of school as a working environment, educative processes are demonstrated as potentially more anxiety prcvoking for girls and, in relation to school as a social milieu, friendship networks are organized on a hierarchical basis in response to the contingencies of subject settings. Thus girls engage in certain ameliorative strategies and it is maintained, that to the extent that the school colludes with these, femininity is fostered in a way which is, in the longer term, educationally disadvantaging for girls and, ultimately, socially and economically disadvantaging for women.
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Hamaguchi, Satoshi. "Sex differentiation of germ cells and their supporting cells in Oryzias latipes." Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks, Nagoya University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13766.
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Fortune, Lois Gretchen Hyder. "Sex-exclusive differentiation in the Karaja language of Bananal Island, central Brazil." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246127.
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Lee, Chung-Hae 1966. "Mechanism of sex determination and reversal in an XY mouse strain." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38073.
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Sry on the Y-chromosome triggers the fetal gonad to begin differentiation into testis in mammals. Mutation or absence of Sry results in development of ovaries and the female phenotype. However, XY sex reversal in the presence of wild-type Sry exists in mice and man. One such example is the B6-YTIR mouse, whose autosomes and X-chromosome are of the C57BL6/J mouse (Mus musculus molossinus) whereas the Y-chromosome is from a mouse originating in Tirano, Italy (Mus musculus domesticus). B6-YTIR mice develop only ovaries or ovotestes in fetal life. The objective of my thesis was to identify the mechanism of sex reversal in the B6-YTIR mouse. The results indicate that onset of Sry transcription in B6-YTIR gonads is comparable to control B6 XY gonads. On the other hand, onset of Mis, 17alpha-HA, 3beta-HSD (testicular cell products), p450arom as well as inactivation of Sry transcription are delayed or absent in the sex reversed gonads. It has been suggested that low levels of Sry transcription may account for aberrant testis differentiation in B6-YTIR mice. We observed relatively low levels of Sry transcripts not only in B6-YTIR but also in B6 mice. However, levels in normal B6-YSJL mice were significantly greater. On the SJLB6F1 background, where no sex reversal occurs, Sry transcript levels of the TIR allele increased while those of B6 and SJL alleles remained the same as in the B6 background. Thus, low levels of Sry transcript from the B6 allele are sufficient whereas the levels from TIR and SJL alleles (both DOM type) appear to be critical for testis determination. We then compared the levels of endogenous Sry proteins. A combination of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting succeeded in detecting a protein band whose expression profile and molecular size are consistent with those of the predicted Sry. Sry protein levels in B6-Y TIR gonads were roughly two fold greater than in B6 XY gonads. We hypothesize that the Sry protein of the TIR/SJL alleles is less efficient
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Lalous, Maria. "The mechanisms of sex reversal in the B6.Ytir mouse /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79021.
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The sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome, named Sry, initiates differentiation of gonadal somatic cells into testes, which in turn regulate the development of male phenotype.The B6.YTIR sex-reversed mouse provides a good model for studying sex-determining mechanisms. We proposed a hypothesis that the testis-determining pathway is impaired downstream of Sry transcription in the B6.YTIR fetus.
The current study aimed to determine the hierarchical order of Sry, Sox9, Pn1, and Mis by examining their expression in B6.YTIR gonads as compared to normal B6.XY gonads by RT-PCR.
Results. Sry expression was comparable between B6.Y TIR and B6.XY gonads, with its onset between 10.5 and 11.5 dpc, a peak at 11.5 dpc, and downregulation thereafter. Sox9 expression was detectable in both B6.XX and B6.XY gonads at 11.5 dpc at comparable levels, but was then downregulated in B6.XX gonads at 12.5 dpc, by which stage testicular cord formation had began in B6.XY gonads. Pn1 was expressed in both B6.XX and B6.XY gonads at comparable levels at 11.5 dpc and was upregulated in B6.XY gonads at 12.5dpc. Mis expression in B6.Y TIR gonads was low at 10.5 and 11.5 dpc with a peak at 12.5dpc and higher levels only in ovotestes at 14.5dpc.
These results indicate that all Sox9, Pn1, and MIS genes follow a sexually dimorphic pattern of expression associated with development of testicular cords. Therefore, these genes are placed downstream of Sry in the fetal mouse gonad. Furthermore, we conclude that the testis-determining pathway is impaired upstream of Sox9 and Pn1 and Mis in the B6.YTIR gonad. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kwon, Joon Yeong. "Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) and sex differentiation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3410.
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Sex steroids are generally considered as natural sex inducers in fish. Aromatase (cytochrome P450 aromatase) catalyses androgens into oestrogens in the steroidogenic pathway. Three different approaches were taken to elucidate the action of aromatase in relation to sex differentiation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The first was treatment with Fadrozole TM,a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (Al), by incorporating it in the diet or by immersing fish in a solution containing Al during the sex differentiation period. The Al treatment masculinised genetic females, indicating the importance of aromatase in sex differentiation. The result revealed that the most sensitive time to Al lies between 11-18 dpf (days post fertilisation). A partial brain type aromatase cDNA (1707bp) was identified from a brain cDNA library of O. niloticus. The amino acid sequence (that corresponds to exon 2-9) derived from this showed 63.7% identity to a previously reported ovarian aromatase gene of this species, and 96.7% identity to the brain type aromatase gene of a closely related species O. mossambicus. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was established to investigate expression of brain and ovarian aromatase genes during ontogeny. No sexually dimorphic expression of brain aromatase mRNA was detected. However, expression of ovarian aromatase was down-regulated from 15 to 23 dpf in genetic males but upregulated in genetic females. This period overlaps closely with the most sensitive period to Al. The pattern of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) was examined using three different genotypes (XX, XY, YY) at two temperatures (28 and 36°C). The results showed a bidirectional pattern of TSD. YY groups showed a significant percentage of feminisation at the higher temperature, which was suppressed by the Al treatment, implying that aromatisation is mechanistically associated with TSD in this species.All of these data consistently suggest that aromatase plays a crucial role in sex differentiation, and that the decisive aromatisation takes place between 13-25 dpf in this species. Considering the timing (26-30 dpf) of the first appearance of steroid producing cells in the gonadal area, the decisive aromatisation is not likely to take place there. The brain could be the primary aromatisation site in fish sex differentiation.
