Journal articles on the topic 'Sex crimes – Investigation – Canada'
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Friedland, Martin L., and Kent Roach. "Borderline Justice: Choosing Juries in the Two Niagaras." Israel Law Review 31, no. 1-3 (1997): 120–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015260.
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This paper examines the use of juries in criminal cases in Canada and the United States. It is part of a larger study of the administration of criminal justice in Niagara County, Ontario and Niagara County, New York. The basic question examined is why persons accused of serious crimes in the United States usually select a jury, whereas persons in similar circumstances in Canada normally select trial by a judge alone. An investigation of this question will enable us to see some significant differences between the administration of criminal justice in the United States and Canada. It will also show how changes in specific procedural rules may affect other practices. There is a complex interplay between procedural rules. The paper concludes by showing that the widespread use of juries in the United States is consistent with the more populist grass-roots approach in American society which tends to distrust government, compared with the traditional respect for authority, including the authority of judges, in Canada.
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Cabelus, Nancy B., and Gary T. Sheridan. "Forensic Investigation of Sex Crimes In Colombia." Journal of Forensic Nursing 3, no. 3-4 (June 28, 2008): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2007.tb00096.x.
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Cabelus, Nancy B., and Gary T. Sheridan. "Forensic Investigation of Sex Crimes In Colombia." Journal of Forensic Nursing 3, no. 3 (September 2007): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01263942-200709000-00003.
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Spencer, Dale C., Rosemary Ricciardelli, Dale Ballucci, and Kevin Walby. "Cynicism, dirty work, and policing sex crimes." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2019-0123.
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Purpose Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those working in sex crime units. Although cynicism, both its sources and affects, is widely studied among scholars of work and policing, little is known about how police working in sex crime units experience, mitigate and express cynicism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in understanding and explore the role of cynicism amongst investigators working in sex crime units. Design/methodology/approach To address this research gap, the authors conducted 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus groups with members of police services organizations across Canada working in sex crime units. Findings Examining sources of cynicism and emotional experiences, the authors reveal that officers in these units normalize and neutralize organizational and intra-organizational sources of cynicism, and cope with the potentially traumatizing and emotionally draining realities of undertaking this form of “dirty work.” The authors show that officer cynicism extends beyond offenders into organizational and operational aspects of their occupations and their lived experiences outside of work, which has implications for literature on police work, cynicism and digital policing. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature on cyber policing by, first, examining sex crimes unit member’s sources of cynicism in relation to sex crimes and the digital world and, second, by exploring sources of cynicism in police organizations and other branches in the criminal justice system. The authors examine how such cynicism seeps into relationships outside of the occupation. The authors’ contribution is in showing that cynicism related to police dirty work is experienced in relation to “front” and “back” regions (Dick, 2005) but also in multiple organizational and social spheres. The authors contribute to the extant literature on dirty work insofar as it addresses the underexplored dirty work associated with policing cyber environments and the morally tainted elements of such policing tasks.
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Brzezińska, Joanna. "La criminalité féminine au Canada selon les statistiques." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 28, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2019.28.2.11-26.
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<p>The aim of this paper was to describe the phenomenon of woman’s crime in Canada from the perspective of statistical data analysis. For this reason, the statements regarding the frequency of the studied phenomenon in three research periods were presented: 1975–1981, 1984–1994 and 1999–2009. The Canadian woman perpetrators were found to have established categories of crimes (property crimes, violent crimes), the frequency of which has changed during the periods under investigation. In the context of the studies carried out, in particular, the phenomenon of the increase in the frequency of woman’s offences committed using violence, remains a matter of concern. This fact indicates an increase in the pathologization of their behaviours. Moreover, in the last research period (1999–2009) there were also new trends in the criminal activity of women – road traffic offences and offences involving drugs and narcotic drugs, however, their level was not high.</p>
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Budd, Kristen M., and David M. Bierie. "Injury Matters: On Female-Perpetrated Sex Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (June 1, 2017): 3735–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711178.
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Despite the importance of studying sexual assaults perpetrated by women, the field knows very little about female sexual offenders’ (FSOs) use of violence or physical injury resulting from these assaults. This study draws more than 20 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data reported to police (1992-2014) to identify factors that distinguish between female perpetrated incidents of sexual assault that result in severe, minor, or no physical victim injuries above and beyond the sexual assault itself. Using a multinomial logistic regression model (MNLM), 15,928 incidents of FSO-perpetrated sexual assault were analyzed from the NIBRS. The results showed that the extent of victim injuries sustained during the sexual assault incidents was associated with a number of factors, including the presence of a female victim, the age of victim, a greater number of offenders, and the presence of weapons. In particular, incidents that resulted in major victim injuries were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use by the perpetrator. In general, incidents with young children were at increased risk of a sexual assault resulting in a major or minor victim injury. Although further investigation is needed to continue to better understand female sexual offending behaviors, these findings suggest that certain incident characteristics increase the likelihood of the assault to involve the use of violence by an FSO against her victims.
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Vasylchyshyn, Oleksandra, Volodymyr Tytor, and Anastasia Tsar. "IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL CRIMES." Economic Analysis, no. 30(2) (2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.02.017.
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The article considers foreign experience in the investigation of financial crimes on the example of such countries as the United States, Poland, Spain, Canada, France. The influence of financial crimes on the functioning and development of the state has been studied, and the peculiarities of counteracting and combating money laundering in these countries have been determined. The activity of the State Financial Monitoring Service on detection and processing of information of risky financial transactions and its cooperation with foreign divisions of financial investigations is described. The most popular countries in which there are entities with a suspicious reputation for financial transactions are identified. It is also determined that the legalization of criminal proceeds is a financial crime that encroaches on the established procedure for conducting financial transactions, and hence on the national interests of the state.
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Shin, Sang-Hyun. "Introduction of Undercover Investigators for the Investigation of Digital Sex Crimes against Children and Juveniles." Korea Law Review 97 (June 30, 2020): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36532/kulri.2020.97.157.
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Wittig, Petra. "Corporate Responsibility for Transnational Human Rights Violations under German Criminal Law – Review and Outlook." European Criminal Law Review 10, no. 3 (2020): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2020-3-395.
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Time and again, cases come to light in which companies in unstable regions have participated in crimes, including human rights violations. However, the economic power over these companies is regularly geographically distant, anchored in the stable regions of the world, e.g. in a corporate headquarters located in Europe, the USA, Canada or Australia, where the economic profit ultimately accrues. Starting from this imbalance, the present essay examines the question of the criminal (co-)responsibility of these power holders using the example of the German legal system. It becomes apparent that the concept of criminal law, which is still based almost exclusively on individual responsibility, leads to deficits in the investigation of the most serious economically driven crimes. Despite this need for reform, however, even de lege lata a top management based in Germany can be held (jointly) liable for distant crimes under the concept of "principal’s criminal liability" (“Geschäftsherrenhaftung”).”
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Pranata, I. Ketut Detri Eka Adi, I Nyoman Putu Budiartha, and I. Made Minggu Widyantara. "Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan Anak oleh Orang Tua Ditinjau dari Aspek Perlindungan Anak." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/jph.3.2.4927.260-265.
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This study aims to analyze and describe the crime of child abuse by parents in terms of child protection aspects. Current developments bring about the evils that society suffers from: violent crimes and maltreatment. One of the most common are crimes involving child victims. Such cases are known as child abuse. Two main problems arise from this declaration. That is, the regulation of criminal sanctions for criminal acts committed by parents and legal protection of children who are abused within the meaning of the Child Protection Act. This investigation uses a normative legal investigation type with a legal and conceptual approach. This research is included in normative research, which is sourced from primary legal materials. Data were collected by using literature and document study methods. The results show that. The imposition of criminal sanctions on criminal acts committed by parents if they meet the elements of Article 76C is child protection against abuse of political activities, involvement in armed conflict, involvement in social unrest, and involvement in cases. From Law. Elements of violence, involvement in war and sex crimes.
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Jani, Hamid Reza Mirza, and Fatemeh Mirdad. "Ominous Phenomena such as Fraud and Forgery." Asian Social Science 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n7p10.
