Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex differentiation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Sex differentiation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex differentiation"

1

Shimada, Kiyoshi. "Sex determination and sex differentiation." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698449.

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Długosz, Mirosław, and Krystyna Demska-Zakęś. "Sex differentiation in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.)." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 19, no. 1 (June 30, 1989): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1989.19.1.02.

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Hughes, Ieuan A. "Minireview: Sex Differentiation." Endocrinology 142, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 3281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.8.8406.

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SAITO, Tatsuya, and Hisahiko SEKIHARA. "Errors in Sex Differentiation." Internal Medicine 37, no. 5 (1998): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.37.427.

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Epstein, Joyce L., and Michael Marland. "Sex Differentiation and Schooling." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 4 (July 1985): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069194.

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MacLaughlin, David T., and Patricia K. Donahoe. "Sex Determination and Differentiation." New England Journal of Medicine 350, no. 4 (January 22, 2004): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra022784.

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Nawata, Hajime, Ryoichi Takayanagi, Toshihiko Yanase, Shoichiro Ikuyama, and Taijirou Okabe. "Abnormalities of Sex Differentiation." Hormone Research 46, no. 1 (1996): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000185173.

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Merchant-Larios, Horacio, and Norma Moreno-Mendoza. "Onset of Sex Differentiation." Archives of Medical Research 32, no. 6 (November 2001): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0188-4409(01)00317-4.

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Tang, Paisu, Daniel J. Park, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, and Vincent R. Harley. "ATRX and sex differentiation." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 15, no. 7 (September 2004): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2004.07.006.

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McKeown, Michael. "Sex determination and differentiation." Developmental Genetics 15, no. 3 (1994): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020150302.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex differentiation"

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Martinez, Bengochea Anabel Lee. "Insights of sex determination and sex differentiation in fish /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190916.

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Orientador: Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
Resumo: A decisão sobre se uma gônada bipotencial se desenvolverá em um testículo ou em um ovário é considerado um estágio crítico na diferenciação sexual dos vertebrados. A administração de esteróides exógenos durante este período pode afetar essa plasticidade, promovendo a diferenciação sexual na direção feminina ou masculina. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento de 17β-estradiol no desenvolvimento de Astyanax altiparanae (lambari), através de análises histológicas e de análises de expressão genica de possíveis genes envolvidos em vias masculinas e femininas. Para isso, larvas com gônadas indiferenciadas foram alimentadas com Artemia contendo diferentes concentrações de estradiol durante 28 dias, desde o 1 dia pós-eclosão (dpe) até o período que precede a diferenciação gonadal. Nossos resultados mostraram que o E2 modificou o fenotípo e a relação sexual histológica e, surpreendentemente, induziu intersexo com com a presença de óvulos nos testículos nas concentrações de 2 e 6 mg de E2/kg de alimento. Esses dados são uma evidência clara de que o tratamento utilizado não foi suficiente para induzir a reversão completa do sexo em A. altiparanae. Em termos de expressão gênica, o tratamento com E2 (6 mg/kg de alimento) produziu uma notável plasticidade gonadal entre machos e fêmeas aos 90 dias após a eclosão (dph). Os machos, denominados “machos resistentes ao estradiol”, superexpressaram os genes masculinos, como dmrt1, sox9 e amh. Dessa forma, nó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The decision whether a bipotential gonad will become a testis or ovary is considered a critical stage in vertebrate sex determination. Administration of exogenous steroids can affect this plasticity by skewing the sex gonadal differentiation towards a male or female. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) diet on Astyanax altiparanae (lambari) development, focusing on the gonadal development and gene expression analysis of possible candidate genes involved in either male or female pathways. Larvae with undifferentiated gonads were fed with steroid diet containing different concentrations of E2 during 28 days, from the mouth opening until a period that precedes the gonadal differentiation. Animals were sampled at 90 days post-hatching (dhp) for histology and gene expression analysis. Our results showed that E2 disrupted both phenotypic and histological sex ratios, and surprisingly, induced intersex with testis-ova in the concentrations of 2 and 6 mg E2/Kg food. This data is a clear evidence that the treatment used was not enough to induce complete sex reversal in A. altiparanae. However, in terms of gene expression, E2 (6mg/Kg food) induced a remarkable gonadal plasticity between males and females at 90 dph. The males, named as E2 resistant males, overexpressed the male-biased genes, such as dmrt1, sox9 and amh. We suggested that these males were able to resist the E2-induced feminization by the expression of genes related to testis differentiat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Chipungu, Patrick M. K. "Tilapia genetics : survival, growth and sex differentiation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17765.