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Rodriguez, Montes de Oca Gustavo Alejandro. "Evaluation of dietary phytochemicals on sex differentiation and growth in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133358425.
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Mattsson, Anna. "Roles of ERα and ERβ in Normal and Disrupted Sex Differentiation in Japanese Quail." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekotoxikologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8921.
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Exposure to xenoestrogens during development has been shown to impair sexual differentiation in various species. The major aim of this thesis was to elucidate the respective roles of the two estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ in normal and disrupted differentiation of sex organs and copulatory behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The expression of ERα mRNA was much stronger than that of ERβ mRNA in the gonads and Müllerian ducts (embryonic oviducts) in early embryos. By contrast, ERβ seemed to be predominantly expressed in regions of the embryonic brain that are associated with male sexual behavior. Embryos were exposed to the selective ERα agonists propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT) and 16α-lactone-estradiol (16α-LE2). The estrogens 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), which activate both ERα and ERβ, were used as positive controls. All substances impaired reproductive organ differentiation. The effects observed included oviductal malformations in females and partial development of oviducts in males. All substances also induced testis feminization (ovotestis) in male embryos. The male copulatory behavior was severely impaired by the positive controls but was unaffected by PPT and 16α-LE2 at doses that disrupted sex organ differentiation. A higher dose of 16α-LE2 significantly suppressed the behavior. However, it is possible that this effect was caused by cross-activation of ERβ. The substances also induced hepatic expression of mRNA encoding the egg-yolk proteins vitellogenin II and very low-density apolipoprotein II, which are commonly used as indicators of estrogen exposure. In conclusion, the results suggest that ERα is important for female reproductive organ differentiation. Excess activation of ERα by xenoestrogens impairs differentiation in both females and males and induces hepatic expression of egg-yolk proteins. The results also indicate that ERα alone cannot mediate demasculinization of male copulatory behavior in quail, although further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
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劉敏 and Min Liu. "Sexual differentiation and sex change in the chocolate hind, cephalopholis boenak (Pisces: serranidae: epinephelinae)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30138073.
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Kim, Julie M. "Androgen-induced norepinephrine release in male accessory sex organ smooth muscle growth and differentiation." Morgantown, WV : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=417.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 125 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-122).
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Webb, Gary Ray. "An Examination of Gender Role Differentiation in Crowd and Collective Behavior." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278003/.
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This study examines the relationship between social stress and gender role differentiation. Crowd and collective behavior literature suggests two competing hypotheses. Social contagion theories suggest that gender roles become dedifferentiated in crowds. Social structural theories suggest that gender roles in crowds parallel institutional gender roles. The case study format is used to assess the relationship. Six crowd events, representing varying levels of social stress, were observed. Data were gathered via systematic observations, interviews and document analysis. The findings indicate that gender roles in crowds parallel institutional gender roles. Culturally prescribed gender expectations endure across social stress settings.
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De, Bono Mario Godwin. "Studies on the regulation and evolution of tra-1, the terminal somatic sex determining gene in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321108.
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Hanschen, Erik Richard, and Erik Richard Hanschen. "The Evolution of Cell Cycle Regulation, Cellular Differentiation, and Sexual Traits during the Evolution of Multicellularity." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626165.
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During the evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors, cells transition from being evolutionary individuals to components of more complex, multicellular evolutionary individuals. The volvocine green algae provide a powerful model system for understanding the genetic and morphological changes that underlie and are caused by the evolution of multicellularity. This dissertation concerns the role of cell cycle regulation, cellular differentiation, and sexual traits during the evolution of multicellularity. While some of these are shown to be causally important in the origins of multicellularity (Appendix B), others are driven by the evolution of multicellularity (Appendix D). We provide a review of recent mathematical models on the evolution of multicellularity, which are found to focus heavily on the later, subsequent stages of the evolution of multicellular complexity. We found that many of these models assume multicellular ancestors and instead evolve cellular differentiation, bringing attention to a gap in our understanding of the events in the initial stages of the evolution of multicellularity. We show that a focus on the early stages of the evolution of multicellularity reveals a powerful and critical role for regulation of the cell cycle at the origins of multicellularity (Appendix B). We further find that the genetic basis for cellular differentiation evolved sometime after the evolution of cell cycle regulation. We find that while the genetic basis for cellular differentiation evolved after cell cycle regulation, it also evolved earlier than previously predicted in the volvocine green algae, suggesting an important role in undifferentiated species (Appendix C). Lastly, having elucidated the origins and evolution of multicellularity, we find that multicellularity causes the evolution of sexual traits including anisogamy, internal fertilization, and subsequently sexual dimorphism (Appendix D). This work emphasizes the important role that multicellularity plays in driving the evolution of sexual diversity seen across the eukaryotic tree and well as informs critical hypotheses on the evolution of anisogamous sex, among the most challenging problems in evolutionary theory.
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Poonlaphdecha, S., E. Pepey, S. H. Huang, M. Canonne, Lucile Soler, S. Mortaji, Serge Morand, et al. "Elevated amh Gene Expression in the Brain of Male Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during Testis Differentiation." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-137335.
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Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed in male embryos and represses development of müllerian ducts during testis differentiation in mammals, birds and reptiles. Amh orthologues have been identified in teleosts despite them lacking müllerian ducts. Previously we found sexually dimorphic aromatase activity in tilapia brains before ovarian differentiation. This prompted us to search for further dimorphisms in tilapia brains during sex differentiation and see whether amh is expressed. We cloned the tilapia amh gene and found that it contains 7 exons but no spliced forms. The putative protein presents highest homologies with Amh proteins of pejerrey and medaka as compared to other Perciformes. We analysed amh expression in adult tissues and found elevated levels in testes, ovary and brain. Amh expression was dimorphic with higher levels in XY male brains at 10–15 dpf, when the gonads were still undifferentiated and gonadal amh was not dimorphic. Male brains had 2.7-fold higher amh expression than gonads. Thereafter, amh levels decreased in the brain while they were up-regulated in differentiating testes. Our study indicates that amh is transcribed in male brains already at 10 dpf, suggesting that sexual differentiation may be occurring earlier in tilapia brain than in gonadsDieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
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Konovalova, Nadežda. "Aromatazės slopinimo embriogenezėje poveikis suaugusių naminių vištų patelių elgsenos struktūrai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20090908_193917-74425.
