Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sex differences (Psychology) – Economic aspects'
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1
Prado, Luis Antonio. "Patriarchy and machismo: Political, economic and social effects on women." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2623.
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This thesis focuses on patriarchy and machismo and the long lasting political, economic, and social effects that their practice has had on women in the United States and Latin America. It examines the role of the Catholic Church, political influences, social, cultural, economic and legal issues, historic issues (such as the Industrial Revolution), the importance of the family's preference for sons rather than daughters, and the differences in the raising of male and female children for their adult roles.
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Hill, S. Kristian. "Gender differences in the strategic the [sic] use of self- reported handicaps." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941720.
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The hypothesis that self-handicapping is used differentially by men and women was examined in a naturalistic setting. It was expected that the importance of an exam would be a better predictor of self-handicapping for men, whereas stress was predicted to be a better indicator of self-handicapping for women. College students were assessed the class period prior to a mid-term exam. Participants completed a packet of questionnaires that assessed level of stress, self-handicapping tendencies, anticipated handicaps, perceived importance of the exam, the consequences of their performance (i.e. success or failure), and expected performance. The results did not support the hypotheses. However, there is some evidence that the process of self-handicapping is different for men and women. Discussion focuses on explanations for the lack of hypothesized gender interactions, the self-protective utility of self-handicapping and construct validity of the Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS).Department of Psychological Science
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McGuirl, Kerry Elizabeth. "Gender differences regarding the idealized sex partner." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115755.
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College student men (n = 185) and women (n = 244) rated how desirable certain characteristics are in an ideal sex partner within a long-term relationship. They reported personal beliefs and predictions about the other gender's preferences. Of the twenty-six items that comprised each measure, factor analyses yielded five subscales: Communication/Openness, Physical Attractiveness, Knowledge/Skill, Take Control, and Response/Drive. As hypothesized, men placed greater emphasis than did women on Physical Attractiveness and Response/Drive, whereas women, more than men, believed Knowledge/Skill was important. Men and women differed completely on what they thought was important to each other. Furthermore, men recognized that there were gender differences on all subscales but Knowledge/Skill, whereas women recognized gender differences on all subscales. When the actual responses of men and women were compared with the beliefs that each had about the other, results showed that both genders underestimated the importance the other placed on Communication/Openness and overestimated that of Physical Attractiveness. Results are discussed with regard to implications for counselors.Department of Psychological Science
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Simonich, Heather K. "Sex differences in social support among cancer patients." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1222834.
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Social support is likely to play an especially important role in coping with a cancer diagnosis as it presents a unique set of stressors to the individual. The purpose of this study was to examine biological sex differences in the perceived availability of three modes of social support (emotional, instrumental, and informational), source of support (friends vs. family), and social support seeking behavior in a population of cancer patients. The sample included 71 men and 71 women who had been diagnosed with cancer within two years of the start of the study. No significant sex differences were found in social support seeking; however, results revealed that women perceived greater availability of emotional support as well as greater support from friends on all modes of social support than did men. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Carville, John Anthony. "The effects of obesity and gender on selection of therapist and expectations about the therapeutic process." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/957.
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Woodger, Neil Cameron. "The type A behaviour pattern, sex differences and control in the occupational environment." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/141481.
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Howse, Rose M. "An examination of sex differences in attitude, ability and interest." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/233.
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Morley, Jacoba Lena. "The effects of gender, self-esteem, age, and relationship on compliance-gaining strategy selection." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/553.
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One goal of communicating with others can be to gain their compliance, essentially to get someone else to do what we want them to do. The techniques used and communicative messages chosen to accomplish this goal can vary widely. This study investigated the effects of gender, self-esteem, age, and relationship on compliancegaining strategy selection. Two hypotheses and three research ·questions were addressed in this study. Hypothesis One predicted males would be more likely to select anti-social compliance-gaining strategies in a social setting when trying to influence other males and pro-social compliance strategies when trying to influence females. Hypothesis Two predicted women will select more pro-social compliance-gaining strategies in social settings with both males and females. Three research questions examined the effect of interactant age, relationship (interpersonal or noninterpersonal) and self-esteem on the selection of compliance gaining strategies. The total sample size was 161 college students drawn from a medium-sized, private university in the western United States. Students
were enrolled in one of four communication courses. A factor analysis was first employed to reduce the Weisman and Schenk-Hamlin Compliance Gaining typology into pro- and anti-social strategies, so that Hypothesis One could be addressed. However, after the analysis showed that the thirteen strategies used did not fall into two discrete categories as originally anticipated, a t-test was used to evaluate each strategy individually. An analysis of variance was used to determine interaction effects among gender, age, self:esteem, and compliance-gaining strategy. At-test was employed for analysis ofhypothesis two to determine gender differences in strategy selection. All research questions utilized regression analysis to determine the existence of a relationship between the individual variables of age, relationship, and self-esteem on compliancegaining strategy. Results for Hypothesis One showed no significant difference in male research participants' selection of compliance-gaining strategies for both male and female targets. Results for Hypothesis Two indicated female research participants used the 'allurement' strategy more than males with both male and female targets. No significant difference in strategy usage for the remaining 12 strategies resulted. Results for the three research questions showed significant interaction effects for the strategies of ingratiation, promise, allurement, aversive stimulation, threat, altruism, and hinting.
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Goldsmith, Janet Day. "The Effect of Psychological Gender and Self-monitoring on Leader Emergence and Leader Behavior." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4974.
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Three aspects of renal function were measured in the toad, Bufo marinus (N=lO): (1) effect of rate of blood volume expansion on renal functions (UFR; GFR; urine and plasma ion concentrations; and ion excretion rates), (2) effect of hypo- and hyperosmotic blood volume expansions on renal functions, and (3) role of GFR and tubular processes in the differential response of UFR under different osmotic expansion stresses. Renal responses to differential rates of blood volume expansion have not been investigated in amphibians. Rate responses will be analyzed considering effects: ( 1) during infusion (neural, or, short term regulation of extracellular fluid volume) and (2) post infusion (hormonal, or, long term regulation of extracellular fluid volume). Volume expansions were administered with hypoosmotic (0.4%) saline and hyperosmotic (1.4%) saline, and ranged in rate from 4.0 to 20.6 ml/kg/min. This protocol is designed to present volume regulatory mechanisms with increased volume stimuli and different osmotic stimuli. Overall, infusion rate had no significant effects on renal responses measured: urine flow rate (UFR); glomerular filtration rate (GFR); urine and plasma ion concentrations; natriuresis; or kaliuresis. This was true for the infusion period and for the observed post infusion period (90 min). Rate was correlated with GFR in the hypoosmotic group (r=0.30, p=0.04) and natriuresis in the hyperosmotic group (r=0.34, p=0.03). A significant positive correlation was observed between UFR and GFR. Relative to treatment, UFR differed significantly; GFR response was inherently similar despite differences at individual intervals, indicating UFR differences between the treatments is due to tubular processes. Responses to hypoosmotic infusion included a significant diuresis, natriuresis, and a decreased urine sodium concentration, relative to hyperosmotic infusion. At low UFRs the hyperosmotic group produced urine relatively concentrated in sodium. Urine sodium concentration and UFR were positively correlated in the hypoosmotic infusion group -- at high UFRs, kidneys were unable to produce a dilute urine.
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VanderLaan, Doug P., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Elucidating the origins of heterosexual sex differences in mating psychology by examining the behaviour of homosexual men and women." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/674.
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Various competing theoretical frameworks have been invoked to explain heterosexual sex differences in mating psychology. Chapter One provides examples of such frameworks, details how considering both heterosexual and homosexual men and women can help identify the most tenable frameworks, and reviews previous research comparing the mating psychology of heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Chapter Two demonstrates the utility of this comparative method by examining the mate retention behaviour of heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Where heterosexual sex differences exist, the mate retention behaviour of homosexual men is largely sex-typical while that of homosexual women is sex-atypical. The significance of these results for explaining heterosexual sex differences in mate retention is discussed. Chapter Three discusses how the data presented and reviewed here might inform our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying mating psychology as well as the development of sexual orientation in men and women.x, 73 leaves ; 28 cm. --
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Rank, Janice Lee. "Moral orientation and decision-making: Ethnic and gender differences." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/456.