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Production of all-male tilapia for aquaculture is assuming an increasingly important role. An important pre-requisite to repeated obtainment of monosex tilapia is a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differentiation. Histological observations on gonadal morphorgonesis and sex differentiation provided basic data for hormonal sex manipulation in four commercially important species. Results indicate that gonadal morphogenesis starts at different times ranging from eight days after hatching in 0. mossambicus to 17 days in 0. niloticus. Sex differentiation followed a similar pattern, and ranged from 22 days in O. mossambicus to 36 days in 0. niloticus. The effects of subjecting fish to different rearing temperatures was assessed. No significant influence was found on sex ratio of treated fish. Observations on offspring sex ratio in intraspecific breeding and interspecific hybridization demonstrated that significant differences between batches are a common occurrance and their regularity cannot be adequately explained on the basis of sex chromosome theory alone. Treating fish with synthetic androgen (17 alpha methyltestosterone) and synthetic oestrogen, (17 alpha ethenylestradiol) resulted in species specific and dosage dependant differences in sex ratios. Results also revealed significant differences in sex ratios of different batches of fish subjected to the same treatment, thus demonstrating that success rate in sex inversion varies not only between species and between stocks, but in sib groups as well. Results of intraspecific and interspecific breeding suggest that sex determination in tilapia is under the influence of multiple factors. Results of hormone treatments indicate variations in inversion rate at batch level, thus demonstrating presence of individual differences in lability. On the basis of results from these four experiments, it is hypothesized that sex in tilapia is influenced by multiple genes and the fishes' propencity to change sex varies in individual fish. Progeny testing oestrogen sex inversed fish indicates that on the basis of the chromosome theory of sex determination, S. galileaus and O. niloticus are female homogametic, while O, macrochir is female heterogametic. The implications of the results obtained in this study for production of all-male tilapia are briefly discussed.
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Clement, Tracy M. "Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and testis differentiation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/t_clement_050709.pdf.

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Tavallaee, Ghazaleh. "Molecular mechanism of SRY action during testicular differentiation in the mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112313.

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SRY (Sex determining Region of Y chromosome) is the master gene initiating testis determination in mammals. To shed light on the molecular mechanism of SRY action during testicular differentiation, we examined the effects of TAT-HMG fusion protein on gonadal sex differentiation in culture. HMG is the DNA binding motif of SRY and "TAT" is a protein transduction domain. Each pair of CD1 mouse gonadal primordia at 11.5 days post coitum (dpc) was cultured with or without TAT-HMG dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) up to 3 days. Immunocytochemical labeling and Real-time RT-PCR of Sry, Sox9 and Mis indicated that DMSO blocked testicular differentiation, Sertoli cell differentiation and testis cords formation, downstream of SRY. TUNEL showed a massive mesenchymal cell death, which might be responsible for disruption of testis cord formation. Treatment with TAT-HMG rescued Sertoli cell differentiation, probably by up regulation of Sry, but not testis cord formation or cell death.
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Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen, R. (Renata). "Role of Wnt4 signaling in mammalian sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct differentiation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526204727.

