Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex differences

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sex differences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex differences"

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Sood, Akshay. "Sex Differences." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 39, no. 1 (January 2011): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e318201f0c4.

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Nielsen, Valerie, Kusum Perera, and Julie Ann Miller. "Sex Differences." Science News 168, no. 21 (November 19, 2005): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4016780.

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Schubert, C. "Sex Differences Without Sex Chromosomes." Biology of Reproduction 93, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.133074.

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Keithley, Jane. "Sex Discrimination and Private Insurance: should sex differences make a difference?" Policy & Politics 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557392783054847.

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Flor-Henry, Pierre. "Schizophrenia: Sex Differences." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 5 (August 1985): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378503000504.

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Eagly, Alice H. "Reporting sex differences." American Psychologist 42, no. 7 (1987): 756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.42.7.755.

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Ray, L. B. "Stressing Sex Differences." Science 330, no. 6005 (November 4, 2010): 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.330.6005.732-d.

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Minton, Kirsty. "Peritoneal sex differences." Nature Reviews Immunology 20, no. 8 (July 1, 2020): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0385-3.

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Fehervari, Zoltan. "Vaccine sex differences." Nature Immunology 20, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-018-0310-0.

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Shors, Tracey J., Emma M. Millon, Han Yan M. Chang, Ryan L. Olson, and Brandon L. Alderman. "Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?" Journal of Neuroscience Research 95, no. 1-2 (November 7, 2016): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23976.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex differences"

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Carcel, Cheryl. "Sex differences in stroke." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21164.

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An understanding of sex differences in terms of the risk of disease and its influence on therapeutic interventions can lead to improved disease recognition and treatment for women and men. The overall goal of this thesis was to identify gaps in knowledge in the reporting of sex differences in stroke by using a series of systematic approaches to examine the reporting of sex and gender differences more generally and in stroke. First, in order to determine whether funding agencies and peer-reviewed journals in Australia have policies on the collection, analysis and reporting of sex and gender-specific health data, I performed a qualitative survey utilising web-based searches and interviews. Then I narrowed the focus to stroke where I examined the temporal and regional trends in female participation and the reporting of sex differences in randomised controlled trials identified from ClinicalTrials.gov. Finally, three databases were explored to detect where the sex differences were in stroke: (i) a prospective, population-based cohort study, UK Biobank, was used to identify major risk factors in women and men with stroke; (ii) an individual participant data meta-analysis was performed on five large international stroke randomised controlled trials to examine sex differences in outcome and treatment; and (iii) an Australian cohort study on young stroke survivors was examined for sex differences in returning to unpaid work. The statistical methods used for this work were logistic regression, cox regression and multivariable analysis. Analysing results by sex and gender in medical research is important because this may lead to personalised prevention and treatment strategies. In stroke, researchers need to consider enrolling more women in clinical trials and to report results by sex.
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Li, Li. "Sex Differences in Deception Detection." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/261.

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While deception is a common strategy in interpersonal communication, most research on interpersonal deception treats the sex as irrelevant in the ability to detect deceptive messages. This study examines the truth and deception detection ability of both male and female receivers when responding to both true and deceptive messages from both male and female speakers. Results suggest that sex may be an important variable in understanding the interpersonal detection probabilities of truth and of lies. An interaction of variables including speakers’ sex, receivers’ sex, and whether the message is truthful or deceptive is found to relate to detection ability. Both women and men were found to be significantly less accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by men, especially when those statements are lies. On the other hand, both women and men were significantly more accurate than chance in judging the veracity of statements made by women, especially when those statements are truthful. This may suggest that men are better deceivers than women, while women seem more transparent in exhibiting feelings about their messages whether being truthful or deceptive. In recalling real life deceptions discovered previously, women reported that they discovered significantly more lies from female sources than from men they knew. This finding may reflect the previous finding that discovering lies told by women is more likely than is discovering lies told by men.
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Timmers, Monique. "Sex differences in emotion expression." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/57122.

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Jones, Catherine Mary. "Sex differences in spatial ability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15115.

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Hammarsten, Yder Emma. "Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16237.