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Serbu, Jacqueline. "Effects of college athletic participation on job satisfaction and life satisfaction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42086.
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There are many questions about the long-term effects of college athletic participation that have not been studied, especially issues regarding gender. Because of socialization and the structural differences in men's and women's sports, the long-term effects of sports participation may be different for men and women athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of competition through college sports participation on job satisfaction and life satisfaction of former men and women athletes.
Research was conducted on men and women who participated at the college level in basketball, track and field, swimming and diving, and tennis from 1983-1988 at Virginia Tech. Data were collected using a mail survey adapted from the Sports Orientation Questionnaire (Gill & Deeter, 1988), the revised and abridged version of the Life Satisfaction Index-A ( Kleiber, Greendorfer, Blinde, & Samdahl, 1987) and the Index of Job Satisfaction (Brayfield & Rothe, 1951).
Data were analyzed using t-tests and regression models to determine the relationship between the independent variables of gender and level of competitiveness and the dependent variables of job satisfaction and life satisfaction. No significant difference was found between gender and its relationship to job satisfaction and life satisfaction. This result may have great importance given that women experience discrimination in sports participation. It seems that women are able to overcome these adverse conditions and achieve levels of job satisfaction and life satisfaction equal to men.
Level of competitiveness was not statistically significant either; however this may be due to a small variance among the sample's level of competitiveness.Master of Arts
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Lai, Josanna Yuk-Lin. "Is keeping in or letting out anger good for your heart?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30099.
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Given the presumed importance of cardiovascular reactivity and the role of anger in the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease, this study is the first to jointly examine three related areas (i.e. gender effects, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress following an anger Inducing situation). The present study tested the following hypotheses: a) that cardiovascular reactivity would vary as a function of subjects' gender and direction preference; b) that the rate of cardiovascular recovery would vary as a function of anger direction preference and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; c) that the subjective feelings of anger after harassment would vary as a function of gender, anger direction preference, and opportunity/no opportunity to aggress; and d) that the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance would vary as a function of anger preference. 56 females and 49 males executed a math task while being harassed for "poor performance". Next, they were randomly assigned to either write a negative evaluation of the frustrator or to copy a neutral paragraph and then to circle some letters in another paragraph. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured intermittently throughout. Subjects' preferred mode of anger expression (i.e. anger-in versus anger-out) had been previously assessed and cross validated by self as well as peer evaluations. Results indicated that gender was a better predictor than anger direction preference for cardiovascular reactivity to harassment. Complex patterns of recovery were detected with Intriguing sex differences. Results on male diastolic recovery were consistent with a matching hypothesis of anger direction preference but only for anger-out males. In addition, subjective anger for males was related to opportunity/no opportunity conditions, whereas females did not show such a relationship. Female anger-ln's showed quicker systolic recovery than anger-out's. Lastly, the evaluation of experimenter's competency and performance did not vary as a function of anger preference. Therapeutic implications of the findings within the context of anger control as well as trends for future research are discussed.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Walton, Marcus D. "Differences Among Athletes and Non-Athletes in Sex Role Orientation and Attitudes Towards Women: Comparing Results from 1982 and 2005." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WaltonMD2005.pdf.
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Dunn, Kerri F. "Degrading pornography: A male perspective." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/783.
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Non-violent, degrading pornography -- Ratings of degradation and arousal -- Men vs. women -- Male reations to video depictions of sexually explicit behavior, status reduction, availability, semen/penis worship, dominance, status inequality, submission, objectification, and unreciprocated sex.
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Lash, Steven Joseph. "Gender differences in cardiovascular reactivity: effects of the gender relevance of the stressor." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39928.
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Previous research suggests that sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) are a function of differences in cognitive appraisal of stressors as masculine-relevant or feminine-relevant tasks. Two studies were conducted to examine the role of the appraised gender relevance of stressors as a mediator of sex differences in CVR. In the first study the CVR of male and female college students (N = 95) to the cold-pressor test (CPT) was compared under masculine-relevant and gender-neutral stressor instructions during an anticipation phase, a stressor phase, and a recovery phase. Men were expected to show greater CVR than women to the masculine-relevant CPT, but not to the gender-neutral CPT. Results supported this prediction for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) reactivity, but not diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity. In the second study the CVR of male and female college students (N = 121) to the CPT was compared under masculine-relevant and female-relevant stressor instructions during an anticipation phase, a stressor phase, and a recovery phase. Men were predicted to show greater CVR than women to the masculine-relevant CPT while women were expected to show greater CVR to the feminine-relevant CPT. Results supported these predictions for SBP, but not HR reactivity. The results for DBP were mixed. Men did not show greater DBP reactivity than women to the masculinerelevant CPT, but women showed greater DBP reactivity than men to the feminine-relevant CPT. The potential influence of sex differences in cognitive appraisal of situations on CVR and coronary heart disease is discussed.Ph. D.
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Lauw, Erven. "Essays on corruption and development issues." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7784.
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Corruption is widely considered to have adverse effects on economic development through its negative impact on the volume and quality of public investment and the efficiency of government services. Conversely, many of these macro variables are determinants of corruption. However, there are few studies of this two-way interaction at the macro level. This thesis aims to extend the current literature on corruption and development by explicit investigation of two diverse channels through which corruption and economic development interact, namely women's share in politics and pollution. For each variable, the thesis presents a theoretical model in which corruption and economic development are determined endogenously in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. We have four main results. First, female bureaucrats commit fewer corrupt acts than male bureaucrats because they have lower incentives to be corrupt. Second, corruption affects pollution directly by reducing pollution abatement resources and indirectly through its impact on development. As pollution and development appear to have an inverse U-shaped relationship, the total effect of corruption on pollution depends on the economy's level of income. Third, we confirm a simultaneous relationship between corruption and development. Fourth, for sufficiently low income levels, corruption and poverty may be permanent features of the economy. In addition to the two theoretical models, the thesis also presents an empirical investigation of the causal effect of women's share in parliament on corruption using panel data and gender quotas as instruments for women's share in parliament. Our results overturn the consensus since we find no causal effect of women's share in parliament on corruption, except in a particular case of Africa with reserved seats quotas.
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Esparza, Schaylee Marie. "Mediating Academic Success: Race, Class, Gender and Community College Persistence." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2019.
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Over the last forty years, the U.S. community college system has expanded, allowing disadvantaged groups greater access to higher education. With that expansion, a body of research has emerged examining community college students' educational outcomes. However, the research is limited in understanding the academic persistence of low-income students and community college student in particular. The purpose of this comparative, qualitative study is to explore some of the unanswered questions about how low income white and Latino students' experience academic persistence similarly and differently and understand how gender influences the challenges students may face during college.
This study draws from interviews of 22 (11 White/11 Latino/a) low-income community college students at a rural, Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) in the West. All students share similar challenges because of their class constraints, but Latino/a students in particular face challenges of racism and discrimination that carried over into their college careers. Faculty and family are the key sources of support for all students, which mediate some of the challenges. Variation is seen between the experiences of males and females, as traditional gender roles are reinforced and maintained in the family. This study offers insights into how structural inequality creates barriers for students from their perspective and gives recommendations for practitioners on how to mediate some of these challenges and increase student persistence.
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Grossmann, Sandra Joy. "Math Anxiety, Coping Behavior, and Gender." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4857.
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Non-math majors enrolled in lower-division math courses at an urban university were surveyed on their math attitudes, coping behaviors, and math anxiety (MATHANX). The Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCC), Revised Math Anxiety Rating Scale, and other questions were presented to 30 men and 32 women. Hierarchical regressions showed that after controlling for attitudinal covariates, emotion-focused coping behaviors (EMOTFOC) were strongly associated with MATHANX (F(5,54)=18.66, 12 < .0001), but problem-focused coping behaviors (PROBFOC) were not. The RWCC subscale most highly correlated with MATHANX was Wishful Thinking (r = .70, p < .0001). Ss were then dichotomized on PROBFOC and EMOTFOC, providing four behavioral groups. An ANCOVA controlling for attitudinal covariates showed behavioral group membership significant with respect to MATHANX (F(3,58)=6.07, p < .001), and an ANOVA revealed that students who reported high EMOTFOC coupled with low PROBFOC experienced the greatest MATHANX (,E(3,58) = 12.66, p < .0001).