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Abstract Mammalian female sex development was considered a default developmental pathway. However, the deletion of the Wnt4 gene, a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals, was shown to reverse the sex of XX female mouse embryo and caused exhibition of certain male characteristics. This indicated that the female sexual development cannot be default but depends on active signaling and cell-cell interaction. The aim of the current study was to reveal the functional role of the Wnt4 gene in the control of sex determination, ovariogenesis and female sex duct formation. This study demonstrates that testosterone is produced by the ovary of Wnt4-deficient female embryos. The inhibition of androgen action by an antiandrogen, flutamide, during gestation leads to complete degeneration of the Wolffian ducts in 80% of the Wnt4 mutant females. This suggests that testosterone is the possible mediator of the masculinization phenotype in Wnt4-deficient females. Wnt4 is expressed by ovarian somatic cells, which are vital for the control of female germline development. This work has shown that Wnt4 is the factor maintaining germ cell cysts, cell-cell interaction and early follicular gene expression. In addition, the findings indicate a critical role for Wnt4/5a signaling in meiosis. Our research has proven that Wnt4 has roles during postnatal ovary development as its defective signaling leads to premature ovarian failure associated with diminished Amh levels, defective basement membrane and cell polarization. The Mullerian duct, the anlagen of oviduct, uterus and upper part of vagina, does not form in Wnt4-deficient females. This study indicates that Wnt4 is needed for migration initiation and maintenance during Mullerian duct formation prenatally. During the postnatal uterine differentiation Wnt4 is essential for endometrial gland formation. The present study provides new evidence for Wnt4 function during embryonic and adult female sexual differentiation
Tiivistelmä Nisäkkäiden naaraspuolista kehitystä pidettiin aiemmin sukupuolisen erilaistumiskehityksen oletusarvona. Signaloivien proteiinien Wnt-perheeseen kuuluvan Wnt4-geenin puutteen todettiin kuitenkin johtavan XX naarasalkion sukupuolen kääntymisen koiraaksi sekä aiheuttavan tiettyjä koiraille ominaisia piirteitä. Tämä osoitti, ettei naaraspuolinen kehitys ole oletusarvo, vaan se riippuu aktiivisesta signaloinnista ja solujen välisestä interaktiosta. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää Wnt4-geenin roolia sukupuolen määräytymisessä, munasarjojen kehittymisessä sekä naaraan sukupuolitiehyitten muodostumisessa. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että munasarjat tuottavat testosteronia niillä naaraspuolisilla alkioilla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. 80 prosentilla naaraista, joilla on Wnt4-geenin puute, androgeenivaikutuksen esto raskauden aikana annettavalla antiandrogeenilla, flutamidilla, estää sukupuolen vaihtumisen fenotyypin. Tämä viittaa siihen, että testosteroni toimii mahdollisena koiraan fenotyypin välittäjänä naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Wnt4 ilmentyy munasarjojen somaattisissa soluissa, jotka ovat tärkeitä naaraspuolisen ituradan kehityksen säätelyn kannalta. Väitöstutkimus osoittaa, että Wnt4 on itusoluryppäitä, solujen välistä interaktiota sekä varhaista follikkeligeeni-ilmentymistä ylläpitävä tekijä. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että Wnt4/5a -signaloinnilla on tärkeä rooli meioosissa. Tutkimus osoittaa lisäksi, että Wnt4 vaikuttaa munasarjojen kehitykseen myös syntymän jälkeen. Puutteellinen signalointi alentaa Anti-Müllerian hormonin tasoa, heikentää tyvikalvoa ja vähentää solujen polarisaatiota, joka johtaa ennenaikaiseen munasarjojen toiminnan hiipumiseen. Müllerin tiehyet, joista myöhemmin kehittyvät munanjohtimet, kohtu ja vaginan yläosa, jäävät kokonaan muodostumatta naarailla, joilta puuttuu Wnt4-geeni. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että Wnt4 on tarpeen alkioaikaiseen Müllerin tiehyen muodostavien solujen liikkeellelähtöön ja ylläpitoon. Wnt4:llä on myös keskeinen rooli kohturauhasten muodostumisessa sukukypsyyden saavuttamisen aikana ja sen jälkeen
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Doszyn, Olga. "Sex differences in neuronal differentiation of human stem cells." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384661.

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Sexual dimorphism has been long noted in human neurobiology, apparent most notably in sex-biased distribution of multiple neurological disorders or diseases, from autism spectrum disorder to Parkinson's disease. With the advances in molecular biology, genetics and epigenetics have come into focus as key players in sexually dimorphic neural development; and yet, many studies in the field of neuroscience overlook the importance of sex for the human brain. For this project, human embryonic and neural stem cells were chosen for three main reasons. Firstly, they provide an easily obtainable, scalable and physiologically native model for the early stages of development. Secondly, neural stem cells populations are retained within the adult human brain, and are implicated to play a role in cognition and mental illness, and as such are of interest in themselves. Thirdly, stem cell lines are widely used in research, including clinical trials of transplantation treatments, and for this reason should be meticulously examined and characterized. Here, the morphology, behaviour, and expression of selected genes in four stem cell lines, two of female and two of male origin, was examined in side-by-side comparisons prior to and during neuronal differentiation using a variety of methods including light microscopy, time-lapse two-photon microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. The obtained results have shown previously uncharacterised differences between those cell lines, such as a higher rate of proliferation but a slower rate of neuronal differentiation in male cell cultures compared to female cells cultivated in the same conditions, and a sex-biased expression of several markers of neuronal maturation at late stages of differentiation, as well as diverse patterns of expression of X- and Y-linked genes involved in stem cell proliferation and neural development.
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Rahm, Olivia. "Variations in Sex Differentiation : The Neurobiology of Gender Dysphoria." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17657.

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The aim of this review paper was to investigate variations in sex differentiation, andalso, examine what neurobiological underpinnings there are to gender identity andgender dysphoria. In addition, the most extreme form of gender dysphoria,transsexuality, will be described from a neurobiological perspective but also discussedin terms of the classification from DSM-5. One theory considered on how genderidentity originates is the fact that the sexual differentiation of the brain and thedifferentiation of sexual organs develop during different time periods. Alterationswere displayed in a demonstration of male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male(FTM) transsexuals that showed reversed results in cell number in a part of thehypothalamus, acronymized INAH-3 and reversal volume results in another region,acronymized BSTc. Likewise, differences in grey matter in the right putamendepended upon their natal gender. It can be concluded that there is biologicalevidence for sex differentiation and indications that lead science into consideringbiological components for gender dysphoria. This conclusion suggests for futureresearch questions focused more on the possible genetic factors of gender identity,also, consider larger sample sizes and more replications. There is still incompleteknowledge of what exactly constitutes an individual’s gender identity.
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Gamba, Thiago de Oliveira 1977. "Avaliação do dimorfismo sexual por meio de estudo antropométrico em imagens por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônicos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288978.

