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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex-determining factor'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hawkins, J. Ross, Peter Koopman, and Philippe Berta. "Testis-determining factor and Y-linked sex reversal." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1, no. 1 (June 1991): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-437x(91)80037-m.

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2

Traut, Walther, and Ute Willhoeft. "A jumping sex determining factor in the flyMegaselia scalaris." Chromosoma 99, no. 6 (October 1990): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01726692.

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3

KOZIELSKA, MAGDALENA, BARBARA FELDMEYER, IDO PEN, FRANZ J. WEISSING, and LEO W. BEUKEBOOM. "Are autosomal sex-determining factors of the housefly (Musca domestica) spreading north?" Genetics Research 90, no. 2 (April 2008): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230700907x.

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SummaryMultiple sex-determining factors have been found in natural populations of the housefly, Musca domestica. Their distribution seems to follow a geographical cline. The ‘standard’ system, with a male-determining factor, M, located on the Y chromosome, prevails at higher latitudes and altitudes. At lower latitudes and altitudes M factors have also been found on any of the five autosomes. Such populations often also harbour a dominant autosomal factor, FD, which induces female development even in the presence of several M factors. Autosomal M factors were first observed some 50 years ago. It has been hypothesized that following their initial appearance, they are spreading northwards, replacing the standard XY system, but this has never been systematically investigated. To scrutinize this hypothesis, we here compare the current distribution of autosomal M factors in continental Europe, on a transect running from Germany to southern Italy, with the distribution reported 25 years ago. Additionally, we analysed the frequencies of the FD factor, which has not been done before for European populations. In contrast to earlier predictions, we do not find a clear change in the distribution of sex-determining factors: as 25 years ago, only the standard XY system is present in the north, while autosomal M factors and the FD factor are prevalent in Italy. We discuss possible causes for this apparently stable polymorphism.
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4

Read, A. P. "The Mammalian Y Chromosome: Molecular Search for the Sex-Determining Factor." Journal of Medical Genetics 25, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 861–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.25.12.861-a.

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5

Lecanu, Laurent. "Sex, the Underestimated Potential Determining Factor in Brain Tissue Repair Strategy." Stem Cells and Development 20, no. 12 (December 2011): 2031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2011.0188.

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6

Drummond, Ann, Kim Su, Marianne Tellbach, Kara Britt, and Jock Findlay. "90. FGF9: a male sex-determining factor identified in the ovary." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 9 (2003): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb03ab90.

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7

Wilhelm, Kay, and Gordon Parker. "Is sex necessarily a risk factor to depression?" Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (May 1989): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700012447.

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SynopsisTo isolate and quantify possible determinants of any increased prevalence of depressive disorders in women we studied a select group of men and women, initially similar in terms of a number of putative social determinants of depression, and reviewed the sample five years later when social role diversity was anticipated. We used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to generate DSM-III and RDC diagnoses to estimate lifetime depressive disorders, and established (via corroborative reports) the likely accuracy of those data. Despite lifetime depression being a relatively common experience, no significant sex differences in depressive episodes were demonstrated, suggesting the possible irrelevance of biological factors in determining any sex difference. As there was not major social role divergence over the five year study, we interpret the lack of a sex difference as a consequence, and suggest that findings support the view that social factors are of key relevance in determining any female preponderance in depression described in general population studies.
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8

Harris, Tirril, Paul Surtees, and John Bancroft. "Is Sex Necessarily a Risk Factor to Depression?" British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 5 (May 1991): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.5.708.

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“To isolate and quantify possible determinants of any increased prevalence of depressive disorders in women we studied a select group of men and women, initially similar in terms of a number of putative social determinants of depression, and reviewed the sample five years later when social role diversity was anticipated. We used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to generate DSM–III and RDC diagnoses to estimate lifetime depressive disorders, and established (via corroborative reports) the likely accuracy of those data. Despite lifetime depression being a relatively common experience, no significant sex differences in depressive episodes were demonstrated, suggesting the possible irrelevance of biological factors in determining any sex difference. As there was not major social role divergence over the five year study, we interpret the lack of a sex difference as a consequence, and suggest that findings support the view that social factors are of key relevance in determining any female preponderance in depression described in general population studies.”
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9

MALKI, S., P. BERTA, F. POULAT, and B. BOIZETBONHOURE. "Cytoplasmic retention of the sex-determining factor SOX9 via the microtubule network." Experimental Cell Research 309, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.07.005.

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10

Edvardsen, Rolf Brudvik, Ola Wallerman, Tomasz Furmanek, Lene Kleppe, Patric Jern, Andreas Wallberg, Erik Kjærner-Semb, et al. "Heterochiasmy and the establishment of gsdf as a novel sex determining gene in Atlantic halibut." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): e1010011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010011.

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Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) has a X/Y genetic sex determination system, but the sex determining factor is not known. We produced a high-quality genome assembly from a male and identified parts of chromosome 13 as the Y chromosome due to sequence divergence between sexes and segregation of sex genotypes in pedigrees. Linkage analysis revealed that all chromosomes exhibit heterochiasmy, i.e. male-only and female-only meiotic recombination regions (MRR/FRR). We show that FRR/MRR intervals differ in nucleotide diversity and repeat class content and that this is true also for other Pleuronectidae species. We further show that remnants of a Gypsy-like transposable element insertion on chr13 promotes early male specific expression of gonadal somatic cell derived factor (gsdf). Less than 4.5 MYA, this male-determining element evolved on an autosomal FRR segment featuring pre-existing male meiotic recombination barriers, thereby creating a Y chromosome. Our findings indicate that heterochiasmy may facilitate the evolution of genetic sex determination systems relying on linkage of sexually antagonistic loci to a sex-determining factor.
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11

Suzuki, Sachiko. "Androgenic Gland Hormone Is a Sex-Reversing Factor but Cannot Be a Sex-Determining Factor in the Female Crustacean Isopods Armadillidium vulgare." General and Comparative Endocrinology 115, no. 3 (September 1999): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1999.7324.

