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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex-dependent differences'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 August 2024

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1

McDevitt, Elizabeth A., Ariel Rokem, Michael A. Silver, and Sara C. Mednick. "Sex differences in sleep-dependent perceptual learning." Vision Research 99 (June 2014): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2013.10.009.

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Karahoda, Rona, Hana Horackova, Lukas Cerveny, Cilia Abad, and Frantisek Staud. "Sex-dependent differences in placental serotonin handling." Placenta 83 (August 2019): e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.050.

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3

Maklakov, Alexei A., Matthew D. Hall, Stephen J. Simpson, Josephine Dessmann, Fiona J. Clissold, Felix Zajitschek, Simon P. Lailvaux, David Raubenheimer, Russell Bonduriansky, and Robert C. Brooks. "Sex differences in nutrient-dependent reproductive ageing." Aging Cell 8, no. 3 (May 26, 2009): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00479.x.

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4

Evans, Kelly L., and Elizabeth Hampson. "Sex differences on prefrontally-dependent cognitive tasks." Brain and Cognition 93 (February 2015): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.11.006.

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5

Rosenfeld, Cheryl S. "Sex-dependent differences in voluntary physical activity." Journal of Neuroscience Research 95, no. 1-2 (November 7, 2016): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23896.

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6

Guerrero, Ivan, Belem Yoval-Sánchez, Csaba Konrad, Giovanni Manfredi, Ilka Wittig, and Alexander Galkin. "Sex-dependent differences in macaque brain mitochondria." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1865, no. 4 (November 2024): 149494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149494.

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7

Gorbenko, N. I., O. Yu Borikov, O. V. Ivanova, T. V. Kiprych, E. V. Taran, T. I. Gopciy, and Т. S. Litvinova. "Sex dependent differences in oxidative stress in the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 93, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj93.03.075.

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8

Kuljis, Dika A., Dawn H. Loh, Danny Truong, Andrew M. Vosko, Margaret L. Ong, Rebecca McClusky, Arthur P. Arnold, and Christopher S. Colwell. "Gonadal- and Sex-Chromosome-Dependent Sex Differences in the Circadian System." Endocrinology 154, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 1501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1921.

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Abstract Compelling reasons to study the role of sex in the circadian system include the higher rates of sleep disorders in women than in men and evidence that sex steroids modulate circadian control of locomotor activity. To address the issue of sex differences in the circadian system, we examined daily and circadian rhythms in wheel-running activity, electrical activity within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and PER2::LUC-driven bioluminescence of gonadally-intact adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. We observed greater precision of activity onset in 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle for male mice, longer activity duration in 24 hours of constant darkness for female mice, and phase-delayed PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythm in female pituitary and liver. Next, in order to investigate whether sex differences in behavior are sex chromosome or gonadal sex dependent, we used the 4 core genotypes (FCG) mouse model, in which sex chromosome complement is independent of gonadal phenotype. Gonadal males had more androgen receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and behaviorally reduced photic phase shift response compared with gonadal female FCG mice. Removal of circulating gonadal hormones in adults, to test activational vs organizational effects of sex revealed that XX animals have longer activity duration than XY animals regardless of gonadal phenotype. Additionally, we observed that the activational effects of gonadal hormones were more important for regulating activity levels in gonadal male mice than in gonadal female FCG mice. Taken together, sex differences in the circadian rhythms of activity, neuronal physiology, and gene expression were subtle but provide important clues for understanding the pathophysiology of the circadian system.

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9

Bornstein, Robert F. "Sex Differences in Dependent Personality Disorder Prevalence Rates." Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 3, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00054.x.

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10

KARAI, Nobuyuki, Bin WANG, Jiajia YANG, Yuko MATSUMOTO, Hiroaki KURAHASHI, Satoshi TAKAHASHI, Koji MIYAKE, Morito SUGIMOTO, Jingling WU, and Hiromi KUMON. "712 Sex differences in gender-dependent object recognition." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2015.53 (2015): _712–1_—_712–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2015.53._712-1_.

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11

Koek, W. N. H., N. Campos-Obando, B. C. J. van der Eerden, Y. B. de Rijke, M. A. Ikram, A. G. Uitterlinden, J. P. T. M. van Leeuwen, and M. C. Zillikens. "Age-dependent sex differences in calcium and phosphate homeostasis." Endocrine Connections 10, no. 3 (March 2021): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0509.