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At the age of 13, the 2:1 ratio becomes evident. It entails the fact that after puberty, twice as many females as compared to males suffer from depressive episodes. Much research has been conducted to highlight key contributing factors that aid in the onset and the timing of the 2:1 ratio. Many researchers emphasize hormonal influences and the onset of puberty as key contributors, with theories such as the gonadic theory andthe interactional hypothesis both highlighting the role of hormones in the existence and the emergence of the 2:1 ratio during adolescence. Furthermore, a large variety of researchers emphasize females increased stress sensitivity and stress reactivity as key contributors to the 2:1 ratio. Critically, research concerning hormonal- and stress-related factors will be included. However, an additional focus will be on neurodevelopmental sex differences. This, as brain-based sex differences have been paid too little attention in theories and models concerning the emergence of the 2:1 ratio during adolescence. Results from research conducted to unravel the mystery of sex differences within the adolescent brain emphasize the impact of sex hormones on the maturational sexual differentiation occurring within the adolescent brain. It has been hypothesized that increases in female adolescent depression might occur in accordance with upsurges in peripheral estrogen levels, during puberty. This seems to suggest that there is an interaction between the effects of circulating ovarian hormones in relation to both sexual differentiation in brain organization and depression susceptibility. Hence, the point of this essay is to delineate key contributing factors that potentially govern the existence and onset of the 2:1 ratio during adolescence by emphasizing the areas of (a) sex-based neurodevelopmental factors, (b) hormonal factors and (c) stress-related factors.
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Klimek, Jennifer L. "Sex differences in academic dishonesty : a sex role explanation." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1027124.

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Previous research on academic dishonesty in colleges and universities has consistently shown unacceptable rates of cheating, yet inconsistent reports of sex differences in cheating. Sex differences in cheating were studied in relation to sex role orientation and attitudes towards cheating, and in light of a distinction between two types of cheating; cheating to benefit oneself and cheating to benefit another. 256 undergraduate students completed anonymous surveys to tap their sex role orientation, attitudes towards cheating, and reported frequency of cheating. Although females reported having more disapproving attitudes towards cheating than males, they reported engaging in cheating just as much as males. Sex role orientation was not directly related to cheating, but female-associated characteristics were related to attitudes towards cheating, which, in turn, were strongly related to cheating behavior. It was also found that participants reported engaging in more cheating to benefit another person than cheating to benefit themselves.
Department of Psychological Science
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Zhang, Qinze Arthur. "Understanding the effects of sex chromosomes and sex hormones on sex differences." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130667.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2021
Cataloged from the official version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 17-21).
Biological factors that determine sex and drive sexual differentiation have long been established in humans and other mammalian species. Yet there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these factors give rise to sex-biased outcomes in health and disease. Growing evidence for sex differences in preclinical and clinical studies has led to research funding regulations that require clinical studies and drug trials to account for sex as a biological variable. This new wave of interest in sex differences is focused on three aspects: First, what factors show quantitative sex differences at the molecular and cellular levels, and how are they regulated, over the course of a lifetime, by the classic sex-biasing factors, i.e., genes encoded on the sex chromosomes and sex steroid hormones secreted by gonads. Second, can we utilize knowledge of sex differences (e.g., sex-biased gene expression) gained from studying model animals to generate and test hypotheses regarding these sex-driven variables in a multitude of biological functions of interest. Third, can we translate basic knowledge of sex differences into new therapeutic targets/strategies that alleviate sex-biased outcomes in common diseases, developing sex-specific treatments or extending sex-biased protection from one sex to the other. In this thesis, I will first review the fundamental causes of sex differences and the classical strategies used to study sex-biased phenotypes. Next, I will introduce existing mice models (i.e., the "Four-Core-Genotype", XY* and Sex Chromosome Trisomy models) that aid in delineating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on sex differences. Finally, I will highlight the insights gained from recent studies using these mouse models and discuss the need for a "systems approach" in future studies of sex differences. (276 words.)
by Qinze Arthur Zhang.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
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Jackson, Natalie. "Small set enumeration: the subitizing boundary, laterality and sex differences." Thesis, Jackson, Natalie (2000) Small set enumeration: the subitizing boundary, laterality and sex differences. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/1496/.