Males and females reported virtually identical MATHANX (M=36.30 for males, 36.44 for females), and the only significant gender difference was for avoidance coping, which was used more by males (F(1,60) = 5.43, p < .03]. Results from this study suggest that fewer gender differences may exist in MATHANX and coping than have been found in the past. Additionally, this study identifies the need for future research to determine whether EMOTFOC is the behavioral component, or one of the determinants, of math anxiety.
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Marten, Linda M. (Linda Mae). "Gender Specific Reactions to Incest." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331429/.
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The problem of incest is beginning to receive a recognition and research attention long overdue. Becoming more evident is the prevalence and far reaching effects of incest. Currently, little distinction is made between the treatment approach for males and females, yet research indicates differences between the two sexes. This study explores possible differences between male and female incest victims in (1) their moral ethic, (2) their self-definition, (3) the basis from which they felt compelled to comply with the incestuous abuse, (4) the reasons they believed the sexual abuse was right or wrong, (5) the reasons for telling someone or keeping the incest a secret, (6) how they decided whether or not they made the right choice, (7) the manner in which they have changed since the abuse began, (8) the content and degree of their own guilt and/or lowered esteem, and (9) the ideas they have of changes which could have prevented the abuse.
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Dancu, Toni Nicole. "Designing Exhibits For Gender Equity." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/339.
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Gender equity has been a national and global aim for over half a century (Ceci & Williams, 2007; National Center for Education Statistics, 2003; National Science Board, 2008). While gains have been made, one area where inequity remains is spatial reasoning ability, where a large gender gap in favor of males has persisted over the years (Else-Quest, Linn, & Shibley Hyde, 2010; National Science Board, 2008; Ruble, Martin, & Berenbaum, 2006). This gender gap in spatial reasoning has had substantial societal impact on the career interests of females in areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM), contributing to the larger societal need to engage non-dominant groups in these fields to reduce outsourcing (Ceci & Williams, 2007; Jaschik, 2007; Wai, Lubinski, & Benbow, 2009; White, 1992). Both spatial reasoning ability and STEM career interest have been related to science museum visits (Hamilton, Nussbaum, Kupermintz, Kerkhoven, & Snow, 1995; Salmi, 2001, 2002). However, researchers have also found a gender gap in favor of males in regard to science museum attendance and experiences once at the museum (Borun, 1999; Crowley, 2000). There are many suggestions for increasing female engagement at science museums and creating equitable experiences, but few have been systematically studied (Kekelis, Heber, & Countryman, 2005; Koke, 2005; Maher, 2005; Taylor, 2005). This research investigated gender equitable exhibit development by enhancing a geometry exhibit with several female-friendly design features and analyzing video data to determine the effects on girls' engagement and social interactions with their caregivers. The findings suggest that incorporating several female-friendly design features leads to significantly higher engagement for girls (evidenced by greater attraction and time spent). This study also looked for any unanticipated negative effects for boys after incorporating the female-friendly design features. It is encouraging that this study was unable to detect any unintended negative effects for boys; however, such non-significant results are inconclusive and should not dissuade future research and design teams from continuing to check for unanticipated ill effects of female-friendly design features for boys. While the positive effects for girls were significant, it is important to note that they were not significantly more positive for girls than for boys; further research is needed to determine whether the female-friendly design features create a more equitable experience for girls, or a more positive experience for everyone. This study did not identify any significant differences in parent-child verbal social interactions between the two versions of the exhibit; however, the pattern of results suggests that gender discrepant parent explanations, as found by Crowley, 2001 in a children's museum, may be less of a concern for girls in science centers, providing an interesting area for future study. This research presents evidence to support incorporating female-friendly design features in future science exhibit development projects, and indicates areas where future studies are still needed to gain a deeper understanding of their effects.
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Thayer, Nancy Lynn. "Children's Conception of the Social and Moral Dilemmas Associated with Drug Use." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4852.
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The use and abuse of drugs among adolescents and adults has prompted a renewed national concern about drug abuse. Educational programs have attempted to provided factual information and create negative attitudes about drug use so that students will decide not to use drugs. Studies have revealed, however, that the drug programs have not been effective in reducing drug use. The present research addresses two primary questions: 1) Are there developmental differences in young persons' perceptions of social and moral dilemmas associated with drug use? and 2) Are gender and race associated with social and moral reasoning about drug use? Semi-structured interviewers were conducted with 32 fourth and 32 eleventh grade students. The interview posed two vignettes about drug-related behavior, including helping behavior. In addition, the interview probed respondents' conceptions of the problems associated with drug use and of the treatment that users and dealers should receive. Content analysis produced 40 codes which reached the reliability criterion of 60 percent agreement. The Kappas ranged from .57 to .91 (m = .66). Chi square tests were conducted, using the variables of race, sex and the thematic categories associated with each question. Of the 26 tests of significance conducted on the variables, two were significant for grade, two were significant for gender and one was significant for race. Eleventh grade students were more likely to specifically reject some category of help than the fourth grade students (x2 = 4.48,p < .05, df = 1). Fourth grade students were more likely to consider teachers as a source of help (x2 = 3.48,p < .06, df= 1). Female students were more likely to acknowledge risk to themselves due to helping (x2 = 4.27,p < .04, df= I). Caucasian students were more likely to acknowledge that there may be risks to the helpee due to helping (x2 = 3.52,p < .06, df= 1). Male students were more likely to want punishment and control of drug dealers (x2 = 5.32,p < .05, df= 1). In general, the :findings indicate that there are fewer developmental, gender and race differences in children's perception of drug use and associated dilemmas than might be expected. Students' descriptions did reveal that they are thinking and reasoning about the information given to them.
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Kerekes, Kendall Teague. "An investigation of sex roles and locus of control that influence female leadership career intentions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2090.
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This thesis attempted to uncover whether leadership career intentions and masculine sex-role orientation were mediated by internal locus of control. The intangible "glass ceiling" has continued to be a barrier for women in business. Research has repeatedly attempted to uncover the justification for sexual discrimination in the workforce, striving to find where the "weaknesses" of women in management ranks resided.
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Jun, Ye-Hwa. "A Study of the Relationship between Field-Independent and Field-Dependent Cognitive Styles and Social Behaviors during Free-Play of Preschool Children." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331292/.
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The problem of this study was to discover the relationship between field-independent and field-dependent cognitive styles and social behaviors during free-play of preschool children in a school setting. This study also compared the field-independent and field-dependent cognitive styles and social behaviors during free-play between age-groups and sex-groups. Thirty-six children from a university child development laboratory were subjects. They were selected from a 3-year-old classroom and a 4-year-old classroom. The research instrument, the Preschool Embedded Figures Test, was utilized to measure field-independent and field-dependent cognitive styles. The children's social behaviors were observed during free-play for four consecutive weeks. The nine categories of social behavior were solitary, parallel, and group play; .unoccupied, onlooker, transitional, and aggressive behaviors; and conversations with teachers and conversations with peers. Correlations between field-independent and field-dependent cognitive styles and social behaviors indicated that field-independence/field-dependence was related to social orientations in preschool children and also related to the choice of play activity. Field-dependent children tended to engage in conversations with teachers more often than field-independent children. Four-year-old children who were field-independent tended to spend more time in solitary play than 4-year-old children who were field-dependent. Four-year-old boys who were field-independent tended to play more often in the manipulative learning center than 4-year-old boys who were field-dependent. There were significant differences between age-groups but not significant differences between sex-groups in field-independence/field-dependence. Some social behaviors were significantly different between age-groups and sex-groups. Three-year-old children participated significantly more in physically aggressive behavior and less in conversations with peers than 4-year-old children. Boys engaged significantly more in aggressive behavior than girls.
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Wilcox, Gary A. (Gary Alden). "Handedness, Perceptual and Short Term Memory Asymmetries, and Personality." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331119/.
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A large body of research has depicted relative arousal of the left and right cerebral hemispheres as related to utilization of particular defensive coping styles, level of anxiety, and perceptual styles. The right and left hemispheres are also presented in the literature as differing in visual-spatial and verbal-auditory short term memory abilities.
