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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex crimes'
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Jun, Woo-Chun. "A Study on the Analysis of and Educational Solution for Digital Sex Crimes in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032450.
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With the development and spread of information and communication technology, our society is experiencing side effects of digital culture while also benefiting from various digital cultures. Representative side effects have spread significantly, including Internet addiction, copyright infringement, personal information infringement, and digital sex crimes. Digital sex crimes are very serious crimes, and we must find their causes and strongly prevent and deal with them at the social level. In this study, the causes and routes of occurrence of digital sex crimes in Korea are analyzed using statistics on digital sex crimes at the national level over the past four years. The statistical analysis results are as follows. First, the main victims of digital sex crimes are women in their teens and twenties, though the number of male victims is steadily increasing. Second, illegal filming is the most common type of digital sex crime, but it is not statistically significant. In other words, various digital sex crimes are occurring evenly. Third, the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator demonstrates the most temporary relationship, and there is no significant correlation between direct and indirect recognition with respect to the route of crime recognition. Finally, deletion by a digital platform is the highest for adult sites compared to other platforms. Based on these analysis results, this study proposes educational countermeasures to digital sex crimes, such as the need for early education to prevent digital sex crimes and the diversification of crime-reporting methods via the establishment of an educational portal site.
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Oh, Jung Yong, and Hye Hyeon Park. "Problems of supporting victims of digital sex crimes and ways to improve them." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2022.38.2.31.
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With the development of science and technology, the penetration rate of smartphones has increased, and cyberspace has become more familiar with real life and information accessibility has increased. However, as cyberspace becomes more common, new forms of crime are emerging, and the seriousness of the crime is emerging.
Among them, digital sex crimes are the most serious. Amid growing anxiety over the crime, the government announced a comprehensive plan to prevent damage to digital sex crimes and actively discussed enacting and revising related bills, but there is still a gap in support for victims.
There is a perception that digital sex crimes are not physically damaged like ordinary sex crimes, and that this crime is lighter than other crimes. However, unlike this perception, digital sex crimes are crimes that are almost impossible to recover from once they are damaged. Once the victim's videos are released into cyberspace, they cannot be permanently deleted, causing pain to victims and social activities cannot be carried out. In other words, the act can be seen as a personality murder of the victim. Despite these criminal characteristics, the system for supporting victims is still inadequate.
The lack of understanding of digital sex crimes by investigators and the Ministry of Justice, lack of budget to support digital sex crimes victims' support centers, and difficulties in international cooperation in arresting overseas Internet operators. To solve these problems, education programs should be carried out at the level necessary for each organization to improve the understanding of investigative agencies and the judiciary, and a system should be established to make education compulsory. In addition, it is necessary to expand the budget to support the victims of digital sex crimes, and to join the Cybercrime Prevention Agreement and cooperate with member countries to investigate sites with overseas servers.
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Park, Han Ho, and Dong Hyeon Kim. "A Study on Adult‘s fear of Cyber Sex Crimes: Focusing on the Relationship between Perceptions of Punishment Criminal Psychology." Korean Association of Criminal Psychology 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25277/kcpr.2023.19.1.71.
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As the cyber world, such as the surrealism-oriented metaverse, is approaching, you will have a new experience that is different from before. On the contrary, this means that crimes like real life will be done as if they are real in cyberspace. Furthermore, it also means that cyber crimes that transcend crimes in the real world can occur by reflecting the characteristics of online. The degree of fear of crime can vary depending on the type of fear of crime. Real crimes can be stopped through punishment, but cyber crimes are difficult to punish depending on their methods and characteristics. Therefore, the perception of punishment that individuals have can directly affect their fear of crime. The resolution of crimes such as cybersex crimes is not initiated by criminal justice agencies, but rather by reports from victims or witnesses, and these reports are determined by various factors. Assuming that the actions of victims or witnesses are not rational, and that psychological mechanisms work, it is necessary to conduct research that reflects the characteristics of cyberspace. Therefore, this study investigates the perception of celerity, severity, and certainty, which are the 3 key elements of criminal justice authorities' punishment for cyber sex crimes, and considers the fear of cyber sex crimes through the frame of these three levels of awareness based on the theoretical background. Psychological fear of perceived crime was measured. In this study, the subjects, methods, and main analysis results showed that only the severity of punishment among the perceptions of punishment predicted cyber sex crime fear. Therefore, this study suggests a plan to lower the fear of cyber sex crimes through strict punishment by strengthening the sentencing judgment for cyber sex crimes based on the research results.
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deGuzman, Margaret. "Giving Priority to Sex Crime Prosecutions: The Philosophical Foundations of a Feminist Agenda." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 3 (2011): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x576393.
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AbstractIn light of serious resource constraints, international criminal courts are required to select a small number of crimes for prosecution, leaving others to national courts or, more often, impunity. In recent years, feminists have advocated that such courts give priority to prosecuting sex crimes even at the expense of other serious crimes, including those involving killing. Many international prosecutors have heeded this call, placing special emphasis on the prosecution of sex crimes. At the same time, empirical evidence shows that many people consider sex crimes less serious than crimes resulting in death. There is thus a need to ground the selection of sex crimes for prosecution in the purposes of international criminal law. This essay examines the four primary philosophical bases advanced for international prosecutions – retribution, deterrence, expressivism, and restorative justice – to determine how they inform decisions whether to give priority to sex crime prosecutions. It concludes that retribution and deterrence support such selections at least some of the time, and expressivism and restorative justice provide an even stronger foundation for giving priority to sex crimes.
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Kormos, Katherine C., Dean C. White, and Charles I. Brooks. "Sex Differences in Rated Seriousness of Crimes." Psychological Reports 70, no. 3 (June 1992): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3.867.
