Journal articles: 'Sex determination in animals'

1

McELREAVEY, Ken, Eric VILAIN, Corinne COTINOT, Emmanuel PAYEN, and Marc FELLOUS. "Control of sex determination in animals." European Journal of Biochemistry 218, no. 3 (December 1993): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18432.x.

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Van Der Schoot, P. "Sex determination." Animal Reproduction Science 40, no. 3 (November 1995): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(95)90018-7.

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KORPELAINEN, HELENA. "SEX RATIOS AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SEX DETERMINATION IN ANIMALS." Biological Reviews 65, no. 2 (May 1990): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01187.x.

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Girondot, Marc, Patrick Zaborski, Jean Servan, and Claude Pieau. "Genetic contribution to sex determination in turtles with environmental sex determination." Genetical Research 63, no. 2 (April 1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032225.

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SummaryIn many reptiles, sex determination is temperature-sensitive. This phenomenon has been shown to take place in the laboratory as well as in nature, but its effect on natural populations remains questionable. In the turtle Emys orbicularis, the effects of temperature override a weak mechanism of genetic sex determination which is revealed in incubation at pivotal temperature. At this temperature, the sexual phenotype is concordant with the expression of the serologically defined H-Y antigen (H-Ys) in non-gonadal tissues; males are H-Ys negative (H-Y−) whereas females are H-Ys positive (H-Y+). To estimate the importance of sexual inversion (sexual phenotype and H-Ys expression discordant) in populations of Brenne (France), the frequencies of male and female sexual phenotypes among H-Ys phenotypes were determined. The frequencies of sex reversed individuals are low, only 6 % of phenotypic females being H-Y− and 11 % of phenotypic males being H-Y+. According to these data, two theoretical models have been constructed to estimate the contribution to sex determination of individuals in relation to their genotype. The first model excludes any influence of incubation temperature and sexual phenotype on the fitness of individuals. The second one considers that these parameters influence fitness because this model has been previously shown to favour environmental sex determination. In both models, it appears that sex determination can be viewed as genotypic and monogenic with some individuals sexually inverted by theaction of temperature. One category of homozygous animals differentiates mainly into one sex, and the heterozygous animals differentiate mainly into the other sex. The second category of homozygotes has a low frequency in the populations and can differentiate as male or female without high constraint. Then it is estimated that in Brenne approximately 83% of the eggs are incubated in conditions allowing the genetic component to influence sex determination.

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Yuan, W., and M. M. Buhr. "Embryonic stage affects chromosomal sex determination." Theriogenology 35, no. 1 (January 1991): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90276-j.

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Meise, M., D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, A. Dubendorfer, C. Brunner, R. Nothiger, and D. Bopp. "Sex-lethal, the master sex-determining gene in Drosophila, is not sex-specifically regulated in Musca domestica." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1487.

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Sex-lethal (Sxl) is the master switch gene for somatic sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. In XX animals, Sxl becomes activated and imposes female development; in X(Y) animals, Sxl remains inactive and male development ensues. A switch gene for sex determination, called F, has also been identified in the housefly, Musca domestica. An active F dictates female development, while male development ensues when F is inactive. To test if the switch functions of Sxl and F are founded on a common molecular basis, we isolated the homologous Sxl gene in the housefly. Though highly conserved in sequence, Musca-Sxl is not sex-specifically regulated: the same transcripts and protein isoforms are expressed in both male and female animals throughout development. Musca-Sxl is apparently not controlled by the primary sex-determining signal and, thus, is unlikely to correspond to the F gene. Ectopic expression of Musca-SXL protein in Drosophila does not exert any noticeable effects on the known target genes of endogenous Sxl. Instead, forced overexpression of the transgene eventually results in lethality of both XY and XX animals and in developmental abnormalities in some escaper XY animals. Similar results were obtained with the Sxl homologue of Ceratitis capitata (Saccone, G., Peluso, I., Artiaco, D., Giodano, E., Bopp, D. and Polito, L. C. (1998) Development 125, 1495–1500) suggesting that, in these non-drosophilid species, Sxl performs a function different from that in sex determination.

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McLaren, Anne. "Clues from other animals and theoretical considerations." Development 101, Supplement (March 1, 1987): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.3.

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In the first two papers of this volume, the genetic control of sex determination in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila is reviewed by Hodgkin and by Nöthiger & Steinmarin-Zwicky, respectively. Sex determination in both cases depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, which acts as a signal to a cascade of règulatory genes located either on autosomes or on the X chromosome. The state of activity of the last gene in the sequence determines phenotypic sex. In the third paper, Erickson & Tres describe the structure of the mouse Y chromosome and the polymorphisms that have been detected in different mouse species and strains. As in all mammals, the Y carries the primary male-determining locus; autosomal genes may also be involved in sex determination, but they must act down-stream from the Y-linked locus.

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Herr, C. M., and K. C. Reed. "Micronanipulation of bovine embryos for sex determination." Theriogenology 35, no. 1 (January 1991): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90147-6.

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Meneely, P. M. "Sex determination in polyploids of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 137, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.2.467.