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Pastaraisiais metais vyksta labai daug elgsenos endokrininės kontrolės tyrimų. Mūsų darbe mes tyrėme galimą estrogenų vaidmenį vištų patelių lytinės elgsenos difirenciacijai. Eksperimentiniai gyvūnai 8 embrioninio vystymosi dieną buvo aveikti aromatazės inhibitoriumi, fadrozoliu, tokiu būdu blokuojant estradiolio gamybą. Kontroliniams gyvūnams buvo suleistas fizioliginis tirpalas. Suaugusių vištų elgsena buvo stebima dvejuose skirtinguose lytinės elgsenos testuose: su suaugusiu intaktiniu (nepaveiktu) gaidžiu ir su intaktine (kontroline) višta. Testuojant su gaidžiu fadrozoliu paveiktos vištos rodė mažesnį pasiruošimą kopuliuoti su gaidžiu, turėjo polinkį dominuoti ir vengti gaidį. Testuojant su kontroline višta, eksperimentiniai paukščiai rodė vyrišką elgseną - sparno rėžimą, bandymus kopuliuoti ir giedojimą. Kelios fadrozoliu paveiktos vištos rodė pilną kopuliacinės elgsenos seką, tame tarpe kloakų kontakto judesius. Mūsų tyrimai palaiko hipotezę, kad estrogenai yra pagrindinis faktorius, lemiantis naminių vištų lytinės elgsenos diferenciaciją.In recent years much scientific reseach is devoted to the endocrine control of behaviour. In our work we studied the possible role of estrogens in differentiation of sexual behaviour in female chickens. Eksperimental animals were treated on day 8 of embrionic development with an aromataze inhibitor, fadrozole, thus blocking the oestradiol production. Control animals received injections of vehicle (saline). In adulthood behaviour of hens was observed in two different sexual behaviour tests: with mature non-treated (intact) cocks and with non-treated (control) hens. When tested with a cock, fadrozole-treated hens showed reduced readiness to copulate with a cock, tended to dominate and to avoid a cock. When tested with a control hen, experimental birds displayed male-type behaviour – waltzing, mount attempts and crowing,. Some of fadrozole-treated hens showed a full sequence of copulatory behaviour, including cloacal contact movement. Our study supports the hypothesis that oestrogens play a major role in differentiation of sexual behaviour in the domestic chickens.
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Kazemi-Esfarjani, Parsa. "Functional analysis of the human androgen receptor using synthetic and naturally occurring mutations." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42065.
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The human androgen receptor (hAR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, and like other nuclear receptors, consists of a N-terminal modulatory domain, a central DNA-binding domain, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Several missense mutations in the LBD cause androgen insensitivity syndrome (AI), a condition in XY individuals with absent or subnormal male primary and secondary sexual characteristics. On the other hand, abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the N-terminal domain of the hAR causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) which also affects males and causes milder forms of AI, in addition to adult-onset motor neuron degeneration and gradual wasting and weakening of the muscles of the limbs, face, throat, and tongue. However, it was not clear how and to what extent these mutations contribute to the clinical phenotype of the affected individuals. In order to investigate this matter, I used PCR site-directed mutagenesis to create plasmids expressing hARs with two pairs of missense mutations in the LBD (Val865Leu and Val865Met, and Arg839His and Arg839Cys), discovered in AI individuals with varying severity of the phenotype, and two abnormal expansions of the polyglutamine repeat discovered in SBMA patients (40 and 50 glutamines). I also synthesized plasmids expressing no glutamines (0 glutamines), 12 glutamines, or 20 glutamines in the same N-terminal region of the hAR. These plasmids were transiently expressed in heterologous cells (COS-1 and PC-3), and the mutant hARs were assayed for ligand binding, stability, and transactivational capacity.In contrast to the findings by others (McPhaul et al., 1992; Marcelli et al., 1994), in some instances involving identical mutations, I consistently observed a correlation between the biochemical phenotype of the mutant hARs and the clinical phenotype of AI individuals; that is, the more severe receptor phenotype was associated with the more severe AI. These results support the hypothesis that hAR phenotype is the dominant factor in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics in normal and affected individuals.
I also observed a tight negative correlation between polyglutamine tract length and transactivational capacity. This suggests that polyglutamine modulates the activity of the hAR, and that hAR activity might be suppressed in various androgen-sensitive tissues (including motor neurons) in SBMA individuals, thereby contributing to the age of onset and/or progression of the disease, even if it cannot be the primary pathogenic agent of the disease.
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Mhatre, Anand N. "Biochemical and molecular genetic analysis of mutant androgen receptors in humans." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39499.
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The major objective of this thesis was to determine the molecular basis of a "ligand-selective" mutant androgen receptor (AR) phenotype. Methyltrienelone (MT), a synthetic androgen, dissociates normally from this receptor but mibolerone (MB), another synthetic androgen, dissociates from it two-fold faster than normal. This mutant receptor was identified within genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) from two unrelated individuals with different degrees of androgen insensitivity (AI). Sequence analysis of the AR gene from both subjects revealed a G to A transition at nt 2969 in exon 6 that alters codon 813 from serine to asparagine (S813N). Transiently expressed hAR.S813N did not reproduce the mutant phenotype in several heterologous cells: COS-1, BHK, CHO or HeLa cells. In contrast, when AR free (R$ sp-$) GSF were used as host cells, MB-R.S813N complexes dissociated almost two fold faster than the controls (n = 4) while MT-R.S813N complexes dissociated normally. These results establish the G to A transition at nt 2969 as the cause of the ligand-selective phenotype. Such host-cell restricted expression of the mutant dissociation rate points to cell-specific factors that can suppress abnormal dissociation of A-R complexes. Host cell-restricted expression of the abnormal dissociation rates has also been observed for two other transiently expressed mutant AR, hAR.V865L and hAR.R839H (n = 3).Expansion of the glutamine (gln) tract within the N-terminus of the AR causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a disease of motor neurons, but the mechanism of this neuropathology is unknown. To determine the effect of gln-tract expansion upon AR function, SBMA-associated mutant AR was transiently expressed and characterized in COS-1 cells. The androgen-binding parameters of the mutant receptor were normal, but it had decreased transactivation competence (50-66% of normal; n = 3). This abnormal transregulatory function may account for the expression of traits associated with minimal androgen insensitivity (MAI) that are variably expressed in the SBMA patients.