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61 male and 84 female college students completed a 25-item “Attitudes Toward Crime” survey designed to examine ratings of seriousness of crimes. In the survey, the perpetrator of the crime was always a male, but the victim was either a male or a female. Also, subjects compared the seriousness of the crimes with respect to harmful psychological consequences for the victim versus harmful consequences for society at large. Analysis showed a same-sex bias which varied with the type of harm. Men saw little harm to society compared to women, but only when the victim was a man. When individual harm was the issue, however, women saw more harmful consequences than men, but only when the victim was a woman.
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Campbell, Rosie, Lucy Smith, Becky Leacy, Miriam Ryan, and Billie Stoica. "Not collateral damage: Trends in violence and hate crimes experienced by sex workers in the Republic of Ireland." Irish Journal of Sociology 28, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 280–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603520939794.
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The Republic of Ireland’s new Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017 (2017 Act) criminalised sex purchase. Drawing on primary data from reports made by sex workers in Ireland to UglyMugs.ie, we analyse trends in violent and other crimes against sex workers in Republic of Ireland (hereafter Ireland). Examining the four-year period 2015–2019, we highlight the various crimes sex workers experience, including incidents of hate crime. Analysis of UglyMugs.ie data found that crimes (including violent offences) against sex workers increased following the introduction of the new law and continued with low levels of reporting of said crimes to the police. The data suggest that the 2017 Act heightens the risks for sex workers. Here, we advocate an intersectional framework to provide a more nuanced understanding of how sex workers in Ireland experience violent and other hate crimes (ICRSE, 2014). We suggest that considering the international research evidence, the most conducive framework in which to reduce violence against sex workers is that of full decriminalisation ( Platt et al, 2018 ). But, as others have pointed out, that legal reform needs to be in tandem with other policies and a refocusing of police resources on sex worker safety, better enabling reporting and access to justice.
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Larragoite, Victor. "Book Review: Sex Crimes." Criminal Justice Review 18, no. 1 (May 1993): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689301800117.
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Phelan, Kathy. "Book Review: Sex Crimes." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 26, no. 3 (December 1993): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589302600308.
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Brown, Campbell. "Sex crimes and misdemeanours." Philosophical Studies 177, no. 5 (February 18, 2019): 1363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-019-01257-5.
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No authorship indicated. "Review of Sex Crimes." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 2 (February 1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/031947.
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Montgomery, Pamela. "Sentencing Federal Sex Crimes." Federal Sentencing Reporter 10, no. 2 (September 1997): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20640050.
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Hong, Myeonggi, and Hyun-Seok Jang. "Journey to Crime: How much does a sex offender travel to commit a crime?" Korea CPTED Association 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 51–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26470/jcssed.2023.14.1.51.
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Based on the discussion of environmental criminology, this study aims to identify the distance criminals journey to commit crimes. Verifying how much a criminal moves to commit a crime has the advantage of predicting the distance and helping the police investigation. According to the results of the study, sex crimes showed the highest density within 2km of the criminal's residence, and after that, they gradually decreased. As a result of OLS regression analysis, it was confirmed that the distance of movement of a crime varies not only according to the characteristics of the criminal but also according to modus operandi such as the relationship between the criminal and the victim, whether the body is inserted, and whether coercive means are used. In addition, as a result of the potential class analysis of criminal methods, there was a difference in the distance of movement of sex crimes according to the potential (group) type of sex crimes. Finally, by synthesizing the results, the development direction of geographic profiling required for evidence-based policing and limitations were discussed due to the problem of analysis data.
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Esposito, Michelle Marie, and Anna King. "New York City: COVID-19 quarantine and crime." Journal of Criminal Psychology 11, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-10-2020-0046.
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Purpose In early 2020, the world faced a rapid life-changing pandemic in the form of the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. Citywide lockdowns with stay-at-home orders and mass closings quickly became the “new normal.” With these new mandates, routine activity, mental health and financial securities all began to experience major deviations, and it became clear that this could prove to be rather valuable in providing the opportunity for large-scale criminology experiments. This study aims to explore New York City's (NYC) crime patterns during this unique social situation. Specifically, has crime as a whole increased or decreased, and have particular crimes increased or decreased during these stressful fluid times? Design/methodology/approach The authors briefly review previous crises and worldwide trends but focus on NYC crime as collected by the New York Police Department's statistics unit, “CompStat.” An analysis of 13 crime types from March 30 to July 5 was completed, including percent differences and individual weekly incidence rates in citywide crimes compared to the same time in 2019. Findings The analysis demonstrated that all crimes analyzed, except for murder and burglary, exhibited a statistically significant difference during COVID-19 conditions compared to the same time the previous year. Grand larceny auto and gun violence crimes significantly increased during COVID-19 weeks, whereas rape, other sex crimes, robbery, felony assault, grand larceny, transit, housing, misdemeanor assault and petit larceny all significantly decreased. Originality/value Due to the ongoing nature of the pandemic, this is amongst the first studies to examine trends in NYC crime during pandemic mandates. Expanding our knowledge in these situations can inform natural disaster responses, as well as criminal justice policy and practice to better protect the public in future crises.
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Oh, Ha-Neul, Seok-Jin Kang, and Gun-won Lee. "An Analysis of Crime Status and Influence Factors of New town in Capital Region of Korea." Korea CPTED Association 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26470/jcssed.2023.14.3.91.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of crime in new town in the Capital Region of Korea and analyze the physical factors that affect crime. The spatial scope of the study is Bundang, Ilsan, Dongtan, and Pangyo, which are representative of the first and second new cities, and the temporal range was set from 2010 to 2014, and after analyzing the crime status of four new cities, the characteristics of major hotspots were confirmed through field surveys from a micro perspective, and the factors influencing crime were identified through spatial regression analysis from a macro perspective.
