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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex differences (Psychology) Australia'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ohtsuka, Keis, Eric Bruton, Louisa Deluca, and Victoria Borg. "Sex Differences in Pathological Gambling Using Gaming Machines." Psychological Reports 80, no. 3 (June 1997): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.1051.

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With recent introduction of poker machines in Australia, there have been claims of increases in the number of women with gambling-related problems. Research in the United States indicates, however, that men have a higher incidence of pathological gambling. The aims of this study were to ascertain among game machine users in a major city in Australia whether (a) more women than men exhibited symptoms of pathological gambling, (b) women reported higher guilt associated with their gambling, and (c) gamblers' self-assessment on several mood states was predictive of pathological gambling. A modified version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen was administered to 104 users of game machines (44 men, 60 women) sampled from patrons at gaming venues in Melbourne, Australia. Data indicated no significant sex difference in the proportion of pathological gamblers or in gambling-related guilt. Self-assessment of Happiness, Propensity for Boredom, and Loneliness, significantly predicted scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen, with Unhappiness a significant independent predictor of pathological gambling. This may suggest that gambling acts to fill a need in the lives of unhappy people or that individuals who lack control over their gambling report higher unhappiness. Further research is needed to discover this relationship.

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Clarke, Valerie A. "Occupational Sex-Typing: A Declining Problem in Australia." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3 (December 1989): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.1011.

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The existence of occupational sex-typing among Australian adults was assessed by surveying a quota sample of 595 respondents. of 40 occupations, 36 were sex-typed, 12 as female and 24 as male. Occupational sex-typing was stronger among men than women, and among older than younger respondents. Male occupations were perceived as having higher social status. Sex of interviewer had little effect on response patterns. Although generalisation of the over-all level of sex-typing may be limited, the differences between age and sex groups and the associations between sex-typing and status are substantial.

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Lester, David, Janet Haines, and Christopher L. Williams. "Content Differences in Suicide Notes by Sex, Age, and Method: A Study of Australian Suicide Notes." Psychological Reports 106, no. 2 (April 2010): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.2.475-476.

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Hong, Sung-Mook, and Natasha Langovski. "Sex Difference in Psychological Reactance Amongst Korean Residents in Australia." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.578.

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Crisp, Beth R., Shane A. Thomas, Alun C. Jackson, Neil Thomason, Serena Smith, Jennifer Borrell, Wei-Ying Ho, and Tangerine A. Holt. "Sex Differences in the Treatment Needs and Outcomes of Problem Gamblers." Research on Social Work Practice 10, no. 2 (March 2000): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973150001000205.

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Previous studies have found significant differences between men and women who have sought help for problems associated with their gambling. While this raises the possibility of differing treatment needs, much of the research into treating problem gamblers is based on all-male samples. This article seeks to remedy this situation by reporting on sex differences in the treatment of 1,520 problem gamblers, almost half of whom are female, who sought help in the state of Victoria, Australia, between July 1996 and June 1997. In contrast to the primarily external concerns such as employment and legal matters reported by males, females attending for problem gambling counseling were more likely to report problems with their physical and intrapersonal functioning and were more likely to report resolution of their problems. Male clients were more likely to have their cases closed and be referred to other agencies for assistance.

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Hong, Sung-Mook. "Romantic Love, Idealistic or Pragmatic: Sex Differences among Australian Young Adults." Psychological Reports 58, no. 3 (June 1986): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.922.

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Schermer, Julie Aitken, and Marisa L. Kfrerer. "Humor style differences across four English-speaking countries." HUMOR 33, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2019-0027.

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AbstractUsing three archival data sets, mean differences in the four humor styles of affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating were assessed for adults (n = 6404) across four English-speaking countries: Canada (n = 339), the USA (n = 165), the United Kingdom (n = 4012), and Australia (n = 1888). As age and sex varied greatly across the samples and had significant relationships with the humor styles (men scored higher on each scale, younger people scored higher on affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating humor, and older people scored higher on self-enhancing humor), age and sex were regressed out of the humor style scores and the standardized residuals were examined. Significant differences were found for the four humor styles. Specifically, the Americans were the highest in affiliative and self-enhancing humor, and the British were the highest in both aggressive and self-defeating humor. As humor styles are an insight into human social interactions, the results provide a glimpse into the differences found between these countries.

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Russell, Alan, Craig H. Hart, Clyde C. Robinson, and Susanne F. Olsen. "Children's sociable and aggressive behaviour with peers: A comparison of the US and Australia, and contributions of temperament and parenting styles." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 1 (January 2003): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000038.