The present research studied 127 right handed undergraduates' relative performance on forward spatial and digits memory spans in relation to hemispheric lateralization and other perceptual and personality variables hypothesized in the literature to be related to hemispheric arousal.
It was hypothesized that the forward spatial and digit memory spans would display asymmetrical sensitivity to hemispheric arousal. That is, in a series of successive factor analyses, a hemispheric balance factor, a trait anxiety factor, and a short term memory factor would emerge. The three factors were hypothesized to be unrelated to each other.
During an initial group pretesting, subjects were given pencil and paper measures of handedness, trait anxiety, and several defensive coping styles. During a second individual testing, subjects were administered measures of short term memory, field independence, and a computerized presentation of geometric designs which measured the subjects ability to detect differences which occurred at either the global or analytic level (Navon task).
The factor analyses revealed only the hypothesized trait anxiety factor. The hypothesized short term memory and hemispheric balance of arousal factors did not emerge. Instead, a. defensive coping style factor and separate verbal—auditory and visual-spatial short term memory factors emerged.
Several methodological difficulties of the present study which possibly contributed to the failure of the two hypothesized factors to emerge were discussed. Several additional findings, including sex differences in hemispheric lateralization, were presented. Also, signal detection analysis revealed a pattern such that trait anxious subjects were biased toward over-reporting differences on the Navon task. Implications for further research were presented.
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Standridge, Daniel. "The Economic Impact of Veteran Status: The Effect of Veteran and Demographic Statuses on Household Income." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/977.
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Determining the effects of military service on those who volunteer is of vital importance in an age when service may lead to the loss of bodily function or life. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of military service with consideration for the demographic statuses of race, gender, and educational attainment on economic outcomes. Data for this study came from the Current Population Survey July 2010 with Veterans Supplement (N=83,000). Results from this study suggest that some veterans, namely those of minority racial status and lower educational attainment benefit from their military serve by achieving increased levels of household income as compared to similar non-veterans. Conversely, non-Hispanic White veterans and those with higher levels of educational attainment suffer negative consequences to levels of household income. Furthermore, differences among veterans were assessed. These results provide further insight into the experiences of veterans in the United States.
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Mufukari, Fungai. "Gender related factors that lead to depression after diagnosis with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17901.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: People diagnosed as being HIV positive or having AIDS develop depression as they attempt to cope with their daily lives. Some studies have indicated the prevalence of depression and anxiety in people living with HIV/AIDS is higher than in the general population. An evaluation of gender related factors that lead to depression after a diagnosis with HIV/AIDS will highlight the incidences and frequency of what individuals experience in their daily lives. The research is a descriptive study in which the factors that cause depression after HIV/AIDS diagnosis were identified and related to gender. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse the responses elicited from the participants in the sample. Twenty five PLHAs who had been diagnosed with depression were selected from patients attending both Nthabiseng and Luthando Clinics at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, Johannesburg. A questionnaire was designed to gather demographic as well as information regarding family, social and economic history. A short interview was also conducted with selected patients to determine in their own words what causes their depression. The selected patient hospital charts were analysed to gain additional information to complete the equation. A semi structured interview was conducted with 13 selected health care professionals to gather information on how they see depression in the presence of HIV and whether they are adequately equipped to detect and manage this condition. The findings from this study supported the view depression is present or develops after a positive HIV diagnosis and a difference was detected in the causes of depression in women and that of men. Common causes of depression after HIV diagnosis were denial, fear of death and social insecurity. Women were more likely to attribute their depression to denial and worry about work and family responsibility. Men attributed their depression to failure to provide for their family and loss of social status. Recognising the causes of and gender differences in the causes of HIV-related depression may help in designing more effective counselling strategies and improve management and care of PLHAs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is 'n aantal mense wat nie aan depressie ly voordat hulle met HIV gediagnoseer word nie. Meeste studies dui aan dat die voorkoms van depressie en angstigheid by mense wat lewe met MIV en VIGS heelwat hoër is as die algemene MIV populasie. Baie mense, insluitende gesondheidsorgwerkers, neem aan dat depressie 'n onontsnapbare newe-effek is van MIV/VIGS diagnose. Dus mag dit gebeur dat depressie ongesiens verby gaan, onbehandeld, met die gevolg van oneffektiewe behandeling, riskante optrede, swak bestuur van MIV/VIGS en 'n lae lewenskwaliteit vir hierdie pasiënte. Hierdie navorsingsartikel kyk na die geslags-verwante faktore wat lei tot depressie na die diagnosering van MIV/VIGS. Die navorsing is 'n beskrywende studie waarin faktore wat depressie in MIV/VIGS gediagnoseerde pasiënte veroorsaak identifiseer en gedifferensieer word afhangende van geslag. Kwantitatiewe asook kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik. Dertig PLHAs wat met depressie gediagnoseer is, word behandel in Nthabiseng asook Luthando Kliniek by die Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospitaal in Soweto, Johannesburg. Nthabiseng is die MIV Kliniek en Luthando is die psigiatriese kliniek vir MIV/VIGS pasiënte. 'n Vraelys is saamgestel om demografiese asook familie, sosiologiese en ekonomiese inligting te verkry. 'n Kort onderhoud is ook met sommige pasiënte gehou om in hul eie woorde te hoor wat hul glo hul depressie veroorsaak. Die geselekteerde pasiënte se hospitaal kaarte is geanaliseer, met die doel om die dokter se insette of redes te kry oor die pasiënte se depressie. 'n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud was gedoen met gesondheidsorgwerkers in Luthando- en Nthabiseng klinieke om inligting te verkry oor hoe hierdie professionele gesondheidsorgwerkers depressie sien by MIV/VIGS pasiënte en of hul bevoegd is om dit te identifiseer en te behandel. Die studie het bevind dat daar 'n verskil is by oorsake van depressie by vroue en oorsake van depressie by mans. Mees algemene oorsake van depressie by MIV/VIGS pasiënte is ontkenning, vrees van dood en sosiale onstabiliteit. By die vroue het ontkenning en bekommernis oor werk- en familie verantwoordelikhede meestal bygedra tot hierdie depressie, en by die mans was dit meer asof daar 'n algemene terleurstelling geheers het in hul gemoed. 'n Terleurstelling deurdat hul nie vir hul families sal kan sorg nie asook die vernedering in die sosiale netwerk. Om die verskille in MIV-geassosieerde depressie gebasseer op geslag te kan herken mag bydra tot die ontwerp van meer effektiewe beradingstrategië.
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Walburn, Kathryn H. "Males' and Females' Attitudes Toward a Prospective Social Group Member with a History of Mental Illness." UNF Digital Commons, 1986. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/656.
Full textAbstract:
Attitudes of male and female subjects toward a prospective social group member who did/did not have a history of mental illness were investigated. The cognitive, behavioral and affective components of subjects' attitudes were measured. Results from the cognitive measure indicated that: 1) Subjects in the experimental condition perceived the confederate less positively on personal characteristics indicative of moral character. 2) Male subjects perceived the confederate as more dependable when she had a history of mental illness, while female subjects perceived her as less dependable when she disclosed history of mental illness. On the behavioral and affective component measures, there were no significant differences between the groups.
29
Popple, Helen. "A mixed methods investigation of perceptions of adulthood and gender : links to stereotyped and risky behaviours amongst young people in Kirkcaldy, Fife." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4496.
Full textAbstract:
Adolescence is a formative period of identity development. From the start of high school young people begin to direct their own development through peer selection and behavioural choices. During this time young people have the opportunity to engage in risky behaviours such as drinking alcohol, smoking, having unprotected sex and taking illegal drugs, for the first time. These behaviours amongst young people have been linked to a range of adverse health and wellbeing outcomes, both short and long term. This study seeks to improve understanding of eleven to fifteen year olds' behavioural choices through investigation of potential links to perceptions of adulthood and gender. In order to capture this more fully a mixed methods approach is used with a quantitative cross-sectional pupil survey and in-depth intergenerational family qualitative interviews. By exploring a broad range of age and gender stereotyped, and risky behaviours, this study seeks to provide better understanding of participants' perceptions, motivations and involvement in these behaviours. Results of the study demonstrate both gendered and age differentiated patterns of perceptions. Between eleven and fifteen years old, boys demonstrate more pronounced values attributed to masculine roles. Conversely, stereotyped feminine roles appear to decrease in appeal to girls. Fourth year girls perceive risky behaviours as considerably more relevant to them, than their male peers. Interviewed mothers were unsure of how best to manage their daughter's behaviours considering their own lack of experience and the apparently high value attributed to non-confrontational, friendship based, mothering. Current methods of teaching and intervening generally address mixed gender age-group classes. This research suggests in order to modify risk-taking behaviours a gender specific approach may be more effective.