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Shkolny, Dana. "Characterization of four point mutations in the androgen receptor gene of subjects with varying degrees of androgen insensitivity syndrome." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23299.
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This work proves the pathogenicity of four substitution mutations in the androgen-binding domain of the human androgen receptor (hAR) gene of four subjects with varying degrees of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS), or mild (MAIS). Of three unrelated CAIS subjects, two have Arg830Leu, the third has Arg830Gln. Their genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) have negligible androgen binding, but in overexpressing transfectants, the mutant androgen-binding activities have increased dissociation rates and decreased affinity for androgen. Owing to the instability of AR-androgen complexes, both mutants fail to transactivate a reporter gene. Glu771Ala and Arg870Gly caused PAIS and MAIS, respectively. Their normal levels of GSF androgen-binding activity have normal androgen affinity but increased dissociation rates. In transfectants, rates of dissociation resemble those in GSF, but the androgen affinities are questionably abnormal. Instability of Glu771Ala and Arg870Gly AR-androgen complexes caused subnormal transactivation of a reporter gene.
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Prior, Lynn. "Molecular genetic analysis of receptor-defective androgen resistance in man." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55646.
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Sabbaghian, Nelly. "Structure-function analysis of three widely dispersed point mutations in the hormone-binding domain of the androgen receptor." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68254.
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Three point mutations have been found in the hormone-binding domain (HBD) of the human androgen receptor (hAR): one in the N-terminal end (Ile663Asn in a family with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS)); one in the middle, (Leu820Val in a family with PAIS); and one in the C-terminal end (Pro903Ser, in a family with complete AIS). The positions 663 and 903 were the most terminal mutation sites in the HBD found to date. The three mutant hARs have been previously characterized biochemically in genital skin fibroblasts. In the family with the Leu820Val substitution, the mother and the grandmother were found to be carriers for the same mutation. To prove their pathogenicity, each of the three mutations has been reproduced in an hAR expression vector that was transfected into COS-1 cells. In COS-1 cells, the complexes from Pro903Ser and Leu820Val had: increased thermolability; increased dissociation rates; decreased affinity; and abnormal transactivation. There was a hierarchy in the severity of the mutations expressed in kinetic and transactivation assays that correlated with the severity of the clinical phenotype. The pathogenicity of the Pro903Ser and the Leu820Val mutations was thereby confirmed. In COS-1 cells, the AR with Ile663Asn had normal thermolability, normal dissociation rates, and normal transactivation, but a decreased affinity. Although this sequence alteration has only been found in a PAIS patient, its pathogenicity is not considered to be proven. More sensitive assays are needed for this purpose.
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Bordet, Sylvie. "Analysis of two point mutations in the androgen receptor gene of patients with complete androgen resistance." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56917.
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Two previously identified sequence alterations in the androgen receptor gene of patients with complete androgen resistance are studied to prove their pathogenicity. Family studies confirm that the mutation segregates with the phenotype and that the mothers are heterozygous carriers. In one family a sibling of the patient is identified as a heterozygous carrier. Mutant cDNAs encoding the mutant receptors are constructed and expressed in COS-1 cells. The resulting mutant receptors show a decreased apparent equilibrium constant for androgens, faster dissociation rates and impaired transactivation. Further studies reveal that both mutant receptors were either inactivated or destroyed in the presence of hormone, while the normal receptor is stabilized and up-regulated by incubation with ligand. These results prove that the sequence alterations thus identified are pathogenic and illustrate a dual mechanism of pathogenicity: an affinity defect combined with a loss of binding activity in the presence of hormone, resulting in receptors incapable of supporting normal male sexual development.
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Chivers, Clare. "Disorders of sex development : developmental challenges and mothers' experiences of support." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/12845/.
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An increasing body of research has sought to determine the impact of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) on the family of the affected child. Little is currently understood about the support needs of the family and how well these needs are met. With a focus on mothers as primary caregivers, Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews with eight mothers of children with DSD about their experiences of support. Four master themes emerged which encapsulated the stages in their child’s development when mothers most needed support, the importance of developing an understanding of the child’s condition, the lack of an acknowledgement of the emotional needs of the parent, and the importance of having close and trusted networks for support. Continuity and availability of support were considered important and while all participants prioritised maintaining privacy about the condition, a minority felt that this impacted on the level of support they received. Key periods of time for support were identified and while some felt that they were well supported others felt that their support did not meet their emotional needs. The results were discussed in light of previous research, and the clinical implications considered.
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Poonlaphdecha, S., E. Pepey, S. H. Huang, M. Canonne, Lucile Soler, S. Mortaji, Serge Morand, et al. "Elevated amh Gene Expression in the Brain of Male Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during Testis Differentiation." Karger, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27728.
Full textAbstract:
Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed in male embryos and represses development of müllerian ducts during testis differentiation in mammals, birds and reptiles. Amh orthologues have been identified in teleosts despite them lacking müllerian ducts. Previously we found sexually dimorphic aromatase activity in tilapia brains before ovarian differentiation. This prompted us to search for further dimorphisms in tilapia brains during sex differentiation and see whether amh is expressed. We cloned the tilapia amh gene and found that it contains 7 exons but no spliced forms. The putative protein presents highest homologies with Amh proteins of pejerrey and medaka as compared to other Perciformes. We analysed amh expression in adult tissues and found elevated levels in testes, ovary and brain. Amh expression was dimorphic with higher levels in XY male brains at 10–15 dpf, when the gonads were still undifferentiated and gonadal amh was not dimorphic. Male brains had 2.7-fold higher amh expression than gonads. Thereafter, amh levels decreased in the brain while they were up-regulated in differentiating testes. Our study indicates that amh is transcribed in male brains already at 10 dpf, suggesting that sexual differentiation may be occurring earlier in tilapia brain than in gonads.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Razey, Melissa Anne, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning. "Gender differentiation in early literacy development : a sociolinguistic and contextual analysis of home and school interactions." THESIS_CAESS_SELL_Razey_M.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/219.