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Previously, the ability to subitize (i.e. to immediately quantify a small set of items without counting) was thought to occur for sets of up to seven items and was explained using a developmental canonical pattern recognition approach. Unfortunately, this approach was unable to account for the ability to subitize linear or random arrays of items, thereby, inspiring a pattern learning and recognition (through stimulus repetition and systematic variation of a base pattern) approach. The latter approach, however, suggests that subitizing is not an independent psychological process and simply occurs as the result of pattern recognition. Contrary to this view, a recent study by Dehaene and Cohen (1994), employing a condition that did not introduce a pattern recognition confound and using a simultanagnosic patient sample, provided sound evidence to suggest that subitizing is, in fact, a separable psychological process. In addition, and importantly for past research into the localisation of subitizing within the hemispheres (which has usually involved the testing of larger sets), a subitizing boundary of two and possibly three items, much lower than originally expected, was found. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous research, recent evidence from Butterworth (1999), drawn from acalculic patients, has suggested that subitizing is a left hemisphere process. This possibility, in light of possible sex differences in laterality and the previous use of the lack of a right hemisphere advantage to indicate abnormal perceptual asymmetry, suggests some cause for concern. The present study was, thus, carried out in order to determine a subitizing boundary and to investigate the possibility of hemispheric and sex differences in laterality. As such, it provided the first comprehensive investigation into the ability to subitize using randomly generated and presented patterns, and a normal adult sample. A divided visual field task, involving the enumeration of purely random sets of between 2 and 5 items, randomly presented to the left and right visual fields, was employed. Thirty-two undergraduate psychology students (i.e. 16 male and 16 female subjects) volunteered to participate. Based on Dehaene and Cohen's (1994) results it was hypothesised that the subitizing boundary would occur at two and possibly three items. Furthermore, in line with Butterworth's hypothesis, the present study predicted that subitizing would show a left hemisphere advantage. Finally, based on previous research into performance on nonverbal visual tasks, a female subitizing advantage was expected. The results supported the first hypothesis, indicating a subitizing boundary of two items, thereby, extending Dehaene and Cohen's (1994) research using a normal sample. The second hypothesis, however, was not supported, with the results indicating a strong right hemisphere advantage for subitizing. Finally, the third hypothesis was not supported, with no sex differences found in the ability to subitize. These findings were considered both in the context of Butterworth's hypothesis and in the formation of number systems within remote hunter-gatherer societies. Future research involving young children and a cross-cultural perspective, were suggested.
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Holder, Tyson. "Sex differences in cyberbullying in schools /." View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131524484.pdf.

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Kerr, Peter. "Sex differences in mathematics in Scotland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28248.

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This study examines sex differences in mathematics in Scotland. The study is based on longitudinal data from the 1985 Scottish School Leavers Surve3r of 5726 students in one school district. It compares the distribution of scores for boys and girls on the 1984 Ordinary Grade (O-grade) Arithmetic examination, taken by the majority of Scottish students at the end of compulsory schooling, and matches these results with indicators of male and female ability, socioeconomic status (SES), previous arithmetic achievement in primary school, and destinations upon completion of compulson' schooling. The findings suggest that boys slightly outperformed girls on the O-grade Arithmetic examination. Girls were more likely to present for this examination, but more girls than boys scored at the lower end of the distribution. These differences did not vary substantially for pupils at different levels of ability, SES, or prior achievement in arithmetic. The gender gap in mathematics favoring boys, however, did become significant after the period of compulsory schooling. More girls than boys stayed on at school, but fewer of them elected to take further training in mathematics. Boys took more advanced mathematics courses in the last two years of high school and performed better than girls on those courses. Policy implications of these findings and directions for research are discussed. Teachers and counsellors must become informed about the lack of female persistence in mathematics and take steps to alleviate it. Future research should examine why girls in Scotland do not keep up with boys and the factors that have enabled some girls to overcome this general tendency.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Sex differences"

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Hamilton, Colin. Cognition and Sex Differences. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01967-7.

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Rhoads, Steven E. Taking Sex Differences Seriously. Rye: Encounter Books, 2004.

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Ivan, Reid, and Stratta Erica, eds. Sex differences in Britain. 2nd ed. Aldershot, Hants, England: Gower, 1989.

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Anne, Baker Mary, ed. Sex differences inhuman performance. Chichester: Wiley, 1987.

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Patricia, Broadfoot, and Sutherland Margaret B. 1920-, eds. Sex differences in education. Abingdon: Carfax Publishing Company, 1987.

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Anne, Baker Mary, ed. Sex differences in human performance. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley, 1987.

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Casey, Ellen, Monica Rho, and Joel Press, eds. Sex Differences in Sports Medicine. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9781617052491.

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Bain, Lisa, Sheena M. Posey Norris, and Clare Stroud, eds. Sex Differences in Brain Disorders. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/26058.

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Campbell, Anne, Lee T. Copping, and Catharine P. Cross. Sex Differences in Fear Response. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65280-7.

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Hutson, John M., Sonia R. Grover, Michele A. O'Connell, Aurore Bouty, and Chloe A. Hanna, eds. Disorders|Differences of Sex Development. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7864-5.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex differences"

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Francis, Ronald. "Sex Differences." In Equality in Theory and Practice, 139–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3488-1_10.

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Chen, Wan-Chi. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5858–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2661.

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Escasa-Dorne, Michelle, Carol Franco, and Peter Gray. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_17-1.

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Oxford, Jon, and Alyssa R. Duncan. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1732-1.

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Fleury, Cathleen. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6368–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_447.

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Fleury, Cathleen. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_447-1.

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Franklin, Leanne. "Sex differences." In Gender, 5–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36737-1_2.

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Chen, Wan-Chi. "Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 6335–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_2661.

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Baruch, Dorothy Walter, and Hyman Miller. "Facing Differences." In Sex in Marriage, 143–62. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003376149-14.