30
Schoon, Alette Jeanne. "Raw phones: the domestication of mobile phones amongst young adults in Hooggenoeg, Grahamstown." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002937.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the meanings that young adults give to their mobile phones in the township of Hooggenoeg in Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape. The research was predominantly conducted through individual interviews with nine young adults as well as two small gender-based focus groups. Participant observation as well as a close reading of the popular mobile website Outoilet also contributed to the study. Drawing on Silverstone, Hirsch and Morley’s (1992) work into the meanings attributed to the mobile phone through the domestication processes of appropriation, objectification, incorporation and conversion, the study argues for the heterogeneous roles defined for mobile phones as they are integrated into different cultural contexts. The term ‘raw phones’ in the thesis title refers to a particular cultural understanding of respectability in mainly working-class ‘coloured’¹ communities in South Africa, as described by Salo (2007) and Ross (2010), in which race, class and gender converge in the construction of the respectable person’s opposite – a lascivious, almost certainly female, dependent, black and primitive ‘raw’ Other. The study argues that in Hooggenoeg, the mobile phone becomes part of semantic processes that define both respectability and ‘rawness’ , thus helping to reproduce social relations in this community along lines of race, class and gender. A major focus of the study is the instant messaging application MXit, and how it assists in the social production of space, by helping to constitute both private and dispersed network spaces of virtual communication, in a setting where social life is otherwise very public, and social networks outside of cyberspace are densely contiguous and localised. In contrast, gossip mobile website Outoilet seems to intensify this contiguous experience of space. My findings contest generalised claims, predominantly from the developed world, which assert that the mobile phone promotes mobility and an individualised society, and show that in particular contexts it may in fact promote immobility and create a collective sociability.
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"Gender, household and economic restructuring in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888960.
Full textAbstract:
by Leung Hiu Tung, Vivien.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-184).
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1) --- Economic Restructuring in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2) --- An Agenda Of and For Working Class Families --- p.2
Chapter 1.3) --- Synopsis of Arguments --- p.5
Chapter 1.4) --- "Methodology, Sampling and Limitation" --- p.13
Chapter 1.5) --- Structure of This Thesis --- p.16
Chapter Chapter Two: --- "Gender, Family and the Economy" --- p.18
Chapter 2.1) --- Social Dimension of Economic Restructuring --- p.18
Chapter 2.2) --- "Family, Gender and the Economy" --- p.20
Chapter 2.3) --- Unpacking the Chinese Family --- p.24
Chapter 2.4) --- Reconceptualizing Family Strategy --- p.26
Chapter 2.5) --- Framework and Conceptualization --- p.32
Chapter Chapter Three: --- The Socio-Political Context of Economic Restructuring in Hong Kong
Chapter 3.1) --- The Hong Kong Way of Economic Restructuring --- p.39
Chapter 3.2) --- Economic Restructuring: A Private Problem of Workers --- p.42
Chapter 3.3) --- The Gendered Labour Market Under Economic Restructuring --- p.46
Chapter Chapter Four: --- Gender Embeddedness of Strategization --- p.50
Chapter 4.1) --- Major Concerns of Coping Responses --- p.52
Chapter 4.2) --- Strategic Orientation --- p.55
Chapter 4.3) --- Familial Resources and Constraints in Devising Coping Responses --- p.59
Chapter 4.4) --- Subjective Engagement of the Actors --- p.63
Chapter Chapter Five: --- Familial Embeddedness I-- Strategization of Impoverished Families --- p.68
Chapter 5.1) --- The Predicaments of Impoverished Families --- p.69
Chapter 5.2) --- Impoverished Traditional Families: Patriarchal Household Resource Mobilization --- p.73
Chapter 5.3) --- Impoverished Flexible Families: Negotiating Household Resource --- p.85
Chapter 5.4) --- Impoverished Solitary Families: Relying on External Resource --- p.93
Chapter 5.5) --- Strategization in Impoverished Families --- p.96
Chapter Chapter Six: --- Familial Embeddedness II-- Strategization of Sustainable Families --- p.99
Chapter 6.1) --- Sustainable Traditional Families: Securing Breadwinner's Employment --- p.101
Chapter 6.2) --- Sustainable Flexible Families: Negotiating Couple's Employment --- p.113
Chapter 6.3) --- Strategization in Sustainable Families --- p.123
Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Familial Embeddedness III-- Strategization of Affluent Families --- p.127
Chapter 7.1) --- Mobilizing Breadwinner's Employment --- p.128
Chapter 7.2) --- Trivializing Wife's Employment --- p.131
Chapter 7.3) --- Strategization in Affluent Families --- p.138
Chapter Chapter Eight: --- Conclusion --- p.140
Chapter 8.1) --- The Gender Embeddedness and Familial Embeddedness of Strategization --- p.141
Chapter 8.2) --- The Social Impacts of Economic Restructuring -- Gender and Intraclass Differences --- p.143
Chapter 8.3) --- Theoretical Implication: Family Strategy Revisited --- p.147
Endnotes --- p.155
Appendix
Chapter 1: --- Tables --- p.162
Chapter 2: --- Profile of the Informants and of their Families --- p.164
Chapter 3: --- Question Set for In-depth Interviews --- p.169
Bibliography --- p.174
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Gender Difference in Strategization --- p.5
Table 1.2 Familial Embeddedness in Strategization --- p.7
Table 4.1 Gender Difference in Strategization (Same as Table 1.1) --- p.51
Table 4.2 Categorization of Informants Across Attitudes and Major Concerns in Strategization --- p.51
Table 5.1 Familial Embeddedness in Strategization (Same as Table 1.2) --- p.68
Table 5.2 Categorization of Families According to Different Familial Contexts --- p.69
Appendix 1
"Table I Persons and Percentage Engaged in Selected Economic Sectors, 1985-94" --- p.162
Table II Establishments and Persons Engaged in the Manufacturing Sector --- p.162
Table III Nominal and Real Wage Indices of Payroll per Person Engaged --- p.164
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Oppenheimer, Marian Ehrich 1969. "The effects of gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status on coping with HIV." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18199.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the correlations between gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, self-reported mode of exposure to HIV, the types of coping strategies utilized, social support, perceived stress, preventive resources, depression, and disease progression among 79 HIV+ patients, eleven of which were Spanish speaking, seen at a federally and city funded HIV/AIDS clinic. The first aim was to demonstrate that there is a linear relationship between gender, ethnicity, the manner in which one copes with the HIV infection (utilizing problem-focused strategies versus emotion-focused strategies), and the progression of HIV as measured by each participant’s CD4 count. The second aim of the study was to show that the higher the frequency of seeking medical support at the HIV/AIDS clinic, the lower the rate of HIV progression as measured by the CD4 count. The third aim of the study was to demonstrate that there is a significant difference in the types of coping strategies utilized by differing ethnicities to combat the stress related to HIV. Findings indicated that among the 78 participants who completed the surveys, housing status (homeless versus having a home), intravenous drug use (IVDU), Escape-Avoidance behavior, Positive Reappraisal, the perception of having familial support, and the perception of mastery were all significantly correlated with the difference in the CD4 count initially obtained at the time of the interview and the CD4 count that was obtained again 3 through 15 months later. Of the 17 of the total 78 participants who did not return to the clinic consistently, housing status was found to be significantly correlated with the difference in the CD4 count initially obtained at the time of the interview and the CD4 count that was obtained again 3 through 8 months later. Of the 61 of the 78 participants who did return to the clinic consistently, IVDU, the perception of family as supportive, the perception of having sources of comfort, the perception of the ability to scan the environment as a resource, the perception that one recognizes the opportunity to prevent stress, perceived control, the perception that one has control, the perception that one has efficacy, the perception that one can master tasks, and the perception that one can maintain self-direction were all significantly correlated with the difference in the CD4 count initially obtained at the time of the interview and the CD4 count that was obtained again 9 through 15 months later. Therefore, there was a significant difference between those patients who returned for consistent medical treatment at the clinic versus those who attended the clinic infrequently. The issues pertaining to the adherence of medical treatment as well as attempts to buffer the positive coping strategies that facilitate adherence are of critical importance to current prevention measures. In addition, it was found that there were significant differences in the manner in which differing ethnicities coped with the stressors related to HIV. The study revealed that among the 25 black men and women, coping by accepting responsibility, and coping by positively reappraising situations were predictive of ethnicity. Among the 21 Hispanic men and women and the 31 white men and women who participated in the study, none of the coping strategies were predictive of ethnicity. The identification of the differential manners in which each ethnicity copes with the stressors related to HIV has the potential to bolster both HIV treatment and prevention efforts. Further research needs to be conducted in order to further explore these important issues.text
33
Scicluna-Calleja, Alexandra. "Love relationships and gender differences over time." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2923.