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The main aim of this investigation is to examine crimes such as fraud and forgery and characteristics of convicts in a new context. To this end, prisoners are grouped in terms of their statuses in Mashhad city and some characteristics of convicts including sex ratio, marital status, educational level, and occupational status are studied. Using data analysis, proportions of the data are analyzed and the findings show that characteristic of convicts are important factors in committing crimes. That is, characteristics of convicts have influence on their fraud and forgery crimes. As well, crime management is another major issue in this research. Crime management can be not only controlling and limiting the convicts, but also informing the victims. Victims should be kept better informed of the consequences of cupidity or credulity. Therefore, the issue of characteristics of convicts is an intriguing one which can help us find strengthen and weakness of current solutions and problems.
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Reale, Kylie, Eric Beauregard, and Melissa Martineau. "Is Investigative Awareness a Distinctive Feature of Sexual Sadism?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 7-8 (March 24, 2017): 1761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517698824.
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Sadistic offenders are often described as individuals who are forensically aware, who carefully plan their offenses, and preselect the location of their crime. Despite this emphasis on strategies to avoid police detection, no study has specifically examined whether this behavior or trait was specific to sadistic offenders. Utilizing a sample of 350 cases of sexual homicide from Canada, sadistic sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) are compared with nonsadistic SHOs on their investigative awareness. Results from logistic regression analyses show that sadistic SHOs are more likely to use various precautions to avoid detection and select a deserted location, in comparison with nonsadistic offenders. In addition, sadistic SHOs, despite having a lesser time to body recovery than nonsadistic offenders, are more likely to see their case remain unsolved. Implications for the assessment of sexual sadism as well as for the police investigations will be discussed.
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Zhurbenko, A. M., and E. I. Simonenko. "FEATURES OF LEGAL PRECEDING INITIATIONS ON AFFAIRS IMPLEMENTATING EXTREMIST ACTIVITY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-235-240.
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Study of crimes connected with implementation of extremist activity as negative social and legal phenomenon is especially significant now. Firstly it is connected with aggravation of the social conflicts in the Russian society in general, violence tendency and different illegal ways of their solution. At present stage of criminogenic situation development the number of crimes connected with extremist activity, terrorism and also with arousing hatred and hostility on the bases of sex, races, nationalities, the relations to religion, belonging to this or that social group grows in our country. Such crimes are most often committed by speech. This speech becomes proof of criminal cases connected with implementation of extremist activity. Acts provided by Art. 280, 282 2822 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [4] belong to crimes of extremist orientation committed by means of speech. It is necessary to have special linguistic knowledge to ascertain the truth on specified cases. Such crimes are committed by means of speech - oral or written. Conclusions of experts’ researches are important not only for making decision on excitement or on refusal in initiation of legal proceedings, but also for correct qualification of criminal action. Analysis of law-enforcement practice of such crimes investigation shows that there are some problems connected with conducting linguistic examination at a stage of legal proceedings initiation. Inopportuneness of the investigator who sends material for carrying out a research which contains extremism can significantly increase time of legal proceedings initiation.
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Beck, Cynthia A., Luanne M. Metz, Lawrence W. Svenson, and Scott B. Patten. "Regional variation of multiple sclerosis prevalence in Canada." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 11, no. 5 (October 2005): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1192oa.
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Objective: To describe the regional distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence in Canada, controlling for age and sex. Methods: This study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, a large general health survey (n=131,535) conducted in 2000/2001. Subjects aged 18 and over were included in the current analysis (n=116,109). The presence of MS was determined by self-report. Prevalence was computed in five regions (Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, Prairies and British Columbia). Logistic regression was used to compare regions and examine for confounding/interaction by age and sex. Results: The overall Canadian MS prevalence was 240 per 100 000 (95%CI: 210-280). Prevalence ranged from 180 (95%CI: 90-260) in Quebec to 350 (95%CI: 230-470) in Atlantic Canada. Logistic regression revealed no statistical difference between the odds of MS in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia adjusted for age and sex. The adjusted odds of MS in the Prairies and Atlantic regions were significantly higher than in the other regions combined, with odds ratios of 1.7 (95%CI: 1.1-2.4, p<0.01) and 1.6 (95%CI: 1.1-2.4, p<0.05) respectively. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated similar prevalence in the nonaboriginal/nonimmigrant group (n=96 219). Conclusion: Results suggest that Canadian MS prevalence differs by region. If validated, these regional differences may facilitate investigation of environmental influences.
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TROVATO, FRANK, and DAVID ODYNAK. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY IN CANADA: IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE-BORN POPULATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 3 (January 31, 2011): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000010.
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SummaryA growing body of research often indicates that immigrant populations in Western countries enjoy a lower level of mortality in relation to their native-born host populations. In this literature, sex differences in mortality are often reported but substantive analyses of the differences are generally lacking. The present investigation looks at sex differences in life expectancy with specific reference to immigrant and Canadian-born populations in Canada during 1971 and 2001. For these two populations, sex differences in expectation of life at birth are decomposed into cause-of-death components. Immigrants in Canada have a higher life expectancy than their Canadian-born counterparts. In absolute terms, immigrant females enjoy the highest life expectancy. Inrelativeterms, however, immigrant men show a larger longevity advantage, as their expectation of life at birth exceeds that of Canadian-born men by a wider margin than do foreign-born females in relation to Canadian-born females. It is also found that immigrants have a smaller sex differential in life expectancy as compared with the Canadian born. Decomposition analysis shows this is a function of immigrants having smaller sex differences in death rates from heart disease and cancer. Factors thought to underlie these differentials between immigrants and the Canadian born are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.
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Fəxrəddin oğlu Şükürov, Cahangir. "Computer photo imaging as one of the methods of identity identification." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/125-127.
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In modern times, the change and complication of the structure of crime and civil law relations is gaining special relevance due to the emergence of new forms and mechanisms for the commission of crimes and offenses based on the use of modern computers, information, industry and other high technologies. One of the methods of identification is the identification of a person by a computer image and a vivid image and a skull. Determining the identity of an unknown person based on his skull is one of the most important issues in forensic medicine and criminology. Resolving this issue is of particular importance to the investigation and is usually the closest way to identifying the perpetrator or other circumstances. In addition to general characteristics (race, race type, sex, age, neck length), physical characteristics, traces of trauma and medical intervention are identified to identify the skull skeleton, and when taken together, they can be characterized at the individual level. If the collection of genetic traits is based on objective information about the missing person, then the identity of the suspect can be proven. Key words: identity identification, criminal association, rapper points, information technologies, photo comparison method, investigation of crimes
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MCCLELLAND, Alexander. "“Lock This Whore Up”: Legal Violence and Flows of Information Precipitating Personal Violence against People Criminalised for HIV-Related Crimes in Canada." European Journal of Risk Regulation 10, no. 1 (March 2019): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.20.
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This article examines the convergence of myriad forms of information on people who come to be targets of state and public control due to the perceived risk they present through having been alleged to have not disclosed their HIV-positive status to sex partners. Attending to the material, violent impacts of criminalisation – violence, both legal and extralegal – this article outlines how punishment is enhanced and amplified through the flow of information. Focusing on the material impacts of flows of information about the daily lives of people who face criminalisation moves analysis beyond solely a theoretical object of inquiry and helps to frame an understand that the effects of big data operate not just “within” big data surveillance, but also “beyond” big data surveillance.
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Sharma, Tanmay, Rita E. Morassut, Christine Langlois, and David Meyre. "Effect of sex/gender on obesity traits in Canadian first year university students: The GENEiUS study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e0247113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247113.
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Background While weight gain during first year of university has been well documented in North America, literature on sex-specific effects is scarce and inconsistent. The objective of this investigation was to explore sex-specific changes in obesity traits during first year of university at McMaster University (Ontario, Canada). Methods 245 first-year students (80.4% females) were followed longitudinally with data collected early in the academic year and towards the end of the year. Obesity parameters including weight, waist and hip circumferences, BMI, and waist to hip ratio were investigated. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for pairwise comparison of traits in the absence of adjustments. Additionally, the repeated-measures ANOVA test was used with covariate adjustments to investigate the interaction between sex and time. Results Overall sample trends indicated a significant increase in mean weight by 1.55 kg (95% CI: 1.24–1.86) over the school year (p<0.001). This was accompanied by significant gains in BMI, and waist and hip circumferences (p<0.001) in the overall sample. At baseline, males presented with higher body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and WHR, as compared to their females counterparts (p<0.01). Additionally, sex-stratified analysis indicated significant gains in weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences in both males and females (p<0.01). However, a comparison of the magnitude of change over time between the two sex groups revealed no significant difference for any of the investigated traits (p>0.05). Conclusion While our study confirms significant weight gain in both male and female first year university students in Ontario, Canada, it does not show sex specific differences within this context. Our investigation highlights the importance of accounting for sex and gender in health research and supports the need of further studies in this area.