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Background Sex differences in calcium and phosphate have been observed. We aimed to assess a relation with age. Methods We used the laboratory values of serum calcium, phosphate and albumin from three different samples ( 2005, 2010 and 2014 years) using the hospital information system of Erasmus MC, Rotterdam. The samples were divided into three age groups: 1–17, 18–44 and ≥45 years. Sex differences in calcium and phosphate were analyzed using ANCOVA, adjusting for age and serum albumin. Furthermore, sex by age interactions were determined and we analyzed differences between age groups stratified by sex. Results In all three samples there was a significant sex × age interaction for serum calcium and phosphate, whose levels were significantly higher in women compared to men above 45 years. No sex differences in the younger age groups were found. In men, serum calcium and phosphate levels were highest in the youngest age group compared to age groups of 18–44 and ≥45 years. In women, serum calcium levels were significantly higher in the age group 1–17 and the age group ≥45 years compared to the 18–44 years age group. In women, serum phosphate was different between the three different age groups with highest level in the group 1–17 years and lowest in the group 18–44 years. Conclusion There are age- dependent sex differences in serum calcium and phosphate. Furthermore, we found differences in serum calcium and phosphate between different age groups. Underlying mechanisms for these age- and sex- differences are not yet fully elucidated.

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12

Macleod, Malcolm D., and John W. Shepherd. "Sex Differences in Eyewitness Reports of Criminal Assaults." Medicine, Science and the Law 26, no. 4 (October 1986): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248602600413.

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This study examines the controversy regarding the presence of sex differences in eyewitness behaviour using data derived from 379 statements concerning 135 cases of real-life assaults. Two questions are considered: (1) is the presence of a sex difference dependent on the level of violence witnessed? And (2) is the presence of a sex difference dependent on the specific type of information reported? The results indicate that sex differences in eyewitnessing can be dependent upon both of these factors but that their effects appear to be more subtle than had been anticipated. The findings are discussed in the light of existing research, and recommendations for future research are considered.

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Borisova, Nina A., Evgeniya V. Proshlyakova, Anna Ya Sapronova, and Michael V. Ugrumov. "Androgen-dependent sex differences in the hypothalamic serotoninergic system." European Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 2 (February 1996): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1340232.

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Borisova NA, Proshlyakova EV, Sapronova AY, Ugrumov MV. Androgen-dependent sex differences in the hypothalamic serotoninergic system. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:232–5. ISSN 0804–4643 This study has attempted to fulfil our knowledge on the sex differences in the hypothalamic serotoninergic (5-HT) system in adult rats, and also to evaluate the role of neonatal androgens in the appearance of this sexual dimorphism. Such integrative characteristics of the 5-HT system as 5-HT content and specific uptake were estimated and compared in the anterior and middle hypothalami in intact adult females and males, as well as in neonatally castrated adult males. According to our data, the 5-HT content and [3H]5-HT specific uptake both in the anterior and middle hypothalami of intact females exceeded significantly those in intact males. Neonatal castration of males resulted in an increase of the 5-HT content and [3H]5-HT uptake in both hypothalamic regions up to their levels in intact females. Thus, the present study provides new information on the sex differences in the hypothalamic 5-HT system, which are apparently related to the neonatal masculinization of the hypothalamus. Michael V Ugrumov, Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str., Moscow 117808, Russia

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14

Sturmey, R. G., P. Bermejo-Alvarez, A. Gutierrez-Adan, D. Rizos, H. J. Leese, and P. Lonergan. "374 SEX-DEPENDENT METABOLIC DIFFERENCES OF BOVINE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab374.