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Abstract In Caenorhabditis elegans triploid animals with two X chromosomes (symbolized 3A;2X) are males. However, these triploid males can be feminized by making them mutant for recessive dosage compensation mutations, by adding X chromosome duplications or by microinjecting particular DNA sequences termed feminizing elements. None of these treatments affects diploid males. This study explores several aspects of these treatments in polyploids. The dosage compensation mutants exhibit a strong maternal effect, such that reduction of any of the dosage compensation gene functions in the mother leads to sex reversal of 3A;2X animals. Likewise, all X chromosome duplications tested cause both sex reversal and intersexual development of many 3A;2X animals. Microinjected feminizing element DNA does not cause extensive sex reversal, but does result in intersexual development in 3A;2X animals. Neither X chromosome duplications nor microinjected feminizing elements show that extreme maternal effect of the dosage compensation mutants, although there is indirect evidence for a maternal effect of the feminizing elements. In particular, very little feminizing element DNA needs to be microinjected in order to feminize triploid males, far less than what is needed for stable inheritance, implying that feminizing elements can work within the mother's gonad. However, even very high concentrations of microinjected feminizing elements do not affect sex determination in diploid males, suggesting that they are not part of the numerator of the X/A ratio. In addition, no pair of X chromosome duplications feminizes diploid males, suggesting that none of these duplications contains a numerator of the X/A ratio. Instead, I infer that an X-linked locus, as yet undefined, must be present in two copies for hermaphrodite development to ensue or that the two X chromosomes might interact.

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Sakae, Yuta, and Minoru Tanaka. "Metabolism and Sex Differentiation in Animals from a Starvation Perspective." Sexual Development 15, no. 1-3 (2021): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515281.

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Animals determine their sex genetically (GSD: genetic sex determination) and/or environmentally (ESD: environmental sex determination). Medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) employ a XX/XY GSD system, however, they display female-to-male sex reversal in response to various environmental changes such as temperature, hypoxia, and green light. Interestingly, we found that 5 days of starvation during sex differentiation caused female-to-male sex reversal. In this situation, the metabolism of pantothenate and fatty acid synthesis plays an important role in sex reversal. Metabolism is associated with other biological factors such as germ cells, HPG axis, lipids, and epigenetics, and supplys substances and acts as signal transducers. In this review, we discuss the importance of metabolism during sex differentiation and how metabolism contributes to sex differentiation.

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Veitia, R. A., M. Nunes, K. McElreavey, and M. Fellous. "Genetic basis of human sex determination: An overview." Theriogenology 47, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(96)00342-1.

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12

Leibo, S. P., and W. F. Rall. "Determination of prenatal sex in cattle by amniocentesis." Theriogenology 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(87)90123-3.

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13

Bull, J. J. "Temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles: validity of sex diagnosis in hatchling lizards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-224.

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In many reptiles, sex is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg. Studies of this phenomenon have usually diagnosed sex from gonads of hatchlings. The present study establishes the validity of this procedure in a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination by diagnosing gonadal sex in hatchling leopard geckoes (Eublepharis macularius) and comparing these diagnoses with the sexes of the same animals as adults or subadults. The diagnosis of sex soon after hatching agreed with the subsequent diagnosis in all of the 96 animals studied. In a separate experiment, 29 eggs were divided between a male-producing and a female-producing treatment. Adult–subadult sex was significantly associated with temperature, indicating that temperature determined sex, and excluding for the first time the joint possibilities of differential mortality and (or) sex reversal after hatching. Previous fundamental assumptions about the nature of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles are consequently well established.

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Nusbaum, C., and B. J. Meyer. "The Caenorhabditis elegans gene sdc-2 controls sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals." Genetics 122, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.3.579.

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Abstract We have identified a new X-linked gene, sdc-2, that controls the hermaphrodite (XX) modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in sdc-2 cause phenotypes that appear to result from a shift of both the sex determination and dosage compensation processes in XX animals to the XO modes of expression. Twenty-eight independent sdc-2 mutations have no apparent effect in XO animals, but cause two distinct phenotypes in XX animals: masculinization, reflecting a defect in sex determination, and lethality or dumpiness, reflecting a disruption in dosage compensation. The dosage compensation defect can be demonstrated directly by showing that sdc-2 mutations cause elevated levels of several X-linked transcripts in XX but not XO animals. While the masculinization is blocked by mutations in sex determining genes required for male development (her-1 and fem-3), the lethality, dumpiness and overexpression of X-linked genes are not, indicating that the effect of sdc-2 mutations on sex determination and dosage compensation are ultimately implemented by two independent pathways. We propose a model in which sdc-2 is involved in the coordinate control of both sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals and acts in the regulatory hierarchy at a step prior to the divergence of the two pathways.

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Ibraimov, Abyt. "Sex determination and Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin." Current Research in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33702/crbmb.2019.1.1.1.