Full textAbstract:
Research shows that the initial honeymoon phase of a marriage dissolves
after some time and differences between the couple begin to hamper the
harmony in the relationship. One of these differences is that attributed to gender.
This study attempts to study these phases of the relationship. It approaches this
issue from an inductive standpoint to counterbalance the deductive quality that
pervades most literature in this field.
A mixed qualitative and quantitative design was selected in a multiple
case study format. An open style interview preceded and followed a Q-sorting
exercise. Ten individuals (five couples) who have been married between five and
ten years were studied. For several reasons, including the need to widen the
cultural base of the research field, the study was conducted in Malta, a
Mediterranean culture. The information provided by each participant (called coresearcher
here to indicate the empowerment accorded to them in the research),
was organized by re-casting it into a narrative form. The accuracy of the
narrative was additionally validated by the respective co-researcher and an
independent reviewer.
The purpose was to construct individual and common stories of the
marriage f r om the perspective of difference and harmony. Comparisons between
individuals and gender revealed common factors, indicating the generic path of
these relationships, and individual factors based on previous history, personality,
gender and culture Individual life thanes, the dialectic pattern of relating, and
phases i n the relationships were identified. Finally, the results were compared to
previous research on love, relational development, gender differences, and
attachment. The model of the dialectic was found to be a useful tool for
understanding relationships and integrating research. Finally, the implications
of this study on counselling, and possibilities for further research were discussed.
34
Hoss, Rebecca Anne. "What is beautiful is sex-typed a developmental examination /." Thesis, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3116338.
Full text
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"Gender bias and quantity quality tradeoff of children in China." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892431.
Full textAbstract:
Yam Yin Kat.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-49).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Data --- p.4
Chapter 3 --- Gender and Birth Order of Children --- p.7
Chapter 3.1 --- Hypothesis Development --- p.7
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Gender Discrimination --- p.7
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Birth Order --- p.12
Chapter 3.2 --- Results on Gender Bias --- p.14
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Overall Results --- p.15
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Gender Bias in Rural versus Urban Area --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Household Characteristics and Gender Bias --- p.19
Chapter 3.3 --- Birth Order Effect --- p.22
Chapter 4 --- Number of Children --- p.25
Chapter 4.1 --- Hypothesis and Empirical Strategy --- p.25
Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.30
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.33
Tables --- p.35
References --- p.46
36
"Gender differences in the experience of anxiety in competitive sport, among Hong Kong elite athletes." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5895595.
Full textAbstract:
by Patricia Leahy.Running title: Elite athletes anxiety experiences.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-161 (2nd gp.)).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENDER ON THE SPORTS AGENDA? --- p.1
Gender Inequity in Sport --- p.1
Female Participation in the Olympic Games --- p.2
Gender Inequity in the Administration of the Olympic
Movement --- p.10
Sport and the Construction of Gender --- p.14
Conclusion --- p.17
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- TOWARDS A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SPORT BEHAVIOUR --- p.20
Feminism and Sport --- p.20
Feminist Analysis of Sport as Cultural Criticism --- p.20
Feminist Critiques of Sport Psychology --- p.22
Individual Differences: The biological imperative - Sex Differences --- p.22
Individual Differences: Gender Role Orientation --- p.26
Individual Differences ´Ø Role Conflict --- p.30
Conclusion --- p.32
Relational Research: Gender in Context --- p.33
Conclusion --- p.34
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF SPORT --- p.36
Introduction --- p.36
Concepts and Theories about Anxiety and Competitive Sports - Historical Development --- p.36
Cognitively Based Interpretations of Anxiety --- p.39
Competitive Sport Anxiety- A New Model Emerges --- p.42
Research in Competitive Sports-Related Anxiety --- p.43
Research on Gender and Competitive Sport Anxiety --- p.47
Conclusion --- p.48
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY AND GENDER-RELATED SPORT BEHAVIOUR --- p.50
Self-Efficacy --- p.51
Perceived Competence --- p.52
Achievement Goal Perspectives --- p.53
Expectancy-Value Model --- p.55
An Interactional Model of Female Sport Experience --- p.59
Overall Model --- p.60
Individual Components of the Model --- p.61
Gender and Anxiety Experiences in Competitive Sport: Hong Kong Elite Athletes --- p.64
Individual Components of the Model --- p.67
Overall Model --- p.68
Implications --- p.68
Hypotheses --- p.70
Minor Hypotheses --- p.70
Model Level Hypotheses --- p.70
CHAPTER 5 METHOD --- p.71
Introduction --- p.71
Methodology --- p.72
Pilot Study --- p.72
Main Study --- p.75
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS(i). VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS --- p.78
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale --- p.78
Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire --- p.78
Anxiety Experiences in Training and Competition Questionnaire --- p.80
Training and Competition AR Scales --- p.80
Training and Competition BR Scales --- p.93
Training and Competition BRE Scales --- p.106
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- RESULTS (ii). HYPOTHESIS TESTING --- p.107
Descriptives --- p.107
Intensity of Anxiety Response --- p.107
Scale Means and Standard Deviations --- p.108
Minor hypotheses --- p.111
Main Effect --- p.111
Interaction Effect --- p.114
Model Testing --- p.119
Multiple Regression Analyses --- p.119
Path Analyses --- p.134
Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSIO --- p.142
Minor Hypotheses --- p.144
Path Analyses --- p.147
Conclusion --- p.151
REFERENCES --- p.154
APPENDIX A Anxiety Rating Forms - Pilot Study --- p.162
APPENDIX B Interview Format - Pilot Study --- p.164
APPENDIX C Glossary of Terms --- p.165
APPENDIX D Main Study Questionnaires --- p.166
37
Cargill, Kima Leigh. "The influence of gender processes on jury deliberations." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3108479.
Full text
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Phetla, Rabi Joseph. "An educational psychological perspective on partner roles in heterosexual marriages." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15768.
Full textAbstract:
Contemporary and traditional sex roles differ in clarity. As such couples find it difficult to
share these sex roles because of beliefs and attitudes they hold about them.
In an attempt to generate guidelines with regard to the complementary sharing of these
roles, sex differences and the nature of sex roles were discussed.
Although men and women are similar in some respects, they however have
fundamental unchangeable differences. Sex roles on the other hand, have changed drastically over
the years.
Data was gathered through the use of interviews. The result of this study indicates that
men and women hold conflicting beliefs and attitudes concerning the sharing of sex
roles.
A set of guidelines have been formulated to assist couples to share their sex roles in a
complementary way so as to make their homes authentic primary educational environments..Psychology of Education
M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)
39
Bender, Kimberly. "Interrupting the cycle of violence : identifying gender-specific pathways from childhood maltreatment to juvenile delinquency in a national sample of youth involved in the child welfare system." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17747.