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Links between both temperament and parenting, and children's sociable and aggressive behaviour with peers (physical and relational), were examined. The research was undertaken in two Western cultures (the United States and Australia) assumed to be similar in socialisation practices and emphases. The moderating effects of parent sex and child sex were also examined. Parents completed questionnaires on parenting styles and child temperament. Preschool teachers rated children's aggressive and sociable behaviour. US children were rated higher on both types of aggression by teachers and on sociability, activity, and emotionally by parents. Girls were rated as more relationally aggressive and more prosocial than boys, with boys higher on physical aggression. Mothers were more authoritative, with fathers more authoritarian, although the latter was mainly a result obtained from US parents. In both the United States and Australia, temperament consistently predicted child sociable and aggressive behaviours, with some evidence of fathers' authoritarian parenting also contributing. The results show the relevance for parenting and child development of gender, and the importance of culture differences even between two Western and individualist countries.

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Cale, Jesse, Stephen Smallbone, Sue Rayment-McHugh, and Chris Dowling. "Offense Trajectories, the Unfolding of Sexual and Non-Sexual Criminal Activity, and Sex Offense Characteristics of Adolescent Sex Offenders." Sexual Abuse 28, no. 8 (August 2, 2016): 791–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215580968.

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The current study examines offending trajectories of adolescent sexual offenders (ASOs). Until recently, classification frameworks have not been designed to account for the heterogeneity of offending patterns in adolescence, how these are associated with the unfolding of sexual and non-sexual criminal activity, and whether and to what extent they are related to the characteristics of sex offenses in adolescence. The current study takes a longitudinal view of offending in adolescence by examining retrospective longitudinal data of 217 ASOs referred for treatment to a clinical service between 2001 and 2009 in Australia. General offending trajectories in adolescence were examined using semi-parametric group-based modeling, and compared according to non-violent non-sexual, violent-non-sexual, and sex offending criminal activity parameters (e.g., participation, onset, frequency, specialization/versatility) and the characteristics of the referral sexual offense. The results show distinct differences in the unfolding of sexual and non-sexual criminal activity along different offending trajectories of ASOs, and further, that these trajectories were differentially associated with the characteristics of the sexual offenses they committed.

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Marjoribanks, Kevin. "Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Family Environments and Achievement Motivation of Anglo-, Greek-, and Italian-Australians." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.313.

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Discriminant analysis was used to examine cultural group differences in the family environments and achievement motivation of 700 11-yr.-old children. Analysis indicated sex- and ethnic-group differences in the family environments and extrinsic achievement motivation of children from Anglo-, Greek-, and Italian-Australian families.

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Schneider, Sophie C., Andrew J. Baillie, Jonathan Mond, Cynthia M. Turner, and Jennifer L. Hudson. "Measurement Invariance of a Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Questionnaire Across Sex: The Body Image Questionnaire–Child and Adolescent Version." Assessment 25, no. 8 (November 19, 2016): 1026–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116679504.

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Measures of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms have received little psychometric evaluation in adolescent samples. This study aimed to examine cross-sex measurement invariance in the Body Image Questionnaire–Child and Adolescent version (BIQ-C) to establish whether observed sex differences in total scores may be meaningful or due to differences in measurement properties. A sample of 3,057 Australian high school students completed the initial screening item of the measure (63.2% male, Mage = 14.58 years, SD = 1.37, range = 12-18 years). Of these participants, 1,512 (49.5%) reported appearance concerns and thus completed the full measure. Partial scalar measurement invariance was established among a revised two-factor, 9-item version of the BIQ-C (BIQ-C-9). Females reported significantly greater latent factor variance, higher BIQ-C-9 total and factor scores, and higher scores on most individual BIQ-C-9 items. The measure can be used with caution to compare body dysmorphic disorder symptoms between male and female adolescents, though sex-specific cutoff scores should be used.

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Kouzma, Nadya M., and Gerard A. Kennedy. "Homework, Stress, and Mood Disturbance in Senior High School Students." Psychological Reports 91, no. 1 (August 2002): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.193.

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This study aimed at investigating the relationship between hours of homework, stress, and mood disturbance in senior high school students, 141 boys and 228 girls, recruited from high schools across Victoria, Australia. Participants' ages ranged from 16 to 18 years ( M = 16.6, SD = .6). A 1-wk. homework diary, a Self-reported Stress scale, and the Profile of Mood States were administered to students. Analysis showed that the number of hours spent completing homework ranged from 10 to 65 hours per week ( M = 37.0, SD = 12.2). Independent samples t-test analyses showed significant sex differences, with female students scoring higher on hours of homework, stress, and mood disturbance compared to male students. Pearson product-moment correlations were significant and positive for hours of homework with stress and for hours of homework with mood disturbance.