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The role of gender in the social construction of literacy is investigated in some detail. Gender construction is examined by observing and analysing the literacy interactions of six kindergarten children (three boys and three girls) at school and in the home. The analysis shows the ways in which the girls and boys differ in attaining literacy skills, and also reveals the different interactions between the children and their families. The ways literacy is perceived in the home are also noted. The children responded in a much more uniform way in the classroom than they did in their individual home situations. The findings are significant for educational practice because they provide insight into how implicit structuring by teachers can affect the extent of participation of boys and girls in the classroom. The results indicate how analysis in the emergent state of literacy development is critical for a thorough understanding of gender construction. Significant theoretical insights are gained through a methodology using both a microanalysis and a macroanalysis.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Calais, Flávia Leme 1983. "Efeitos de variações intrônicas em genes de enzimas esteroidogênicas sobre o processo de splicing." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317137.
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Orientadores: Maricilda Palandi de Mello, Fernanda Caroline SoardiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O estudo da relação entre erros no processo de splicing e a ocorrência de doenças se tornou uma questão importante no campo da pesquisa médica. As alterações que afetam o mecanismo de splicing podem ser a causa direta de doença, podem também modificar a gravidade fenotípica, assim como podem estar ligadas a uma maior susceptibilidade de desenvolver doenças. As mutações de splicing, que em muitos casos originam transcritos não funcionais, têm sido identificadas na grande maioria dos genes envolvidos nos distúrbios da diferenciação do sexo em humanos. A presença de alterações ou mutações em alguns destes genes, pode comprometer a biossíntese correta de proteínas essenciais para o desenvolvimento adequado das gônadas ou dos genitais externos. Através da técnica de minigene, foram estudadas mutações presentes em regiões intrônicas, em três genes essenciais para a correta diferenciação sexual humana: SRD5A2, HSD17B3 e CYP21A2 . O objetivo era verificar se alteravam o mecanismo de splicing normal ou criariam sítios alternativos de splicing. Para o gene SRD5A2, foram estudadas duas alterações: c.548-44T>G, próxima à região aceptora de splicing do intron 3; e, a alteração c.278delG, dentro da região doadora de splicing do intron 1. Os minigenes mutante e controle produziram transcritos com splicing normal, splicing alternativo produzindo um transcrito com 112 nucleotídeos deletados e um transcrito com o skipping do exon 4, porém em quantidades diferentes, o que sugere que esta alteração pode causar um desbalanceamento entre os transcritos normalmente produzidos. A mutação c.278delG, por sua vez, fez com que o spliceossomo reconhecesse um sítio 5¿ de splicing alternativo dentro do exon 1 do gene SRD5A2, produzindo um transcrito com a deleção de 38 nucleotídeos. Este transcrito apresenta um códon de parada de síntese proteica prematuro na posição 121. No gene HSD17B3 foi estudada a alteração c.277+2T>G, que se localiza na região doadora de splicing no intron 3. Neste caso o único transcrito observado como resultado do minigene mutante apresentava o skipping do exon 3 do gene HSD17B3. No gene CYP21A2 foram analisadas duas alterações: a primeira alteração é a c.939+5G>A, localizada na região doadora de splicing do intron 7, e a segunda é a c.289+127T>G, no intron 2. De forma semelhante à observada para a alteração c.548-44T>G do gene SRD5A2, tanto os minigenes controles quanto os mutantes produziram os mesmos transcritos, mas em proporções quantitativamente diferentes. Estes resultados indicam que o sistema de minigene foi adequado para o estudo, embora os resultados tenham sido mais conclusivos para as alterações localizadas nas sequências consenso de splicing, isto é para as c.278delG no gene SRD5A2 e c.277+2T>G no gene HSD17B3. Os resultados das demais alterações sugerem que a transcrição dos genes em questão produzam normalmente diferentes transcritos, mas mediante as trocas nucleotídicas, as proporções entres eles se alteram, podendo assim, afetar a função gênica correta em alguma fase crucial do desenvolvimento. Estes achados colaboraram para o esclarecimento e compreensão do fenótipo dos pacientes portadores das mutações aqui descritas, além de propiciar um melhor entendimento dos efeitos biológicos na transcrição de genes quando na presença das mutações intrônicas. Portanto, o estudo de alterações em sítios de splicing através da análise de minigenes torna-se fundamental tanto para o esclarecimento do diagnóstico clínico, como também para uma melhor comprenssão dos efeitos das mutações sobre os mecanismos moleculares de splicing
Abstract: The relation between RNA splicing and occurrence of disease in humans has been an important issue in the field of medical research. Nucleotide changes that affect the splicing mechanism can be the direct cause of disease or modulate the phenotypic severity, and also they can be linked to an increase of disease susceptibility. Splicing mutations have been identified in the vast majority of genes responsible for disorders of sex development in humans. The presence of sequence variations in some of these genes may compromise the correct biosynthesis of proteins involved in the normal development of gonads and external genitalia. Using minigene technique, mutations identified in intronic regions of three essential genes for human sexual differentiation have been studied: SRD5A2, HSD17B3 and CYP21A2. The purpose was to verify whether such mutations would abolish the normal mechanism of splicing or would create alternative splice sites. For SRD5A2 gene, two nucleotide changes have been evaluated: c.548-44T>G, located near the acceptor splice site of intron 3; and c.278delG change within intron 1 donor splice site consensus sequence. Both control and mutant minigenes produced transcripts corresponding to a normal splicing and an alternative splicing showing a transcript with the deletion of 112 nucleotides and a transcript with the exon 4 skipping. However, they differed in the amount of each transcript, suggesting that this nucleotide substitution may result in an imbalance of transcripts normally produced. The c.278delG mutation, in turn, favored the spliceosome to recognize a 5' site for an alternative splicing within exon 1 of the SRD5A2 gene yielding a transcript with the deletion of 38 nucleotides. This transcript has a premature stop codon at position 121. The c.277+2T>G nucleotide change in HSD17B3 gene is located at the splicing donor site of intron 3. In this case the only transcript seen as a result of mutant minigene showed the skipping of exon 3 of the HSD17B3 gene. For the CYP21A2 gene, two nucleotide changes were analyzed: the first is the c.939+5 G>A, located in the donor splice site of intron 7, and the second is the c.289+127T>G, which is located in intron 2. Similarly to the observed for c.548-44T>G in SRD5A2 gene, both control and mutant CYP21A2 minigenes showed transcripts that differed only in the amount produced in each construction. The results described here indicate that the chosen minigene system was adequate for the study, although the results have been more conclusive for changes localized in the consensus splicing sequences, i.e. for c.278delG in SRD5A2 gene and c.277+2T>G in HSD17B3 gene. Results for the other changes suggest that gene transcription usually involve the production of different transcripts. Upon changes in the nucleotide sequence the ratio between each transcript may alter affecting the gene function in critical stages of the development. These findings contributed to understand the phenotype of patients bearing the mutations described here, in addition provided a better understanding of the biological effects on gene transcription caused by intronic mutations. Therefore, the study of nucleotide changes in splicing sites by analyzing minigenes is fundamental both to clarify the clinical diagnosis and also for a better comprehension of the effects of mutations on the molecular mechanisms of splicing, extending our understanding of the endocrine regulation in sexual differentiation
Doutorado
Genetica Animal e Evolução
Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Lazin, Jamie Jonas. "The effect of age and sex on the number and osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34696.