The main results obtained through this study are as follows. First, as a result of the analysis of the crime status of the new city, it was found that the rate of theft and violence was high in the first new city. In particular, theft crimes occur relatively frequently, and sex crimes occur less frequently, but they have been confirmed to occur steadily. The second new city varies greatly from region to region, with relatively many violent crimes occurring in general, and the incidence of violent crimes such as sex crimes and robbery crimes was relatively higher than that of the first new city.
Based on the analysis of the five major crime hotspots, the crime impact factors from a micro perspective were analyzed through field surveys at major points, but the use of buildings in the area was similar to commercial facilities, apartments, multi-family and multi-family houses, row houses, and multi-use facilities.
As a result of analyzing crime impact factors from a macro perspective through spatial regression analysis in Bundang New Town, it was found that other housing (+), entertainment/lodging (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on total crime. Theft was the most significant variable for other dwellings (+), entertainment/lodging (+), and exercise facilities (+). Single-family houses (+), general restaurants (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on violence. Finally, single-family houses (+), general restaurants (+), exercise facilities (+), and CCTV (+) had the most significant impact on sex crimes.
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Buwono, Arif Ardian Eka, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi, and Eko Daryanto. "Intelligence-Led Policing To Reduce The Vulnerability Of Commercial Sex Workers Online In The Central Jakarta Metro Police Area." International Journal of Science and Society 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 690–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v6i2.1196.
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Various studies show that the crime rate against Commercial Sex Workers is very high. However, official data often shows that crimes against Commercial Sex Workers are low. This phenomenon was also found in the Central Jakarta Metro Police area. Various vulnerabilities that afflict Commercial Sex Workers in the region have been found. The evaluation was conducted to measure awareness of protection against commercial sex workers by members of the Central Jakarta Metro Police, identify reasons for underreporting of crimes by online sex workers, assess protection against online commercial sex workers, and the involvement of commercial sex workers in law enforcement. This study uses an intelligence-led policing approach based on intelligence analysis with a qualitative approach. The results show that increasing awareness of protection is still very much needed in the Central Jakarta Metro Police environment. In addition, there are still obstacles to reporting crimes by commercial sex workers. Protection against online sex workers needs to be improved, but it needs to be supported by better cooperation. It is recommended to continue to evaluate and enhance weaknesses to improve the response and protection of online sex workers.
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Spencer, Dale C., Rosemary Ricciardelli, Dale Ballucci, and Kevin Walby. "Cynicism, dirty work, and policing sex crimes." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2019-0123.
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Purpose Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those working in sex crime units. Although cynicism, both its sources and affects, is widely studied among scholars of work and policing, little is known about how police working in sex crime units experience, mitigate and express cynicism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in understanding and explore the role of cynicism amongst investigators working in sex crime units. Design/methodology/approach To address this research gap, the authors conducted 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus groups with members of police services organizations across Canada working in sex crime units. Findings Examining sources of cynicism and emotional experiences, the authors reveal that officers in these units normalize and neutralize organizational and intra-organizational sources of cynicism, and cope with the potentially traumatizing and emotionally draining realities of undertaking this form of “dirty work.” The authors show that officer cynicism extends beyond offenders into organizational and operational aspects of their occupations and their lived experiences outside of work, which has implications for literature on police work, cynicism and digital policing. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature on cyber policing by, first, examining sex crimes unit member’s sources of cynicism in relation to sex crimes and the digital world and, second, by exploring sources of cynicism in police organizations and other branches in the criminal justice system. The authors examine how such cynicism seeps into relationships outside of the occupation. The authors’ contribution is in showing that cynicism related to police dirty work is experienced in relation to “front” and “back” regions (Dick, 2005) but also in multiple organizational and social spheres. The authors contribute to the extant literature on dirty work insofar as it addresses the underexplored dirty work associated with policing cyber environments and the morally tainted elements of such policing tasks.
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Klein, Ross A., and Jill Poulston. "Sex at Sea: Sexual Crimes Aboard Cruise Ships." Tourism in Marine Environments 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427311x13038402065820.
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Lee, Dong Im. "A Study on the Countermeasures of Avatar Sex Crime." Forum of Public Safety and Culture 19 (November 30, 2022): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2022.19.155.
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Meta’s generation has many net functions as it is utilized in various areas. On the other hand, dysfunctions such as character sex crimes (hereinafter referred to as avatar sex crimes) occur within the metaverse platform. Avatar is a virtual character that does not exist in reality and operates in a virtual space. By using these avatars to commit sex crimes against the other avatar, the user is suffering from indirect damage but severe mental shock. However, Avatar sex crimes are a flaw in punishment regulations, and criminals are given indulgence by not being punished. As a way to this end, the purpose of the study is to suggest a method of systematically solving within metaverse and a method of solving through enactment of laws. The research method is to identify avatar sex crimes cases on the metaverse platform based on the Internet and domestic and foreign research data, examine related punishment regulations when such crimes occur, and find out if there are legal deficiencies. And it is to examine foreign cases and suggest countermeasures to see if a system that prevents avatar sex crimes from occurring at the source is possible. As a result of the study, scholars are at odds with each other over the punishment of avatars sex crimes. However, for users, avatars are no different from their alter ego. If such an avatar is sexually assaulted by another avatar, the user feels the same form of mental pain as being directly damaged. Therefore, separate punishment provision are in the Act on Promotion of Communication Use Information Protection(hereinafter referred to as the Information and Communication Network Act), and a method to prevent avatars from accessing other avatars at a certain distance is needed. In conclusion, metaverse can be used in various areas such as the elderly, clothing sales, work, leisure activities, and interactions in the future. To this end, metaverse operators, academia, and the government should work together to find ways to respond to crimes among the adverse functions that occur in metaverse. Since the method cannot be punished by existing laws for avatar sex crimes, separate punishment regulations should be prepared, and metaverse platform operators should devise ways to fundamentally block crimes.