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Polimeni, Anne-Maree, Elizabeth Hardie, and Simone Buzwell. "Friendship Closeness Inventory: Development and Psychometric Evaluation." Psychological Reports 91, no. 1 (August 2002): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.142.

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This study developed a psychometrically sound measure of closeness in Australian men's ( n = 59) and women's ( n = 77) same-sex friendships, the Friendship Closeness Inventory. Subscales were developed to measure both masculine and feminine styles of closeness in three domains of Emotional Closeness, Behavioural Closeness, and Cognitive Closeness. The inventory was subjected to reliability checks which supported the reliability of each scale, and factor analyses which supported the 3-factor design. Correlations among ratings on subscales suggested that the affective, behavioural, and cognitive dimensions are distinguishable but related components of friendship. Group comparisons indicated that women rated themselves closer to their same-sex friends on the affective dimension than men. Researchers have suggested that sex-role socialisation may partly account for sex differences in self-ratings of emotional expressiveness in friendships. There were no significant differences between men's and women's ratings on the behavioural and cognitive aspects of friendships. The cognitive element may need further exploration in further scale development as it measures only one aspect of cognitive closeness: the perceived influence of friends. Pending further validation, the inventory appears potentially useful for research exploring affective, behavioural, and cognitive elements of young men's and women's friendships.

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Grieve, Norma, Doreen Rosenthal, and Antoniette Cavallo. "Self-Esteem and Sex-Role Attitudes: A Comparison of Italian- and Anglo-Australian Adolescent Girls." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00935.x.

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Two groups of 15-year-old girls, one Italian-Australian (IA, n = 60), and one Anglo-Australian (AA, n = 48), were compared on self-esteem and a wide range of measures associated with sex roles, including sex-role satisfaction, sex-role orientation, and assessment of and attitudes toward sex-role differentiation in the family and the culture. Self-esteem and sex-role satisfaction did not differ in the two groups. Nor were there differences in attitudes toward sex-role differentiation, even though cultural and familial differentiation were greater in the IA group and males were accorded relatively more value. However, the groups did differ in the pattern of variables associated with self-esteem and with these sex-role measures. In the more traditional IA subculture, girls' sex-role attitudes correlated with situational constraints. Unlike the AA girls, self-esteem was, in part, associated with stereotypic feminine attributes and preoccupations, and conformed to the androgyny model of well-being. In the AA group, sex-role attitudes and self-esteem were associated with perceptions of personal qualities valued in the broader, more egalitarian culture, such as intellectual ability and masculinity, thus confirming the masculinity model.

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Bates, Glen W., Suzanne E. A. Trajstman, and Colleen A. Jackson. "Internal Consistency, Test-Retest Reliability and Sex Differences on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in an Australian Sample with Trauma." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3 (June 2004): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3.793-794.

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The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory is designed to measure positive changes that can emerge after traumatic experiences. This study established that the high internal consistency and sound test-retest reliability of the inventory can be generalised from U.S. college students to an Australian sample drawn from the general community who had experienced major traumatic events. Interestingly, the 75 women endorsed more positive change overall than the 54 men, confirming earlier findings. However, there was no sex difference on items reflecting the perception of new possibilities in life.

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Owens, Laurence, Anthony Daly, and Phillip Slee. "Sex and age differences in victimisation and conflict resolution among adolescents in a south Australian school." Aggressive Behavior 31, no. 1 (2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20045.

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Slee, Phillip T., and Darryl G. Gross. "Children's and Adolescents' Fears and the Threat of Nuclear War: an Australian Study." Children Australia 13, no. 1 (1988): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000001764.

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As adults, it is tempting to dismiss children's fears of such things as animals, the supernatural and physical events as vivid aspects of their imagination and to reassure ourselves that such fears are relatively minor or of limited concern. To this extent adults fail to realise children's fears reflect something of their understanding of the world and their place in it. To date, there has been very little research conducted in Australia on the nature and extent of children's fears. However, research conducted in the United States and Europe has identified a number of features of fears including sex differences and age trends.

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Hong, Sung-Mook, and Colin D. Caust. "A Factor Analytic Evaluation of the Concern over Negative Consequences of Success Scale." Psychological Reports 56, no. 1 (February 1985): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.331.

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Ho and Zemaitis constructed a measure of fear of success called Concern Over Negative Consequences of Success Scale on the basis of American data. In the present study, data from 188 male and 161 female Australian college students were used to evaluate the factor structure of the scale in the Australian context. The five-factor solution produced three common factors for the two sexes and indicated some differences in their factor structures as well. The assumption of unidimensionality underlying the measure was not supported, and many factors appeared to tap dimensions unrelated to fear of success. Because the measure was factorially complex, scores of men and women were not considered comparable. Sex differences in over-all factor structure and in interfactor correlations suggested need for further refinement of the scale to be used in the Australian context.