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Sex-dependent differences in mammalian embryo phenotype are apparent at the preimplantation stage of development, before the appearance of sex-specific cells. The ratio of male:female embryos may be modified by environmental factors such as maternal diet in vivo and the composition of embryo culture media in vitro. We have used amino acid profiling (AAP), a defined, non-invasive metabolic marker of developmental potential to compare the effect of sex on the metabolism of bovine preimplantation blastocysts and expanded blastocysts conceived in vivo (n = 35) or produced in vitro (n = 172). Blastocysts were incubated individually for 24 h in synthetic oviduct fluid medium plus a close-to-physiological mixture of amino acids. The depletion or appearance of 18 amino acids was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Blastocysts were then sexed by PCR and the outcome related to AAP. Amino acid depletion by in vitro-produced blastocysts was higher than in embryos conceived in vivo (P = 0.02). Net appearance of amino acids was higher in the medium from early blastocysts produced in vitro (P = 0.018) although this rise was lost at the expanded stage. There were marked differences in the amino acid profiles of male and female embryos produced in vitro: female embryos exhibited significantly increased depletion of arginine, glutamate, and methionine and appearance of glycine, while male embryos displayed increased depletion of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine. Overall, in vitro-produced blastocysts exhibited gender-specific differences in metabolic profiles of 7 out of 18 amino acids; in vivo-produced blastocysts exhibited differences in 2 out of 18 amino acids. These differences had disappeared by the expanded blastocyst stage. Our experiments reveal striking differences in the metabolism of preimplantation embryos conceived in vivo and in vitro, some of which, particularly in the case of the in vitro-produced embryos, are dependent on embryo sex. Moreover, in vivo-derived embryos tend to have a reduced metabolism consistent with the Quiet Embryo Hypothesis, which proposes that higher quality embryos have less molecular and cellular damage than those of a lower quality and thus have a reduced need to take up nutrients for repair processes. Supported by a Wellcome-VIP/University of York Fellowship to RGS.

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15

Blume, Shannon R., Mari Freedberg, Jaime E. Vantrease, Ronny Chan, Mallika Padival, Matthew J. Record, M. Regina DeJoseph, Janice H. Urban, and J. Amiel Rosenkranz. "Sex- and Estrus-Dependent Differences in Rat Basolateral Amygdala." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 44 (September 27, 2017): 10567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0758-17.2017.

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16

Silva, I. dos Santos, and A. J. Swerdlow. "Sex Differences in the Risks of Hormone-dependent Cancers." American Journal of Epidemiology 138, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116773.

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17

AVIN, KEITH G., MAUREEN R. NAUGHTON, BRETT W. FORD, HALEY E. MOORE, MAYA N. MONITTO-WEBBER, AMY M. STARK, A. JOHN GENTILE, and LAURA A. FREY LAW. "Sex Differences in Fatigue Resistance Are Muscle Group Dependent." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42, no. 10 (October 2010): 1943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d8f8fa.

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18

Duncan, Stephen T., Ljiljana Bogunovic, Geneva Baca, Perry L. Schoenecker, and John C. Clohisy. "Are There Sex-dependent Differences in Acetabular Dysplasia Characteristics?" Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 473, no. 4 (January 31, 2015): 1432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-015-4155-7.

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19

Mitev Prokopović, Ljubica, Miodrag Sokolović, Branimir Haviža Lilić, and Miomir Prokopović. "Sex-dependent differences in patients treated with regular hemodialysis." Биомедицинска истраживања 14, no. 2 (December 18, 2023): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59137/bii202302329m.

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<p><strong>Introduction.</strong> The aims of the study were to find out sex differences among patients starting regular hemodialysis (HD) in 2014 and to check whether these differences change over a five-year period.</p> <p><strong>Methods.</strong> The retrospective five-year study included 35 patients (24 men; 11 women) starting HD in HD centers in Leskovac and Pirot in 2014. Demographic data, clinical data, laboratory findings, and medication used for examined patients were taken from medical records.</p> <p><strong>Results.</strong> A comparison of patients of different sexes at the beginning of the study showed that women were significantly older (70.55 &plusmn; 13.27 vs. 58.88 &plusmn; 15.27 years), but diabetes and hypertension were more frequent causes of chronic kidney disease in men. Women had significantly lower body mass index and serum creatinine level than men in the first year of the study. During all five years, the HD adequacy index spKt/V was higher in women than in men, but the difference reached statistical significance only in the third year (1.4 &plusmn; 0.2 vs. 1.2 &plusmn; 0.2). Serum iPTH level was higher in women than in men in almost the entire study period. There was no significant sex difference in blood pressure, type of vascular access, number of HD hours per week, in the percentage of patients who used erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or phosphate binders. During the study period 10 (42.7%) men and five (45.5%) women died and the most frequent causes of death were cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The study revealed several differences between men and women on regular HD, but no treatment inequality was found.&nbsp;</p>

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20

Lopez, Linda C., and Mark J. Staszkiewicz. "Sex Differences in Internality-Externality." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3f.1159.