Full textAbstract:
Youth who experience maltreatment are at increased risk for delinquent behavior. This pattern in which youth victims become offenders has been termed the Cycle of Violence. This study identifies intervening factors that explain how maltreatment leads to delinquency in order to highlight methods for interrupting the Cycle of Violence. A first primary objective of this study is to determine whether more severe maltreatment leads to more severe delinquency among youth involved in the child welfare system. Next, the study investigates what factors explain the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency, examining mental health, substance use, and school disengagement as potential intervening factors. Finally, this research tests whether pathways from maltreatment to delinquency differ by gender. The study sample is drawn from three waves of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) [1999-2003]. This national sample included 1179 youth (age 11-15 at baseline) who were involved in the child welfare system. Data were analyzed using Latent Growth Modeling (LGM). Findings indicate youth who were more severely maltreated had higher levels of initial delinquency and more stable delinquency over time. Sexually abused youth were no more or less likely to report delinquent behavior than youth who experienced other forms of maltreatment, and gender did not affect delinquency patterns. Among the intervening factors, mental health and school disengagement significantly mediated the maltreatment-delinquency relationship. These findings indicate that youth who were more severely maltreated reported more mental health problems (depression and PTSD) and more school disengagement. These problems resulted in youths’ increased risk for delinquent behavior. Substance use did not mediate the maltreatment-delinquency relationship. Substance use was, however, a strong predictor of delinquency among all youth involved in the child welfare system regardless of the level of maltreatment experienced. It is noteworthy that gender did not moderate the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency or any of the mediating effects. Results indicate a need for improved screening and intervention in child welfare to prevent youths’ delinquent behavior and strongly indicate the need for improved cross-system collaboration to bridge services systems.text
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Helfer, Kayla Meryl. "Sex-role identity, workplace stress and thriving in South African employees." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23851.
Full textAbstract:
A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA by Coursework and Research Report in the field of Organisational Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2017.The present study aimed to explore levels of perceived stress and workplace thriving in a sample of 485 South African employees, within the framework of sex-role identity. A number of research to date has begun to explore the influence of sex-role identities on a number of different organisational outcomes; however few have explored both the positive and negative aspects of gendered personality traits and thus this study aimed to contribute to existing research through utilising a differentiated model of sex-role identity. Three self-report questionnaires were completed by participants, namely the EPAQ-R to assess sex-role identity, the Job Related Tension Index developed by Kahn et al. (1964) to establish levels of perceived stress and the thriving scale developed by Porath et al. (2012) was used to measure workplace thriving. The results of the study highlighted a number of statistically significant differences between sex-role identities and perceived stress and thriving respectively. A number of these results were in line with the proposed hypotheses; however, negative masculinity proved to be inconsistent with the proposed hypotheses as these individuals did not differ from the positive identities in terms of workplace stress. Furthermore, negative femininity did not experience statistically significant differences with the positive identities. The findings of the study provide support for a differentiated model of sex-role identity, as well as support for the Androgynous model of psychological well being. Practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed in the study.
MT2018
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Ramiyad, Devashnee. "Knowledge of, and attitudes toward abortion in a sample of secondary school learners : exploring gender and religious differences." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10648.
Full textAbstract:
A number of studies have attempted to describe and explain both the levels of and trend in
support for abortion in the adult population and college students, yet there is a gap around
abortion attitudes of adolescents. This quantitative study aims to examine the levels of
knowledge and attitudes of abortion among male and female secondary school learners, to
examine gender differences among the learners with regards to abortion attitudes and
knowledge as well as to investigate the effect of religion in terms of abortion. A sample of
150 adolescent males and females from Grade 11 between the ages of 15 to 19 years old
was chosen to be used in the study. This research study was conducted at a secondary
school in a lower middle class suburb in Durban. The learners were required to complete a
questionnaire measuring levels of knowledge (based on different components of the South
African legislation regarding abortion, that is, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy
(CTOP) Act (1996); a rating scale of abortion attitudes (Esposito & Basow, 1995) and a
short biographical component. The statistical programme SPSS 15.0 was used to analyze
the data. The results show that the respondents' knowledge about South African legislation
governing the act of abortion; varied, attitudes to abortion differed by gender, sexual status
and the reasons for abortion. It was found that the older the person, the more positive their
attitude towards the elective reasons for abortion. In this study, more positive attitudes
towards abortion were prevalent in the Hindu sample as compared to the Christian sample.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
42
Zhang, Wei 1977 Nov 12. "How do education and religion affect the health and well-being of the very old in China?" Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3379.
Full textAbstract:
A large body of empirical research has documented strong beneficial effects of educational attainment on a wide range of health outcomes. In addition, there has been growing interest in the links between religion and health, and some studies have suggested that the benefits of religious involvement on health are strongest for persons with low-to-moderate levels of education. To date, however, the bulk of this work has been conducted in the U.S. or other nations in the developed West. Although researchers have called for more comparative and cross-cultural studies on these topics, few if any studies have focused on the interplay of education, religion, and multiple health outcomes in China, particularly among its most elderly citizens. This project aims to address this gap in the research literature, with the following objectives: (1) to examine whether and how education is related to emotional and cognitive well-being, and reflects possible gender differences; (2) to explore whether and how religious participation is associated with various health indicators; and (3) to examine whether religious practice may complement or moderate the association between individual-level SES or community-level SES and health in this distinctive population. To investigate these issues, I use data from the Chinese Healthy Longevity Survey, a nationwide survey of the oldest old adults in China; my analyses involve the 1998 baseline survey, as well as data from the 2000 and 2002 follow-up surveys. Findings suggest that: (1) education impacts emotional and cognitive well-being through different mechanisms; (2) the indirect effects of religion on health are primarily mediated by psychological resources and lifestyle, but not by social resources; (3) females report higher levels of religious participation and get more cognitive benefits from it than males; (4) individual-level SES is negatively associated with religious participation, whereas community-level SES is positively associated with religious participation; and (5) the beneficial effects of religion on psychological wellbeing are more pronounced for residents in poorer areas. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed and elaborated.
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Thristiawati, Safrina. "Socio-cultural dimension of gendered wellbeing of older persons in Lampung, Indonesia." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156402.
Full textAbstract:
Women's experiences of ageing are markedly different from men's. The sex-difference in older age is predominantly a result of enduring inequalities across the life course, apparent in many areas, including education, labour force participation, public programs for health and income security, national legal system as well as cultural practices. The Indonesian government has provided only limited fully-funded programs for select older Indonesians. This study examines the wellbeing of the older Indonesians using a multi-level strategy including: (1) examination at national level of the socio-economic background of older Indonesians; (2) exploration of sex-differences in the wellbeing of two ethnic groups, Lampungese and Javan-migrants, using an ethnographic approach in Whyanda, Lampung in 2009-2010. The thesis analyses three key dimensions of the lives of older persons in Lampung. These are: (1) sex differences in the physical wellbeing of the older persons, measured by self-rated health; (2) sex differences in the economic wellbeing of older persons, measured by individual income, home ownership and ownership of household items; and (3) sex differences in the vulnerability of older persons, measured by "doubly-poor" characteristics, a composite of low self-rated health and low economic wellbeing. By and large, older women experience lower physical and economic wellbeing compared with older men; the lower wellbeing is significantly related to their lower status within the family. With regard to physical wellbeing, the main finding is that an older person's status within the family is a significant factor related to health, but the direction of the relations depended on the sex and ethnicity of the person. The high status does signify a better health, but only for older men. However, Javan-migrants (men and women) report better health when they have relatively equal status within the family, which is in accordance with Javan cultural norms. Six significant socio-demographic variables related to the older persons' health are lifestyle, inter-generational monetary and in-kind transfers, time spent on unpaid and paid work, and involvement in religious groups. In terms of economic wellbeing, education is the strongest positive indicator of income and ownership of household items. As an indicator of home ownership, education is second after ethnicity. Income is also positively related to living in urban area, being a Javan-migrant, working more than 35 hours weekly and monetary transfers between parents and children. Home ownership is related to ethnicity, the number of living children and age. Access to household goods is linked positively to income, health and number of living children. Among vulnerable older persons, women seem to be more vulnerable than men. However, among the 'most vulnerable' no significant sex-differences are observed. This research demonstrates that the mainstream cultural convention may assign men to higher status within the family compared with women, but this sex-difference in status is mitigated by ethnic norms. Putting relatively equal value on men's and women's contributions to the family, means a husband and wife have a relatively equal status, which in turn has a positive effect on the wellbeing of both men and women in their later life.
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Inyang, Bassey Augustine. "Gender mainstreaming as a strategy for poverty reduction in small-scale community fisheries: a case study of Nandoni Dam, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/169.