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Chopin, Julien, and Eric Beauregard. "Elderly Sexual Abuse: An Examination of the Criminal Event." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219843899.
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The current study investigates the modus operandi specificities for the sexual abuse against the elderly. A comparison between sex crimes against adult and elderly victims is conducted following the criminal event approach. The comparison is based on the precrime, crime, and postcrime phases of the modus operandi, operationalized through 53 variables. The sample comes from a French national police database including a total of 1,829 cases—including 130 cases of elderly sexual abuse and 1,699 cases of sexual abuse against victims aged between 18 and 45 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed to examine the differences in the two groups. Several differences are observed between the two modus operandi. Findings indicate that the precrime phase is the most important to explain these differences, and this phase of the criminal event affects the rest of the decisions taken during the crime and postcrime phases. Specifically, we have highlighted that sexual crimes against the elderly are more violent and occur more often in the victim’s residence. This study suggests that offenders targeting the elderly use specific crime characteristics, and this allows to highlight practical implications in terms of investigation and offender management.
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Hemsing, Natalie, and Lorraine Greaves. "New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097.
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Recreational cannabis use is in the process of being legalized in Canada, and new products and devices for both nicotine and cannabis vaping are being introduced. Yet, research on the harms of involuntary exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) and cannabis vaping is in its infancy, and there is a lack of investigation on sex-specific health effects and gendered patterns of exposure and use. We argue that responses to ENDS and cannabis vaping exposures should align with policy and progress on restricting exposure to tobacco secondhand smoke (SHS). Furthermore, we argue that sex, gender, and equity considerations should be integrated in both research and policy to benefit all Canadians.
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Aho, Josephine, Cassandra Lybeck, Ashorkor Tetteh, Carmen Issa, Fiona Kouyoumdjian, Jason Wong, Alexandrea Anderson, and Nashira Popovic. "Rising syphilis rates in Canada, 2011–2020." Canada Communicable Disease Report 47, no. 2-3 (February 24, 2022): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v48i23a01.
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Background: Syphilis rates are of public health concern in Canada, with multiple jurisdictions reporting outbreaks over the past five years. The objective of this article is to describe trends in infectious and congenital syphilis in Canada 2011–2020. Methods: Routine surveillance of syphilis is conducted through the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS). In response to rising rates of syphilis, all provinces and territories (P/Ts) have also submitted enhanced surveillance data on infectious syphilis to the Public Health Agency of Canada through the Syphilis Outbreak Investigation Coordinating Committee (SOICC) starting in 2018. Descriptive analyses of CNDSS and SOICC surveillance data 2011–2020 by age, sex, pregnancy status, male sexual orientation and P/Ts were performed. Results: The national rate of infectious syphilis increased from 5.1 per 100,000 population in 2011 to 24.7 per 100,000 population in 2020.The rates increased in almost all P/Ts, with the Prairie provinces reporting the greatest relative increases from 2016 to 2020 (more than 400%). Rates in males were consistently higher than rates in females over the past 10 years; however, from 2016 to 2020, rates among females increased by 773%, compared with 73% among males. Although the proportion of cases who self-identify as gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men decreased from 54% to 38% between 2018 and 2020, they still represent a high proportion of cases (according to data from eight P/Ts). From 2016 to 2020, rates of infectious syphilis increased in every age group, especially in females aged 15–39 years. Confirmed early congenital syphilis cases for 2020 increased considerably from prior years, with 50 cases reported in 2020, compared with 4 cases in 2016. Conclusion: Infectious and congenital syphilis rates are a growing concern in Canada and the nature of the syphilis epidemics across Canada appears to be evolving, as evidenced by recent trends. More data and research are needed to better understand the drivers associated with the recent changes in the epidemiology of syphilis in Canada.
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Hawken, Steven, Malia S. Q. Murphy, Robin Ducharme, A. Brianne Bota, Lindsay A. Wilson, Wei Cheng, Ma-Am Joy Tumulak, et al. "External validation of machine learning models including newborn metabolomic markers for postnatal gestational age estimation in East and South-East Asian infants." Gates Open Research 4 (June 21, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13131.2.
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Background: Postnatal gestational age (GA) algorithms derived from newborn metabolic profiles have emerged as a novel method of acquiring population-level preterm birth estimates in low resource settings. To date, model development and validation have been carried out in North American settings. Validation outside of these settings is warranted. Methods: This was a retrospective database study using data from newborn screening programs in Canada, the Philippines and China. ELASTICNET machine learning models were developed to estimate GA in a cohort of infants from Canada using sex, birth weight and metabolomic markers from newborn heel prick blood samples. Final models were internally validated in an independent sample of Canadian infants, and externally validated in infant cohorts from the Philippines and China. Results: Cohorts included 39,666 infants from Canada, 82,909 from the Philippines and 4,448 from China. For the full model including sex, birth weight and metabolomic markers, GA estimates were within ±5 days of ultrasound values in the Canadian internal validation (mean absolute error (MAE) 0.71, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.72), and within ±6 days of ultrasound GA in both the Filipino (0.90 (0.90, 0.91)) and Chinese cohorts (0.89 (0.86, 0.92)). Despite the decreased accuracy in external settings, our models incorporating metabolomic markers performed better than the baseline model, which relied on sex and birth weight alone. In preterm and growth-restricted infants, the accuracy of metabolomic models was markedly higher than the baseline model. Conclusions: Accuracy of metabolic GA algorithms was attenuated when applied in external settings. Models including metabolomic markers demonstrated higher accuracy than models using sex and birth weight alone. As innovators look to take this work to scale, further investigation of modeling and data normalization techniques will be needed to improve robustness and generalizability of metabolomic GA estimates in low resource settings, where this could have the most clinical utility
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Hawken, Steven, Malia S. Q. Murphy, Robin Ducharme, A. Brianne Bota, Lindsay A. Wilson, Wei Cheng, Ma-Am Joy Tumulak, et al. "External validation of ELASTIC NET regression models including newborn metabolomic markers for postnatal gestational age estimation in East and South-East Asian infants." Gates Open Research 4 (October 29, 2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13131.1.
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Background: Postnatal gestational age (GA) algorithms derived from newborn metabolic profiles have emerged as a novel method of acquiring population-level preterm birth estimates in low resource settings. To date, model development and validation have been carried out in North American settings. Validation outside of these settings is warranted. Methods: This was a retrospective database study using data from newborn screening programs in Canada, the Philippines and China. ELASTICNET machine learning models were developed to estimate GA in a cohort of infants from Canada using sex, birth weight and metabolomic markers from newborn heel prick blood samples. Final models were internally validated in an independent group of infants, and externally validated in cohorts of infants from the Philippines and China. Results: Cohorts included 39,666 infants from Canada, 82,909 from the Philippines and 4,448 from China. For the full model including sex, birth weight and metabolomic markers, GA estimates were within 5 days of ultrasound values in the Canadian internal validation (mean absolute error (MAE) 0.71, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.72), and within 6 days of ultrasound GA in both the Filipino (0.90 (0.90, 0.91)) and Chinese cohorts (0.89 (0.86, 0.92)). Despite the decreased accuracy in external settings, our models incorporating metabolomic markers performed better than the baseline model, which relied on sex and birth weight alone. In preterm and growth-restricted infants, the accuracy of metabolomic models was markedly higher than the baseline model. Conclusions: Accuracy of metabolic GA algorithms was attenuated when applied in external settings. Models including metabolomic markers demonstrated higher accuracy than models using sex and birth weight alone. As innovators look to take this work to scale, further investigation of modeling and data normalization techniques will be needed to improve robustness and generalizability of metabolomic GA estimates in low resource settings, where this could have the most clinical utility.
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Bertovsky, Lev V., and Lev R. Klebanov. "CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINALISTICS PROBLEMS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ACTIVITY IN ARCTIC REGION." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-2-244-263.