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Alvian Dwiangga Wijaya and Yana Indawati, S.H., M.Kn. "Argumentation of Criminal Liability Law for Commercial Sex Workers (PSK)." Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37631/widyapranata.v5i2.782.
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One that is still a trend or problem in this country is prostitution. Prostitution is a crime that should be processed to its roots, because prostitution is also a structural problem that is fundamental and often found in society because to this day it is still a crime. moral problem. UU no. 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence is the hope for all groups so that their rights can be protected, especially for women and children who are often victims of the circulation of the prostitution business. This type of research used by the author is normative research. This normative research is a type of legal research that originates from a scientific research procedure whose aim is to find the truth based on legal objectives from a normative perspective. Article 12 of Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence has apparently not been able to ensnare PSK because there is no provision that regulates that the actions committed by PSK violate the provisions of the criminal law.
Keywords: Commercial Sex Workers (Psk), Prostitution, Law No.12 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence
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Hanif, Muhammad Wali, and Mahboubullah Hamid. "Overlapping Penalties in the Jurisprudence of the Four Schools of Thought: A Comparative Jurisprudential Study." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 5, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.8.7.
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The study of overlapping crimes and their punishment in Islamic jurisprudence deals with the issue of one person committing more than one crime, either at one time or in successive and different times. This crime may be of one gender, such as murder or theft, and a person may commit multiple crimes, such as stealing and drinking alcohol. This research looked at the opinions of the jurists in the penalties of such crimes. The research concluded that the jurists unanimously agreed that the criminal should not be punished if he committed several crimes of the same sex, except for one punishment only. For example, if the unmarried person commits the crimes of adultery and defamation, then one punishment is imposed on him, which is the punishment for adultery. The penalty of slander is included in it. If adultery is punished and then slandered after that, then the penalty of slander is applied to it as well. Overlapping means that the penalty for the lesser crime is included in the penalty for the major crime if they are committed together. In studying this subject, I followed the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, where I explained the concept of overlap, its location, causes, and wording, the definition of punishment and its types, its wisdom and conditions, the penalties sections, the combination of crimes of one sex, the combination of crimes of different races, and how to fulfill multiple penalties, the principle Applications of multiple penalties with a statement of the sayings of the four schools of thought in each issue and a statement of the most correct of them.
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Gleeson, Kate. "Sex Crimes in the Fifties." Australian Journal of Politics & History 63, no. 1 (March 2017): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12335.
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Mears, Daniel P., Christina Mancini, Marc Gertz, and Jake Bratton. "Sex Crimes, Children, and Pornography." Crime & Delinquency 54, no. 4 (December 20, 2007): 532–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128707308160.
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Hornstein, Harvey A. "Sex Crimes and Civil Engineering." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 5 (May 1993): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/033321.
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Taylor, Chloë. "Foucault, Feminism, and Sex Crimes." Hypatia 24, no. 4 (2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01055.x.
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In 1977 Michel Foucault contemplated the idea of punishing rape only as a crime of violence, while in 1978 he argued that non-coercive sex between adults and minors should be decriminalized entirely. Feminists have consistently criticized these suggestions by Foucault. This paper argues that these feminist responses have failed to sufficiently understand the theoretical motivations behind Foucault's statements on sex-crime legislation reform, and will offer a new feminist appraisal of Foucault's suggestions.
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Kim, Sunghwan, Louise Almond, and Marie Eyre. "Profiling Korean sex crimes: Offender characteristics and crime scene actions." Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 17, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jip.1539.
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Cha, YooJung, and Jeong-hwa Song. "Deriving Fear of Crime Factors through VR Experience in Public Toilet." Korea CPTED Association 14, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 153–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26470/jcssed.2023.14.2.153.
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Recently, many women in Korea are afraid of violent crimes and sex crimes in public toilets. The purpose of this study is to specifically and empirically identify the fear of crime factors that can be felt in public toilets. In this study, VR was implemented with actual public toilet elements in order to minimize the risk of actual crime exposure and time and cost problems that could be occurred through field experiences, and fear factors were derived through survey after VR experiment. As a result of this study, respondents were found to have fears about the location of the toilets, all-gender toilets, the brightness, maintenance, management of the public toilets, and specific fear of crime related to sex crimes were high. In addition, it was confirmed that the evaluation of each VR element showed differences depending on the level of fear felt by the individual. Through these results, we would like to provide implications such as the separation of men and women in public toilets, installing CCTV around the public toilets, and attaching notification statements related to emergency bells.
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Jun, Woochun. "A Study on Characteristics Analysis and Countermeasures of Digital Sex Crimes in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010012.
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In the modern knowledge–information age, various information and communication technologies provide us with many benefits and at the same time, bring various side effects such as cybercrime. The number of cybercrimes is increasing gradually, and in particular, the number of digital sex crimes has been increasing recently. In addition, digital sex crimes are becoming increasingly violent, so national measures are needed. In this study, statistical data at the national level were used to investigate the overall characteristics of digital sex crimes in Korea. First, statistical analysis shows that the victims are mainly women in their teens and 20s. Typical types of digital sex crimes are distribution of illegal contents and illegal filming, the perpetrators are mainly unknown, and digital sex crimes were less often recognized by others and more often by the victims themselves. Based on these results, countermeasures against various digital sex crimes are suggested.