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It has been shown that stem cells exist within adult adipose tissue. These stem cells are named adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), are derived from the mesoderm, and can differentiate into a number of cells including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. However, before these cells can be used clinically it is important that we understand how factors like age, sex, and ethnicity affect ASC number and potential. Additionally, since men and women vary in their distribution of adipose tissue, it will be important to see if the ideal source of ASCs is different for each sex. The goal of this study was to assess how age and sex affects ASCs. We used flow cytometry to investigate how age and sex affected the number of ASCs in adipose tissue. Additionally, we plated these cells in culture and treated them with an osteogenic media (OM) with the intention of pushing them towards osteoblast differentiation. The purpose of this was to see if age or sex affected the potential of the ASCs to undergo osteogenesis in culture. For this study we used real-time PCR and biochemical assays to look at markers of early and late osteogenic differentiation. Finally, we used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate where in adipose tissue the CD73 and CD271 positive cell population exists. It is our hope that this work will shed light on how age and sex affect ASCs so that clinicians can optimize their ASC harvest depending on the patient's physiology.
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Säfholm, Moa. "Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Progestagens in the Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis Test System." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Miljötoxikologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210990.
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Progestagenic compounds are emerging contaminants found in surface and ground water around the world. Information on the effects and potency of progestagens is needed in order to understand the environmental risks posed by these compounds. Using the Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis test system, developmental and reproductive toxicity after exposure to selected progestagens were determined. Larval exposure to levonorgestrel (LNG) severely impaired oviduct and ovary development causing sterility. No effects on testicular development, spermcount or male fertility were observed. Hepatic mRNA expression of the androgen receptor was increased in the females indicating that the receptor is involved in LNG-induced developmental reproductive toxicity. Exposure of adult females to LNG, norethindrone (NET) or progesterone (P) increased the proportions of previtellogenic oocytes and reduced the proportions of vitellogenic oocytes compared with the controls, indicating an inhibited vitellogenesis. The effects on oocyte development were ascertained at environmentally relevant concentrations of LNG, NET and P (1.3, 1 and 10 ng/L respectively). Since unintentional co-exposure of progestagens and ethinylestradiol (EE2) occurs in wildlife and also in human infants, data on mixture effects of combined exposures to these hormones during development are needed. Co-exposure during development showed antagonistic effects of EE2 and LNG. EE2 caused a female biased sex ratio which showed a tendency to be antagonized by LNG. Moreover, the hepatic AR induction by LNG was counteracted by co-exposure to EE2. In conclusion, the results show that female amphibians are susceptible to reproductive toxicity of progestagens after developmental exposure as well as after adult exposure during the breeding period. The differentiating Müllerianduct and ovary, and the egg development are sensitive targets for progestagens. Finally, the findings reported in this thesis show that environmental progestagens impairs reproductive function in amphibians and may present a threat to reproduction in wild populations.
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Vasiliou, Denise Marie. "Analysis of exon 1 and the 5'-flanking region of the androgen receptor gene in subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27431.
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The human androgen receptor (hAR) is a ligand-activated, nuclear transcription factor. Mutations affecting the formation and/or action of the hAR cause androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). The majority of mutations identified to date are within the DNA- and hormone-binding domains; very few have been identified in the transactivational modulatory domain, encoded by exon 1. This work presents an analysis of exon 1 and the 5$ sp prime$-flanking region of the hAR in a set of subjects whose AIS was believed to be caused by a mutation within these regions. Six of twelve strains had a nonsense or frameshift mutation in exon 1; a seventh strain had two missense and one silent substitution; no mutations were identified in the remaining subjects. The two missense mutations were recreated, individually and together, in an hAR complementary DNA (cDNA) expression vector and expressed in heterologous COS-1 cells. Their pathogenicity could not be proven with the system and assays used. In addition, mRNA and protein levels were analyzed and correlated with the identified mutations and the subjects' phenotype.
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Crossard, Elodie. "Ontogenèse des neurones à kisspeptine chez le rat : neurogénèse et cartographie spatio-temporelle de kisspeptine de l'embryogénèse à l'âge adulte." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4026/document.