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Orientador: Francisco Haiter Neto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T22:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gamba_ThiagodeOliveira_M.pdf: 1982337 bytes, checksum: 59e9e9eb3c74854ff87b24acbb1ed82a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O objetivo no presente estudo foi verificar se medidas antropológicas realizadas em mandíbulas, por meio de imagem de Tomografia Computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), podem detectar o dimorfismo sexual em uma população brasileira. Adicionalmente, criar uma fórmula, a partir destas medidas para determinação do sexo. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra de 159 imagens de TCFC de indivíduos de uma população brasileira (74 homens e 85 mulheres), com idade variando de 18 a 60 anos. As imagens foram analisadas por 5 avaliadores, que realizaram seis mensurações: comprimento do ramo mandibular em altura (CR), comprimento da base mandibular (CBM), menor comprimento do ramo mandibular em largura (MCR), ângulo goníaco (AG), distância intercondilar (DIC) e distância intergoníaca (DIG), em reconstruções 3D de TCFC. Após quinze dias, as mensurações foram repetidas com 25 % da amostra. Para análise estatística, foi aplicada a Correlação Intraclasse na avaliação intra e interexaminador, Análise de Variância (ANOVA) para comparação entre os valores médios das mensurações presentes e equações binárias de Regressão Logística foram criadas para determinação do sexo. As mensurações evidenciaram valores do sexo masculino superiores aos do feminino, exceto na variável MCR que não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. As medidas com maiores índices dimórficos foram: DIG, CR, DIC, e AG. Associando estas quatro medidas obteve-se uma precisão de 95,1% na determinação do sexo, assim, foi possível concluir que a fórmula desenvolvida no presente estudo pode ser utilizada para identificação do sexo na prática forense
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether anthropological measurements taken in jaws through image cone beam CT (CBCT) could aid in detecting sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian population. Additionally, this study was aimed at creating a formula from these measurements for sex determination. Subjects (n=159) involved a Brazilian population (74 men and 85 women), aged 18-60 years. The CBCT images were analyzed by 5 reviewers, who performed six measurements in the analysis of sexual dimorphism: Ramus length (R-L); Gonion-gnathion length (G-G-L); Minimum ramus breadth (M-R-Br); Gonial angle (G-A); Bicondylar breadth (Bic-Br); and Bigonial breadth (Big-Br), reconstructions in 3D CBCT. The measurements were repeated with 25% of the sample 15 days after the first evaluation for statistical analysis, the intraclass correlation was used to evaluate intra- and inter-examiners, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean values and the binary logistic regression equations were created to determine the sex. The measurements showed higher values for males, except for M-R-Br, showing no statistically significant difference between genders. The measurements with the highest rates were dimorphic: Big-Br, R-L, Bic-Br and GA. When the four variables were associated, an accuracy of 95.1% in sex determination was observed. In conclusion, the formula developed in this study can be used for sexual differentiation in forensic settings
Mestrado
Radiologia Odontologica
Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica
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Poonlaphdecha, Srisupaph. "Recherche et caractérisation de gènes exprimés dans les gonades et le cerveau d'Oreochromis niloticus, utilisables comme marqueurs liés au sexe pour la production de populations monosexes mâles par des approches respectueuses de l'environnement." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20223.