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Lee, Eugene, and Hye Eun Lee. "The Relationship between Cyber Violence and Cyber Sex Crimes: Understanding the Perception of Cyber Sex Crimes as Systemic Issues." Children 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11060682.
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This study examines the relationship between cyber violence and cyber sex crimes, specifically focusing on these crimes as systemic issues among adolescents. The research highlights the severe impact of cyber sex crimes, characterized by the non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit content. It examines various factors that may contribute to witnessing cyber sex crimes, including exposure to violent online content, personal experiences of cyber violence (either as a victim or perpetrator), and the role of parental and teacher interventions. Utilizing data from a nationwide survey conducted by the Korea Communications Commission, the study analyzes responses from 9016 adolescents in 2021 and 9693 in 2022. This analysis reveals significant predictors of witnessing cyber sex crimes and examines how perceptions of cyber violence and interventions of authoritative figures may influence adolescents’ perception of cyber sex crimes as either systemic or individual issues. With females disproportionately affected, the findings underscore a gendered aspect of cyber violence. Furthermore, these insights suggest that perceiving cyber violence as a serious issue leads to viewing cyber sex crimes as systemic problems necessitating societal intervention. The study advocates for enhanced digital literacy education and systemic changes to protect adolescents from the widespread threats of cyber violence and sex crimes.
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Druchek, O. V. "INTOLERANCE CRIMES AND HATE CRIMES: CONCEPT ANALYSIS." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2022, no. 2 (August 15, 2023): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2022.02.035.
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A general theoretical analysis of the concepts of “crimes motivated by intolerance”, “hate crimes” and related concepts (such as “genocide”, “prejudice”, “xenophobia”) is provided in the article. The origin and meaning of the mentioned terms, their normative consolidation and practice of use in national legislation and international legal acts are analyzed. It has been proven that the concepts of “crimes motivated by intolerance” and “hate crimes” are close in meaning. As a legal category, crimes based on intolerance are a classification of a special type of crimes against a person caused by the feeling of intolerance felt by the subject of the crime towards a victim, a representative of another race, nationality, sex, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, etc. It was found out that the basic structure of crimes motivated by impatience consists of two mandatory points: 1) the specified action is a crime according to the criminal law; 2) the motive for such an action is prejudice, that is, a false opinion formed about someone in advance, without familiarization, and the associated corresponding attitude. The signs of hate crimes have been substantiated and revealed: a) it is an action caused by prejudice, which is recognized as a crime according to international and national criminal legislation; b) such crimes have a significant public danger, are an extreme form of discrimination; c) these are crimes in which the victim, the object or the target of the crime were chosen based on their real or imagined belonging to a certain vulnerable group, connection with it; d) such imaginary or real grouping can be based on any socially relevant features or characteristics. It has been found out that the unifying feature of crimes motivated by intolerance is always a motive – a prejudiced or real feeling of hatred, hostility, intolerance towards the “other”, a representative of an imaginary or real “not their” social group. The need to bring the national legislation in line with international legal norms regarding the use of the term “hate crime” and the need to legislate the specified definition are substantiated. Key words: crimes motivated by intolerance, hate crimes; genocide, prejudice, xenophobia, national, racial, religious enmity, criminal law qualification.
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Cain, Calli M., Lisa L. Sample, and Amy L. Anderson. "Public Opinion of the Application of Sex Offender Notification Laws to Female Sex Offenders." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415572253.
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Sex offender notification laws depend not only on the public’s access of registration information but also on the belief that those on the registry present a danger to society and thus deserve informal monitoring. As registries have expanded to include more people, perhaps citizens feel some people on registry are incapable of committing sex crimes or do not pose a danger to society. A group whose inclusion the public may question is women, as many scholars have argued there is a societal-level denial that females commit sex crimes. Data from the 2012 Nebraska Annual Social Indicators Survey were used to determine whether the public agreed that citizens should be notified of convicted female sex offenders living in their communities, whether they would take preventive action if a female sex offender lived in their neighborhood, and whether they think that female sex crimes are less serious than sex crimes committed by men.
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Klimov, Dmitriy. "Crime on the Internet: new challenges and threats to the country’s security." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2023-4-167-173.
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The article analyzes new types of crimes committed on or through the Internet. Such crimes include Internet poisoning, driving to suicide, propaganda of extremism, skulshuting, distribution of pornographic materials, Internet pedophilia, sale of first sex, extortion, production and distribution of child pornography, participation in the webcam industry. The interpretation of the terms used to designate new types of crimes is given: cybermobbing and cyberbullying, cyber suicide, grooming, cyberbully, serial virgins, Internet pedophilia, webcam industry, premium and freemium. The role and tasks of the state in countering online and offline crime are justified.
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Samarin, Mikhail, and Madhuri Sharma. "A Community Area Perspective of Real Estate and Crime in Chicago." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021040104.
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This paper examines the relationships between crime-types and property values in the community areas of Chicago. Using a variety of unconventional web-based data sources, the authors use correlations, mapping, and regression analyses to find that while crime generally associates negatively with property values, not all crime-types have similar effects. Lower incidence of violent crimes and sex offenders in neighborhoods can have pronounced positive impacts on property values whereas certain types of property crimes gravitate toward neighborhoods with expensive homes. Further, crime rates may be similar or even higher than those in cheaper/disadvantaged areas. These types of offenses do not necessarily follow the price-dropping effect like other crime-types do on housing values. However, property crimes such as thefts do not follow this trend. They, thus, recommend that property crime alone should not be a factor when making decisions concerning home buying and/or where to live.
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Cochran, Joshua C., Elisa L. Toman, Ryan T. Shields, and Daniel P. Mears. "A Uniquely Punitive Turn? Sex Offenders and the Persistence of Punitive Sanctioning." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 58, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 74–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427820941172.