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Walton, Merrilyn, Patrick J. Kelly, E. Mary Chiarella, Terry Carney, Belinda Bennett, Marie Nagy, and Suzanne Pierce. "Profile of the most common complaints for five health professions in Australia." Australian Health Review 44, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18074.

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Objective The aims of this study were to profile the most common complaints and to examine whether any demographic factors are associated with receiving a complaint for five health professions in Australia. Methods A national cohort study was conducted for all complaints received for medicine, nursing/midwifery, dentistry, pharmacy and psychology from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2013 (18 months). Data were collected from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), the New South Wales (NSW) Health Professional Councils’ Authority and the NSW Health Care Complaints Commission. The frequency and risk of complaints were summarised for the five professions and by demographic information. Results There were 545283 practitioners registered with AHPRA between 1 July 2012 and 31 December 2013, consisting of 20935 dentists, 101066 medical practitioners, 363040 nurses/midwives, 28370 pharmacists and 31872 psychologists. During the study period there were 12616 complaints, corresponding to an annual rate of 1.5 per 100 practitioners. Complaints were most common for doctors and dentists (5% per annum per practitioner) and least common for nurses/midwives (0.5% per annum per practitioner). Sex (P<0.01), age (P<0.01) and country of birth (P<0.01) were all associated with risk of complaint. The most common complaints were clinical care (44% of all complaints), medication (10%) and health impairment of the practitioner (8%). Types of complaints varied by profession, sex and age. Conclusions The risk of a complaint is low, but varies by profession and demographics. The types of complaints also vary by profession and demographics. Differences between professions is most likely driven by their different work tasks and work environments. What is already known on this subject? Although complaints are summarised annually from state and national health regulators, no overall national summary of complaints across professions exists. Thus, it is difficult to examine which complaints are most common, how professions differ from each other or what factors may be associated with risk and type of complaint. Previous studies have primarily focused on a single profession, such as medicine, where, for example, the number of prior complaints, sex, doctor speciality and age have been found to be associated with recurrent complaints. What does this paper add? This paper is the first of this kind to provide a national summary of all complaints from five of the most common health professions in Australia. We found that regardless of profession, men were at least twice as likely to have a complaint made against them than women. We also found that the types of complaint differed between men and women. There were similarities across professions for the most common types of complaints, but clear differences between professions were also noted. Not surprising, clinical care was typically the most common type of complaint for the five professions, but somewhat surprising was the inclusion of health impairment as one of the most common types of complaints. What are the implications for practitioners? Identifying the most common complaints, and the factors associated with these, may assist practitioners to understand their risk(s) of complaint and could potentially assist educators and regulators develop education programs that help reduce complaints.

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MORLEY, KATHERINE I., MICHAEL T. LYNSKEY, PAMELA A. F. MADDEN, SUSAN A. TRELOAR, ANDREW C. HEATH, and NICHOLAS G. MARTIN. "Exploring the inter-relationship of smoking age-at-onset, cigarette consumption and smoking persistence: genes or environment?" Psychological Medicine 37, no. 9 (April 30, 2007): 1357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000748.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundWe investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to covariation between smoking age-at-onset, cigarette consumption and smoking persistence.MethodMultivariate biometrical modelling methods were applied to questionnaire data from Australian twins and their siblings (14 472 individuals from 6247 families). The contributions of genetic and environmental factors to covariation between the three traits were estimated, allowing for sex differences in both trait prevalence and the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects.ResultsAll traits were moderately heritable in males and females (estimates between 0·40 and 0·62), but there were sex differences in the extent to which additive genetic influences were shared across traits. Twin-specific environmental factors accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in smoking age-at-onset in females (0·19) and males (0·12), but had little influence (<0·08) on other traits. Unique environmental factors were estimated to have a moderate influence on smoking age-at-onset (0·17 for females, 0·19 for males), but a stronger influence on other traits (between 0·39 and 0·49).ConclusionsThese results provide some insight into observed sex differences in smoking behaviour, and suggest that searching for pleiotropic genes may prove fruitful. However, further work on phenotypic definitions of smoking behaviour, particularly persistence, is warranted.

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Burns, Ailsa, and Ross Homel. "Gender Division of Tasks by Parents and Their Children." Psychology of Women Quarterly 13, no. 1 (March 1989): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb00989.x.