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In many animals, including us, the genetic sex is determined at fertilization by sex chromosomes. Seemingly, the sex determination (SD) in human and animals is determined by the amount of constitutive heterochromatin on Y chromosome via cell thermoregulation. It is assumed the medulla and cortex tissue cells in the undifferentiated embryonic gonads (UEG) differ in vulnerability to the increase of the intracellular temperature. If the amount of the Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin is enough for efficient elimination of heat difference between the nucleus and cytoplasm in rapidly growing UEG cells the medulla tissue survives. Otherwise it doomed to degeneration and a cortex tissue will remain in the UEG. Regardless of whether our assumption is true or not, it remains an open question why on Y chromosome there is a large constitutive heterochromatin block? What is its biological meaning? Does it relate to sex determination, sex differentiation and development of secondary sexual characteristics? If so, what is its mechanism: chemical or physical? There is no scientifically sound answer to these questions.

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Carmi, Ilil, and Barbara J. Meyer. "The Primary Sex Determination Signal of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 152, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 999–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.3.999.

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AbstractAn X chromosome counting process determines sex in Caenorhabditis elegans. The dose of X chromosomes is translated into sexual fate by a set of X-linked genes that together control the activity of the sex-determination and dosage-compensation switch gene, xol-1. The double dose of X elements in XX animals represses xol-1 expression, promoting the hermaphrodite fate, while the single dose of X elements in XO animals permits high xol-1 expression, promoting the male fate. Previous work has revealed at least four signal elements that repress xol-1 expression at two levels, transcriptional and post-transcriptional. The two molecularly characterized elements include an RNA binding protein and a nuclear hormone receptor homolog. Here we explore the roles of the two mechanisms of xol-1 repression and further investigate how the combined dose of X signal elements ensures correct, sex-specific expression of xol-1. By studying the effects of increases and decreases in X signal element dose on male and hermaphrodite fate, we demonstrate that signal elements repress xol-1 cumulatively, such that full repression of xol-1 in XX animals results from the combined effect of individual elements. Complete transformation from the hermaphrodite to the male fate requires a decrease in the dose of all four elements, from two copies to one. We show that both mechanisms of xol-1 repression are essential and act synergistically to keep xol-1 levels low in XX animals. However, increasing repression by one mechanism can compensate for loss of the other, demonstrating that each mechanism can exert significant xol-1 repression on its own. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that xol-1 activity can be set at intermediate levels in response to an intermediate X signal.

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17

Schedin, P., C. P. Hunter, and W. B. Wood. "Autonomy and nonautonomy of sex determination in triploid intersex mosaics of C. elegans." Development 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 863–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.3.863.

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The primary sex-determining signal in Caenorhabditis elegans is the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X/A ratio), normally 1.0 in hermaphrodites (XX) and 0.5 in males (XO). XX triploids (X/A = 0.67) are males, but if these animals carry a partial duplication of the X chromosome such that X/A approximately equal to 0.7, they develop as intersexes that are sexually mosaic. We have analyzed these mosaics using Nomarski microscopy and in situ hybridization to obtain information on whether sex determination decisions can be made independently in different cells and tissues, and when these commitments are made. The observed patterns of male and female cells in individual animals indicate that sex determination decisions can be influenced by anterior-posterior position and that sex determination decisions can be made as late as the third larval stage of postembryonic development. Although these decisions clearly can be made independently in different lineages, they show substantial biases toward one sex or the other in individual animals. We interpret these results to suggest that sex determination in C. elegans is not entirely cell autonomous.

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18

Saccone, G., I. Peluso, D. Artiaco, E. Giordano, D. Bopp, and L. C. Polito. "The Ceratitis capitata homologue of the Drosophila sex-determining gene sex-lethal is structurally conserved, but not sex-specifically regulated." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1495.

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In Drosophila, Sxl functions as a binary switch in sex determination. Under the control of the primary sex-determining signal, it produces functional protein only in XX animals to implement female development. Here we report that, in contrast to Drosophila, the Sxl homologue in the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, expresses the same mRNAs and protein isoforms in both XX and XY animals irrespective of the primary sex-determining signal. Also, experiments with two inducible transgenes demonstrate that the corresponding Ceratitis SXL product has no significant sex-transforming effects when expressed in Drosophila. Similar results have been obtained for the Sxl homologue of Musca domestica (Meise, M., Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., Brunner, C., DLbendorfer, A., N?thiger, R. and Bopp, D. (1998) Development 125, 1487–1494). Our findings suggest that Sxl acquired its master regulatory role in sex determination during evolution of the Acalyptratae group, most probably after phylogenetic divergence of the genus Drosophila from other genera of this group.

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Shimada, Kiyoshi. "Sex determination and sex differentiation." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698449.

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Virta, J., J. Markola, J. Peippo, M. Markkula, and J. Vilkki. "Sex determination of bovine embryo blastomeres by fluorogenic probes." Theriogenology 57, no. 9 (June 2002): 2229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00824-5.

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Avery, B., A. Bak, and M. Schmidt. "Differential cleavage rates and sex determination in bovine embryos." Theriogenology 32, no. 1 (July 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(89)90530-x.

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22

Curran, Sandra. "Fetal sex determination in cattle and horses by ultrasonography." Theriogenology 37, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90244-l.