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Objectives: This article tests two theoretical ideas: (1) that social concerns about particular “dangerous classes” of offenders shift over time to influence court sanctioning practices and (2) that, since the 1990s, sex offenders in particular came to be viewed by courts as one such “dangerous class.” Methods: We examine sanctioning trends in Florida and compare punishment of sex offenders in earlier versus later parts of the get-tough era. We then examine whether sentencing is associated with rational criminal justice incentives (e.g., increasing seriousness or rates of sex crimes) or with shifting public concerns (e.g., increasing media attention to sexual violence). Results: Punitiveness increased for all crimes but especially for sex crimes. Punitiveness appears not to be driven by increasing seriousness or rates of crime, but does appear to be partially driven by increasing national media attention to sexual violence. Conclusions: The findings support arguments that sex offenders were subjected to a uniquely punitive turn in sanctioning and that courts are sensitive to shifting public concerns. The results advance theoretical arguments developed by Gottschalk and earlier work that suggests that the persistence of get-tough era sentencing practices may be driven in part through focal attention to select types of offenders.
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Muravyeva, Marianna. "Sex, Crime and the Law: Russian and European Early Modern Legal Thought on Sex Crimes." Comparative Legal History 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2013): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/2049677x.1.1.75.
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Heo, Jun. "A Study on the Aspects of the Joseon Dynasty through the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty." Korean Society of Private Security 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.56603/jksps.2022.21.2.197.
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In order to understand the criminal aspects of the Joseon Dynasty, I searched the Korean Version of the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty provided by the National Institute of Korea History and analyzed the extracted articles. It was searched by classifying the main crime types: murder, violent crime, property crime and sex crime. In the Joseon Dynasty, it was found that many murders were committed by high-ranking officials or officials by abusing their authority. And violent crimes have similarly abused their powers and there have been many cases of violence. There were few records of actual cases of property crimes in the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. But considering that the seriousness of the theft crime and countermeasures were discussed, it was found that it was recognized as a very serious crime. In order to maintain social order based on strict Confucian ideology, sexual crimes in the Joseon Dynasty were severely punished unlike the modern point of view of sexual crimes. In the Joseon Dynasty, as in modern times, various types of crimes existed, and interest and efforts were made to prevent them. However, the differences between the status system of the Joseon Dynasty and the present say according th Confucianism were clearly evident.
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Rani, Tabinda, Shoukat Hayat, and Nadia Noreen. "SEXUAL ACTS AND ESCALATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS LEADING TO SEX CRIMES." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (November 30, 2022): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.965.
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Sex crime is a worldwide phenomenon, but being an Islamic state, Pakistan's position is very crucial. In Pakistan, the number of sex crimes is uncontrolled and increasing regardless of strong efforts at the government and non-government levels. The focus of the research at hand was to dig out the possible factors leading to sex crimes in Pakistani society. The study is conducted using a qualitative approach, applying interview protocol to such citizens who are professionals and serving in different fields of law; hence, the study is also abreast of the enriched experience and knowledge of learned officials. An in-depth interview for exploring these areas was developed and validated. Data were collected from 11 key informants with prolonged experience in their field of work. The study has important implications for dealing with such an obscene phenomenon for the government, judiciary, law enforcement departments, policymakers, non-governmental organisations linked with fields of law, personnel from grass-roots level administration, parents and teachers, and so on. Keywords: Sexual Acts, Crimes, Sexual Abuse, Sexual Penal provisions, Pakistan.
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Kim, Jeong Hyeon, Hyeon Suk Lee, Yu Jin Kim, Sun Hye Kang, Hee Jin Seok, and Hee Jin Jung. "Analysis of Counseling Contents for Sexual Offenses against Children and Youth : Focused on Digital Sexual Offenses." Korean Association of Criminal Psychology 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25277/kcpr.2022.18.2.51.
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This study utilized large counseling contents involving victimization of sexual offenses against children and youth, collected over past five years at the sexual violence counseling center. We applied a text mining method to preprocess and analysis the content data, then tried to identify the characteristics of the counseling. Also, we analyzed the counselings by dividing them into digital sex crimes, and the meaning and context of the derived keywords were examined. First, the result of word-cloud for all the counseling contents was presented to examine the specific meaning and context of keywords. Next, a heat map as visualization was applied by assigning relative values to the keywords derived by dividing the contents of counseling for whether they were digital sexual offenses. According to the frequency analysis of counseling contents by year, it was found that over the past five years, the number of traditional offline sex crime victimization reports has decreased, while the number of digital sex crimes has increased. In addition, it was found that keywords were classified if they were divided as digital sex crimes. A network analysis for CONCOR(convergence of iterated correlations) procedure was conducted to examine the relationship between the keywords derived from the content analysis. As a result, groups were divided into two groups according to whether they were digital sex crimes and each group had two sub-groups in context. Based on the keywords included in the group, the contextual meaning was inferred, and we discussed issues that occur in the field when sexual offences against children and youth happen.
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Yokota, Kaeko, Kazumi Watanabe, Taeko Wachi, Yusuke Otsuka, Hiroki Kuraishi, and Goro Fujita. "Linkage analysis of serial sex crimes." Japanese journal of psychology 86, no. 3 (2015): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.86.13086.
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Brown, Helen. "Sex crimes and tourism in Nepal." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 11, no. 2/3 (April 1999): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596119910250986.
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Pratt, John. "Sex crimes and the new punitiveness." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 18, no. 2-3 (2000): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0798(200003/06)18:2/3<135::aid-bsl392>3.0.co;2-q.
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Hamilton, Melissa. "Adjudicating Sex Crimes as Mental Disease." Pace Law Review 33, no. 2 (July 29, 2013): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/2331-3528.1830.