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The division of parenting tasks between wives and husbands was explored in a sample of 279 Australian families containing a 9–11-year-old child, and the children's performance of household tasks was compared with their parents' division of labor. Three parenting factors (domestic care, leisure/enrichment, and psychological), and four child factors (handyman, domestic, maturity, and babysitting) were obtained. Mothers were more active than fathers on all three parenting factors, but significant differences were found between parents of differing SES and cultural backgrounds. Among children, the greatest sex difference was found on the handyman factor, where boys greatly outperformed girls. Boys' performance on this factor was not related to parental division of labor or social background, but girls' performance was higher when they were only children and when they lived in higher SES families. Girls outperformed boys on the domestic and maturity factors. Parenting style, SES, and cultural background also were significantly related to these factor scores. Apart from child's sex, cultural background was the strongest predictor of children's task performance.

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Burke, Anne LJ, Jane L. Mathias, and Linley A. Denson. "Waiting for multidisciplinary chronic pain services: A prospective study over 2.5 years." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 9 (January 11, 2018): 1198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317752828.

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Despite many patients waiting more than 2 years for treatment at publicly funded multidisciplinary chronic pain services, waitlist studies rarely examine beyond 6 months. We investigated psychological adjustment and health-care utilisation of individuals ( N = 339) waiting ≤30 months for appointments at an Australian tertiary pain unit. Outcomes were relatively stable during the first 6 months, but long-term deteriorations in pain-related interference, distress and pain acceptance were evident, albeit with sex differences. Sexes also differed in uptake of new treatments. Medication use increased over time, but pain severity and medication relief did not. Results suggest that early intervention is important, especially for women.

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Athanasou, James A. "Vocational, academic, and activity interests of Australian high school pupils: Preliminary report." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 10, no. 2 (November 1993): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200026845.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide some preliminary data on the vocational interests of a sample of Australian high school pupils. Subjects (N=935) from five high schools were administered the Career Interest Test, which provides idiographic, forced-choice assessments of Outdoor, Practical, Scientific, Creative, Business, Office, and People Contact vocational interests across the three dimensions of vocations, academic preferences, and leisure activity choices. Interests are not related to age but there are significant sex differences as well as interaction effects, with males higher on Outdoor and Practical and females higher on Creative and People Contact categories. Data are provided on male and females preferences for each of the 63 paired choices (i.e., 126 items). The intercorrelation of the interests was assessed in terms of Holland's vocational typology. The validity of vocational/academic/activity measures of interests was reflected in comparisons with expressed occupational choices. It was argued that interests may be considered in terms of work-task preferences and that male-female differences in interests are consistent with Gotffredson's role of stereotypes in interest development. The implications for the assessment of vocational inlerests are discussed in terms of item content, format, scoring, and interpretation.

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Davis, Christal N., Wendy S. Slutske, Nicholas G. Martin, Arpana Agrawal, and Michael T. Lynskey. "Genetic and environmental influences on gambling disorder liability: a replication and combined analysis of two twin studies." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 10 (August 30, 2018): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002325.

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AbstractBackgroundGambling disorder (GD), recognized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5) as a behavioral addiction, is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. However, there has been little research on the genetic and environmental influences on the development of this disorder. This study reports results from the largest twin study of GD conducted to date.MethodsReplication and combined analyses were based on samples of 3292 (mean age 31.8, born 1972–79) and 4764 (mean age 37.7, born 1964–71) male, female, and unlike-sex twin pairs from the Australian Twin Registry. Univariate biometric twin models estimated the proportion of variation in the latent GD liability that could be attributed to genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors, and whether these differed quantitatively or qualitatively for men and women.ResultsIn the replication study, when using a lower GD threshold, there was evidence for significant genetic (60%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 45–76%) and unique environmental (40%; 95% CI 24–56%), but not shared environmental contributions (0%; 95% CI 0–0%) to GD liability; this did not significantly differ from the original study. In the combined analysis, higher GD thresholds (such as one consistent with DSM-5 GD) and a multiple threshold definitions of GD yielded similar results. There was no evidence for quantitative or qualitative sex differences in the liability for GD.ConclusionsTwin studies of GD are few in number but they tell a remarkably similar story: substantial genetic and unique environmental influences, with no evidence for shared environmental contributions or sex differences in GD liability.

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Marjoribanks, Kevin. "Family Contexts, Individual Characteristics, Proximal Settings, and Adolescents' Aspirations." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3 (December 2002): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.769.

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This study examined relations among family contexts, individual characteristics, proximal family and school settings, and adolescents' aspirations. As part of a national longitudinal investigation of Australian secondary school students, data were collected from 1,724 boys and 1,788 girls. The results suggest (a) family contexts defined conjointly by family social status and parents' perceived aspirations have medium to large associations with adolescents' educational aspirations and small significant associations with occupational aspirations. (b) Also, relations between family contexts and adolescents' aspirations are mediated in part by measures of adolescents' individual characteristics and their perceptions of proximal learning settings. (c) There are family context differences in the nature of the linear and curvilinear relations among individual characteristics, proximal settings, and adolescents' aspirations. Further, (d) there are sex-related variations in the associations between family contexts, individual characteristics, proximal learning settings, and adolescents' aspirations.