Full text
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Johnson, Courtney Beth. "The roles of commitment and attributions on uninvolved partner responses to imagined sexual infidelity." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4858.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)This study examined the roles of commitment and attributions in uninvolved partner responses to imagined sexual infidelity. Undergraduate students (N = 298) in dating relationships participated in a hypothetical sexual infidelity scenario in which they imagined their romantic partner engaged in sexual intercourse with someone else. Measured-variable path analysis was used to evaluate the predictive ability of commitment and attributions on negative emotional responses and predicted relationship continuation. The hypothesized conceptual model demonstrated poor fit to sample data. Through exploratory model building, an alternative model was generated that demonstrated good fit to sample data. A subset of commitment, investment, predicted negative affect. In addition, attributions predicted predictions of relationship continuation. Negative emotional responses were highly endorsed on a validated measure for emotional responses, the PANAS-X (Watson & Clark, 1994). Further, study findings highlight the importance of the use of a compliance check in assessing successful participant completion of imagined infidelity scenario. Unique study contributions include directions for further conceptual model development for this area of research as well as support for the use of compliance checks and careful selection of infidelity scenario.
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Melón, Laverne C. "Does binge drinking induce PMDD-like dysfunction for female C57BL/6J mice? : implications for sex differences in addiction vulnerability." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6019.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)It has traditionally been posited that women show a "telescoped" development of alcohol use disorders (Kuhn, 2011). In particular, a number of clinical studies support striking sex differences in the progression from initial use of alcohol to dependence on the compound; with women showing a faster progression through landmark events associated with the development of alcohol addiction (Randall et al., 1999). However, recent studies have challenged this tenet (Keyes et al., 2010). The work presented herein was designed to determine whether females are indeed more vulnerable to the development of behavioral maladaptations following binge drinking and whether sex differences in GABA(A) receptor regulation might underlie this vulnerability. Using a mouse model of binge drinking this dissertation established that, compared to males, females escalate their binge drinking at a faster rate and maintain altered responsivity to the locomotor effects of alcohol after extended abstinence from binge drinking. Female mice also displayed significant increases in ethanol preference and intake in a continuous, two-bottle choice protocol following a shorter history of binge drinking than males. The final goal was to determine if binge drinking results in unique patterns of anxiety- or depressive-like symptoms in males and females and whether these behaviors would be associated with the dimorphic regulation of GABAA receptor subunits across the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Male binge drinkers displayed anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal that dissipated after 2 weeks of abstinence. There were no significant changes in the expression of delta or gamma2 GABAA receptor subunit mRNA at this time point in the regions analyzed. Females also showed temporary anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from binge drinking. Additionally, females displayed significant depressive-like behavior after 2 weeks of abstinence from binge drinking. In particular, diestrus-phase females displayed significantly greater immobility in the forced-swim test after ethanol exposure and no longer maintained the reduced swim-time behavior associated with this phase of the cycle at baseline (when compared to the estrus-phase). qPCR analysis of hippocampal tissues from diestrus females supported a significant reduction in expression of gamma2 GABA(A) subunit mRNA after binge drinking. This effect was not noted for RNA isolated from hippocampal tissues taken during the estrus phase of bingers. These final data suggest possible interaction of estrous-cycle and binge drinking history that may result in the unique expression of deficits following binge drinking for females. Taken together, this work supports sex and estrous dependent effects of binge drinking on behavior and gene regulation.
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Seaton, Gina A. "Belonging Uncertainty and Psychological Capital: An Investigation of Antecedents of the Leaky Pipeline in STEM." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2889.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Women are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math fields (STEM), especially in higher levels. Researchers term this phenomenon "the leaky pipeline." While the issue is well-documented in the literature, little is known about its antecedents. The current study offers insight into factors that relate to career choice and contribute to the lack of diversity in STEM fields by investigating how sense of belonging and psychological capital (PsyCap) influence important psychological, academic, and career outcomes for women in these fields. Female undergraduate STEM majors were recruited for participation at two times during the fall academic semester (N=182 at time one, N=86 at time two) and data were analyzed using correlation and regression. Results provide support for the influence of both sense of belonging and PsyCap as important correlates of an individual's academic and career making decisions. Specifically, PsyCap mediated the relationship between belonging and well-being and belonging and career outcomes of engagement and participants' intentions to apply to graduate programs in an unrelated major. In addition, PsyCap moderated the relationship between sense of belonging and participants' intentions to switch majors and intentions to apply to graduate programs in a field unrelated to their current major. An increased understanding of the factors that contribute to the leaky pipeline in STEM will serve as a basis for developing further research questions and targeting interventions.
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Wambugu, Jacob Ngunyi. "Race, gender and intelligence : a comparative study of Black, White and Indian students' lay theories of intelligence." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1896.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated Black, White, and Indian South African university students' lay theories of intelligence. 260 students participated in this study, with an age range of 18 - 39 years. The study, which is based on the theory of multiple intelligences, explored everyday perceptions of intelligence across race groups in a South African setting. The independent variables of interest were race/culture and gender, while overall and multiple intelligences served as dependent variables. Participants were asked to rate their own overall (general) as well as multiple intelligences. They were then asked to rate the overall as well as multiple intelligences of in-group (same race) and out-group (different race) members of both genders. There was a statistically significant race effect, with White and Indian students giving Black students lower ratings and Black students in turn giving White and Indian students lower ratings. This may be a result of historically racialized discourses that still influence everyday perceptions of the 'Other'. There was a statistically significant gender effect with females giving higher estimates to not only themselves, but also to mates as well for all the multiple intelligences. It can be postulated that this may be a consequence of a population that has been sensitized to gender stereotyping, in addition to educational institutions promoting female friendly policies.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Tofts, Michelle S. "Discourses of love and money : exploring constructions of gender and romantic relationships." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9453.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation considers gender relations and intimacy in romantic relationships within the
context of economic globalization and consumer culture. The aim was to explore how the
economic structure of South African society and the culture of consumption that has
accompanied this structure influence the way men and women view themselves and each
other, and the impact this has on the relationships they form. Social Constructionism was
used as a theoretical framework and specific attention was paid to the discourses evident in
the speech of participants and the effects these discourses may have had on the formation of
intimate bonds. Data was collected from young middle class women aged 18-25 using focus
groups and individual, semi-structured interviews and was analysed using discourse analysis
to explore the ways in which ideas of identity, self-worth, status and value shape these
relationships. The following discourses were identified from the data: Men and women are
different, Romantic relationships as a means to social inclusion/self-esteem, Love as a risk,
Love as hard work and Physical attractiveness as necessary for romantic relationships.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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"Inter-age cohort difference in the returns to education and the gender earning gap in Hong Kong." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889836.
Full textAbstract:
Li Yan.Thesis submitted in: September 1998.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).
Abstract also in Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.v
Chapter
Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Different Approach to Estimate the Rate of Return to Education --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Age-Cohort Analysis --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- Gender Earning Gaps and Decomposition of Wage Differentials --- p.9
Chapter III --- DATA DESCRIPTION --- p.13
Chapter 3.1 --- Data and Methodology --- p.13
Chapter 3.2 --- Education Attainment of Males and Females of Different Cohort --- p.15
Chapter 3.3 --- Monthly Earnings of Individual with Different Educational Level --- p.17
Chapter IV --- REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.18
Chapter 4.1 --- Determinants of Monthly Earnings and the Returns to Education --- p.18
Chapter 4.2 --- Returns to Education with respect to Marrage and Age Cohorts --- p.22
Chapter 4.3 --- The Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition --- p.23
Chapter V --- MULTINOMIAL LOGIT ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.28
Chapter 5.1 --- The Occupational Distribution --- p.28
Chapter 5.2 --- The Gender Earning Gap across Occupations --- p.31
Chapter 5.3 --- Multinomial Logit Model and the Effect of Educational Attainment --- p.32
Chapter 5.4 --- Prediction of a Nondiscriminatory Occupational Structure for Female --- p.35
Chapter 5.5 --- Occupational Segregation and the Brown et al. Decomposition Method --- p.36
Chapter VI --- POLICY IMPLICATIONS --- p.43
Chapter VII --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.45
REFERENCES --- p.47
TABLES --- p.49