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12

Mickleborough, Lynda L., Yasushi Takagi, Hiroshi Maruyama, Zhao Sun, and Shanas Mohamed. "Is Sex a Factor in Determining Operative Risk for Aortocoronary Bypass Graft Surgery?" Circulation 92, no. 9 (November 1995): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.9.80.

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13

Phillips, Nelson B., Joseph Racca, Yen-Shan Chen, Rupinder Singh, Agnes Jancso-Radek, James T. Radek, Nalinda P. Wickramasinghe, Elisha Haas, and Michael A. Weiss. "Mammalian Testis-determining Factor SRY and the Enigma of Inherited Human Sex Reversal." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 42 (August 17, 2011): 36787–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.260091.

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14

Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Jacob Njideka Nwafor, Ugochukwu Anthony Eze, Babatunde Abiodun Amoo, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Bello Almu, Mike Eghosa Ogbeide, et al. "Factors Determining the Willingness of Nigerian Clinicians to Recommend Protected Oral Sex: An Online Exploratory Study." Oral 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oral2040029.

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Oral sex, a risky sexual behaviour, is now a common sexual behaviour in Nigeria. Nigerian clinicians play crucial roles in the promotion of healthy sexual behaviours among the lay public. This study seeks to identify those factors that determine the willingness of Nigerian clinicians to recommend protected oral sex to patients with history of oral sex practice. This study surveyed 330 clinicians in Nigeria, using an e-questionnaire circulated via WhatsApp. The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 21 software. The majority (89.1%) of the respondents were willing to recommend protected oral sex for patients engaging in oral sex. Amidst all of the factors (sociodemographic factors, sexual history, etc.) investigated, only one factor (which was the uncertainty about the risk level of oral sex) was found to predict the willingness to recommend protective measures to patients on oral sex (OR = 3.06, p = 0.036). In conclusion, only few factors were found to influence Nigerian clinicians in engaging in patient education on safer oral sex practices.
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15

Sievert, Volker, Sylvia Kuhn, and Walther Traut. "Expression of the sex determining cascade genes Sex-lethal and doublesex in the phorid fly Megaselia scalaris." Genome 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-030.

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Sex-lethal (Sxl) and doublesex (dsx) are known to represent parts of the sex-determining cascade in Drosophila melanogaster. We generated cDNA probes of the homologous genes from Megaselia scalaris, a fly species with an epistatic maleness factor as the primary sex determining signal. In Northern blot hybridization of poly(A)+ RNA, the M. scalaris dsx probe detected two bands, one of which had a sex-specific size difference, while the Sxl probe bound to RNAs of equal size in females and males. RT-PCR showed Sxl to be transcribed in gonads of adult females and males but not in somatic tissues. Thus, while dsx appears to have a similar function in M. scalaris and D. melanogaster, Sxl does not. The results suggest that the sex-determining pathway of M. scalaris joins that of D. melanogaster between the Sxl and dsx steps.Key words: RNA-binding domain, zinc finger, differential splicing, Drosophila.
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16

Nakamura, M. "Is a Sex-Determining Gene(s) Necessary for Sex-Determination in Amphibians? Steroid Hormones May Be the Key Factor." Sexual Development 7, no. 1-3 (2013): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339661.

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17

Harley, V. R., S. Layfield, C. L. Mitchell, J. K. Forwood, A. P. John, L. J. Briggs, S. G. McDowall, and D. A. Jans. "Defective importin recognition and nuclear import of the sex-determining factor SRY are associated with XY sex-reversing mutations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 12 (May 22, 2003): 7045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1137864100.

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18

Charlesworth, Deborah, Roberta Bergero, Chay Graham, Jim Gardner, and Lengxob Yong. "Locating the Sex Determining Region of Linkage Group 12 of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 4, 2020): 3639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401573.

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Despite over 100 years of study, the location of the fully sex-linked region of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) carrying the male-determining locus, and the regions where the XY pair recombine, remain unclear. Previous population genomics studies to determine these regions used small samples from recently bottlenecked captive populations, which increase the false positive rate of associations between individuals’ sexes and SNPs. Using new data from multiple natural populations, we show that a recently proposed candidate for this species’ male-determining gene is probably not completely sex-linked, leaving the maleness factor still unidentified. Variants in the chromosome 12 region carrying the candidate gene sometimes show linkage disequilibrium with the sex-determining factor, but no consistently male-specific variant has yet been found. Our genetic mapping with molecular markers spread across chromosome 12 confirms that this is the guppy XY pair. We describe two families with recombinants between the X and Y chromosomes, which confirm that the male-determining locus is in the region identified by all previous studies, near the terminal pseudo-autosomal region (PAR), which crosses over at a very high rate in males. We correct the PAR marker order, and assign two unplaced scaffolds to the PAR. We also detect a duplication, with one copy in the male-determining region, explaining signals of sex linkage in a more proximal region.
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19

Dong, Jinxiu, Lei Xiong, Hengwu Ding, Hui Jiang, Jiawei Zan, and Liuwang Nie. "Characterization of deoxyribonucleic methylation and transcript abundance of sex-related genes during tempera ture-dependent sex determination in Mauremys reevesii†." Biology of Reproduction 102, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz147.