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Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 48 male and 48 female undergraduates. A factor analysis yielded three dimensions of internality-externality: success in life, future events, and politics. A multivariate analysis of variance using these three factors as dependent measures yielded no sex differences when all three factors were considered simultaneously. However, women were significantly more external on the success in life dimension. No sex differences were found on the other factors. It was suggested that the slight but consistent sex differences identified in previous research may be explained in light of the multidimensional nature of the I-E Scale.

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21

Remland, Martin S., and Tricia S. Jones. "Cultural and Sex Differences in Touch Avoidance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.544.

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250 male and female respondents from American, Mediterranean, Near Eastern, and Far Eastern cultures completed a self-report measure of touch-avoidance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated factors for opposite-sex and same-sex touch-avoidance. These factors were used as dependent variables in a 4 × 2 (culture by sex) multivariate analysis of variance which yielded a significant interaction of culture by sex on opposite-sex touch-avoidance and a main effect of the respondents' sex on same-sex touch-avoidance.

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22

Klingström, Jonas, Therese Lindgren, and Clas Ahlm. "Sex-Dependent Differences in Plasma Cytokine Responses to Hantavirus Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 5 (March 19, 2008): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00035-08.

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ABSTRACT There are often sex differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases and in level of mortality after infection. These differences probably stem from sex-related abilities to mount proper or unwanted immune responses against an infectious agent. We report that hantavirus-infected female patients show significantly higher plasma levels of interleukin-9 (IL-9), fibroblast growth factor 2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and lower levels of IL-8 and gamma interferon-induced protein 10 than male patients. The results demonstrate that a virus infection can induce sex-dependent differences in acute immune responses in humans. This finding may, at least partly, explain the observed sex differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases and in mortality following infection.

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23

Haast, Roy AM, Deborah R. Gustafson, and Amanda J. Kiliaan. "Sex Differences in Stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 32, no. 12 (October 3, 2012): 2100–2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.141.

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Sex differences in stroke are observed across epidemiologic studies, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes. These sex differences have profound implications for effective prevention and treatment and are the focus of this review. Epidemiologic studies reveal a clear age-by-sex interaction in stroke prevalence, incidence, and mortality. While premenopausal women experience fewer strokes than men of comparable age, stroke rates increase among postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men. This postmenopausal phenomenon, in combination with living longer, are reasons for women being older at stroke onset and suffering more severe strokes. Thus, a primary focus of stroke prevention has been based on sex steroid hormone-dependent mechanisms. Sex hormones affect different (patho)physiologic functions of the cerebral circulation. Clarifying the impact of sex hormones on cerebral vasculature using suitable animal models is essential to elucidate male–female differences in stroke pathophysiology and development of sex-specific treatments. Much remains to be learned about sex differences in stroke as anatomic and genetic factors may also contribute, revealing its multifactorial nature. In addition, the aftermath of stroke appears to be more adverse in women than in men, again based on older age at stroke onset, longer prehospital delays, and potentially, differences in treatment.

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24

Mervic, Liljana, Ulrike Leiter, Friedegund Meier, Thomas Eigentler, Andrea Forschner, Gisela Metzler, Igor Bartenjev, Petra Büttner, and Claus Garbe. "Sex differences in survival of cutaneous melanoma are age dependent." Melanoma Research 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cmr.0b013e32834577c8.

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FLEGR, J., J. LINDOVÁ, and P. KODYM. "Sex-dependent toxoplasmosis-associated differences in testosterone concentration in humans." Parasitology 135, no. 4 (January 21, 2008): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007004064.

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SUMMARYSeveral lines of indirect evidence suggest that subjects with latent infection of the coccidian parasiteToxoplasma gondiihave a higher concentration of testosterone than uninfected controls. Here, we searched for direct evidence of latent toxoplasmosis-associated differences in testosterone concentration among a population of 174 female and 91 male students screened forToxoplasmainfection. We have foundToxoplasma-infected men to have a higher concentration of testosterone andToxoplasma-infected women to have a lower concentration of testosterone thanToxoplasma-free controls. The opposite direction of the testosterone shift in men compared to women can explain the observed gender specificity of behavioural shifts inToxoplasma-infected subjects.

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26

Pelkonen, Päivi, Matti Lang, and Markku Pasanen. "Tissue and sex-dependent differences in CYP2A activities in hamsters." Archives of Toxicology 68, no. 7 (July 1994): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050091.

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27

Nich, Charla, Elinore F. McCance-Katz, Ismene L. Petrakis, Joseph F. Cubells, Bruce J. Rounsaville, and Kathleen M. Carroll. "Sex differences in cocaine-dependent individuals' response to disulfiram treatment." Addictive Behaviors 29, no. 6 (August 2004): 1123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.004.