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Le kisspeptine (kp) est un peptide, dérivé du gène kiss-1, jouant un rôle majeur dans le contrôle central de la fonction de reproduction en régulant la sécrétion du GnRH chez l’adulte mais également au cours du développement. Les neurones exprimant kiss-1 sont situés dans la région rostrale périventriculaire du 3ème ventricule (RP3V) et le noyau arqué (ARC). L’expression de kiss-1 est hautement régulée par les stéroides sexuels, positivement dans RP3V et négativement dans ARC. Ces deux populations de neurones à kp semblent avoir des rôles différents. Les neurones à kp du RP3V seraient impliqués dans la genèse du pic préovulatoire et ceux de l’ARC dans la régulation de la sécrétion pulsatile de GnRH.L’objectif de la thèse était de déterminer la période de neurogenèse des neurones à kp ainsi que les variations de l’expression de kiss-1 et de kp dans ces deux régions au cours des différentes phases du développement chez le rat mâle et femelle.Nos résultats ont permis de cibler les périodes clés de l’ontogenèse des neurones à kp en montrant 1) que les neurones à kp de l’ARC naissent sur une période étendue à partir du jour embryonnaire (E)12,5; 2) l’existence d’une sous- expression péri-natale du kp dans l’ARC indépendante du sexe; 3) la mise en place, en période néonatale, de différences sexuelles dans les niveaux d’expression et la distribution neuroanatomique du kp; 4) l’existence de régulations péri-pubertaires de kp, dépendantes du sexe et de la région ; 5) la présence de fibres à kp dans des régions hypothalamiques suggère un rôle de kp au-delà de la fonction de reproductionKisspeptin (kp) is a neuropeptide, derived from the kiss-1 gene, which plays a key role in the central control of reproduction by regulating GnRH secretion in adult but also during development. Cells which express kiss-1 are localized in two distincts hypothalamic regions: the rostral peri-ventricular third ventricule area (RP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Kiss-1 expression is highly regulated by sex steroids: positively in the RP3V and negatively in the ARC. RP3V kp neurons have been implicated in the pre-ovulatory GnRH surge whereas ARC kp neurons may predominantly act on GnRH secretion pulsatility. The aim of this PhD work was to determine the neurogenesis period of kp neurons and changes of kiss-1 and kp expression in both regions during different stages of development in rats. Our results highlight key periods of kp neurons ontogenesis and show that: 1) ARC kp neurons are born during an extended embryonic neurogenesis period starting at embryonic day (E) 12,5; 2) a sex independent down-regulation of kp occurs during peri-natal period; 3) sex difference in the expression level and neuroanatomique distribution of kp establishes during neo-natal period; 4) kp was regulated during peri-pubertal period in sex and region dependant manner; 5) kp-ir fibers are detected throughout the septo-hypothalamic continuum suggesting that kp could be implicated in other functions than reproductive function
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Hishida, T., and H. Kobayashi. "MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION ON REVERSAL PROCESSES OF SEX-DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GENETIC FEMALE GONAD OF THE MEDAKA, ORYZIAS LATIPES, BY ANDROGEN." Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks, Nagoya University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13765.
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Sone, Takefumi. "Molecular cytological analyses toward the clarification of the sex determination and differentiation mechanisms in a dioecious liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157131.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第7907号
農博第1065号
新制||農||781(附属図書館)
学位論文||H11||N3270(農学部図書室)
UT51-99-G501
京都大学大学院農学研究科農芸化学専攻
(主査)教授 大山 莞爾, 教授 佐藤 文彦, 教授 關谷 次郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Zuloaga, Damian. "The role of the androgen receptor in anxiety-related behaviors, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, and sensorimotor gating studies in rodents with the testicular feminization mutation /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Gyllenhammar, Irina. "Endocrine Disruption in Amphibians : Developmental Effects of Ethynylestradiol and Clotrimazole on the Reproductive System." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekotoxikologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9209.
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Amphibian populations are declining world-wide and one of the suggested reasons is environmental pollutants. Studies of long-term effects on the reproductive system in frogs following larval exposure to environmental pollutants are scarce. It is therefore important to develop methods to study developmental reproductive toxicity in amphibians. In this thesis the usefulness of Xenopus tropicalis (the West African clawed frog) as a model species for a test system was investigated. Effects on the reproductive system after larval exposure to the pharmaceuticals ethynylestradiol (EE2) and clotrimazole were evaluated. The susceptibility to EE2 exposure was compared between the model species and a wild species, the European common frog (Rana temporaria). Larval exposure to EE2 caused female-biased sex ratios in both examined frog species, indicating male-to-female sex-reversal. In adult Xenopus tropicalis, male frogs that were not sex-reversed had reduced fertility and decreased amount of mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules. The proportion of frogs with ovaries but lacking oviducts increased with increasing EE2-concentrations. A female frog without oviducts is sterile. The development of ovaries in sex-reversed male frogs was implied to be similar to control females. The combination of a reduced number of males, due to sex-reversal, and impaired fertility could have severe effects on frog populations. Larval exposure to clotrimazole modulated aromatase activity in gonads and brain in Xenopus tropicalis. Brain aromatase activity was decreased at the time for gonadal differentiation and gonadal aromatase activity was increased at metamorphosis. The findings in this thesis indicate that reproduction in wild frogs might be impaired by estrogenic compounds in the environment. The results combined with the short generation time supports the use of Xenopus tropicalis as a model species when evaluating long term effects of endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system in amphibians.
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Andrade, Juliana Gabriel Ribeiro de 1980. "Estudo retrospectivo sobre crescimento, puberdade espontanea e anomalias associadas em pacientes com disgenesia gonadal parcial 46, XY." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308144.
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Orientador: Andrea Trevas Maciel-GuerraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Introdução: A disgenesia gonadal (DG) parcial XY, caracterizada por disgenesia testicular e genitais internos e externos ambíguos em indivíduos com cariótipo 46,XY, é uma causa rara de distúrbio da diferenciação do sexo, de prognóstico ainda não completamente elucidado e etiologia ainda desconhecida. No entanto, o conhecimento a respeito de sua evolução clínica, da ocorrência de puberdade espontânea e de anomalias associadas é fundamental para definição do sexo de criação e orientação das famílias. Além disso, como genes responsáveis pela diferenciação testicular agem como promotores do crescimento, é possível haver associação dessa afecção com distúrbios do crescimento pré e pós-natal. Objetivo: Avaliar características clínicas associadas a esse distúrbio da diferenciação gonadal: antecedentes gestacionais e familiares, crescimento, puberdade espontânea e anomalias associadas. Sujeitos e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos dados contidos nos prontuários de 11 pacientes com DG Parcial XY criados no sexo masculino e com ao menos um dos testículos situado na bolsa escrotal. Estes pacientes haviam sido objeto de extensa avaliação clínica, histopatológica e molecular entre 1996 e 1998. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes atingiu altura final dentro do canal de crescimento, e todos tiveram puberdade espontânea, apesar de níveis elevados de LH em alguns casos; apenas um necessitou de reposição de andrógenos para completar o desenvolvimento puberal. Havia níveis elevados de FSH e grave oligospermia; deficiência mental foi observada em três casos e hipotireoidismo em dois. Discussão: Portadores de DG parcial XY criados no sexo masculino e que tenham ao menos um testículo tópico têm bom prognóstico quanto à puberdade espontânea, embora haja possibilidade de falência secundária das células de Leydig; já o prognóstico quanto á função reprodutora é reservado. Não há indicações de que haja distúrbios do crescimento pré e pós-natal associados à disgenesia testicular. Apesar do pequeno número amostral, a maior freqüência de déficit cognitivo e hipotireoidismo observada nesta amostra indica que é necessário haver especial atenção a estas possíveis anomalias associadas
Abstract: Introduction: XY partial gonadal dysgenesis (GD), characterized by ambiguous internal and external genitália in 46,XY subjects, is a rare cause of disorder of sex development. Both prognosis and etiology are still unknown. However, knowledge regarding natural history, spontaneous puberty and associated anomalies is essential to define sex of rearing and to discuss the prognosis with the parents. In addition, as genes responsible for testicular differentiation act as growth promoters, there may be an association of this disorder with pre and postnatal growth deficiency. Aim: To evaluate the clinical features associated with this disorder of gonadal differentiation: gestational and family history, growth, spontaneous puberty and associated anomalies. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the clinical files of 11 patients with XY partial GD reared as males and who had at least one testis located in the scrotum. These patients had been subject to careful clinical, histopathological and molecular evaluation between 1996 and 1998. Results: Most patients attained final height within the limits of their growth channel, and all had spontaneous pubertal development, though some had high levels of LH. Only one needed androgen replacement to complete puberty. There were high levels of FSH and severe oligospermia. Mental deficiency was observed in three cases and hypothyroidism in two. Discussion: Patients with XY partial GD with at least one topic testis have good prognosis regarding spontaneous puberty, though there is a possibility of secondary Leydig cells' failure; there is no good prognosis regarding reproductive function. There are no indications on pre or postnatal growth deficiency associated with testicular dysgenesis. Despite the small sample size, the higher frequency of cognitive deficit and hypothyroidism indicates that there must be special attention to these associated disorders
Mestrado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
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Razey, M. A. "Gender differentiation in early literacy development : a sociolinguistic and contextual analysis of home and school interactions /." View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030402.113451/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002].A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Bibliography: leaves 139-170.