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La connaissance et la maîtrise du déterminisme du sexe et de la différenciation sont des défis majeurs pour la production de tilapia. L'élevage de populations monosexes mâles évite les effets négatifs d'une reproduction continue et profite de la meilleure croissance des mâles. Dans le contexte d'une aquaculture durable, le développement de stratégies alternatives et écologiques est nécessaire pour le contrôle du sexe du tilapia sans avoir recours aux approches hormonales. Ces alternatives reposent sur des approches génétiques ou environnementales, en utilisant l'effet masculinisant des températures élevées appliquées au cours de la différenciation sexuelle. Dans cette thèse la recherche de gènes impliqués dans la différenciation sexuelle a été réalisée dans les gonades et le cerveau en utilisant l'analyse de certains gènes candidats. L'objectif était de développer des marqueurs putatifs pour produire des populations monosexes mâles par des approches respectueuses des consommateurs et de l'environnement. Les expressions temporelles et spatiales de cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, FOXL2, dmrt1, SOX9, DAX1 et amh ont été analysées dans plusieurs descendances de mâles ou des femelles génétiques ainsi que dans des femelles traitées à fortes températures. Leur lien avec les masculinisations par la températ ure a également été recherché sur des lignées thermosensibles de tilapia. L'un des gènes qui présente un dimorphisme sexuel important est l'amh qui est exprimé aussi bien dans les gonades que dans le cerveau pendant les premiers stades de la différenciation sexuelle. Le niveau d'expression de l'amh dans le cerveau est élevé chez les mâles quand les gonades sont toujours indifférenciées et probablement même avant la synthèse des stéroïdes gonadique. Une procédure de sexage moléculaire précoce a été développée en utilisant ce gène chez le tilapia. Cette procédure sera d'un grand intérêt pour les éleveurs et les scientifiques pour identifier rapidement des individus YY mâles avec un gain en temps et en argent, et pourra être utilisée également pour rechercher d'autres approches fiables de production de populations monosexes mâles sans l'utilisation des hormones
Knowledge and the control of sex determination and differentiation are major challenges for tilapia production. Farming of male monosex populations avoids the negative effects of a continuous reproduction and benefits from males' fast growth. In the context of a sustainable aquaculture, alternative and ecological strategies have to be developed to control sex in tilapia without hormonal treatment. These approaches will rely on genetic and environmental treatments, such as the use of masculinising high temperatures applied during sex differentiation. The search for genes implicated in sex differentiation has been performed in both gonads and brains using the analysis of candidate genes. The objective was to develop putative markers to produce male monosex populations through consumer and environmentally friendly approaches. Temporal and organ expressions of cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, foxl2, dmrt1, sox9, dax1 and amh were analysed in several progenies o f genetic males or females as well as in temperature-treated individuals. Their link with temperature masculinisation was also performed on the thermosensitive tilapia lines. One of the sexual dimorphic genes was amh which was found expressed in both gonads and brains during early stages of sex-differentiation. Brain amh was elevated in males when the gonads were still undifferentiated and probably before steroid synthesis took place. A precocious molecular sexing procedure was developed in tilapia using this gene. This procedure will be of great advantage for both farmers and scientists in identifying quickly male individuals and in finding reliable male monosex approaches not using hormones
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Nasseri, Roksana. "Transcriptional activity of sex chromosomes in the oocytes of the B6.Ytir sex-reversed female mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21613.

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In the B6.YTIR mouse strain, half of the XY progeny develop bilateral ovaries and the female phenotype. These XY females are infertile mainly due to the death of their embryos. This developmental failure has been attributed to a defect intrinsic to the XY oocyte.
The present study examined the transcriptional activity of the X and Y chromosomes in these oocytes. RT-PCR results show that the Ube1y gene is transcribed in the XY ovary at all stages examined and also in growing XY oocytes. The Sry gene was transcribed only at the onset of ovarian differentiation whereas the Zfy gene was undetectable at all stages during fetal life. The Xist gene, which is involved in X inactivation, was not expressed in XY oocytes. We speculate that expression of Y-encoded genes may have a deleterious effect on the quality of the oocytes and thus renders them incompetent for post-fertilization development.
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Books on the topic "Sex differentiation"

1

A, Gerall Arnold, Moltz Howard, and Ward Ingeborg L, eds. Sexual differentiation. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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2

Haseltine, Florence P., Michael E. McClure, and Ellen H. Goldberg, eds. Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6.

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Workshop on Genetic Markers on Sex Differentiation (1986 Center for Population Research). Genetic markers of sex differentiation. New York: Plenum, 1987.

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Pandian, T. J. Genetic sex differentiation in fish. Boca Raton, FL: Science Publishers, 2012.

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Boczkowski, Krzysztof. Interseksualizm: Nieprawidłowy rozwój płciowy człowieka. 3rd ed. Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, 1988.

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1954-, Yamamoto Daisuke, ed. Genetics of sexual differentiation and sexually dimorphic behaviors. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2007.

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Shibata, Bunpei. Gachū no kenkyū: Mesu, osu o umiwakesaseru (sei kettei ni kanʼyosuru yōin). Tōkyō: Shibata Bunpei, 1987.

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Promińska, Elżbieta. Płeć człowieka: Biologiczne podstawy różnic. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1987.

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G, Ory Marcia, and Warner Huber R, eds. Gender, health, and longevity: Multidisciplinary perspectives. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1990.

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Millman, Val. Sex differentiation in schooling: Is there really a problem? : final report from the former Schools Council Project on Reducing Sex Differentiation in Schools. York: Longman Resources Unit, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex differentiation"

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Josso, Nathalie. "Sex Differentiation." In Endocrinology and Physiology of Reproduction, 273–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1971-7_22.

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Pandian, T. J. "Sex Differentiation." In Reproduction and Development in Echinodermata and Prochordata, 170–82. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] | Series: Reproduction and development in aquatic invertebrates ; volume 3 | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780815364733-7.