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28

Astorquiza, M. I., C. Cisternas, and X. Leal. "Sex-dependent differences in the IgE response modulated by phytohemagglutinin." Immunology Letters 16, no. 1 (October 1987): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2478(87)90056-3.

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29

HUTCH, CHELSEA, DARIA STELMAK, KANAKADURGA SINGER, and DARLEEN A. SANDOVAL. "Diet-Dependent Sex Differences in the Response to Bariatric Surgery." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (May 2018): 2013—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-2013-p.

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Mourek, Jindřich, and Jaroslav Pokorný. "ADHD – What Is the Meaning of Sex-dependent Incidence Differences?" Prague Medical Report 123, no. 4 (2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2022.20.

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There is a clear experience in clinical practice: boys with a diagnosis of ADHD are clearly in greater numbers than girls. It is noteworthy that even in the “older” review articles, the cause of sex-dependent incidence is not mentioned. If we accept the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of such disorder, then the possible genetic predisposition breaks down into two separate groups. On the genome of an individual with ADHD and on the genome of the parents. However, it cannot be overlooked that the incidence of ADHD (3–7%) corresponds to the incidence and sex differences of the number of newborns born at a certain risk (premature birth, immaturity, hypotrophy, hypoxic-ischemic syndrome, low birth weight, etc.). This association of possible genetic predisposition with “external” risks in the genesis of ADHD raises the question of whether a higher incidence of ADHD, as well as higher morbidity and mortality in males, are a) the norm and the female is privileged, or b) the female is the norm and the male is handicapped. The picture of ADHD includes various cognitive dysfunctions with one possible cause in norepinephrine and dopamine insufficiency. Experimental work shows that in response to stress females release more catecholamines in the CNS than males. Since catecholamines stimulate membrane Na+ K+ ATPase activity, this means both the value of the membrane potential and the threshold for activation is increased. Females are more successful in responding to and adapting to a stressful situation due to their higher production of noradrenaline in the CNS.

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Wachnik, A., G. Biró, A. Gergely, K. Nagy, Ö. Gaal, and M. Antal. "Sex dependent differences in trace element levels in rat tissues." Food / Nahrung 32, no. 10 (1988): 999–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19880321022.

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Lee, Mi-Jeong, and Susan K. Fried. "Sex-dependent Depot Differences in Adipose Tissue Development and Function; Role of Sex Steroids." Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.172.

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Zitter, Ryan C., Rishi Man Chugh, Payel Bhanja, Bruce F. Kimler, and Subhrajit Saha. "LGR5+ Intestinal Stem Cells Display Sex-Dependent Radiosensitivity." Cells 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13010046.

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Tissue radiosensitivity plays a critical role in the overall outcome of radiation therapy. Identifying characteristics that predict how a patient may respond to radiotherapy enables clinicians to maximize the therapeutic window. Limited clinical data have suggested a difference in male and female radiotherapy outcomes. Radiotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancy is still a challenge due to intestinal sensitivity to radiation toxicity. In this manuscript, we demonstrated sex-specific differences in intestinal epithelial radiosensitivity. In a mouse model of abdominal irradiation, we observed a significant increase in oxidative stress and injury in males compared to females. Lgr5+ve intestinal stem cells from male mice showed higher sensitivity to radiation-induced toxicity. However, sex-specific differences in intestinal radiosensitivity were not dependent on sex hormones, as we demonstrated similar sex-specific radiosensitivity differences in pre-pubescent mice. In an ex vivo study, we found that patient-derived intestinal organoid (PID) from males showed higher sensitivity to radiation compared to females as evident from loss of budding crypts, organoid size, and membrane integrity. Transcriptomic analysis of human Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells suggested radiation-induced upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in males compared to females, a possible mechanism for radiosensitivity differences.

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Chmielewski, Nicole N., and Charles L. Limoli. "Sex Differences in Taxane Toxicities." Cancers 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143325.