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The actual problems of criminal law and criminalistics with which law enforcement agencies in Arctic have been facing are concerned in the present article. Successful development of Arctic region demands struggling against criminality affected by special climate, geographic, ethnic, social, legal and another factors. These circumstances roughly embarrass the combating with criminality in Arctic, taking into account sparse population of the region, remote location of communities from organs of state power, ingenious people alcohol abusing, negative affecting of harsh arctic conditions on mental health of inhabiting person. Being one of the richest recourse region all over the world, Arctic has becoming the stage of competition between arctic states. Upkeeping of order on Russian arctic territory is very important aim under these circumstances. In the article legal regiment of Arctic is concerned and characteristic of Arctic social and economy situation is given. The authors demonstrate structure of Arctic criminality and crimes committed on this territory are analyzed. Special attention is centered on analyzing of ecological crimes committed in Arctic taking into account wealthy of local fauna and environment. The problems of law enforcement criminalistics providing also are attentively analyzed, for example, issues of criminalistics methodic for crime investigation, usage of the new technic tools and devises of criminalistics, interconnection between investigators and detectives. Such interconnection is embarrassed by remote locations islands from mainland. The article is grounded on extensive materials from empiric, scientific and law origins related to criminality existing in the different Arctic countries (USA, Canada, Russia, Scandinavian states). This article is the first one discussing various problems of combatting criminality in Arctic region. In the process of preparing the article authors have come to conclusion that Arctic crimes there committed poses special sort of criminality - “frozen” criminality. Such sort provided by special factors must be explored in the future in order to get success while combating the criminality in Arctic.
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Barnett, Tracie A., Lise Gauvin, Cora L. Craig, and Peter T. Katzmarzyk. "Modifying Effects of Sex, Age, and Education on 22-Year Trajectory of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Canadian Cohort." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 4, no. 2 (April 2007): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.2.153.
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Background:We investigated the population trajectory of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in adults age 18 to 60 y (n = 881), who were recruited in 1981 for the Canada Fitness Survey and followed-up through the Campbell’s Survey on Well-Being (1988) and the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study (2002/04).Methods:Data on involvement in LTPA were collected by questionnaire and used to estimate average daily energy expenditure (EE) (kcal · kg-1 · d-1) during leisure time. Growth trajectory modeling was used to describe the overall population trajectory of LTPA and the extent to which average trajectories varied between sub-groups defined by age, sex, and education.Results:The population trajectory of LTPA over time was modified by baseline age, but not by sex or by level of education. Disparities in LTPA related to sex and education persisted over two decades.Conclusion:This longitudinal investigation improves our understanding of the processes underlying patterns of LTPA in adults.
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Hilliard, Theresa, and Presha E. Neidermeyer. "The gendering of fraud: an international investigation." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 811–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-08-2017-0074.
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Purpose Changing workplace demographics reflect a rising number of women in the traditionally male-dominated field of business. The purpose of this study is to investigate how upwardly mobile women may impact the commission and type of white-collar crime, contributing to the scarce literature on gender distinctions in criminal behavior while comparing criminal trends globally. Women’s increased representation in positions of power in business provides them with increased fraud opportunities prompting the authors to ask: in their areas of opportunity, do women and men commit the same types of white-collar crime and at the same rates, and how does this phenomena vary globally? Design/methodology/approach Using a database from the Institute for Fraud Prevention, 5,441 fraud cases are examined from 93 nations for the annual periods from 2002 until 2011. Ordinal logistic regression methods are used to test for differences in gendered criminal behavior by fraud offense type controlling for age, position, education, compensation level and country context. Findings Internationally, results from the study indicate that female fraudsters are three times more likely than male fraudsters to commission crimes of asset misappropriation in the workplace. Upon further investigation, stratifying the data by geographical region, findings from the study demonstrate that female fraudsters are more likely than male fraudsters to commit asset misappropriation in the following geographical regions: Africa (three times as likely), Asia (twice as likely), Canada (three times as likely), China (five times as likely), Europe (twice as likely), the Middle East (four times as likely), Oceania (four times as likely), the United Kingdom (eight times as likely) and the United States of America (twice as likely). Originality/value Evidence from this study should be of importance to multinational enterprises, auditors and fraud examiners, as asset misappropriation constitutes 87 per cent of all fraud cases globally. Further, these findings prompt the need for researchers to develop this area of research.
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Avalos, Lisa. "Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequences of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 23.1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.23.1.prosecuting.
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Imagine that a close friend is raped, and you encourage her to report it to the police. At first, she thinks that the police are taking her report seriously, but the investigation does not seem to move forward. The next thing she knows, they accuse her of lying and ultimately file charges against her. You and your friend are in shock; this outcome never entered your minds. This nightmare may seem inconceivable, but it has in fact occurred repeatedly in both the United States and Britain—countries that are typically lauded for their high levels of gender equality. In Britain, where perverting the course of justice is a serious crime with a potential term of life in prison, many rape complainants have been sent to prison for two and three year terms. This five-part Article analyzes this problem and sets out recommendations for legal reform.
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Chang, Hsiu-Ju, Jeremy Beach, and Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan. "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Asthma in Off-Reserve Aboriginal Children and Adults in Canada." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 6 (2012): e68-e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/753040.
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Only a few studies have investigated asthma morbidity in Canadian Aboriginal children. In the present study, data from the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey were used to determine the prevalence and risk factors for asthma in Canadian Aboriginal children six to 14 years of age and adults 15 to 64 years of age living off reserve. The prevalence of asthma was 14.3% in children and 14.0% in adults. Children and adults with Inuit ancestry had a significantly lower prevalence of asthma than those with North American Indian and Métis ancestries. Factors significantly associated with ever asthma in children included male sex, allergy, low birth weight, obesity, poor dwelling conditions and urban residence. In adults, factors associated with ever asthma varied among Aboriginal groups; however, age group, sex and urban residence were associated with ever asthma in all four Aboriginal groups. The prevalence of asthma was lower in Aboriginal children and higher in Aboriginal adults compared with that reported for the Canadian population. Variation in the prevalence of and risk factors for asthma among Aboriginal ancestry groups may be related to genetic and environmental factors that require further investigation.
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Leon, Chrysanthi. "Book Review: Carney, T. P. (2004). Practical Investigation of Sex Crimes: A Strategic and Operational Approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. xix, 221." Criminal Justice Review 33, no. 1 (March 2008): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016808314565.
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Shin, Hwashin, Wesley Burr, Dave Stieb, Lani Haque, Harun Kalayci, Branka Jovic, and Marc Smith-Doiron. "Air Health Trend Indicator: Association between Short-Term Exposure to Ground Ozone and Circulatory Hospitalizations in Canada for 17 Years, 1996–2012." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081566.
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The Air Health Trend Indicator is designed to estimate the public health risk related to short-term exposure to air pollution and to detect trends in the annual health risks. Daily ozone, circulatory hospitalizations and weather data for 24 cities (about 54% of Canadians) for 17 years (1996–2012) were used. This study examined three circulatory causes: ischemic heart disease (IHD, 40% of cases), other heart disease (OHD, 31%) and cerebrovascular disease (CEV, 14%). A Bayesian hierarchical model using a 7-year estimator was employed to find trends in the annual national associations by season, lag of effect, sex and age group (≤65 vs. >65). Warm season 1-day lagged ozone returned higher national risk per 10 ppb: 0.4% (95% credible interval, −0.3–1.1%) for IHD, 0.4% (−0.2–1.0%) for OHD, and 0.2% (−0.8–1.2%) for CEV. Overall mixed trends in annual associations were observed for IHD and CEV, but a decreasing trend for OHD. While little age effect was identified, some sex-specific difference was detected, with males seemingly more vulnerable to ozone for CEV, although this finding needs further investigation. The study findings could reduce a knowledge gap by identifying trends in risk over time as well as sub-populations susceptible to ozone by age and sex.
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O'Loughlin, Erin Kathleen, Tracie A. Barnett, Jennifer J. McGrath, Mia Consalvo, and Lisa Kakinami. "Factors Associated with Sustained Exergaming: Longitudinal Investigation." JMIR Serious Games 7, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): e13335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13335.