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Morin, Alexandre J. S., A. Katrin Arens, Danielle Tracey, Philip D. Parker, Joseph Ciarrochi, Rhonda G. Craven, and Christophe Maïano. "Self-Esteem Trajectories and Their Social Determinants in Adolescents With Different Levels of Cognitive Ability." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 122, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-122.6.539.

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Abstract This study examines the development of self-esteem in a sample of 138 Australian adolescents (90 males; 48 females) with cognitive abilities in the lowest 15% (L-CA) and a matched sample of 556 Australian adolescents (312 males; 244 females) with average to high levels of cognitive abilities (A/H-CA). These participants were measured annually (Grade 7 to 12). The findings showed that adolescents with L-CA and A/H-CA experience similar high and stable self-esteem trajectories that present similar relations with key predictors (sex, school usefulness and dislike, parenting, and peer integration). Both groups revealed substantial gender differences showing higher levels of self-esteem for adolescent males remaining relatively stable over time, compared to lower levels among adolescent females which decreased until midadolescence before increasing back.

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Sanson, Ann, Margot Prior, Frank Oberklaid, and Diana Smart. "Temperamental influences on psychosocial adjustment: From infancy to adolescence." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 15, no. 2 (December 1998): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027929.

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AbstractResults are presented from a recent study within the Australian Temperament Project (ATP), in which a group of children with significant behaviour problems, and a comparison group, were selected from the sample at 11–12 years and home-visited, with assessments of clinical diagnoses, intelligence, school achievement and social competence, and a variety of family functioning indices. Approximately half the behaviour problem group received at least one diagnosis. Twice as many boys as girls were diagnosed. Rates of comorbidity were high but, generally, within—rather than between—the broadband internalising or externalising spectra. Concurrent family functioning measures discriminated between groups, but not as strongly as intrinsic child measures, and the particular family variables that best discriminated between groups showed sex differences. High stability of behaviour problems from earlier years was evident, and the behaviour problem group differed from the comparison group on measures of temperament, behaviour, and context from early childhood; both findings reinforce the need for early intervention.The implications of these and other findings from the ATP, particularly the need for early intervention, are discussed.

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Selten, Jean-Paul, Els van der Ven, and Fabian Termorshuizen. "Migration and psychosis: a meta-analysis of incidence studies." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000035.

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AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this meta-analysis are (i) to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) of developing non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) and affective psychotic disorder (APD) among migrants and their children; (ii) to adjust these results for socioeconomic status (SES); (iii) to examine the sources of heterogeneity that underlie the risk of NAPD.MethodsWe included population-based incidence studies that reported an age-adjusted RR with 95% confidence interval (CI) published 1 January 1977–12 October 2017 and used a random-effects model.ResultsWe retrieved studies performed in Europe (n = 43), Israel (n = 3), Canada (n = 2) and Australia (n = 1). The meta-analysis yielded a RR, adjusted for age and sex, of 2.13 (95% CI 1.99–2.27) for NAPD and 2.94 (95% CI 2.28–3.79) for APD. The RRs diminished, but persisted after adjustment for SES. With reference to NAPD: a personal or parental history of migration to Europe from countries outside Europe was associated with a higher RR (RR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.63–3.29) than migration within Europe (RR = 1.88, 95% 1.62–2.18). The corresponding RR was lower in Israel (RR = 1.22; 0.99–1.50) and Canada (RR = 1.21; 0.85–1.74). The RR was highest among individuals with a black skin colour (RR = 4.19, 95% CI 3.42–5.14). The evidence of a difference in risk between first and second generation was insufficient.ConclusionsPositive selection may explain the low risk in Canada, while the change from exclusion to inclusion may do the same in Israel. Given the high risks among migrants from developing countries in Europe, social exclusion may have a pathogenic role.

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Soo, Cheryl, Robyn L. Tate, Vicki Anderson, and Mary-Clare Waugh. "Assessing Care and Support Needs for Children With Acquired Brain Injury: Normative Data for the Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS)." Brain Impairment 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/brim.11.2.183.