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The taxane family of microtubule poisons and chemotherapeutics have been studied for over 50 years and are among the most frequently used antineoplastic agents today. Still, limited research exists characterizing taxane-induced sex-specific mechanisms of action and toxicities in cancer and non-cancerous tissue. Such research is important to advance cancer treatment outcomes as well as to address clinically observed sex-differences in short- and long-term taxane-induced toxicities that have disproportionate effects on female and male cancer patients. To gain more insight into these underlying differences between the sexes, the following review draws from pre-clinical and clinical paclitaxel and taxane oncology literature, examines sex-discrepancies, and highlights uncharacterized sex-dependent mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review to provide a current overview of the basic and clinical sex dimorphisms of taxane-induced effects. Most importantly, we hope to provide a starting point for improving and advancing sex-specific personalized chemotherapy and cancer treatment strategies as well as to present a novel approach to review sex as a biological variable in basic and clinical biology.

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Ziller, Nadja, Roland Kotolloshi, Mohsen Esmaeili, Marita Liebisch, Ralf Mrowka, Aria Baniahmad, Thomas Liehr, Gunter Wolf, and Ivonne Loeffler. "Sex Differences in Diabetes- and TGF-β1-Induced Renal Damage." Cells 9, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102236.

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While females are less affected by non-diabetic kidney diseases compared to males, available data on sex differences in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are controversial. Although there is evidence for an imbalance of sex hormones in diabetes and hormone-dependent mechanisms in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, causes and consequences are still incompletely understood. Here we investigated the influence of sex hormones and sex-specific gene signatures in diabetes- and TGF-β1-induced renal damage using various complementary approaches (a db/db diabetes mouse model, ex vivo experiments on murine renal tissue, and experiments with a proximal tubular cell line TKPTS). Our results show that: (i) diabetes affects sex hormone concentrations and renal expression of their receptors in a sex-specific manner; (ii) sex, sex hormones and diabetic conditions influence differences in expression of TGF-β1, its receptor and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7); (iii) the sex and sex hormones, in combination with variable TGF-β1 doses, determine the net outcome in TGF-β1-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine. Altogether, these results suggest complex crosstalk between sex hormones, sex-dependent expression pattern and profibrotic signals for the precise course of DN development. Our data may help to better understand previous contradictory findings regarding sex differences in DN.

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Kur, Paulina, Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk, Kamila Misiakiewicz-Has, and Barbara Wiszniewska. "Sex Hormone-Dependent Physiology and Diseases of Liver." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 11, 2020): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082620.

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Sexual dimorphism is associated not only with somatic and behavioral differences between men and women, but also with physiological differences reflected in organ metabolism. Genes regulated by sex hormones differ in expression in various tissues, which is especially important in the case of liver metabolism, with the liver being a target organ for sex hormones as its cells express estrogen receptors (ERs: ERα, also known as ESR1 or NR3A; ERβ; GPER (G protein-coupled ER, also known as GPR 30)) and the androgen receptor (AR) in both men and women. Differences in sex hormone levels and sex hormone-specific gene expression are mentioned as some of the main variations in causes of the incidence of hepatic diseases; for example, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more common in men, while women have an increased risk of autoimmune liver disease and show more acute liver failure symptoms in alcoholic liver disease. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the distinction is less pronounced, but increased incidences are suggested among men and postmenopausal women, probably due to an increased tendency towards visceral fat accumulation.

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Wele, Prachi, Xian Wu, and Haifei Shi. "Sex-Dependent Differences in Colorectal Cancer: With a Focus on Obesity." Cells 11, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11223688.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and has the second highest cancer-related mortality in the world. The incident rates of CRC vary country-wise; however, population studies and data from different countries show a general increase in the CRC rate in young adults, males, and females ≥65 years. CRC incidence is affected by age, sex, environmental, dietary, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Obesity is a known disease that is spreading rapidly throughout the world. A large body of literature indicates that, among many conditions, obesity is the increasing cause of CRC. Even though obesity is one of the known factors for CRC development, limited studies are available that explain the mechanistic link between obesity, sex hormones, and CRC development. Thus, this review summarizes the literature and aims to understand sex-dependent differences in CRC, especially in the context of obesity.

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Yang, Bijou, and David Lester. "Sex Differences in Online Shopping: An Exploratory Study." Psychological Reports 102, no. 3 (June 2008): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.3.723-726.

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Rustgi, Sheila D., Maia Kayal, and Shailja C. Shah. "Sex-based differences in inflammatory bowel diseases: a review." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 13 (January 2020): 175628482091504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756284820915043.