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Beatty, William W. "Gonadal Hormones and Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Behaviors." In Sexual Differentiation, 85–128. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_3.

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Janoušek, Bohuslav, Roman Hobza, and Boris Vyskot. "Chromosomes and Sex Differentiation." In Plant Genome Diversity Volume 2, 167–86. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1160-4_11.

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Lombardi, Julian. "Sex and Sexual Differentiation." In Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction, 13–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4937-6_2.

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Amies Oelschlager, Anne-Marie, and Margarett Shnorhavorian. "Variation of sex differentiation." In Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 70–86. Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2019] | Preceded by Clinical pediatric and adolescent gynecology /edited by Joseph S. Sanfilippo ... [et al.]. c2009.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315147659-7.

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Pandian, T. J. "Sex Determination and Differentiation." In Evolution and Speciation in Animals, 235–47. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003176381-28.

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Tobet, S. A., and T. O. Fox. "Sex Differences in Neuronal Morphology Influenced Hormonally throughout Life." In Sexual Differentiation, 41–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_2.

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Bakker, Julie. "Sex Differentiation: Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones." In Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development, 3–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7441-8_1.

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Nakamura, Masaru, and Yasuhisa Kobayashi. "Sex Differentiation, Sex Change, and Sex Control in Groupers." In Sex Control in Aquaculture, 735–50. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119127291.ch38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sex differentiation"

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Sheng, Dongmei. "Analysis of College students' Sex Differentiation in English Sound." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-16.2016.75.

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Ataei, Abdol Hossain, and Figen Kırkpınar. "Application of In-Ovo Injection of Some Substances for Manipulation of Sex and Improving Performance in Chicken." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.006.

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In intensive production, freshly hatched cockerels are culled in the layer hatchery (7 billion males each year), On the other hand, for meat production rearing female birds has not economic benefits because of male broiler chicks have a faster growth rate and better feed efficiency than females. In this regards several methods are being developed for sex determination in the chick embryo during the incubation period. But these methods need to be rapid, cost-efficient, and suitable practical for commercial use. Additionally, sex determination should be done before pain perception has evolved in chick embryos. Biotechnology by in ovo technique to sex determination of between male and female chicks or sex reversal could improve production and eliminate ethical dilemmas for poultry industries. In birds, the differentiation of embryonic gonads is not determined by genetic gender with the certainty that occurs in mammals and can be affected by early treatment with a steroid hormone. During the development of the chick embryo, the genotype of the zygote determines the nature of the gonads, which then caused male or female phenotype. The differentiation of gonads during the period called the "critical period of sexual differentiation" is accompanied by the beginning of secretion of sexual hormones. Namely, any change in the concentration of steroid hormones during the critical period affects the structure of the gonads. Many synthetic anti-aromatases such as federazole and non-synthetic in plants, mushrooms, and fruits containing natural flavonoids have been used in the experiments in ovo injection of anti-aromatase had no negative effect on the growth performance of sexual reversal female chickens. In conclusion, administration of an aromatase inhibitor causes testicular growth in the genetic female gender, and estrogen administration leads to the production of the left ovotestis in the genetic male gender. Therefore, in the early stages of embryonic development, sexual differentiation can be affected by changing the ratio of sexual hormones. In this review, effects of some substances applied by in ovo injection technique on sex reversal and performance in chicks.
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Pavlova, N. S., P. N. Tsabai, Z. K. Batyrova, Z. Kh Kumykova, A. S. Bolshakova, E. V. Uvarova, and D. Yu Trofimov. "HETEROGENEITY OF GENETIC ETIOLOGIES AND METHODS FOR DETECTING SEX DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS (SDD) IN NEWBORNS AND ADOLESCENTS." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-355.

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Twenty-seven patients with sex differentiation disorders (SDD) were examined. Genetic etiology was revealed in 22 out of 27 patients (81.5 %). Karyotyping was the method of detection in 14.8 % of cases, PCR of the SRY gene in 3.7 % of cases, and full-exome sequencing in 63 % of cases.
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Dampier, Christopher H., Matthew Devall, Jennifer Bryant, Stephen D. Eaton, Jeroen R. Huyghe, Andre E. Kim, Virginia Diez-Obrero, et al. "Abstract 2578: Calcium modulates apoptosis and differentiation in human normal colon 3D organoids irrespective of donor sex and biopsy site." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2578.

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Ilyushenko, N. A., Yu O. Gainutdinova, Z. B. Eskindyrova, O. V. Ragozina, I. A. Shevnin, and B. Z. Jafarova. "Sexual dimorphism in the physical development of boys and girls of the northern region with an established dysplastic phenotype." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-94-97.