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Abstract A number of genes relevant for sex determination have been found in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Epigenetics play a key role in sex determination, but characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid methylation of sex-related genes on temperature-dependent sex determination remains unclear. Mauremys reevesii is a typical species with temperature-dependent sex determination. In this study, we analyzed the Cytosine Guanine (CpG) methylation status of the proximal promoters, the messenger ribonucleic acid expression patterns and the correlation between methylation and expression levels of Aromatase, Forkhead box protein L2, Doublesex and mab3-related transcription factor 1, sex-determining region on Y chromosome-box 9, and anti-Müllerian hormone, which are key genes in sex determination in other species. We also analyzed the expression level of genes that encode enzymes involved in methylation and demethylation. The expression levels of Aromatase and Forkhead box protein L2 at the female producing temperature were higher than those at the male producing temperature; the expression levels of Doublesex and mab3-related transcription factor 1, sex-determining region on Y chromosome-box 9, and anti-Müllerian hormone were higher at MPT. The expression of some genes involved in methylation and demethylation is significantly different between male producing temperature and female producing temperature. The expression of messenger ribonucleic acid of genes involved in deoxyribonucleic acid methylation and demethylation affected by temperature, together with other factors, may change the methylation level of the regulatory regions of sex-related genes, which may further lead to temperature-specific expression of sex-related genes, and eventually affect the differentiation of the gonads.
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20

Willhoeft, Ute, and Gerald Franz. "Identification of the Sex-Determining Region of the Ceratitis capitata Y Chromosome by Deletion Mapping." Genetics 144, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.2.737.

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Abstract In the medfly Ceratitis capitata, the Y chromosome is responsible for determining the male sex. We have mapped the region containing the relevant factor through the analysis of Y-autosome translocations using fluorescence in situ hybridization with two different probes. One probe, the clone pY114, contains repetitive, Y-specific DNA sequences from C. capitata, while the second clone, pDh2-H8, consists of ribosomal DNA sequences from Drosophila hydei. Clone pY114 labeled most of the long arm and pDh2-H8 hybridizes to the short arm and the centromeric region of the long arm. In 12 of the analyzed 19 Y-autosome translocation strains, adjacent-1 segregation products survive to the late pupal or even adult stage and can, therefore, be sexed. This was correlated with the length of the Y fragment still present in these aberrant individuals and allowed us to map the male-determining factor to a region of the long arm representing ~15% of the entire Y chromosome. No additional factors, affecting for example fertility, were detected outside the male-determining region.
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21

Sugimoto, Takafumi N., and Yukio Ishikawa. "A male-killing Wolbachia carries a feminizing factor and is associated with degradation of the sex-determining system of its host." Biology Letters 8, no. 3 (January 4, 2012): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1114.

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Endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia induce diverse reproductive alterations in their insect hosts. Wolbachia (wSca) infecting the moth Ostrinia scapulalis causes unusual male killing, in which males (genotype: ZZ) selectively die during embryonic and larval development, whereas females (genotype: ZW), in turn, selectively die when cured of infection. To gain insight into the interaction between wSca and the host, we analysed phenotypic and genetic sexes of the embryos and larvae of normal, wSca-infected, and infected-and-cured O. scapulalis by diagnosing the sex-specifically spliced transcripts of Osdsx —a homologue of the sex-determining gene doublesex —and sex chromatin in interphase nuclei, respectively. It was observed that the female-type Osdsx was expressed in the infected male (ZZ) progenies destined to die, whereas the male-type Osdsx was expressed in the cured female (ZW) progenies destined to die. These findings suggest that (i) wSca, a male killer, carries a genetic factor that feminizes the male host, (ii) the sex-determining system of the host is degraded, and (iii) a mismatch between the genetic and phenotypic sexes underlies the sex-specific death.
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22

Angeloni, Benedetta, Rachele Bigi, Gianmarco Bellucci, Rosella Mechelli, Chiara Ballerini, Carmela Romano, Emanuele Morena, et al. "A Case of Double Standard: Sex Differences in Multiple Sclerosis Risk Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073696.

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Multiple sclerosis is a complex, multifactorial, dysimmune disease prevalent in women. Its etiopathogenesis is extremely intricate, since each risk factor behaves as a variable that is interconnected with others. In order to understand these interactions, sex must be considered as a determining element, either in a protective or pathological sense, and not as one of many variables. In particular, sex seems to highly influence immune response at chromosomal, epigenetic, and hormonal levels. Environmental and genetic risk factors cannot be considered without sex, since sex-based immunological differences deeply affect disease onset, course, and prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-based differences is necessary in order to develop a more effective and personalized therapeutic approach.
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23

Hamm, Ronda L., Richard P. Meisel, and Jeffrey G. Scott. "The Evolving Puzzle of Autosomal Versus Y-linked Male Determination in Musca domestica." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.014795.