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Sex-based differences in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, disease course, and response to therapy have been increasingly recognized, however, not fully understood. Experimental and translational models have been leveraged to investigate hypothesized mechanisms for these observed differences, including the potential modifying role of sex hormones and sex-dependent (epi)genetic and gut microbiome changes. The primary objective of this review is to comprehensively describe sex-based differences in IBD including epidemiology, pathogenesis, phenotypic differences, therapeutic response, and outcomes.

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Rubin, Todd G., and Michael L. Lipton. "Sex Differences in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury." Journal of Experimental Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 117906951984402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069519844020.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent and there is currently no adequate treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing TBI and recovery remains an elusive goal. The heterogeneous nature of injury and individual’s response to injury have made understanding risk and susceptibility to TBI of great importance. Epidemiologic studies have provided evidence of sex-dependent differences following TBI. However, preclinical models of injury have largely focused on adult male animals. Here, we review 50 studies that have investigated TBI in both sexes using animal models. Results from these studies are highly variable and model dependent, but largely show females to have a protective advantage in behavioral outcomes and pathology following TBI. Further research of both sexes using newer models that better recapitulate mild and repetitive TBI is needed to characterize the nature of sex-dependent injury and recovery, and ultimately identifies targets for enhanced recovery.

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WEN, Bing-ji, Wen-ming CONG, Ai-zhong WANG, Song-qin HE, Hong-mei JIANG, Hui ONG, Li-fang HOU, and Zhong-zheng ZHU. "Sex-dependent differences in DNA copy number alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma." Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 32, no. 1 (June 28, 2012): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1008.2012.00005.

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42

Kapadia, Minesh, M. Firoz Mian, Bernadeta Michalski, Amber B. Azam, Donglai Ma, Patrick Salwierz, Adam Christopher, et al. "Sex-Dependent Differences in Spontaneous Autoimmunity in Adult 3xTg-AD Mice." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 63, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 1191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-170779.

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Markus, Etan J., and Maja Zecevic. "Sex differences and estrous cycle changes in hippocampus-dependent fear conditioning." Psychobiology 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03331934.

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Hutch, Chelsea R., Daria Stelmak, Matt Kanke, Kieran Koch-Laskowski, Bethany Cummings, Cameron Griffin, Kyle Leix, Praveen Sethupathy, Kanakadurga Singer, and Darleen A. Sandoval. "Diet-dependent sex differences in the response to vertical sleeve gastrectomy." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 321, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): E11—E23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00060.2021.

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These data highlight the interaction of postsurgical diet after bariatric surgery on metabolic outcomes across sexes. These data suggest the impact of VSG on hepatic triglycerides is diet-dependent in females and support the hypothesis that males and females achieve similar metabolic outcome, at least within the liver, via distinct mechanisms.

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Tchoukalova, Yourka D., Christina Koutsari, Susanne B. Votruba, Tamara Tchkonia, Nino Giorgadze, Thomas Thomou, James L. Kirkland, and Michael D. Jensen. "Sex- and Depot-Dependent Differences in Adipogenesis in Normal-Weight Humans." Obesity 18, no. 10 (October 2010): 1875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.56.

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Marinho, Aline T., Joana P. Miranda, Umbelina Caixas, Catarina Charneira, Clara Gonçalves-Dias, M. Matilde Marques, Emília C. Monteiro, Alexandra M. M. Antunes, and Sofia A. Pereira. "Singularities of nevirapine metabolism: from sex-dependent differences to idiosyncratic toxicity." Drug Metabolism Reviews 51, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2019.1577891.

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Schmidt, Brandy, Tara K. Jacobson, and Etan Markus. "Hippocampal and striatal dependent navigation: Sex differences are limited to acquisition." Hormones and Behavior 56, no. 2 (August 2009): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.04.004.

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Burton, M., T. Szabo-Pardi, K. Garner, J. Tierney, and T. Price. "Uncovering Cell-Specific Mechanisms in Sex Differences in TLR4-Dependent Pain." Journal of Pain 20, no. 4 (April 2019): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.016.

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Colom-Lapetina, José, Sabrina L. Begley, Megan E. Johnson, Kristina J. Bean, Whitney N. Kuwamoto, and Rebecca M. Shansky. "Strain-dependent sex differences in a long-term forced swim paradigm." Behavioral Neuroscience 131, no. 5 (October 2017): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000215.

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Wu, Yifei, Lars Petersen, and D. Gwyn Bebb. "P3.01-045 Sex Differences in CXCR4-Dependent Motility of NSCLC Cells." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 12, no. 1 (January 2017): S1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.1611.

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