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23

Alipanah, M., A. Torkamanzehi, and H. Taghavi. "Sex determination in ostrich (Struthio camelus) using DNA markers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09125.

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Production of bird species such as ostrich (Struthio camelus) has been gaining increasing importance in Iran as well as many other countries. Ostrich, similar to many other species of birds, lacks sexual dimorphism, making it difficult to differentiate between males and females, especially at an early age, which can be problematic in breeding programs. Recently developed molecular genetic methods that utilize polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques can facilitate rapid identification of the bird’s sex in these species using a DNA sample, which can be easily extracted from blood or feather pulps. We successfully applied a PCR-based RFLP technique and sex chromosome primers for sex determination in a sample of 30 Ostrich chicks using DNA extracted from blood and feather pulps. Both DNA samples (blood and feather pulps) provided useful results. However, using feather pulps from 1-day-old chicks can provide an easy and inexpensive method for sex determination in ostrich. Key words: Ostrich (struthio camelus), sex determination, sexual dimorphism, polymerase chain reaction, RFLP

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Akerib, C. C., and B. J. Meyer. "Identification of X chromosome regions in Caenorhabditis elegans that contain sex-determination signal elements." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1105.

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Abstract The primary sex-determination signal of Caenorhabditis elegans is the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X/A ratio). This signal coordinately controls both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation. To delineate regions of X that contain counted signal elements, we examined the effect on the X/A ratio of changing the dose of specific regions of X, using duplications in XO animals and deficiencies in XX animals. Based on the mutant phenotypes of genes that are controlled by the signal, we expected that increases (in males) or decreases (in hermaphrodites) in the dose of X chromosome elements could cause sex-specific lethality. We isolated duplications and deficiencies of specific X chromosome regions, using strategies that would permit their recovery regardless of whether they affect the signal. We identified a dose-sensitive region at the left end of X that contains X chromosome signal elements. XX hermaphrodites with only one dose of this region have sex determination and dosage compensation defects, and XO males with two doses are more severely affected and die. The hermaphrodite defects are suppressed by a downstream mutation that forces all animals into the XX mode of sex determination and dosage compensation. The male lethality is suppressed by mutations that force all animals into the XO mode of both processes. We were able to subdivide this region into three smaller regions, each of which contains at least one signal element. We propose that the X chromosome component of the sex-determination signal is the dose of a relatively small number of genes.

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Leclercq, Sébastien, Julien Thézé, Mohamed Amine Chebbi, Isabelle Giraud, Bouziane Moumen, Lise Ernenwein, Pierre Grève, Clément Gilbert, and Richard Cordaux. "Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 6, 2016): 15036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608979113.

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Sex determination is a fundamental developmental pathway governing male and female differentiation, with profound implications for morphology, reproductive strategies, and behavior. In animals, sex differences between males and females are generally determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are remarkably variable in origin and can differ even between closely related species, indicating that transitions occur frequently and independently in different groups of organisms. The evolutionary causes underlying sex chromosome turnover are poorly understood, however. Here we provide evidence indicating that Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare. We identified a 3-Mb insert of a feminizing Wolbachia genome that was recently transferred into the pillbug nuclear genome. The Wolbachia insert shows perfect linkage to the female sex, occurs in a male genetic background (i.e., lacking the ancestral W female sex chromosome), and is hemizygous. Our results support the conclusion that the Wolbachia insert is now acting as a female sex-determining region in pillbugs, and that the chromosome carrying the insert is a new W sex chromosome. Thus, bacteria-to-animal horizontal genome transfer represents a remarkable mechanism underpinning the birth of sex chromosomes. We conclude that sex ratio distorters, such as Wolbachia endosymbionts, can be powerful agents of evolutionary transitions in sex determination systems in animals.

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Meyers-Wallen, Vicki N. "Genetics, genomics, and molecular biology of sex determination in small animals." Theriogenology 66, no. 6-7 (October 2006): 1655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.029.

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Warner, Daniel A., Matthew B. Lovern, and Richard Shine. "Maternal nutrition affects reproductive output and sex allocation in a lizard with environmental sex determination." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1611 (January 9, 2007): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0105.

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Life-history traits such as offspring size, number and sex ratio are affected by maternal feeding rates in many kinds of animals, but the consequences of variation in maternal diet quality (rather than quantity) are poorly understood. We manipulated dietary quality of reproducing female lizards ( Amphibolurus muricatus ; Agamidae), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination, to examine strategies of reproductive allocation. Females maintained on a poor-quality diet produced fewer clutches but massively (twofold) larger eggs with lower concentrations of yolk testosterone than did conspecific females given a high-quality diet. Although all eggs were incubated at the same temperature, and yolk steroid hormone levels were not correlated with offspring sex, the nutrient-deprived females produced highly male-biased sex ratios among their offspring. These responses to maternal nutrition generate a link between sex and offspring size, in a direction likely to enhance maternal fitness if large body size enhances reproductive success more in sons than in daughters (as seems plausible, given the mating system of this species). Overall, our results show that sex determination in these animals is more complex, and responsive to a wider range of environmental cues, than that suggested by the classification of ‘environmental sex determination’.