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Magnusson, Eva. "Sex/Gender Differences." In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 1721–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_120.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sex differences"

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"Sex differences and fear extinction." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.20.

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de Blasio, Francesca, Davide Dassetto, Ilaria Aredano, Francesco Coni, Renza Ambrosanio, Anna Maria Rella, Roberta Di Tria, and Caterina Bucca. "Sex differences in COPD comorbidities." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4040.

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Azim, Adnan, Clair Barber, Laurie Lau, Matthew Harvey, Paddy Dennison, Thomas Brown, Thomas Jones, et al. "Sex Differences in Severe Asthma." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa3124.

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Faehndrich, Sebastian, Christian Herr, Timm Greulich, Martina Seibert, Philipp M. Lepper, Nikolas Bernhard, Cindy Lützow, Claus Vogelmeier, and Robert Bals. "Sex differences in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa1134.

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Schmidt, Martin, Mathias Baumert, Hagen Malberg, and Sebastian Zaunseder. "Sex Differences in Nocturnal Ventricular Repolarization Variability." In 2019 Computing in Cardiology Conference. Computing in Cardiology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22489/cinc.2019.069.

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Pappas, G. P., M. Luttrell, J. Wallick, J. Karr, D. Kieper, and J. Scanlan. "Sex Differences in Recovery Following COVID-19." In American Thoracic Society 2023 International Conference, May 19-24, 2023 - Washington, DC. American Thoracic Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a4904.

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Lingappan, K., S. Grimm, X. Dong, and C. Coarfa. "Sex-Specific Differences in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Effect of Sex Chromosomes Versus Hormones." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2776.

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Pembridge, James J., and Marie C. Paretti. "Differences between same-sex and cross-sex mentoring relationships in capstone design courses." In 2012 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.2012.6462256.

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Reviriego-Reinaldo, Noemí. "Junior And Teen Refugee Mental Health: Sex Differences." In International Conference of Psychology, Sociology, Education and Social Sciences. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.05.28.

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Ripoll Sanz, J., W. Guo, K. J. Andersen, C. C. Wiggins, S. E. Baker, J. R. A. Shepherd, R. E. Carter, B. T. Welch, M. J. Joyner, and P. B. Dominelli. "Pediatric Sex-Differences in Large Conducting Airway Anatomy." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2348.

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Reports on the topic "Sex differences"

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Case, Anne, and Christina Paxson. Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10653.

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Carretta, Thomas R. Sex Differences on U.S. Air Force Pilot Selection Tests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430291.

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Ponkilainen, Maria, Elina Einiö, Marjut Pietiläinen, and Mikko Myrskylä. Educational differences in fertility among female same-sex couples. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2022-030.

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Bayard, Kimberly, Judith Hellerstein, David Neumark, and Kenneth Troske. New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Differences in Wages from Matched Employee-Employer Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7003.

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Muñoz, Ercio, and Dario Sansone. Matching Patterns among Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012968.

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Using microdata from the censuses of eight countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay), this paper describes matching patterns by age, ethnicity, and education among same-sex and different-sex couples. It shows that same-sex couples are more diverse than different-sex couples in terms of age, ethnicity, and education, although for ethnicity and education the differences are not large or statistically significant in all countries. It also reports notable differences between male and female same-sex couples, particularly in age and education matching.
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Cullen, Mark, Michael Baiocchi, Karen Eggleston, Pooja Loftus, and Victor Fuchs. The Weaker Sex? Vulnerable Men, Resilient Women, and Variations in Sex Differences in Mortality since 1900. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21114.

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Bando, Rosangela, Florencia López-Boo, and Xia Li. Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-emotional Skills in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000500.

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Hickman, Laurel. Sex differences in the language development rates of two-year olds. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3263.

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Bando, Rosangela, Florencia López Bóo, and Xia Li. Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-emotional Skills in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011759.

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Abstract:
This study explores sex differences in language and socio-emotional skills. It focuses on children 7 months old to 6 years old in Chile in 2012 and Nicaragua in 2013. A focus on young children allowed for ruling out a set of environmental and identity effects to explain the gap. Females had an advantage in both countries and both dimensions. Males in Chile scored at -0.13 standard deviations (SD) in language in the distribution of females. In addition, males scored at -0.20 SD in socio-emotional skills. The gaps in Nicaragua were not statistically different to those in Chile. Thus geographical and cultural variation across the two countries did not affect the gap. Within countries, variation in family characteristics, parenting practices and health investments did not explain the gap either. These findings shed light on the role of biological and environmental factors to explain sex gaps. The identification of the role of these factors is necessary to inform policy.
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10

Brown, Charles, and Mary Corcoran. Sex-Based Differences in School Content and the Male/Female Wage Gap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5580.

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