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Background Exergaming is technology-driven physical activity (PA) which, unlike traditional video game play, requires that participants be physically active to play the game. Exergaming may have potential to increase PA and decrease sedentary behavior in youth, but little is known about sustained exergaming. Objective The objectives of this study were to describe the frequency, correlates, and predictors of sustained exergaming. Methods Data were available in AdoQuest (2005-11), a longitudinal investigation of 1843 grade 5 students in Montréal, Canada. This analysis used data from grade 9 (2008-09) and 11 (2010-11). Participants at Time 1 (T1; mean age 14 years, SD 0.8 ) who reported past-week exergaming (n=186, 19.1% of AdoQuest sample) completed mailed self-report questionnaires at Time 2 (T2; mean age 16 years, SD 0.8). Independent sociodemographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates (from T2)/predictors (from T1 or earlier) were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 186 exergamers at T1, 81 (44%) reported exergaming at T2. Being female and having higher introjected regulation (ie, a type of PA motivation indicative of internalizing PA as a behavior) were independent correlates. None of the predictors investigated were associated with sustained exergaming. Conclusions Almost half of grade 9 exergamers sustained exergaming for 2 years. Exergaming may be a viable approach to help adolescents engage in and sustain PA during adolescence. Sex and PA motivation may be important in the sustainability of exergaming.
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Maxwell, Colleen J., Luke Mondor, Anna J. Pefoyo Koné, David B. Hogan, and Walter P. Wodchis. "Sex differences in multimorbidity and polypharmacy trends: A repeated cross-sectional study of older adults in Ontario, Canada." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): e0250567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250567.
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Background Multimorbidity is increasing among older adults, but the impact of these recent trends on the extent and complexity of polypharmacy and possible variation by sex remains unknown. We examined sex differences in multimorbidity, polypharmacy (5+ medications) and hyper-polypharmacy (10+ medications) in 2003 vs 2016, and the interactive associations between age, multimorbidity level, and time on polypharmacy measures. Methods and findings We employed a repeated cross-sectional study design with linked health administrative databases for all persons aged ≥66 years eligible for health insurance in Ontario, Canada at the two index dates. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted; models included interaction terms between age, multimorbidity level, and time period to estimate polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy probabilities, risk differences and risk ratios for 2016 vs 2003. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy increased significantly over the 13 years. At both index dates prevalence estimates for all three were higher in women, but a greater absolute increase in polypharmacy over time was observed in men (6.6% [from 55.7% to 62.3%] vs 0.9% [64.2%-65.1%] for women) though absolute increases in multimorbidity were similar for men and women (6.9% [72.5%-79.4%] vs 6.2% [75.9%-82.1%], respectively). Model findings showed that polypharmacy decreased over time among women aged < 90 years (especially for younger ages and those with fewer conditions), whereas it increased among men at all ages and multimorbidity levels (with larger absolute increases typically at older ages and among those with 4 or fewer conditions). Conclusions There are sex and age differences in the impact of increasing chronic disease burden on changes in measures of multiple medication use among older adults. Though the drivers and health consequences of these trends warrant further investigation, the findings support the heterogeneity and complexity in the evolving association between multimorbidity and polypharmacy measures in older populations.
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Li, Haiqi. "Crisis Pregnancy Centers in Canada and Reproductive Justice Organizations’ Responses." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n2p28.
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The spread of crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs) has become an alarming issue in the fields of public health and reproductive justice (RJ) as they impede women’s fully-informed decisions and threaten women’s reproductive autonomy. However, most existing scholarship has only focused on CPCs within the United States; hardly any literature has been devoted to anti-CPC activism. This study contributes to addressing these gaps by adopting a mixed method. The paper first reviews the status quo of U.S. and Canadian CPCs through the existing literature to contextualize my investigation. Then it explores the establishment of individual Canadian CPCs to evaluate whether they are gaining more influence. It also analyzes the presence and absence of information on Canadian anti-CPC activism in the social media of RJ organizations. Finally, it examines the interviews I conducted with Canadian RJ activists to identify the ongoing anti-CPC activism and why some groups do not regard it central to their agenda. Results of this research reveal that CPCs have been continuously expanding in Canada during the past 35 years. Despite realizing their threat, most Canadian RJ groups do not focus their activism on CPCs and instead, concern themselves more with such issues as abortion access owing to their political engagement restriction, as well as their viewpoint that variation among Canadian CPCs and the Canadian liberal political context lessen CPCs’ overall threat. The limited ongoing activism includes lobbying for halting funding for CPCs, revoking their charitable statuses, banning their advertisements, and removing their biased sex education from public schools.
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Knee, Wayne, Tammy Hartzenberg, Mark R. Forbes, and Frédéric Beaulieu. "The natural history of mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with the white-spotted sawyer beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): diversity, phenology, host attachment, and sex bias." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 5 (July 26, 2012): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.57.
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AbstractLittle is known about the acarofauna associated with wood-boring beetles in Canada, including long-horned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Herein, we assessed the prevalence, abundance, diversity, phenology, and attachment location of mesostigmatic mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with Monochamus scutellatus (Say), and tested whether the abundance and prevalence of mites differed between male and female beetles. A total of 176 beetles were collected in two sites in eastern Ontario in 2008 and 2009 using Lindgren funnel traps baited with α-pinene and ethanol lures, and 71% of hosts had mesostigmatic mites. A total of 2486 mites were collected, representing eight species, four genera, and three families (Digamasellidae, Trematuridae, and Melicharidae). Average prevalence was variable across mite species, and the number of mites per infested beetle also varied across species. Many of the mite species collected in this study have been reported from other cerambycid species, as well as from other wood-boring beetles, such as bark beetles. There was no significant sex bias in the abundance or prevalence of mites between male and female M. scutellatus, which suggests that there is no selective advantage for mites to disperse on females. This study represents the first quantitative investigation of the mites associated with M. scutellatus in Canada.
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Lancaster, Judith. "Who benefits from the equalising of age of consent provisions?: A critical analysis of the Wood Royal Commission Paedophile Inquiry recommendation for a lower minimum age of consent." Children Australia 26, no. 1 (2001): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010087.
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When the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service released its final Report on the Paedophile Inquiry in August 1997, its recommendation to remove the distinction between heterosexual and female homosexual sex and male homosexual sex by lowering the age currently set for the latter category surprised many citizens. There was concern, firstly, about the fact that the lack of satisfactory protective mechanisms in the prevailing laws would escape investigation and, secondly, that acts previously understood to be paedophilia and pederasty would be de-criminalised, thereby increasing the vulnerability of young Australians to sexual predators.The Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences) Bill, introduced into the New South Wales Parliament in October 1997, and reintroduced in 1999, suggests a firm determination to implement the Royal Commission recommendation on consent, notwithstanding the fact that such change would be implemented in the absence of community debate and without addressing the implications of de-criminalisation. Although the Bill was rejected in the Upper House on both occasions, it is believed that further attempts will be made in the near future and, again, it will be in the absence of broad community debate. It is also widely believed that, should a change of this nature be implemented in New South Wales, it will have implications for children in other states across Australia.This paper explores the implications of equalising at a lower rather than higher minimum age of consent.
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Belzak, Lisa, and Jessica Halverson. "Evidence synthesis - The opioid crisis in Canada: a national perspective." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 38, no. 6 (June 2018): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.38.6.02.
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Introduction This review provides a national summary of what is currently known about the Canadian opioid crisis with respect to opioid-related deaths and harms and potential risk factors as of December 2017. Methods We reviewed all public-facing opioid-related surveillance or epidemiological reports published by provincial and territorial ministries of health and chief coroners’ or medical examiners’ offices. In addition, we reviewed publications from federal partners and reports and articles published prior to December 2017. We synthesized the evidence by comparing provincial and territorial opioid-related mortality and morbidity rates with the national rates to look for regional trends. Results The opioid crisis has affected every region of the country, although some jurisdictions have been impacted more than others. As of 2016, apparent opioid-related deaths and hospitalization rates were highest in the western provinces of British Columbia and Alberta and in both Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Nationally, most apparent opioid-related deaths occurred among males; individuals between 30 and 39 years of age accounted for the greatest proportion. Current evidence suggests regional age and sex differences with respect to health outcomes, especially when synthetic opioids are involved. However, differences between data collection methods and reporting requirements may impact the interpretation and comparability of reported data. Conclusion This report identifies gaps in evidence and areas for further investigation to improve our understanding of the national opioid crisis. The Public Health Agency of Canada will continue to work closely with the provinces, territories and national partners to further refine and standardize national data collection, conduct special studies and expand information-sharing to improve the evidence needed to inform public health action and prevent opioid-related deaths and harms.
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Ben-Arieh, Asher, and Vered Windman. "Secondary Victimization of Children in Israel and the Child's Perspective." International Review of Victimology 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400303.