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Abstract Sex determination is one of the most rapidly evolving developmental pathways, but the factors responsible for this fast evolution are not well resolved. The house fly, Musca domestica, is an ideal model for studying sex determination because house fly sex determination is polygenic and varies considerably between populations. Male house flies possess a male-determining locus, the M factor, which can be located on the Y or X chromosome or any of the five autosomes. There can be a single M or multiple M factors present in an individual male, in heterozygous or homozygous condition. Males with multiple copies of M skew the sex ratio toward the production of males. Potentially in response to these male-biased sex ratios, an allele of the gene transformer, Md-traD, promotes female development in the presence of one or multiple M factors. There have been many studies to determine the linkage and frequency of these male determining factors and the frequency of Md-traD chromosomes in populations from around the world. This review provides a summary of the information available to date regarding the patterns of distribution of autosomal, X-linked and Y-linked M factors, the relative frequencies of the linkage of M, the changes in frequencies found in field populations, and the fitness of males with autosomal M factors vs. Y-linked M. We evaluate this natural variation in the house fly sex determination pathway in light of models of the evolution of sex determination.
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24

Okashita, Naoki, and Makoto Tachibana. "Transcriptional Regulation of the Y-Linked Mammalian Testis-Determining Gene SRY." Sexual Development 15, no. 5-6 (2021): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519217.

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Mammalian male sex differentiation is triggered during embryogenesis by the activation of the Y-linked testis-determining gene <i>SRY</i>. Since insufficient or delayed expression of <i>SRY</i> results in XY gonadal sex reversal, accurate regulation of <i>SRY</i> is critical for male development in XY animals. In humans, dysregulation of <i>SRY</i> may cause disorders of sex development. Mouse <i>Sry</i> is the most intensively studied mammalian model of sex determination. <i>Sry</i> expression is controlled in a spatially and temporally stringent manner. Several transcription factors play a key role in sex determination as trans-acting factors for <i>Sry</i> expression. In addition, recent studies have shown that several epigenetic modifications of <i>Sry</i> are involved in sex determination as cis-acting factors for <i>Sry</i> expression. Herein, we review the current understanding of transcription factor- and epigenetic modifier-mediated regulation of <i>SRY</i>/<i>Sry</i> expression.
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25

Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., A. Dübendorfer, A. Hilfiker, and R. Nöthiger. "Developmental analysis of two sex-determining genes, M and F, in the housefly, Musca domestica." Genetics 134, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 1187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/134.4.1187.

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Abstract In the housefly, Musca domestica, a single dominant factor, M, determines maleness. Animals hemi-or heterozygous for M are males, whereas those without M develop as females. In certain strains, however, both sexes are homozygous for M, and an epistatic dominant factor, FD, dictates female development. The requirement for these factors was analyzed by producing, with mitotic recombination, mosaic animals consisting of genetically male and female cells. Removal of FD from an M/M;FD/+ cell at any time of larval development, even in the last larval instar, resulted in sex-reversal, i.e., in the development of a male clone in an otherwise female fly. In contrast, when M was removed from M/+ cells, the resulting clones remained male despite their female genotype, even when the removal of M happened at embryonic stages. The occurrence of spontaneous gynandromorphs, however, shows that the loss of M in individual nuclei prior to blastoderm formation causes the affected cells to adopt the female pathway. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that M is the primary sex-determining signal which sets the state of activity of the key gene F at around the blastoderm stage. Parallels and differences to the sex-determining system of Drosophila are discussed.
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26

Kaur, Gurpreet, and David A. Jans. "Dual nuclear import mechanisms of sex determining factor SRY: intracellular Ca 2+ as a switch." FASEB Journal 25, no. 2 (November 4, 2010): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-173351.

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27

Iwasaki, Miyuki, Tomoaki Kajiwara, Yukiko Yasui, Yoshihiro Yoshitake, Motoki Miyazaki, Shogo Kawamura, Noriyuki Suetsugu, et al. "Identification of the sex-determining factor in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha reveals unique evolution of sex chromosomes in a haploid system." Current Biology 31, no. 24 (December 2021): 5522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.023.

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28

Schmidt, R., M. Hediger, S. Roth, R. Nöthiger, and A. Dubendorfer. "The Y-Chromosomal and Autosomal Male-Determining M Factors of Musca domestica Are Equivalent." Genetics 147, no. 1 (September 1, 1997): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.1.271.

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Abstract In Musca domestica, male sex is determined by a dominant factor, M, located either on the Y, the X or on an autosome. M prevents the activity of the female-determining gene F. In the absence of M, F becomes active and dictates female development. The various M factors may represent translocated copies of an ancestral Y-chromosomal M. Double mutants and germ line chimeras show that MY, MI, MII, MIII and MV perform equivalent functions. When brought into the female germ line, they predetermine male development of the offspring. This maternal effect is overruled by the dominant female-determining factor FD. MI and MII are weak M factors, as demonstrated by the presence of yolk proteins in MI/+ males and by the occurrence of some intersexes among the offspring that developed from transplanted MI/+ and MII/+ pole cells. The arrhenogenic mutation Ag has its focus in the female germ line and its temperature-sensitive period during oogenesis. We propose that MI and Ag represent allelic M factors that are affected in their expression. Analysis of mosaic gonads showed that in M. domsticu the sex of the germ line is determined by inductive signals from the surrounding soma. We present a model to account for the observed phenomena.
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29

Malki, Safia, Serge Nef, Cécile Notarnicola, Laurie Thevenet, Stéphan Gasca, Catherine Méjean, Philippe Berta, Francis Poulat, and Brigitte Boizet-Bonhoure. "Prostaglandin D2 induces nuclear import of the sex-determining factor SOX9 via its cAMP-PKA phosphorylation." EMBO Journal 24, no. 10 (May 5, 2005): 1798–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600660.