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Khamlor, Trisadee, Petai Pongpiachan, Rangsun Parnpai, Kanchana Punyawai, Siwat Sangsritavong, and Nipa Chokesajjawatee. "Bovine embryo sex determination by multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification." Theriogenology 83, no. 5 (March 2015): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.025.

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Ellis, S. B., K. R. Bondioli, M. E. Williams, J. H. Pryor, and M. M. Harpold. "Sex determination of bovine embryos using male-specific DNA probes." Theriogenology 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(88)90070-2.

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Indriawati, Indriawati, Slamet Diah Volkandari, and Endang Tri Margawati. "The Application of UTY and SRY Molecular Markers for Determination of Unknown Sex Samples in Bali Cattle." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 21, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v21i1.9333.

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An investigation involving large number of animals is often resulting incomplete or in accurate information such as animal parentage, or misidentify on sex due to unlabeled sex samples. A PCR method by applying Y chromosome markers (UTY and SRY) facilitates in determination of unknown sex problem. This study was intended to determine sex from unlabelled sex of blood samples by applying PCR method using a pooled-DNA template. Twenty five of unknown sex blood samples from Nusa Penida, Bali were used in this study. The samples were plotted into 5 pooled-DNA whith each pool DNA consisted of 5 individuals DNA. Two pairs of sex primers, UTY (58oC) and SRY (60oC) with 35 cycles were applied to amplify the samples. The result showed there was only one pooled-DNA (P4) amplified by UTY (484bp). Whereas re-PCR of the positive pooled-DNA (P4) using SRY primer, only one out of 25 samples determined as male Bali cattle (325bp). This finding suggests that UTY and SRY primers are suitable for sex determination and the pooled-DNA could be used as an efficient PCR method both in consumables and PCR process for sex determination. Keywords: Determination, sex, unknown sample, pooled DNA, Bali cattle.

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Spadola, Filippo. "Cloacal anatomy and sex determination in Tiliqua sp." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 156, Summer 2021 (July 1, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb156.1113.

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A rigid endoscope was used to examine the cloacae of an adult pair of Tiliqua gigas gigas, and single specimens of Tiliqua gigas evanescens and Tiliqua sp. (Irian Jaya form). Throughout the procedure the animals showed no signs of stress. Clear anatomical differences were observed between the sexes. Females presented the typical two pairs of papillae (ureteral and genital) and males a single pair of urogenital papillae. The observed differences were confirmed when both pairs bred successfully in the following year.

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Janzen, Fredric J., David M. Delaney, Timothy S. Mitchell, and Daniel A. Warner. "Do Covariances Between Maternal Behavior and Embryonic Physiology Drive Sex-Ratio Evolution Under Environmental Sex Determination?" Journal of Heredity 110, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz021.

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Abstract Fisherian sex-ratio theory predicts sexual species should have a balanced primary sex ratio. However, organisms with environmental sex determination (ESD) are particularly vulnerable to experiencing skewed sex ratios when environmental conditions vary. Theoretical work has modeled sex-ratio dynamics for animals with ESD with regard to 2 traits predicted to be responsive to sex-ratio selection: 1) maternal oviposition behavior and 2) sensitivity of embryonic sex determination to environmental conditions, and much research has since focused on how these traits influence offspring sex ratios. However, relatively few studies have provided estimates of univariate quantitative genetic parameters for these 2 traits, and the existence of phenotypic or genetic covariances among these traits has not been assessed. Here, we leverage studies on 3 species of reptiles (2 turtle species and a lizard) with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) to assess phenotypic covariances between measures of maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of the sex-determining pathway. These studies quantified maternal behaviors that relate to nest temperature and sex ratio of offspring incubated under controlled conditions. A positive covariance between these traits would enhance the efficiency of sex-ratio selection when primary sex ratio is unbalanced. However, we detected no such covariance between measures of these categories of traits in the 3 study species. These results suggest that maternal oviposition behavior and thermal sensitivity of sex determination in embryos might evolve independently. Such information is critical to understand how animals with TSD will respond to rapidly changing environments that induce sex-ratio selection.

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Janes, Daniel E., Christopher L. Organ, Rami Stiglec, Denis O'Meally, Stephen D. Sarre, Arthur Georges, Jennifer A. M. Graves, et al. "Molecular evolution of Dmrt1 accompanies change of sex-determining mechanisms in reptilia." Biology Letters 10, no. 12 (December 2014): 20140809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0809.

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In reptiles, sex-determining mechanisms have evolved repeatedly and reversibly between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination. The gene Dmrt1 directs male determination in chicken (and presumably other birds), and regulates sex differentiation in animals as distantly related as fruit flies, nematodes and humans. Here, we show a consistent molecular difference in Dmrt1 between reptiles with genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination. Among 34 non-avian reptiles, a convergently evolved pair of amino acids encoded by sequence within exon 2 near the DM-binding domain of Dmrt1 distinguishes species with either type of sex determination. We suggest that this amino acid shift accompanied the evolution of genotypic sex determination from an ancestral condition of temperature-dependent sex determination at least three times among reptiles, as evident in turtles, birds and squamates. This novel hypothesis describes the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms as turnover events accompanied by one or two small mutations.