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This study has three objectives: (1) to study the needs of child victims in the criminal justice system; (2) to study the attitudes, activities and provisions of investigative authorities toward child victims and their families, as perceived by the children themselves and their parents; and (3) to study the relation between the assistance received and the child victims' and the parents' willingness to cooperate with the investigative authorities. We conducted an exploratory study of children aged 14 to 18, all victims of violence and sex crimes, and their parents. All received assistance from the Israeli Child Victim Assistance Project. The study is based on self-reports of a small, nonrepresentative convenience sample. Both the children and the parents were generally satisfied with the way the complaint was received and the subsequent investigation. However, the perspective of children is not necessarily identical to that of their parents, so it is important to address the children themselves. For example, the children were considerably more satisfied than the parents during the investigation, mostly because of the respect they received, even though other important needs — for information, explanations, and support — were not met by investigative authorities. The fulfillment of these needs had an influence on victims' willingness to cooperate with the police. Thus, to reduce children's secondary victimization, authorities should institute a system that will ensure that child victims and parents are informed and receive assistance and explanation about support and services in a timely manner.
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Simon-Kumar, Rachel, Janine Paynter, Annie Chiang, and Nimisha Chabba. "Sex ratios and ‘missing women’ among Asian minority and migrant populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: a retrospective cohort analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 11 (November 2021): e052343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052343.
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ObjectivesRecent research from the UK, USA, Australia and Canada point to male-favouring sex ratios at birth (SRB) among their Asian minority populations, attributed to son preference and sex-selective abortion within these cultural groups. The present study conducts a similar investigation of SRBs among New Zealand’s Asian minority and migrant populations, who comprise 15% of the population.Setting and participantsThe study focused on Asian populations of New Zealand and comparisons were made with NZ European, Māori, Pacific Island and Middle-Eastern, Latin American and African groups. Secondary data were obtained from the New Zealand historical census series between 1976 and 2013 and a retrospective birth cohort in New Zealand was created using the Stats NZ Integrated Data Infrastructure from 2003 to 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was SRBs and sex ratios between the ages 0 and 5 by ethnicity. A logistic regression was conducted and adjusted for selected variables of interest including visa group, parity, maternal age and deprivation. Finally, associations between family size, ethnicity and family sex composition were examined in a subset of this cohort (families with two or three children).ResultsThere was no evidence of ‘missing women’ or gender bias as indicated by a deviation from the biological norm in New Zealand’s Asian population. However, Indian and Chinese families were significantly more likely to have a third child if their first two children were female compared with two male children.ConclusionThe analyses did not reveal male-favouring sex ratios and any conclusive evidence of sex-selective abortion among Indian and Chinese populations. Based on these data, we conclude that in comparison to other western countries, New Zealand’s Asian migrant populations present as an anomaly. The larger family sizes for Indian and Chinese populations where the first two children were girls suggested potentially ‘soft’ practices of son preference.
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Hartono, M. Rudi, and Lilis Winantri. "Analisis Laporan Kepolisian No: B.210 /VIII/2018/JAMBI/SPKT.C Mengenai Alasan Dihentikannya Penyidikan Perkara Perkosaan Anak." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i2.705.
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The police are part of the criminal justice system as contained in the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and other laws, this system has the power to conduct investigations and investigations of crimes. The investigative authority is applied to the perpetrator in a criminal act or the investigative authority is enforced, and the case has been coordinated with the public prosecutor since the first wave of investigation. The same mistake. The criminal cases studied in this paper are based on the author's research data at the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation, Sub-Directorate IV of the Jambi Regional Police. This involves the Police Report Letter No: LP/B/210/VIII/2018/Jambi/SPKT “C” which contains the alleged crime of rape or intercourse with a minor. Perpetrators are threatened with articles 81 and 82 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2014 (Revised Law on Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2002). Investigators may still encounter obstacles in investigating criminal acts of raping a suspect or having sex with a minor. Not all criminal cases of rape or sexual intercourse of minors that are handled at the investigation level can be transferred to the court by the prosecutor as a public prosecutor in the process of further investigation. In this case, investigators at Sub-Directorate IV of the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation (Ditreskrimum) of the Jambi Regional Police also have the authority to not continue the investigation process or stop the investigation (SP3) in this criminal case based on considerations that the criminal case processed is not a criminal act, lack of evidence or other legal considerations. The objectives of this study are: First of all, I want to know and analyze how investigators handle cases of child rape perpetrators (case investigation, police report number: B. 2018 / Jambi / SPKT “C”). Child rape is (Police Report Number: B.210 / VIII/2018 / Jambi / SPKT "C"). The research method used in this research is Socio Legal Research, which is studying the practice of law or legislation that applies in the social life of the community. Descriptive research specifications, namely describing and analyzing a legal event that has occurred by describing the existing events.
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Kovacs, Tibor, Pierre Martel, and Maria Ricci. "A Shortened Adult Fathead Minnow Reproduction Test Developed for Investigation of Cause and Investigation of Solution Work Involving Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.012.
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Abstract The regulatory Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada has found that pulp and paper mill effluents reduce the gonad size of wild fish. In such cases, there is a need for Investigation of Cause (IOC) and Investigation of Solution (IOS) studies to find the cause(s) for these responses as well as cost-effective mitigation strategies. IOC and IOS work requires the availability of practical (in terms of time and effluent volume needs) and biologically meaningful tests for assessing fish reproduction in the laboratory. One available fish reproduction test uses adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and involves a two- to three-week pre-exposure period and a three-week exposure to a test substance. Work was undertaken to determine if both the pre-exposure and effluent-exposure phases could be reduced, leading to a shorter test with a lower effluent volume requirement. For this purpose, effluent samples were taken from two thermomechanical (newsprint) pulp mills and used in tests with ≤7 days of pre-exposure and 5 to 6 days of effluent exposure. Egg production was monitored in each test, and in tests with effluents from one mill, other endpoints - such as gonad somatic indices and whole-body sex steroid levels, as well as vitellogenin activity in males - were measured. The shortened fish reproduction test in this study provided results similar to tests of longer duration, specifically in terms of egg production, and was able to distinguish between pulp and paper mill effluents of different potencies. The test was also found to be directly applicable for toxicity identification evaluation work as it was clearly able to distinguish between the solids and soluble fractions of a biotreated newsprint mill effluent. As such, the test is a promising tool for EEM-related IOC and IOS work.
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Amilia, Yolla Fitri, Haryadi Haryadi, and Dheny Wahyudi. "Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Prostitusi secara Online." PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v2i1.12413.
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This article aims to find out and analyze the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police and find out what are the obstacles in the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police Resort. The results of the study concluded that the online prostitution crime investigation process carried out by the Jambi City Resort Police officers in overcoming online prostitution crimes, the investigators carried out the investigation process by disguising themselves and trapping the perpetrators. In this case, the operational targets of the Jambi City Resort Police are commercial sex worker service providers (pimps). Furthermore, related to obstacles in the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police, in fact, investigators in the investigation process have difficulty collecting evidence, and lack of human resources such as IT experts at the Jambi City Police Resort. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis proses penyidikan prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi dan mengetahui apakah hambatan dalam proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online yang dilakukan oleh aparat Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi dalam menanggulangi prostitusi secara online, penyidik melakukan proses penyidikan dengan cara penyamaran dan penjebakan terhadap pelaku. Dalam hal ini yang menjadi target operasi penyidik Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi ialah penyedia jasa pekerja seks komersil (mucikari). Selanjutnya, terkait hambatan dalam proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi pada kenyataannya, penyidik dalam proses penyidikan kesulitan dalam mengumpulkan alat bukti, dan kurangnya sumber daya manusia seperti ahli IT di Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi.
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Gribunov, Oleg, Gennady Nebratenko, Evgeny Bezruchko, and Elena Millerova. "Problems of the Criminal Law Assessment of Involvement in Prostitution and the Organization of This Activity Through the Use or the Threat of Violence." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(6).941-950.