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30

Shahid, Mohammad. "Mutation Analysis of the SRY Gene in a Patient with Turner Syndrome." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2399.

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Testis-determining factor (TDF) is an alternative term for the sex-determining region (SRY) gene found on the Y chromosome. SRY gene mutations can cause a wide range of sex development issues. The single-exon SRY gene is a short and intronless sex-determining gene with a DNA-binding high mobility group (HMG) box that is highly conserved. We performed cytogenetic analysis on one patient with Turner syndrome having a 45,X/46,XY chromosomal composition. Further, we used polymerase chain reaction, single-stranded conformational polymorphism, and automated DNA sequencing to detect a substitution of C→A (missense mutation) at codon 139, which led to an amino acid shift from Proline to Glutamine (P139Q) outside but downstream of the HMG box in the SRY gene. No further alterations in the SRY gene were discovered in the patient. The absence of one X chromosome in 88% of the patient’s cells might have resulted in a wide variety of phenotypic complications.
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31

Matsuda, E., R. Sugioka-Sugiyama, T. Mizuguchi, S. Mehta, B. Cui, and S. I. S. Grewal. "A homolog of male sex-determining factor SRY cooperates with a transposon-derived CENP-B protein to control sex-specific directed recombination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 46 (October 31, 2011): 18754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109988108.

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32

Hargitai, B., V. Kutnyanszky, T. A. Blauwkamp, A. Stetak, G. Csankovszki, K. Takacs-Vellai, and T. Vellai. "xol-1, the master sex-switch gene in C. elegans, is a transcriptional target of the terminal sex-determining factor TRA-1." Development 136, no. 23 (November 11, 2009): 3881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.034637.

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33

Furman, Benjamin L. S., Caroline M. S. Cauret, Martin Knytl, Xue-Ying Song, Tharindu Premachandra, Caleb Ofori-Boateng, Danielle C. Jordan, Marko E. Horb, and Ben J. Evans. "A frog with three sex chromosomes that co-mingle together in nature: Xenopus tropicalis has a degenerate W and a Y that evolved from a Z chromosome." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e1009121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009121.

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In many species, sexual differentiation is a vital prelude to reproduction, and disruption of this process can have severe fitness effects, including sterility. It is thus interesting that genetic systems governing sexual differentiation vary among—and even within—species. To understand these systems more, we investigated a rare example of a frog with three sex chromosomes: the Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis. We demonstrate that natural populations from the western and eastern edges of Ghana have a young Y chromosome, and that a male-determining factor on this Y chromosome is in a very similar genomic location as a previously known female-determining factor on the W chromosome. Nucleotide polymorphism of expressed transcripts suggests genetic degeneration on the W chromosome, emergence of a new Y chromosome from an ancestral Z chromosome, and natural co-mingling of the W, Z, and Y chromosomes in the same population. Compared to the rest of the genome, a small sex-associated portion of the sex chromosomes has a 50-fold enrichment of transcripts with male-biased expression during early gonadal differentiation. Additionally, X. tropicalis has sex-differences in the rates and genomic locations of recombination events during gametogenesis that are similar to at least two other Xenopus species, which suggests that sex differences in recombination are genus-wide. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations associated with recombination suppression on sex chromosomes, demonstrate that several characteristics of old and established sex chromosomes (e.g., nucleotide divergence, sex biased expression) can arise well before sex chromosomes become cytogenetically distinguished, and show how these characteristics can have lingering consequences that are carried forward through sex chromosome turnovers.
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34

Ruiz-García, Adrián, Álvaro S. Roco, and Mónica Bullejos. "Sex Differentiation in Amphibians: Effect of Temperature and Its Influence on Sex Reversal." Sexual Development 15, no. 1-3 (2021): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515220.

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The role of environmental factors in sexual differentiation in amphibians is not new. The effect of hormones or hormone-like compounds is widely demonstrated. However, the effect of temperature has traditionally been regarded as something anecdotal that occurs in extreme situations and not as a factor to be considered. The data currently available reveal a different situation. Sexual differentiation in some amphibian species can be altered even by small changes in temperature. On the other hand, although not proven, it is possible that temperature is related to the appearance of sex-reversed individuals in natural populations under conditions unrelated to environmental contaminants. According to this, temperature, through sex reversal (phenotypic sex opposed to genetic sex), could play an important role in the turnover of sex-determining genes and in the maintenance of homomorphic sex chromosomes in this group. Accordingly, and given the expected increase in global temperatures, growth and sexual differentiation in amphibians could easily be affected, altering the sex ratio in natural populations and posing major conservation challenges for a group in worldwide decline. It is therefore particularly urgent to understand the mechanism by which temperature affects sexual differentiation in amphibians.
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35

Schmidt, R., M. Hediger, R. Nöthiger, and A. Dübendorfer. "The Mutation masculinizer (man) Defines a Sex-Determining Gene With Maternal and Zygotic Functions in Musca domestica L." Genetics 145, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.1.173.