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Sinclair, Andrew H. "Human sex determination." Journal of Experimental Zoology 281, no. 5 (August 1, 1998): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980801)281:5<501::aid-jez15>3.0.co;2-b.

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Shi, Chenggang, Xiaotong Wu, Liuru Su, Chaoqi Shang, Xuewen Li, Yiquan Wang, and Guang Li. "A ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosome System in Cephalochordate Amphioxus." Genetics 214, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303051.

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Sex determination is remarkably variable among animals with examples of environmental sex determination, male heterogametic (XX/XY) and female heterogametic (ZZ/ZW) chromosomal sex determination, and other genetic mechanisms. The cephalochordate amphioxus occupies a key phylogenetic position as a basal chordate and outgroup to vertebrates, but its sex determination mechanism is unknown. During the course of generating Nodal mutants with transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) in amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae, serendipitously, we generated three mutant strains that reveal the sex determination mechanism of this animal. In one mutant strain, all heterozygous mutant offspring over three generations were female and all wild-type descendants were male. This pattern suggests the Nodal allele targeted is on a female-specific W chromosome. A second mutant showed the same W-linked inheritance pattern, with a female heterozygote passing the mutation only to daughters. In a third mutant strain, both male and female offspring could be heterozygous, but a female heterozygote passed the mutation only to sons. This pattern is consistent with the targeted allele being on a Z chromosome. We found an indel polymorphism linked to a Nodal allele present in most females, but no males in our cultured population. Together, these results indicate that Nodal is sex chromosome-linked in B. floridae, and that B. floridae has a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system.

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Hodgkin, Jonathan. "Primary sex determination in the nematode C. elegans." Development 101, Supplement (March 1, 1987): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.5.

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Most nematodes have XO male/XX female sex determination. C. elegans is anomalous, having XX hermaphrodites rather than females. The hermaphrodite condition appears to result from the modification of a basic male/female sex-determination system, which permits both spermatogenesis and oogenesis to occur within a female soma. This modification is achieved by a germ-line-specific control acting at one step in a cascade of autosomal regulatory genes, which respond to X-chromosome dosage and direct male, female, or hermaphrodite development. Mutations of one of these genes can be used to construct artificial strains with ZZ male/WZ female sex determination. Primary sex determination normally depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, as in Drosophila, and there appear to be multiple sites on the X chromosome that contribute to this ratio. Also, as in Drosophila, X-chromosome expression is compensated to equalize gene activity in XX and XO animals. Interactions between dosage compensation and sex determination are described and discussed.

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Argue, Kathryn J., and Wendi S. Neckameyer. "Altering the sex determination pathway in Drosophila fat body modifies sex-specific stress responses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): R82—R92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2014.

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The stress response in Drosophila melanogaster reveals sex differences in behavior, similar to what has been observed in mammals. However, unlike mammals, the sex determination pathway in Drosophila is well established, making this an ideal system to identify factors involved in the modulation of sex-specific responses to stress. In this study, we show that the Drosophila fat body, which has been shown to be important for energy homeostasis and sex determination, is a dynamic tissue that is altered in response to stress in a sex and time-dependent manner. We manipulated the sex determination pathway in the fat body via targeted expression of transformer and transformer-2 and analyzed these animals for changes in their response to stress. In the majority of cases, manipulation of transformer or transformer-2 was able to change the physiological output in response to starvation and oxidative stress to that of the opposite sex. Our data also uncover the possibility of additional downstream targets for transformer and transformer-2 that are separate from the sex determination pathway and can influence behavioral and physiological responses.

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Dervishi, E., A. Martinez-Royo, P. Sánchez, J. L. Alabart, M. J. Cocero, J. Folch, and J. H. Calvo. "Reliability of sex determination in ovine embryos using amelogenin gene (AMEL)." Theriogenology 70, no. 2 (July 2008): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.006.

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Bolechová, Petra, Kateřina Ječmínková, Michal Hradec, Tomáš Kott, and Jana Doležalová. "Sex determination in gibbons of genus Nomascus using non-invasive method." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 4 (2016): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685040363.

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Gibbons of the genus Nomascus have a strong sexual dimorphism and dichromatism. As they mature, both sexes develop sex-specific pelage colour. In combination with physical similarities in the genitalia with both sexes, there are problems with determining the sex of young individuals compared to other genus of gibbons. This is a pilot study applying a multiplex polymerase chain reactions based on a non-invasive method for sex determination of gibbons. The study was conducted on 22 faecal samples from gibbons of the genus Nomascus. The animals were monitored by staff so that the samples were identified correctly and each sample was collected immediately after the defecation. Results confirmed the sex in all adult and juvenile animals with known sex; and 2 females and 5 males in juveniles were determined with unknown sex. The results of direct examination completely corresponded with the PCR results. The PCR reaction with template DNA isolated from faecal material required BSA usage, however, we observed the occurrence of nonspecific fragments. This did not affect the reliability of our results and we confirmed the usability of this method for this genus.