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The article analyzes the data of an anthropometric and somatotypological study of 164 boys and 93 girls of the northern region, different sexual somatotypes with different severity of signs-phenes of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. It was found that 44% of boys and 22% of girls with d, according to sexual somatic differentiation, correspond to the biological sex, 34% of boys and 53% of girls have mild gender dysplasia in the form of mesomorphy, and 19% of boys and 21% of girls have signs of sex inversion. Undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia affects the severity of morphotypological differences between sexual somatotypes and the appearance of signs of gracialization within them. Key words: northern region, adolescence, sexual dimorphism, undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia.
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N., GOLOVCHENKO. "DIFFERENTIATING THE COMPLEX OF CLOTHING FROM CHILDREN'S AND YOUTH BURIAL COMPLEXES OF THE UPPER OB REGION IN THE EARLY IRON AGE." In MODERN SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EURASIAN ARCHEOLOGY. Altai State Univercity, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/msapea.2023.3.30.

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The article is devoted to the characteristics of gender and age differentiation complex of clothing from children's and youth burial complexes of the population of the Upper Ob basin of the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The materials of burials for which sex and age definitions are published are analyzed. The gender and age distribution of jewelry is presented. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the lack of a clear canon in the design of the funeral costume contributed to its individualization. It is assumed that the unity of the ensemble of the costume was determined by the tastes and preferences of a particular person, and in relation to the funeral rite and the preferences of the community performing the act of burial.
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Van Wie, Michael J., Robert B. Stone, Henri Thevenot, and Timothy Simpson. "Examination of Platform and Differentiating Elements in Product Design." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60665.

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The problems of mass customization, portfolio design, and platforming all pose a common challenge to the designer: knowing how to partition a set of product variants to maximize commonality and simultaneously achieve sufficient differentiation for purposes of customization. This research focuses on the particular issue of how differences between platform elements and differentiating elements are evidenced in the product layout or configuration. The premise of this research is that certain architectural properties, such as modularity, vary between platform and differentiating elements. In particular, certain measures of commonality offer an appropriate set of indices for evaluating these differences in a systematic and repeatable manner. Both function and physical solution commonality provide a descriptor with which to distinguish and rank platform and differentiating elements. By evaluating components of a product in terms of function commonality, physical solution commonality, and modularity, a comparison can be made between platforms and differentiating elements with respect to these indices. The hypothesis of this work is that platforms are integrated and the non-common differentiating elements are, relative to the platforms, more modular. While anecdotal evidence exists to support this idea, the purpose of this work is to evaluate two existing product families as a means for analyzing this hypothesized relation. The result of this research is a descriptive set of knowledge that illustrates the distinguishing factors between platform and differentiating elements. The data specifically demonstrate the differences in architecture between platforms and differentiating elements, thus suggesting how these design aspects can and should be addressed at the conceptual stage of design. While not the focus of this study, future research involving a more prescriptive approach to conceptual design can directly benefit from the results. The knowledge gained in this work serves as a foundation for addressing portfolio design where both customization and commonality are key issues.
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Padula, Fabrizio, and Antonio Visioli. "Inversion-based set-point filter design for fractional control systems." In 2014 International Conference on Fractional Differentiation and its Applications (ICFDA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfda.2014.6967394.

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Duta, Mihai C., Shahrokh Shahpar, and Michael B. Giles. "Turbomachinery Design Optimization Using Automatic Differentiated Adjoint Code." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28329.

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The last decade has established the adjoint method as an effective way in Computational Fluid Dynamics of calculating the gradients of an objective functional in a large dimensional design space. This paper addresses the concerns that code developers face when creating a discrete adjoint computer program for design optimization, starting from a nonlinear flow solver and using Automatic Differentiation. Adjoint code development benefits greatly from using Automatic Differentiation but at its current state of maturity, this technology is best applied selectively rather than on entire codes. The paper discusses the practical aspects of using Automatic Differentiation on a large industrial turbomachinery flow solver with the objective of deriving efficient adjoint code. The use of the adjoint gradients is illustrated in an optimization exercise using gradient based methods on the NASA Rotor 37 public testcase.
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Li, Yaoguo, and Jiajia Sun. "Geology differentiation with uncertainty estimation using inverted magnetization directions." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2016-13957163.1.

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Reports on the topic "Sex differentiation"

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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.

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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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Klein, S. B. SEM and x-ray microanalysis of cellular differentiation in Sea Urchin Embryos: a frozen hydrated study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5964745.

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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.

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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Miller, Kaleigh. US Guided Management of Undifferentiated Dyspneic Patient in the ED. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2020.0001.