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In Musca domestica, the primary signal for sex determination is the dominant factor M, which is assumed to regulate a postulated female-determining gene F. Presence of M prevents expression of F so that male development ensues. In the absence of M, F can become active, which dictates the female pathway. The existence of F is inferred from FD, a dominant factor that is epistatic to M. We describe a new mutation masculinizer, which has all the properties expected for a null or strongly hypomorphic allele of F: (1) it maps to the same chromosomal location as FD, (2) homozygous man/man animals develop as males, (3) homozygous man/man clones generated in man/+ female larvae differentiate male structures, (4) man has a sex-determining maternal effect. About a third of the morphological males synthesize yolk proteins, which indicates that they are intersexual in internal structures. The maternal effect of man is complete in offspring that derive from homozygous man/man pole cells transplanted into female hosts. In this case, all man/+ progeny become fertile males that do not produce yolk proteins. A sex-determining maternal effect has previously been demonstrated for FD. Like F, maternal man + is needed for zygotic man + to become active, providing further evidence that man is a loss-of-function allele of F.
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Ferry, A., C. Le Page, and M. Rieu. "Sex as a determining factor in the effect of exercise on in vivo autoimmune response adjuvant arthritis." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1172.

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The present study was conducted to examine the effect of physical exercise on the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA), an animal model of the human rheumatoid arthritis, which is a T-cell-dependent autoimmune response. AA was inducted on day 0 in 8-wk-old Lewis rats of both sexes. Between postinjection days 1 and 12, two groups of rats (male and female) were trained on a treadmill every day (45–120 min/day and 15–30 m/min) before the onset of arthritic disease. Trained female (n = 27) and male (n = 22) rats and control female (n = 29) and male (n = 17) rats were observed every 2 days for the following clinical signs of AA: number of arthritic joints (swelling and redness), paw thickness, and weight gain during the disease. The results show that the incidence of arthritis (% of arthritic rats) was significantly higher in trained female rats (74%; P < 0.03) and significantly lower in trained male rats (27%; P < 0.05) compared with control rats of both sexes (female, 45%; male, 59%). There was no difference in the severity and development of the disease between trained rats and control rats of both sexes (P > 0.05). The present study indicates that the effect of exercise on the incidence of AA, an in vivo autoimmune response, depends on the sex of the animal.
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37

Chung, Chia-Ling, Chun-Wun Lu, Yu-Sheng Cheng, Ching-Yi Lin, H. Sunny Sun, and Yung-Ming Lin. "Association of aberrant expression of sex-determining gene fibroblast growth factor 9 with Sertoli cell–only syndrome." Fertility and Sterility 100, no. 6 (December 2013): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.004.

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38

Pilgrim, D., A. McGregor, P. Jäckle, T. Johnson, and D. Hansen. "The C. elegans sex-determining gene fem-2 encodes a putative protein phosphatase." Molecular Biology of the Cell 6, no. 9 (September 1995): 1159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.6.9.1159.

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The genetic and molecular analysis of genes involved in the regulation of sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that the gene fem-2 plays an important role in regulating a pathway transducing a non-cell-autonomous signal to a nuclear transcription factor. The wild-type fem-2 gene was cloned by identifying sequences from the C. elegans physical map that could restore normal Fem-2 function to homozygous mutant fem-2 transgenic animals. cDNA sequences mapping to the minimal rescuing region correspond to an open reading frame with a sequence similar to protein phosphatase 2C enzymes from systems as diverse as yeast, humans, and plants, but the alignments suggest that FEM-2 falls into a separate class of proteins than the canonical homologues. Several fem-2 mutant alleles were sequenced, and the mutations are predicted to cause protein changes consistent with their observed phenotypes, such as missense mutations in conditional alleles, and a nonsense mutation in a predicted null allele. This is the first evidence implicating phosphorylation and/or dephosphorylation as a control mechanism in C. elegans sex determination.
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39

Dhungana, Ananta Raj, Vikash Kumar KC, Purna Bahadur Khand, and Surya Mani Dhungana. "Determinants of Households’ Adaptation Practices against Climate Change Impact on Off-farm Activities in Western Hill of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 (October 31, 2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmathsci.v1i0.34163.

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Climate change is one of the serious concerns which have a substantial impact in all areas of human civilization. Among these areas, agriculture is the worst hit sector. This study aims to analyze the determinants of households’ adaptation practices against climate change impact on off-farm activities in western hill of Nepal. It utilizes the data collected from six village development committees from three districts (Lamjung, Tanahu and Kaski) of western hill of Nepal. Out of 245793 Households 556 households were chosen for the survey. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire through face to face interview with household head or a household member having age 45 years and above with residing in that locality since last 15 years. Binary logistic regression analysis has been carried out. Household size is only the matter for determining the households' adaptation practices for shifting to non-agricultural activities which is also the matter for temporary migration to another places. Education is the determining factor for changing the food consumption habit and temporary migration. Agriculture skill is the common determining factor for change in food consumption habit and shifting to non-agricultural activities. Sex and marital status are the major determining factors only for shifting to non-agricultural employment. Age is the significant predictor of temporary migration. Caste is also the major determining factor for changing the food consumption habit and temporary migration respectively.
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40

Dhungana, Ananta Raj, Vikash Kumar KC, Purna Bahadur Khand, and Surya Mani Dhungana. "Determinants of Households’ Adaptation Practices against Climate Change Impact on Off-farm Activities in Western Hill of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 (October 31, 2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmathsci.v1i0.34163.