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Hossepian de Lima, V. F. M., C. A. Moreira-Filho, A. R. De Bem, and W. Jorge. "Sex determination of murine and bovine embryos using cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays." Theriogenology 39, no. 6 (June 1993): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(93)90236-x.

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Hodgkin, Jonathan, Andrew D. Chisholm, and Michael M. Shen. "Major sex-determining genes and the control of sexual dimorphism in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-116.

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Sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans involves a cascade of major regulatory genes connecting the primary sex determining signal, X chromosome dosage, to key switch genes, which in turn direct development along either male or female pathways. Animals with one X chromosome (XO) are male, while animals with two X chromosomes (XX) are hermaphrodite: hermaphrodite development occurs because the action of the regulatory genes is modified in the germ line so that both sperm and oocytes are made inside a completely female soma. The regulatory genes are being examined by both genetic and molecular means. We discuss how these major genes, in particular the last switch gene in the cascade, tra-1, might regulate the many different sex-specific events that occur during the development of the hermaphrodite and of the male.Key words: nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, sex determination, sexual differentiation, cell lineage analysis.

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Steinmann-Zwicky, M. "Sex determination of the Drosophila germ line: tra and dsx control somatic inductive signals." Development 120, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.3.707.

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In Drosophila, the sex of germ cells is determined by cell-autonomous and inductive signals. XY germ cells autonomously enter spermatogenesis when developing in a female host. In contrast, XX germ cells non-autonomously become spermatogenic when developing in a male host. In first instar larvae with two X chromosomes, XX germ cells enter the female or the male pathway depending on the presence or absence of transformer (tra) activity in the surrounding soma. In somatic cells, the product of tra regulates the expression of the gene double sex (dsx) which can form a male-specific or a female-specific product. In dsx mutant larvae, XX and XY germ cells develop abnormally, with a seemingly intersexual phenotype. This indicates that female-specific somatic dsx products feminize XX germ cells, and male-specific somatic dsx products masculinize XX and XY germ cells. The results show that tra and dsx control early inductive signals that determine the sex of XX germ cells and that somatic signals also affect the development of XY germ cells. XX germ cells that develop in pseudomales lacking the sex-determining function of Sxl are spermatogenic. If, however, female-specific tra functions are expressed in these animals, XX germ cells become oogenic. Furthermore, transplanted XX germ cells can become oogenic and form eggs in XY animals that express the female-specific function of tra. Therefore, TRA product present in somatic cells of XY animals or in animals lacking the sex-determining function of Sxl, is sufficient to support developing XX germ cells through oogenesis.

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Servan, J., P. Zaborski, M. Dorizzi, and C. Pieau. "Female-biased sex ratio in adults of the turtle Emys orbicularis at the northern limit of its distribution in France: a probable consequence of interaction of temperature with genotypic sex determination." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-182.

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Adult sex ratio in the turtle Emys orbicularis was determined in populations from seven ponds in Brenne (Indre, France). In all populations, the sex ratio was biased toward females. Among 290 captured animals, the male:female ratio was close to 0.5. Among different demographic factors that could affect the adult sex ratio, the most influential was probably the sex ratio of hatchlings. In Emys orbicularis, a ZZ male/ZW female system of genotypic sex determination has been postulated. Moreover, gonad differentiation is dependent on temperature and sex-reversed individuals can occur. To evaluate the importance of sex reversal among adult females, the blood of 78 animals was typed for the serologically detectable H-Y antigen, used as a tool to identify sexual genotype. In 73 of them, the H-Y phenotype was positive, conforming with female genotype, but in the other 5 females, it was negative (as in genotypic males), revealing that the sexual phenotype of these animals had been inverted. As the percentage of these sex-reversed genotypic males is low, the influence of temperature would appear not to be the sole cause of the observed unbalanced sex ratio. The female bias can be partly explained by the interaction of temperature with the ZZ/ZW system of genotypic sex determination. Indeed, in this system, sexual inversion under the influence of an epigenetic factor increases the ratio of genotypic females (ZW and WW) in the progeny.

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Ventura, Tomer, Jennifer C. Chandler, Tuan V. Nguyen, Cameron J. Hyde, Abigail Elizur, Quinn P. Fitzgibbon, and Gregory G. Smith. "Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Sexual Development-Related Genes of the Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)." Genes 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101150.

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Sexual development involves the successive and overlapping processes of sex determination, sexual differentiation, and ultimately sexual maturation, enabling animals to reproduce. This provides a mechanism for enriched genetic variation which enables populations to withstand ever-changing environments, selecting for adapted individuals and driving speciation. The molecular mechanisms of sexual development display a bewildering diversity, even in closely related taxa. Many sex determination mechanisms across animals include the key family of “doublesex- and male abnormal3-related transcription factors” (Dmrts). In a few exceptional species, a single Dmrt residing on a sex chromosome acts as the master sex regulator. In this study, we provide compelling evidence for this model of sex determination in the ornate spiny lobster Panulius ornatus, concurrent with recent reports in the eastern spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi. Using a multi-tissue transcriptomic database established for P. ornatus, we screened for the key factors associated with sexual development (by homology search and using previous knowledge of these factors from related species), providing an in-depth understanding of sexual development in decapods. Further research has the potential to close significant gaps in our understanding of reproductive development in this ecologically and commercially significant order.