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Töhönen, Virpi. "Novel genes in gonadal development /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-115-2/.
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Matheus, Friederike [Verfasser], and Magdalena [Akademischer Betreuer] Götz. "The role of Additional sex combs-like genes in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation and congenital disorders / Friederike Matheus ; Betreuer: Magdalena Götz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/116814583X/34.
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Martins, Rute Sofia Tavares. "Does the interrenal influence sex differentiation in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax?" Master's thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/11048.
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Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is one of the most important cultured species in Mediterranean aquaculture. This species remains sexually immature most of the first
year of life, and at the time of marketing (2 years old), females are 18-40% heavier than
males. However, in cultured populations, it is frequently reported skewed sex ratios in
favour of males (reaching 70-99%), and thus, the acquisition of all-female stocks is an
attractive option for sea bass aquaculture. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that
in intensive culture, the sea bass interrenal tissue produces corticosteroids in response to stress, and together with them an excess of adrenal androgens shifting the normal
androgen/ estrogen ratio and thus leading to gonadal masculinization. Thus, blocking
cortisol production with an antagonist (Dexamethasone) during the androgen sensitive
period would most likely decrease the androgen levels and thereby the sex ratios would
be altered.
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Tsai, Ya-Ju, and 蔡雅如. "The gonadal sex differentiation and sex change of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45710309833859394096.
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博士國立臺灣海洋大學
水產養殖學系
100
The sex of Orange-Spotted grouper gonad (Epinephelus coioides) firstly differentiated into female, each lobe of the paired gonads began to form an ovarian cavity at 4 mo of age. The formation of the ovarian cavity is an early characteristic of female differentiation for orange-spotted grouper. The newly budded ovarian lamella around the inside of the ovarian cavity in the gonad mainly contained oogonia and a few primary oocytes in the fish at 6.5-7 mo of age. Cortical alveoli (CA) appeared untill 1yr7mo age,and vitellogenic oocytes were present within the mature ovarian lamellae.Treament with aromatase inhibiter (AI) or methyltestosterone (MT) by feed and implantation in sex differentiation period (3-5mo)、1-2yr and 4yr adult fish inducesd sex change. To investigate gene expression of cyp19a1a、dmrt1 and sex-differentiation related genes ex. sf1、dax1、foxL2、11β, and localization of P450arom、Dmrt1、Pcna、Vasa during sex differentiation and sex change by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The protogynous orange-spotted grouper E. coioides is a diandric type of hermaphrodite. Most secondary males occur through a sex change in adult female fish and few primary males develop directly from juveniles. primary males and secondary males have varying degree sex change testis tissue：a single spermatogenic cyst (SSC)、various stages of spermatogenic cyst (VSCs) and mature stage of cysts (AMC). Primary males (sex change naturally) with single spermatogenic cyst and various stages of spermatogenic cyst firstly occur in 1.5 yr. The expressions of cyp19a1a is single-mindedly in 7 mo orange-spotted grouper gonad. The gene expression of cyp19a1a expressed increasingly from sex differentiation to female adult fish. There are two gene expression peaks of cyp19a1a in 1 and 3+7 -age. From IHC results, P450arom appeared in follicular layers of oogonia, cortical alveolar oocytes, and vitellogenic oocytes but not in primary oocytes. It was interesting to observe that testicular tissues in the sex-changing male grouper (such as cysts,spermatids, and spermatogonia) showed positive aromatase staining. The expressions of dmrt1 is only in 7 mo orange-spotted grouper gonad. The gene expression is gradually expressed increasingly during sex differentiation and highly expressed in testis after sex change (From IHC results, Dmrt1 express strongly in cytoplasm of SG)；From IHC and in situ results, Dmrt1 (dmrt1) expresses in cytoplasm of germ cells during sex differentiation or early female gonad development stage, and also expresses in the germ cells of ovary or testis. So dmrt1 is vary important not only involved in testis growth but also in early female differentiation (including the production of oocytes and maintain of ovarian cavity). Based on the gene expression of cyp19a1a and dmrt1 and IHC results, primary male first appears at 1+5 years. The expression peak of dmrt1 indicates that 2+3 years is critical time point to distinguish primary and secondary males. Sex-differentiation and endocrine related genes expressed increasingly during sex differentiation period, but treatment with MT or AI, it inhibit the female gonad germ cell production and growth、the atrophy ovarian cavity or formation of various stages of spermatogenic cyst (VSCs). MT induces musculinization which causes the decreased expression of dax1, foxL2, cyp19a1a, vasa, pcna and the increased expression of sf1 and dmrt1. Therefore, dax1, foxL2, cyp19a1a might be related with early sex differentiation and development. sf1 and dmrt1 might play an important role in male sex differentiation of E. coioides.