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Climate change is one of the serious concerns which have a substantial impact in all areas of human civilization. Among these areas, agriculture is the worst hit sector. This study aims to analyze the determinants of households’ adaptation practices against climate change impact on off-farm activities in western hill of Nepal. It utilizes the data collected from six village development committees from three districts (Lamjung, Tanahu and Kaski) of western hill of Nepal. Out of 245793 Households 556 households were chosen for the survey. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire through face to face interview with household head or a household member having age 45 years and above with residing in that locality since last 15 years. Binary logistic regression analysis has been carried out. Household size is only the matter for determining the households' adaptation practices for shifting to non-agricultural activities which is also the matter for temporary migration to another places. Education is the determining factor for changing the food consumption habit and temporary migration. Agriculture skill is the common determining factor for change in food consumption habit and shifting to non-agricultural activities. Sex and marital status are the major determining factors only for shifting to non-agricultural employment. Age is the significant predictor of temporary migration. Caste is also the major determining factor for changing the food consumption habit and temporary migration respectively.
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41

Ioannidis, Jason, Gunes Taylor, Debiao Zhao, Long Liu, Alewo Idoko-Akoh, Daoqing Gong, Robin Lovell-Badge, Silvana Guioli, Mike J. McGrew, and Michael Clinton. "Primary sex determination in birds depends on DMRT1 dosage, but gonadal sex does not determine adult secondary sex characteristics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 3, 2021): e2020909118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020909118.

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In birds, males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and females the heterogametic sex (ZW). Primary sex determination is thought to depend on a sex chromosome gene dosage mechanism, and the most likely sex determinant is the Z chromosome gene Doublesex and Mab-3–Related Transcription factor 1 (DMRT1). To clarify this issue, we used a CRISPR-Cas9–based monoallelic targeting approach and sterile surrogate hosts to generate birds with targeted mutations in the DMRT1 gene. The resulting chromosomally male (ZZ) chicken with a single functional copy of DMRT1 developed ovaries in place of testes, demonstrating the avian sex-determining mechanism is based on DMRT1 dosage. These ZZ ovaries expressed typical female markers and showed clear evidence of follicular development. However, these ZZ adult birds with an ovary in place of testes were indistinguishable in appearance to wild-type adult males, supporting the concept of cell-autonomous sex identity (CASI) in birds. In experiments where estrogen synthesis was blocked in control ZW embryos, the resulting gonads developed as testes. In contrast, if estrogen synthesis was blocked in ZW embryos that lacked DMRT1, the gonads invariably adopted an ovarian fate. Our analysis shows that DMRT1 is the key sex determination switch in birds and that it is essential for testis development, but that production of estrogen is also a key factor in primary sex determination in chickens, and that this production is linked to DMRT1 expression.
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42

Goodwin, E. B., K. Hofstra, C. A. Hurney, S. Mango, and J. Kimble. "A genetic pathway for regulation of tra-2 translation." Development 124, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.3.749.

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In Caenorhabditis elegans, the tra-2 sex-determining gene is regulated at the translational level by two 28 nt direct repeat elements (DREs) located in its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). DRF is a factor that binds the DREs and may be a trans-acting translational regulator of tra-2. Here we identify two genes that are required for the normal pattern of translational control. A newly identified gene, called laf-1, is required for translational repression by the tra-2 3′UTR. In addition, the sex-determining gene, tra-3, appears to promote female development by freeing tra-2 from laf-1 repression. Finally, we show that DRF activity correlates with translational repression of tra-2 during development and that tra-3 regulates DRF activity. We suggest that tra-3 may promote female development by releasing tra-2 from translation repression by laf-1 and that translational control is important for proper sex determination--both in the early embryo and during postembryonic development.
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43

Aryan, Azadeh, Michelle A. E. Anderson, James K. Biedler, Yumin Qi, Justin M. Overcash, Anastasia N. Naumenko, Maria V. Sharakhova, Chunhong Mao, Zach N. Adelman, and Zhijian Tu. "Nixalone is sufficient to convert femaleAedes aegyptiinto fertile males andmyo-sexis needed for male flight." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 30 (July 13, 2020): 17702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001132117.

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A dominant male-determining locus (M-locus) establishes the male sex (M/m) in the yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti.Nix, a gene in the M-locus, was shown to be a male-determining factor (M factor) as somatic knockout ofNixled to feminized males (M/m) while transient expression ofNixresulted in partially masculinized females (m/m), with male reproductive organs but retained female antennae. It was not clear whether any of the other 29 genes in the 1.3-Mb M-locus are also needed for complete sex-conversion. Here, we report the generation of multiple transgenic lines that expressNixunder the control of its own promoter. Genetic and molecular analyses of these lines provided insights unattainable from previous transient experiments. We show that theNixtransgene alone, in the absence of the M-locus, was sufficient to convert females into males with all male-specific sexually dimorphic features and male-like gene expression. The converted m/m males are flightless, unable to perform the nuptial flight required for mating. However, they were able to father sex-converted progeny when presented with cold-anesthetized wild-type females. We show thatmyo-sex, a myosin heavy-chain gene also in the M-locus, was required for male flight as knockout ofmyo-sexrendered wild-type males flightless. We also show thatNix-mediated female-to-male conversion was 100% penetrant and stable over many generations. Therefore,Nixhas great potential for developing mosquito control strategies to reduce vector populations by female-to-male sex conversion, or to aid in a sterile insect technique that requires releasing only non-biting males.
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44

Suzuki, Masataka G., Shigeo Imanishi, Naoshi Dohmae, Miwako Asanuma, and Shogo Matsumoto. "Identification of a Male-Specific RNA Binding Protein That Regulates Sex-Specific Splicing of Bmdsx by Increasing RNA Binding Activity of BmPSI." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 24 (October 18, 2010): 5776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00444-10.