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Mawaribuchi, Shuuji, Yuzuru Ito, and Michihiko Ito. "Independent evolution for sex determination and differentiation in the DMRT family in animals." Biology Open 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): bio041962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.041962.

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Wertheim, B., L. W. Beukeboom, and L. van de Zande. "Polyploidy in Animals: Effects of Gene Expression on Sex Determination, Evolution and Ecology." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 140, no. 2-4 (2013): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351998.

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Yang, Hua, Fagang Zhong, Yonglin Yang, Xinhua Wang, Shouren Liu, and Bin Zhu. "Sex determination of bovine preimplantation embryos by oligonucleotide microarray." Animal Reproduction Science 139, no. 1-4 (June 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.04.009.

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Aurich, Christine, and Jana Schneider. "Sex determination in horses—Current status and future perspectives." Animal Reproduction Science 146, no. 1-2 (April 2014): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.014.

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Erickson, Robert P., Edward J. Durbin, and Laura L. Tres. "Sex determination in mice: Y and chromosome 17 interactions." Development 101, Supplement (March 1, 1987): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.25.

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Mice provide material for studies of Y-chromosomal and autosomal sequences involved in sex determination. Eicher and coworkers have identified four subregions in the mouse Y chromosome, one of which corresponds to the Sxr fragment. This fragment demonstrates that only a small portion of the Y is necessary for male sex determination. The mouse Y chromosome also shows variants: the BALB/cWt Y chromosome, which causes nondisjunction of the Y in some germ cells leading to XO and XYY cells and resulting in many infertile true hermaphrodites; the YDom, a wild-type chromosome which can result in sex reversal on a C57BL/6J background; and Y-chromosomal variants detected with Y-derived genomic DNA clones among inbred strains. Two different autosomal loci affecting sex differentiation have been identified in the mouse by Eicher and coworkers. The first of these has not been mapped to a particular chromosome and has been designated Tda-1 (Testis-determining autosomal-1). This is the locus in C57BL/6J mice at which animals must be homozygous in order to develop as true hermaphrodites or sex-reversed animals in the presence of YDom. The other locus has been identified on proximal chromosome 17. This locus also caused hermaphrodites on the C57BL/6J background and it is most easily interpreted as a locus deleted in 7hp. It is located in a region on chromosome 17 containing other genes or DNA sequences that may be related to sex determination. These include both the Hye (histocompatibility Y expression) locus that affects the amount of male-specific antigen detected by serological and cell-mediated assays and a concentration of Bkm sequences. Despite the Y and chromosomal 17 localizations of Bkm sequences, there is no evidence that transcripts from these are involved in sex determination: RNA hybridizing to sense and anti-sense Bkm clones can be detected in day-14 fetal gonads of both sexes.

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Nothiger, R., M. Jonglez, M. Leuthold, P. Meier-Gerschwiler, and T. Weber. "Sex determination in the germ line of Drosophila depends on genetic signals and inductive somatic factors." Development 107, no. 3 (November 1, 1989): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.3.505.

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We have analyzed the mechanism of sex determination in the germ line of Drosophila by manipulating three parameters: (1) the ratio of X-chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X:A); (2) the state of activity of the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl), and (3) the sex of the gonadal soma. To this end, animals with a ratio of 2X:2A and 2X:3A were sexually transformed into pseudomales by mutations at the sex-determining genes Sxl (Sex-lethal), tra (transformer), tra-2 (transformer-2), or dsx (double-sex). Animals with the karyotype 2X;3A were also transformed into pseudofemales by the constitutive mutation SxlM1. The sexual phenotype of the gonads and of the germ cells was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. Confirming the conclusions of Steinmann-Zwicky et al. (Cell 57, 157, 1989), we found that all three parameters affect sex determination in germ cells. In contrast to the soma in which sex determination is completely cell-autonomous, sex determination in the germ line has a non-autonomous component inasmuch as the sex of the soma can influence the sexual pathway of the germ cells. Somatic induction has a clear effect on 2X;2A germ cells that carry a Sxl+ allele. These cells, which form eggs in an ovary, can enter spermatogenesis in testes. Mutations that cause partial loss of function or gain of function of Sxl thwart somatic induction and, independently of the sex of the soma, dictate spermatogenesis or oogenesis, respectively. Somatic induction has a much weaker effect on 2X;3A germ cells. This ratio is essentially a male signal for germ cells which consistently enter spermatogenesis in testes, even when they carry SxlM1. In a female soma, however, SxlM1 enables the 2X;3A germ cells to form almost normal eggs. Our results show that sex determination in the germ line is more complex than in the soma. They provide further evidence that the state of Sxl, the key gene for sex determination and dosage compensation in the soma, also determines the sex of the germ cells, and that, in the germ line, the state of activity of Sxl is regulated not only by the X:A ratio, but also by somatic inductive stimuli.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex determination in animals'

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