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Intro: Undifferentiated dyspnea can be a complicated presentation muddled by patient comorbidities and similar symptomology shared among etiologies. Some studies have shown increased mortality and length of stay in the hospital when incorrectly initially diagnosed in the ED. US has been shown more effective at differentiating these causes and improves diagnostic accuracy. This study will implement US exam upon initial exam of patient and chart time to diagnosis/treatment, length of stay in ED, length of stay in hospital admissions versus discharge rates, and 30 day mortality. ADHF and COPD/asthma patient differentiation will be the focus. Methods: Prospective cohort study of more than 18 years that present with the primary complaint of dyspnea with more than one complicating comorbid condition. Initial exam by physician will be accompanied by cardiothoracic US previously verified. Results: Study powered by previous year average of time to diagnosis of institution. Patient characteristics, distribution by diagnostic category, and characteristics found on US in correlation with diagnosis will be included for multivariate analysis. Conclusions: We expect to see a singificant difference in our time to diagnosis/treatment and mortality rate.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.

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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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Dixon, Peter, Michael Jerie, and Maureen Rimmer. Modern Trade Theory for CGE Modelling: the Armington, Krugman and Melitz Models. GTAP Technical Paper, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp36.

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This paper is for CGE modelers and others interested in modern trade theory. The Armington specification of trade, assuming country-level product differentiation, has been central to CGE modelling for 40 years. Starting in the 1980s with Krugman and more recently Melitz, trade theorists have preferred specifications with firm-level product differentiation. We draw out the connections between the Armington, Krugman and Melitz models, deriving them as successively less restrictive special cases of an encompassing model. We then investigate optimality properties of the Melitz model, demonstrating that a Melitz general equilibrium is the solution to a global, cost-minimizing problem. This suggests that envelope theorems can be used in interpreting results from a Melitz model. Next we explain the Balistreri-Rutherford decomposition in which a Melitz general equilibrium model is broken into Melitz sectoral models combined with an Armington general equilibrium model. Balistreri and Rutherford see their decomposition as a basis of an iterative approach for solving Melitz general equilibrium models. We see it as a means for interpreting Melitz results as the outcome of an Armington simulation with additional shocks to productivity and preferences variables. With CGE modelers in mind, we report computational experience in solving a Melitz general equilibrium model using GEMPACK. Key words: Armington, Krugman and Melitz; CGE modelling; international trade. JEL codes: F12; D40; D58; C6
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.

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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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Fajardo, Johanna, and Eduardo Lora. Latin American Middle Classes: The Distance between Perception and Reality. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011352.

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The main contribution of this paper with respect to previous work is the use of data on subjective perceptions to identify the Latin American middle classes. This paper provides a set of comparisons between objective and subjective definitions of middle-class using data from the 2007 World Gallup Poll. Seven objective income-based definitions of social class are contrasted with a self-perceived social status measure. Mismatches between the objective and the subjective classification of social class are the largest when the objective definition is based on median incomes. Mismatches result from the fact that self-perceived social status is associated not just with income, but also with personal capabilities, interpersonal relations, financial and material assets, and perceptions of economic insecurity. Objective definitions of the middle class based on absolute incomes provide the lowest mismatches and the most accurate differentiation of the middle class from other classes.
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Casey, Therese, Sameer J. Mabjeesh, Avi Shamay, and Karen Plaut. Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland? United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598164.bard.

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US scientists, Dr. Theresa Casey and Dr. Karen Plaut, collaborated with Israeli scientists, Dr. SameerMabjeesh and Dr. AviShamay to conduct studies proposed in the BARD Project No. US-4715-14 Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland over the last 3 years. CLOCK and BMAL1 are core components of the circadian clock and as heterodimers function as a transcription factor to drive circadian-rhythms of gene expression. Studies of CLOCK-mutant mice found impaired mammary development in late pregnancy was related to poor lactation performance post-partum. To gain a better understanding of role of clock in regulation of mammary development studies were conducted with the mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Decreasing CLOCK protein levels using shRNA resulted in increased mammary epithelial cell growth rate and impaired differentiation, with lower expression of differentiation markers including ad herens junction protein and fatty acid synthesis genes. When BMAL1 was knocked out using CRISPR-CAS mammary epithelial cells had greater growth rate, but reached stationary phase at a lower density, with FACS indicating cells were growing and dying at a faster rate. Beta-casein milk protein levels were significantly decreased in BMAL1 knockout cells. ChIP-seq analysis was conducted to identify BMAL1 target genes in mammary epithelial cells. Studies conducted in goats found that photoperiod duration and physiological state affected the dynamics of the mammary clock. Effects were likely independent of the photoperiod effects on prolactin levels. Interestingly, circadian rhythms of core body temperature, which functions as a key synchronizing cue sent out by the central clock in the hypothalamus, were profoundly affected by photoperiod and physiological state. Data support that the clock in the mammary gland regulates genes important to development of the gland and milk synthesis. We also found the clock in the mammary is responsive to changes in physiological state and photoperiod, and thus may serve as a mechanism to establish milk production levels in response to environmental cues.
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10

Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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