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ABSTRACT Bmdsx is a sex-determining gene in the silkworm and is alternatively spliced in males and females. CE1 is a splicing silencer element responsible for the sex-specific splicing of Bmdsx. To identify sex-specific factors implicated in the sex-specific splicing of Bmdsx, we performed RNA affinity chromatography using CE1 RNA as a ligand. We have identified BmIMP, a Bombyx homolog of IGF-II mRNA binding protein (IMP), as a male-specific factor that specifically binds to CE1. The gene encoding BmIMP is localized on the Z chromosome and is male-specifically expressed in various tissues. Antisense inhibition of BmIMP expression increased female-specific splicing of Bmdsx pre-mRNA. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown analyses demonstrated that BmIMP physically interacts with BmPSI, which has been identified as a factor implicated in the sex-specific splicing of Bmdsx, through the KH domains of BmIMP. The functional consequence of this interaction was examined using RNA mobility shift analysis. BmIMP increased BmPSI-CE1 RNA binding activity by decreasing the rate of BmPSI dissociation from CE1 RNA. Truncation analysis of BmIMP suggested that the KH domains are responsible for enhancing BmPSI-CE1 RNA binding activity. These results suggest that BmIMP may enhance the male-specific splicing of Bmdsx pre-mRNA by increasing RNA binding activity of BmPSI.
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45

Kim, Yong Hwan, Jee Yoon Shin, Wonho Na, Jungho Kim, Bong-Gun Ju, and Won-Sun Kim. "Regulation of XFGF8 gene expression through SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 in developing Xenopus embryos." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 6 (2012): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10332.

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Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function as mitogens and morphogens during vertebrate development. In the present study, to characterise the regulatory mechanism of FGF8 gene expression in developing Xenopus embryos the upstream region of the Xenopus FGF8 (XFGF8) gene was isolated. The upstream region of the XFGF8 gene contains two putative binding sites for the SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) transcription factor. A reporter assay with serially deleted constructs revealed that the putative SOX2-binding motif may be a critical cis-element for XFGF8 gene activation in developing Xenopus embryos. Furthermore, Xenopus SOX2 (XSOX2) physically interacted with the SOX2-binding motif within the upstream region of the XFGF8 gene in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of endogenous XSOX2 resulted in loss of XFGF8 gene expression in midbrain–hindbrain junction, auditory placode, lens placode and forebrain in developing Xenopus embryos. Collectively, our results suggest that XSOX2 directly upregulates XFGF8 gene expression in the early embryonic development of Xenopus.
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46

Bhandari, Ramji K., Ingrid Sadler-Riggleman, Tracy M. Clement, and Michael K. Skinner. "Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor TCF21 Is a Downstream Target of the Male Sex Determining Gene SRY." PLoS ONE 6, no. 5 (May 17, 2011): e19935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019935.

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47

Kaur, Gurpreet, Kim G. Lieu, and David A. Jans. "70-kDa Heat Shock Cognate Protein hsc70 Mediates Calmodulin-dependent Nuclear Import of the Sex-determining Factor SRY." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 6 (December 12, 2012): 4148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.436741.

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48

Alawad, Abdullah, Sultan Alharbi, Othman Alhazzaa, Faisal Alagrafi, Mohammed Alkhrayef, Ziyad Alhamdan, Abdullah Alenazi, Hasan Al-Johi, Ibrahim O. Alanazi, and Mohamed Hammad. "Phylogenetic and Structural Analysis of the Pluripotency Factor Sex-Determining Region Y box2 Gene of Camelus dromedarius (cSox2)." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 10 (January 2016): BBI.S39047. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s39047.

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49

Ayan, J., M. F. Ward, D. C. Lee, B. Ruvolo, G. X. Brogan, A. E. Sama, D. Miele, et al. "Is sex a factor in determining whether acute coronary syndrome patients with renal insufficiency undergo diagnostic cardiac catheterization?" Annals of Emergency Medicine 44, no. 4 (October 2004): S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.422.

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50

Kutnyánszky, Vera, Balázs Hargitai, Bernadette Hotzi, Mónika Kosztelnik, Csaba Ortutay, Tibor Kovács, Eszter Győry, et al. "Sex-specific regulation of neuronal functions in Caenorhabditis elegans: the sex-determining protein TRA-1 represses goa-1/Gα(i/o)." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 295, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01625-0.

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AbstractFemales and males differ substantially in various neuronal functions in divergent, sexually dimorphic animal species, including humans. Despite its developmental, physiological and medical significance, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which sex-specific differences in the anatomy and operation of the nervous system are established remains a fundamental problem in biology. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans (nematodes), the global sex-determining factor TRA-1 regulates food leaving (mate searching), male mating and adaptation to odorants in a sex-specific manner by repressing the expression of goa-1 gene, which encodes the Gα(i/o) subunit of heterotrimeric G (guanine–nucleotide binding) proteins triggering physiological responses elicited by diverse neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. Mutations in tra-1 and goa-1 decouple behavioural patterns from the number of X chromosomes. TRA-1 binds to a conserved binding site located in the goa-1 coding region, and downregulates goa-1 expression in hermaphrodites, particularly during embryogenesis when neuronal development largely occurs. These data suggest that the sex-determination machinery is an important modulator of heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signalling and thereby various neuronal functions in this organism and perhaps in other animal phyla.
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