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AbstractIntroduction:The Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS) was developed to address the dearth of scales currently available for measuring support needs of children with acquired brain injury (ABI). The scale assesses environmental supports (both supervision and physical assistance) across 14 domains of everyday activities from support for personal hygiene to participation in leisure and social activities. This study aimed to determine support needs in typically developing children using the PCANS in a normative sample of Australian children.Methods:Participants were parents of typically developing children aged 5–14 years (N= 300) recruited from a range of schools in metropolitan Melbourne. Children with ABI, diagnosis of a neurological or developmental disorder, or significant medical condition were excluded. Thirty parents of children in each of 10 age levels, with approximately equal sex ratio were recruited.Results:Findings suggest that support needs vary according to age of the child (p< .01) but not sex of child or occupational status of the parent. Additionally, children were found to have significantly higher support needs for supervision compared with physical assistance across most of the domains of the PCANS (p< .01). A greater number of age differences across PCANS domains were also found in younger children (5 to 7 and 8 to 11 years) compared to the older age group (age 12–14 years).Conclusions:This study reports normative data for the PCANS using a sample of children stratified by age. Findings will provide an essential point of reference to help guide clinical interpretation of the PCANS for assessing support needs of children with ABI.

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Hong, Sung-Mook. "Gender Difference in Australian Attitudes towards Premarital Sex: A Re-Examination." Psychological Reports 68, no. 2 (April 1991): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.2.418.

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Stocks, Nigel P., Heather McElroy, Philip Ryan, and James Allan. "Statin prescribing in Australia: socioeconomic and sex differences." Medical Journal of Australia 180, no. 5 (March 2004): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb05891.x.

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Fitzgerald, Robin, Paul Mazerolle, Alex R. Piquero, and Donna L. Ansara. "Exploring Sex Differences among Sentenced Juvenile Offenders in Australia." Justice Quarterly 29, no. 3 (June 2012): 420–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.565361.

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Eagly, Alice H. "Reporting sex differences." American Psychologist 42, no. 7 (1987): 756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.42.7.755.

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Myers, Scott A., Barbara Lorene Ropog, and R. Pierre Rodgers. "Sex Differences in Humor." Psychological Reports 81, no. 1 (August 1997): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.1.221.

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This study examined how 48 men and 88 women at a small southern university differed in their orientation toward and their uses of humor. They completed two self-report scales with reference to their general use of humor. Analysis indicated that the men reported a greater frequency of attempts at humor than women; men perceived these attempts as more effective than did the women; and the men reported using humor for negative affect more often than women.

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Levy, Kenneth N., and Kristen M. Kelly. "Sex Differences in Jealousy." Psychological Science 21, no. 2 (December 22, 2009): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797609357708.

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MYERS, SCOTT A. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUMOR." Psychological Reports 81, no. 5 (1997): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.81.5.221-222.

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Wester, Stephen R., David L. Vogel, Page K. Pressly, and Martin Heesacker. "Sex Differences in Emotion." Counseling Psychologist 30, no. 4 (July 2002): 630–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00100002030004008.

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Burns, Ailsa, and Ross Homel. "Sex Role Satisfaction Among Australian Children: Some Sex, Age, and Cultural Group Comparisons." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 3 (September 1986): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00754.x.

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Children's satisfaction with being a member of their own sex was explored within two Australian samples. In a national sample of 2,268 children, grades 1–6, trends were similar to those reported in the United States. Girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, and older girls were more dissatisfied than younger girls. The most frequent reason girls offered for dissatisfaction with their sex was restriction of sports opportunities. In a smaller sample of 9-11-year-olds (133 boys, 146 girls), chosen to include adequate representation of children of non-Anglo immigrants, it was found that while Anglo-Australian girls were less satisfied with their sex role than boys, non-Anglo girls were just as satisfied as the boys. The non-Anglo girls were no higher in global satisfaction with themselves or with their lives in general than other children. They were, however, less likely to offer self-definitions that included sports abilities and interests. While non-Anglo parents observed a stronger public/private division of labor in certain childcare activities, this difference was not associated with children's satisfaction with their sex role. However, across the entire sample, children's sex-role satisfaction was associated with parents' division of labor on two tasks on which cultural groups did not differ—disciplining and comforting.

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Henningham, J. P. "Australian Norms on Eysenck's Short Personality Test." Psychological Reports 79, no. 2 (October 1996): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.671.

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Eysenck's 1958 12-item test of Neuroticism and Extraversion was applied to a random sample of 262 Australian adults in a telephone survey. Items clustered in the predicted dimensions, with the scales showing a Cronbach alpha of .64 for Neuroticism and .53 for Extraversion. No significant sex difference was found on either dimension; Australians' scores were significantly higher than those of English subjects on Extraversion, but lower on Neuroticism. The test is considered useful in field situations or market research where a quick indicator of two dimensions of personality is sought

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40

DesAutels, Peggy. "Sex differences and neuroethics." Philosophical Psychology 23, no. 1 (February 2010): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515080903532266.