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The authors examine the specific features of criminal law assessment of involvement in prostitution and the organization of this activity through the use or the threat of violence. At the beginning, they stress the urgency of counteracting the social phenomenon of prostitution, analyze the very concept of «prostitution», its debatable and problematic aspects, because it is impossible to offer a correct qualification of criminal actions connected with prostitution (crimes under Art. 240 and 241 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) without determining the boundaries of providing sexual services specifically referring to the term «prostitution». It is concluded that the key problem for determining the scope of sexual actions described by the term «prostitution» is the lack of an official definition of this term in Russian legislation as well as a wide variety of services in the modern sex industry. The authors state that the understanding of prostitution as a historical social phenomenon as a situation when a woman provides sexual services to different men by performing sexual acts with them for previously discussed material compensation is outdated and does not reflect the multiple dimensions of modern prostitution. While researching the issues of qualifying criminal acts connected with prostitution and involving the use or the threat of violence within the framework of this article, the authors have analyzed the work of both Russian and foreign scholars and studied examples of investigation and court practice. They examine the problems of legal assessment of criminal law categories «violence» and «the threat of using violence» regarding publically dangerous actions connected with the involvement in prostitution and the organization of this activity. The authors present the criteria of differentiating between corpus delicti where such actions are criminally punishable and other corpus delicti, as well as the cases that require qualification for multiple crimes. The results of this research allowed the authors to work out and present recommendations on qualifying criminal actions connected with prostitution and involving the use of the threat of violence.
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Varygin, Alexander, Elena Chervonnykh, Alexander Klementev, and Petr Pimenov. "The Institute of Staff Criminologists (Criminal Analysts): Foreign Experience and Prospects of Its Introduction in the System of Crime Prevention in the Russian Federation." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(3).506-518.
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The authors examine the possibilities of the criminological analysis of criminal situation and show the value of using modern information systems to analyze and predict crimes for the improvement of the crime prevention work of internal affairs’ bodies. They study the analytical methods that make crime prevention more productive and the key software used for criminal analysis. The article presents the results of studying the work of criminal analysts in various legal systems (the UK, the USA, Canada, South Korea, New Zealand). It contains the data of an experts’ survey conducted in June 2017. The experts were 100 employees of investigation departments, centers of counteracting extremism, economic security and corruption counteraction, employees of organization and analytical departments of the Chief Directorate of Russian Ministry of the Interior in Moscow and Moscow Region. The analysis of the work of criminal analysts in other countries and the results of the survey of experts from law enforcement bodies are used to determine the prospects of introducing the institute of staff criminologists in the crime prevention system of the Russian Federation, to develop an algorithm of criminological support in Russian internal affairs’ bodies and to outline the prospective spheres of work for staff criminologists (criminal analysts). The authors conclude that the effectiveness of the work of Russian internal affairs’ bodies on the prevention, suppression and detection of crimes could be considerably improved through the introduction of modern means and methods of criminal analysis that are currently actively used by the police of some countries. They present a conceptually new approach to the criminological support of the work of internal affairs’ bodies based on the cumulative analysis of the current legislative base of the Russian Federation, the existing theoretical approaches and the experience of organizing the work of criminal analysts in other countries. The authors express their confidence that quality and professional work of using means and methods of crime prediction could help optimize the use of available resources and authority of law enforcement bodies and, consequently, either reduce the costs of law enforcement or use the available budgets more effectively.
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Weiler, M., O. Schieir, M. F. Valois, S. J. Bartlett, L. Bessette, G. Boire, G. Hazlewood, et al. "SAT0127 REAL-WORLD PREDICTORS OF STARTING DIFFERENT ADVANCED DMARD TREATMENTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION FROM THE CANADIAN EARLY ARTHRITIS COHORT (CATCH) GROUP." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 999–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2063.
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Background:RA patients with inadequate DMARD response may be treated with a TNF inhibitor (TNFi), non-TNFi or janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) [1].Objectives:Compare characteristics of real-world early RA (ERA) patients starting TNFi, non-TNFi, and JAKi post DMARD failure.Methods:Data were analyzed from early RA patients (symptoms < 1 year) enrolled in CATCH who started TNFi, non-TNFi or JAKi as first line advanced therapy from 2014 to 2019. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and chi-square tests summarized and compared secular trends and patient characteristics initiating each class of therapy. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done.Results:246 participants started advanced therapy during the study period; (75%) female, mean(SD) age 50(14) years. First line prescriptions for JAKi increased and TNFi decreased (Fig. 1). Those receiving JAKi had longer disease duration, fewer tender joints, and lower DAS28, CDAI, ESR, MD global (all p <0.05) (Table 1). The strongest predictor of starting JAKi was province (Ontario where access is preferential for JAKi and biosimilar TNFi) (Table 2). Those prescribed TNFi had shorter disease duration, younger age, fewer comorbidities, and treatment location outside Ontario (Table 1,2). Those starting non-TNFi had higher DAS28; predictors included older age, higher education, and more comorbidities (Table 1,2).Table 1.Characteristics prior to starting advanced therapyVariableTotal Sample(N = 246)JAKi(N = 61)TNFi(N = 153)Non-TNFi(N = 32)p-value£Disease duration (months) mean (SD)39 (34.1)50.8 (39.3)32.5 (29.1)48 (38.6)0.0006DAS28 (ESR - CRP if ESR was missing) mean (SD)4.2 (1.4)3.6 (1.4)4.3 (1.4)4.8 (1.5)0.0012CDAI mean (SD)21.5 (14.8)16.5 (13.7)22.9 (14.8)24.8 (14.9)0.0089Tender joint count (0-28), median (IQR)§4 (7)2 (6)5 (8)6 (9)0.0224ESR median (IQR)§13 (20)12 (13)13 (20)28.0 (23.5)0.0448MD Global (0-10) mean (SD)4.2 (2.7)3.2 (2.7)4.4 (2.6)4.8 (2.8)0.0030§IQR: 75 – 25 percentile£p-value: ANOVA for continuous variable, chi-square for categoricalTable 2.Multinomial regression for initiating advanced DMARD therapyDisease stage & Clinical Disease ActivityAdvanced DMARDAdjusted for Age, sex, education, comorbidityFullyAdjustedφNon-TNF vs TNFJAK vsTNFNon-TNF vs TNFJAK vsTNFAge1.01 (0.98, 1.05)1.01 (0.99, 1.04)1.01 (0.97, 1.05)1.02 (0.99, 1.05)Women vs Men1.98 (0.71, 5.58)1.33 (0.63, 2.80)2.35 (0.76, 7.27)1.72 (0.73, 4.02)Education(< HS vs ≥ HS)2.92 (1.28, 6.63)1.49 (0.78, 2.86)2.83 (1.12, 7.15)2.08 (0.97, 4.47)RDCI baseline1.35 (1.01, 1.81)1.21 (0.95, 1.53)1.30 (0.95, 1.78)1.23 (0.94, 1.60)Private Insurance(No vs Yes)NINI1.26 (0.47, 3.40)0.99 (0.44, 2.25)RF PositiveNINI1.47 (0.56, 3.85)1.84 (0.82, 4.12)CDAININI1.01 (0.98, 1.04)0.97 (0.94, 1.00)RegionQuebec vs Ontario (ON)NINI0.59 (0.20, 1.72)0.44 (0.20, 0.94)West vs ONNINI1.32 (0.29, 5.98)0.11 (0.01, 0.99)φAdjusted for; baseline age, sex, education, RDCI; province; RF positive in first year; private insurance; CDAI at visit prior to initiationConclusion:Patient and physician related factors (location of practice) determined which advanced therapeutic was prescribed. JAKi use is increasing in ERA.Reference:[1]Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Published Online First: 22 January 2020Disclosure of Interests:Madina Weiler: None declared, Orit Schieir: None declared, Marie-France Valois: None declared, Susan J. Bartlett Consultant of: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie, Louis Bessette Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Gilles Boire Grant/research support from: Merck Canada (Registry of biologices, Improvement of comorbidity surveillance)Amgen Canada (CATCH, clinical nurse)Abbvie (CATCH, clinical nurse)Pfizer (CATCH, Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse)Hoffman-LaRoche (CATCH)UCB Canada (CATCH, Clinical nurse)BMS (CATCH, Clinical nurse, Observational Study Protocol IM101664. SEROPOSITIVITY IN A LARGE CANADIAN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT)Janssen (CATCH)Celgene (Clinical nurse)Eli Lilly (Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse), Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Merck, BMS, Pfizer, Glen Hazlewood: None declared, Carol Hitchon Grant/research support from: UCB Canada; Pfizer Canada, Edward Keystone Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca Pharma, Biotest, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Celltrion,Crescendo Bioscience, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Genentech Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, LillyPharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sandoz, UCB., Speakers bureau: Amgen, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Janssen Inc., Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB, Diane Tin: None declared, Carter Thorne Consultant of: Abbvie, Centocor, Janssen, Lilly, Medexus/Medac, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Medexus/Medac, Vivian Bykerk: None declared, Janet Pope Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, Merck, Roche, Seattle Genetics, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eicos Sciences, Eli Lilly & Company, Emerald, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: UCB
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Baiburin, A. A., and O. Y. Loktionova. "TRACES, INDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOOTPRINTS TAKEN AT THE CRIME OCCURANCE SITE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-4-189-205.