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E. Chinoko, Vitumbiko, Rajkumar Kalimuthu, and Paul Macheso. "A Cloud Based Android System for Reporting Crimes Against Child Sexual Abuse." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2128.
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A cloud based android system for reporting crimes against child sexual abuse is a real time cloud-based system to be used by people to report crimes concerning sexual abuse of children to relevant organizations. Usually, when crimes of this kind happen, the victims or witnesses go to the police, or call related organizations to report crimes. The crimes are then processed through a paper-based system where the cases are recorded and them handled accordingly. This approach is usually slow and in sometimes reads to dissatisfactions to the victims and relatives. With the wide spread of android phones, android system to report the crimes would make the crime management easier and faster as the crimes will be reported in real time using an android phone. Management of the cases will also be fast as the crimes will be directly reported to a cloud database which will make crime tracing and management faster. A global positioning system which is already implemented in all android phones will be used to track the location of the person reporting the crime. Firebase real time database will be used to store the data reported. All the users of the system will be authenticated to make sure they are not eligible to use the application and for privacy of user information. Thus, a cloud based android system will be beneficial to both the public and the acting organizations and there by improve measures to reduce sex crimes against children.
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SEONG, HYUN JEONG. "Role and Task of Public Defender of Crime Victim: Focused on sex crimes and child abuse crimes." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.2.265.
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Article 12 Clause 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea provides for the assistance of lawyers. “Anyone who is arrested shall have the right to be assisted immediately by a lawyer.” When a criminal defendant is unable to seek an attorney for himself/herself, the State shall assign a lawyer as prescribed by law.｣ Criminals may, of course, be protected by the appointment of a lawyer when they are investigated by an investigative agency on the basis of the Constitution. Article 33 Clause 1 of the Criminal Procedure Act also specifies the assistance of counsel. The spirit of the constitution was reflected. ｢If it falls under certain conditions and is necessary to protect the rights of criminal offenders, a lawyer shall be selected as necessary. If the economically poor or the physically and mentally handicapped cannot appoint a lawyer, the state protects the defendant's rights in selecting a public defender.｣
But what laws are the victims of crime protected by? Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates the “right to pursue happiness of all citizens.” Article 11 of the Constitution stipulates equal rights for all citizens. Clause 2 of Article 294-2 of the Criminal Procedure Act guarantees the right of victims to state. However, other than that, there are no other regulations protecting victims' rights. Thus, it received a lot of criticism. ｢① After a crime incident, secondary damage is inflicted. ② Victims of a crime shall not be directly involved in an investigation or trial. ③ All citizens are equal.｣ Due to these criticisms, the victim's lawyer system was introduced in 2012. The system of public defenders for victims has been in effect since March 6, 2012. Nevertheless, the system has not been properly established in criminal practice yet. Therefore, confusion has continued. This is because the scope and rights of lawyers for victims of crime and their status in litigation are unclear.
Germany settled the issue of protecting victims of crime in 1998 by enacting new legislature. “Act on the Protection of Witnesses and the Improvement of Victims’ Protection when interrogating witnesses in criminal cases: The Witness Protection Act.” Germany clearly defined the rights of crime victims to counsel by the law. Since then, the law has been constantly revised. The rights of crime victims to counsel became victims' rights. Article 395 of the German Criminal Procedure Act stipulated the private prosecution system and the participation system in a public prosecution. Crime victims are equal litigants. It is a legal position recognized by the Criminal Procedure Act. According to the German Criminal Procedure Act, the protection of witnesses has been strengthened. You can exclude the accused and interrogate the witness. Also, it is possible to read a report and record a witness on a tape recorder.
Japan has also introduced victim’s participation system. Victims and victims’ lawyers may appear at the trial date and ask the defendant for a witness. Opinions on the confirmation of facts or the application of laws may be stated in the trial. The protection of crime victims has been strengthened. This is the crime victim’s protection system in Germany and Japan.
The spirit of the Constitution is urging more rights for crime victims. The Criminal Procedure Act should establish a stipulation for the protection of victims. The legal rights of the victim’s lawyer should also be clearly defined. Only then, can victim lawyers be more active for victims in the investigation and trial stages with legal grounds. The assistance of the investigative agency alone is not enough. You can refer to the German Criminal Procedure Act and the Japanese Criminal Procedure Act.
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SOFAT, MANNAT. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MIND SET OF A SEX OFFENDER: A CRITICAL INSIGHT." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 08, no. 01 (2023): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i01.008.
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This paper attempts to understand the mindset of a rapist. It is one of the most heinous crimes, and its impact on the victim is extremely deep rooted and difficult to treat. There are several types of rapists who have different reasons for committing such crimes. Researchers have emphasised on remedial measures that could be adopted such that one can reduce the number of such incidents. There have been increasing numbers of research studies, in recent times, as all citizens are deeply concerned with increasing numbers of rapes that are occurring. The paper concludes with a serious attempt to recognise the symptoms of crime at an early age, which could be effectively treated in the hope that it would result in the reduction of such monstrous episodes.
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Gajmer, Pooja. "Sex Assault and Offenders–An Overview of Victim-offender Relationship on Cases of Sexual Offences." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, TRAUMA & VICTIMOLOGY 6, no. 02 (December 25, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v6i02.4.