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van Eijk, Liza, Dajiang Zhu, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Lachlan T. Strike, Anthony J. Lee, Narelle K. Hansell, Paul M. Thompson, et al. "Are Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure Associated With Sex Differences in Behavior?" Psychological Science 32, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797621996664.

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On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study ( n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project ( n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.

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Coleman, Marilyn, and Lawrence H. Ganong. "Sex, Sex-Roles, and Irrational Beliefs." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.631.

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Irrational beliefs have been related to a variety of psychological distresses, some of which are thought of more in relation to one sex than the other, i.e., depression, nonassertiveness, anger. However, Ellis did not assert that there were sex differences in irrational beliefs, and few researchers have examined the effect of sex-role socialization on irrational beliefs. The present study explored the effect of sex and sex-roles on irrational beliefs for a sample of 270 college students using the Irrational Beliefs Test and Bern's scale. While the study supports the belief that sex and sex-role are not unidimensional constructs, the data suggest that differences in sex-role socialization contribute to differences in adherence to irrational beliefs. It appears, however, that a feminine sex-role orientation is related to irrational beliefs. Although study is needed, clinicians are cautioned not to assume there are no sex or sex-role differences related to irrational thinking.

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Lester, David, and Michael L. Frank. "Sex Differences in the Seasonal Distribution of Suicides." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 1 (July 1988): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.1.115.

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An attempt was made to replicate in the USA sex differences reported for the seasonal distribution of suicide in the UK, Finland and Australia. No sex differences were found. Spring and late summer peaks were found for suicides by both males and females. The method of suicide was found to be an important factor in the seasonal distribution of the suicides of males and females.

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Kuther, Tara L. "Sex and Sex-Role Differences in Locus of Control." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.188.

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The relations among of sex, measures of sex-role orientation, and locus of control were examined with 240 undergraduates (150 women and 90 men). Although there were no sex differences on mean locus of control scores, a significant relation between scores on sex-role orientation and locus of control was observed for women but not for men.

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Murstein, Bernard I., and Alan Tuerkheimer. "Gender Differences in Love, Sex, and Motivation for Sex." Psychological Reports 82, no. 2 (April 1998): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.2.435.

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In 1989 Sprague and Quadagno reported a significant interaction between sex and age for “motive for sexual intercourse” (affection-closeness vs physical release). Young men exceeded women in physical release as primary motive for sex, but women exceeded men in this choice at an older age. We conducted a modified replication, and we also studied Rubin's Love Scale, sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment. Analysis did not confirm the earlier findings. For 60 men and 60 women differences were found for sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment, with men scoring higher. Scores on Rubin's Love Scale did not differentiate the sexes.

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Lester, David, and Margaret Linn. "Sex Differences in Suicide Notes." Psychological Reports 80, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1302.

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47

Heshizer, Brian, and Harry Martin. "Sex Differences in Union Instrumentality." Psychological Reports 83, no. 2 (October 1998): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.422.

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Sex differences in union instrumentality perceptions were compared for a sample of 2401 senior high school students. Girls had a significantly lower mean perception of union instrumentality than the boys, but among the 229 college students there were no differences.

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Duarte, Linda M., and Janice M. Thompson. "Sex Differences in Self-Silencing." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.145.

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The construct of self-silencing was proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to developing depression. This study of 1,117 students (795 women and 322 men) explored possible explanations for the empirical finding that men self-silence to the same or greater extent than women. Analysis showed that men reported more self-silencing than women. A factor analysis confirmed the subscale structure of the Silencing the Self Scale for women and men, with relatively few departures from the originally proposed subscales. Depression and self-silencing scores were correlated positively for both men and women. The results of two multiple regressions, performed separately for men and women, showed that depressive symptomatology accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in self-silencing but that social desirability did not account for a significant increment in the variance accounted for in silencing the self. The scores on the Care as Self-sacrifice and the Divided Self subscales were intercorrelated for women, but not for men, indicating that there may be a sex difference in perception of self-silencing behavior.

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McIntosh, Everton G. "Sex Differences in Boredom Proneness." Psychological Reports 98, no. 3 (June 2006): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.98.3.625-626.

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Lopez, Linda C., and Mark J. Staszkiewicz. "Sex Differences in Internality-Externality." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3f.1159.

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Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 48 male and 48 female undergraduates. A factor analysis yielded three dimensions of internality-externality: success in life, future events, and politics. A multivariate analysis of variance using these three factors as dependent measures yielded no sex differences when all three factors were considered simultaneously. However, women were significantly more external on the success in life dimension. No sex differences were found on the other factors. It was suggested that the slight but consistent sex differences identified in previous research may be explained in light of the multidimensional nature of the I-E Scale.

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