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Sexual crimes against women and children are one of the most common crimes that occur in India today. Everyday newspaper articles, news shows on television, and social media keep reporting about sexual assaults and rape incidents. In all these crimes being reported, one thing constantly stands out: the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. When any person thinks about a crime as vicious as rape, they generally associate the perpetrator being a stranger but in reality, what is seen is that the assailant is most often known to the victim. The aims and objectives were to study the relationship of the victim with the offender and analyze this relation further in terms of particulars of the relationship and social demographics. This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Guwahati Medical College, and Hospital for a period of one year in cases of female victims of alleged sexual crimes brought for medico-legal examination. From the 140 cases studied, it was found that 129 cases had known offenders, most victims were minors, illiterate, from rural areas, and belonging to lower economic strata, severity of injuries were higher with unknown offenders. It was concluded that most sexual crimes are thought to being perpetrated by strangers, but this study shows the opposite, and the people closest to the victim are often the ones who are the perpetrators.
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Pezzella, Frank S., and Matthew D. Fetzer. "The Likelihood of Injury Among Bias Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 703–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515586374.
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In 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Mathew Sheppard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Protection act and thereby extended the list of previously protected classes of victims from actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, disability and sex orientation to gender and gender identity. Over 45 states, the District of Columbia and the federal government now include hate crime statutes that increase penalties when offenders perpetrate hate crimes against protected classes of victims. Penalty enhancement statutes sanction unlawful bias conduct arguably because they result in more severe injuries relative to non-bias conduct. We contend that physical injuries vary by bias type and are not equally injurious. Data on bias crimes was analyzed from the National Incident Based Reporting System. Descriptive patterns of bias crimes were identified by offense type, bias motivation and major and minor injuries. Using Multivariate analyses, we found an escalating trend of violence against racial minorities. Moreover, relative to non-bias crimes, only anti-White and anti-lesbian bias crimes experienced our two prong “animus” criteria of disproportionate prevalence and severity of injury. However, when compared to anti-White bias, anti-Black bias crimes were more prevalent and likely to suffer serious injuries. Implications for hate crime jurisprudence are discussed.
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Parshin, Nikolay. "Sexual education as a measure of individual prevention of sexual offenses among minors." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2022-1-121-127.
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Illiteracy in interpersonal sex relations, as well as in matters of sex communications, contributes to the development of tolerance of Russian society to sexual violence, a decrease in the age of persons committing sex crimes, a steady increase of violent crime rates (crimes against sexual freedom as well as statutory crimes), and other illegal acts of sexual nature. The mass media offers veiled propaganda of same-sex marriage, impunity, and promiscuity. Violence is increasingly used as a form of conflict resolution. The lack of skills and abilities to identify fake information on the Internet and the media by the rising generation leads to brainwashing, destructive types of interpersonal relationships between minors, the perception of violence as a normal way of life in society, and deformation of sexual relations among young people. The state of health of adolescents is also of concern, as the number of crimes committed by minors under the influence of alcohol or drugs has increased. Among other unsettling trends, in recent years, the number of minors and young adults infected by sexually transmitted diseases has increased as well. Despite the fact that the number of abortions among adolescents has decreased, only in 2020, about 630 thousand abortions were performed on women of reproductive age – that number on average corresponds to the population of Ulyanovsk. The primary cause of the current state of affairs is the lack of appropriate sexual education among minors and young adults, as well as a lack of spiritual and moral guidance.
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Prescott, J. J. "Child Pornography and Community Notification: How an Attempt to Reduce Crime Can Achieve the Opposite." Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2011.24.2.93.
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Community notification laws may make sense in the context of traditional sex offenses and sex offenders. But child pornography crimes and the individuals who commit them are different, and they differ from archetypal sex crimes and criminals in ways that may unintentionally cause community notification laws to facilitate—rather than inhibit—crime. Child porn offenses typically involve money or trade, and their commission hinges on successfully conspiring with others. As a result, announcing the identity of past offenders may perversely make child pornography and its associated harms more, not less, of a problem. Shrinking the child porn market and its associated abuse of minors may be easier if the law subjects fewer child porn offenders to community notification requirements. For the same reason, when sentencing child porn distributors and possessors, judges should not assume that community notification can provide an effective substitute for the incapacitation benefits typically associated with incarceration.
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Veneziano, Louis, and Carol Veneziano. "Should There Be a Duty to Report Crime?" Psychological Reports 87, no. 2 (October 2000): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.423.
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A number of studies have examined why people do or do not respond when they observe criminal activities. Traditionally, the legal system has not punished the failure to report a crime. This study sought to ascertain whether a sample of college students and public citizens thought there should be legal punishments for the failure to report crimes. Respondents ( N = 301) were presented a list of illegal acts and asked to select from a list (no punishment, fine, or prison sentences) what type of punishment should be enforced for failure to report that crime. Analysis indicated that the sample thought there should be punishments for most of the crimes, with a fine as the modal response. For more serious crimes, more serious punishments were selected, and there were some sex differences. It appeared that public support for such laws might be strong.
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Mousavi, Seyedmohammad, Yousef Jafarzadi, Shamsollah Khatami, and Arash Babaei. "Sadistic Sexual Offenses in Criminal Cases of Iran and France." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p130.
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<p>Crimes, especially crimes of sexual violence is a problem in every society, in the midst of violent crimes, especially rape, beatings and even death for sex by the psychological impact on creating a sense of insecurity in society the dignity and respect most influential crime is. Sadistic crimes, including cases of sexual violence in the country's laws, particularly the law of France and Iran have been severely. Sexual harassment and sexual violence in France has a mild to severe penalties that depend on the type of crime and its dissemination. So that kind of punishment in relation to crimes of sexual violence are synthetic and financial penalties and even imprisonment is involved. The laws of the country also showed that sexual violence to it that French law has the details of the punishment, has not been raised, but sexual violence in the form of psychological violence by criminal penalties and imprisonment are required. The laws of the country, violence against women and children in two after payment of blood money or the lives of members and in case of immoral nature of the punishment of flogging and death will follow.</p>