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The paper discusses main problems related with identification and comparative analysis of shoe prints and outlines the ways to increase the efficiency of the shoe prints inventory database use. Special focus is given to the activities of forensic departments and their work with shoe prints taken from the crime site. Forensic science plays a very important role in the struggle against crime. Forensic studies make a system of knowledge about objective laws and principles of collecting, investigating, assessing and use of the evidence. Crime traces are a part of the evidence. Their appropriate use has always occupied an essential place in forensic studies. The most typical crime traces that may be present on a crime site are the prints of fingers, hands, footprints, traces of break-in implements, vehicle tracks and biological marks. Footprints occupy the first position in the list followed by fingerprints. Investigation of footprints during a visual inspection of the place where a crime occurred permits the investigator to identify the conditions at the crime moment with the way it was committed, elicit the number of criminals and make some judgments on the criminal (-s) including sex, approximate height, movement speed and directions, presence of handicaps and the shoe type. The analysis of the shoe prints structure and inter-positioning of the footprints can help to identify the criminals’ actions and the direction of their movements. Thus the footprints make a solid informative basis of evidence to clear and prove the crime. Appropriate utilization of the footprints data as well as their subsequent identification depend on the professional skills of the crime scene team and the thoroughness of their visual inspection ways, as well as on the organizational and methodological support of all activities at the preliminary investigation stage and the quality of criminal records. The growth of crime during the last five years as well as increasing number of unsolved crimes in Russia present a serious challenge for all forensic services of the Ministry of Home Affairs and demand better efficiency of traces investigation, availability of targeted technical means and expertise in the area of crime prevention and investigation.
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Ramadhani, Erfita, and Dara Quthni Effida. "Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Prostitusi Online Anak Dibawah Umur (Studi Penelitian Kabupaten Nagan Raya)." Ius Civile: Refleksi Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan 6, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jic.v6i1.4793.
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In the pandemic era, technology is one way to do activities to facilitate a human activity, the legal aspects that regulate life which aims to regulate harmonization between humans are often violated by certain elements to gain profits, apart from globalization, prostitution also participates Entering the realm of online media, there are many pimps who promote prostitution on social media. Violating online postings violate not only moral norms but also legal norms. This social disease occurs in many areas in Indonesia, including Aceh, especially Nagan Raya. This study aims to determine Law Enforcement Against the Crime of Online Prostitution of Minors in Nagan Raya Regency and the obstacles faced in law enforcement against online prostitution crimes. The method in this study is the empirical judicial method by conducting interviews with both informants and respondents who have been determined previously. The results of the study indicate that law enforcement against online prostitution in Nagan Raya Regency has been running and a series of investigations and investigations have been carried out to uncover cases of online prostitution. From the results of the investigation conducted, it is known that the perpetrators of online prostitution crimes for minors use WhatsApp as a transaction medium. For pimps, Article 506 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) states that: "Anyone who takes advantage of the obscene acts of a woman and uses it as a livelihood, is threatened with a maximum imprisonment of one year. The obstacles faced by law enforcement in dealing with online prostitution in Nagan Raya Regency are divided into 2, namely internal and external. Internal obstacles include the lack of legal instruments to ensnare perpetrators (Commercial Sex Workers) and users (consumers) of online prostitution, the lack of police personnel who can immediately follow up on the finding of the cyber team, the need for up-to-date equipment and personnel capabilities to balance the growing cyber crime, the difficulty of completing evidence and witnesses for court filings and the lack of socialization programs related to online prostitution as a preventive measure such as outreach to students. External constraints encountered include the attitude of the people who are permissive and reluctant to report online prostitution that they encounte.
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Guimarães, Roseane de Fátima, Marie-Eve Mathieu, Ryan E. R. Reid, Mélanie Henderson, and Tracie Ann Barnett. "Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Trajectories From Childhood to Adolescence: The Influence of Sex and Body Weight Status." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0389.
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Background: Behavioral trajectories from childhood to adolescence may differ and are poorly understood. The authors estimated the trajectories of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time, and sleep duration during this period, by sex and initial weight status. Methods: Data from Quebec Adiposity and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth, an ongoing cohort study in Canada on the natural history of obesity, were used. Participants predisposed to obesity attended baseline (8–10 y old, n = 630) and follow-up visits 2 years (n = 564) and 7 years (n = 359) after baseline. Participants with completed self-reported and accelerometer-based data were included in the analyses (n = 191, 353, and 240 for MVPA, screen time, and sleep, respectively). The authors performed group-based trajectory analyses and multinomial logistic regression models. Results: Two MVPA, 3 screen time, and 2 sleep trajectories were identified. Girls were more likely than boys to belong to trajectory with lower MVPA means (odds ratio [OR] = 6.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.08 to 13.49), yet less likely to belong to the trajectory with higher screen time (OR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.97) and lower sleep duration (OR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.78). Overweight or obesity at baseline was associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to the trajectory with lower MVPA (OR = 10.99; 95% CI, 1.31 to 91.14) and higher screen time (OR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.06), respectively. Conclusions: It appears to be gender- and weight-based determinants of behavioral trajectories in this sample. These results may provide guidance for interventions in similar populations.
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Mahmood, Hamid, Mohammad Aslam, Wasifa Gul, Ammara Waqar, Athar Khan, Yasir Hassan, Faryal Murtaza Cheema, et al. "PERCEPTION." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 12 (December 10, 2016): 1554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.12.1816.
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Sex discrimination in a newborn child is still present in Pakistan. It is despite relativewealth, rapid globalization, female education and socioeconomic development. Althoughmother’s education improves quality of childcare, but still it does not reduce discriminationagainst her children. The mental torture a female goes through in a life time for being femalestarts at the time of her birth and ends only with her life. These cultural bounded thinking hasovershadowed a woman’s own perception about a daughter. But some times to a family it doesnot make any difference that the child is a son or a daughter. Aims: The aim of the Researchis to discuss how mothers of a female child feel about having a daughter if they wanted tohave a son. Objectives: To explore what are the feelings of a mother upon having a daughter.To identify why they feel what they feel. To identify what are some of the reasons behindtheir thinking. To discuss how their experiences can be used in planning for interventions offuture this can help in a better understanding of our mothers and daughters requirements.Methodology: The methodology of current research is based on qualitative anthropologicalresearch method. Period: Dec 2014 to Oct 2015. Settings: The sampling is taken from differentsocioeconomic strata. It is divided into low, middle and upper socioeconomic groups. Everystratum is with a different point of view regarding the same question. Results: “In Pakistan 42percent of women accept violence as part of their fate; 33 percent feel too helpless to standup to it; 19 percent protested and 4 percent took action against it. Discussion: It is also foundthat the middle socioeconomic group is the most crushed group of all in Pakistan. This is thestrata who wanted to be modern like upper socioeconomic group but have lesser resourcesand opportunities. Females are educated equally like males in urban areas such as Lahore,Islamabad and Karachi. However, in rural areas, the education rate is substantially lower.Recommendation: For woman there must be a right to life, security and protection fromviolence which can be mental, physical, psychological and verbal. Government should ensureeffective, prompt and impartial investigations into alleged cases of crimes and other incidents,and ensure that particular attention is paid to the investigation of such crimes and incidents andthat those responsible for such acts are effectively brought to justice and, where appropriate,punished in order to avoid impunity.
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Dugas, Erika Nicole, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, Esthelle Ewusi-Boisvert, Michael Chaiton, Annie Montreuil, and Jennifer O’Loughlin. "Early Risk Factors for Daily Cannabis Use in Young Adults." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718804541.
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Objectives: Daily cannabis use can portend problematic use or dependence. We aimed to identify early risk factors for daily cannabis use in young adults. Methods: Data were available in a longitudinal investigation of 1294 grade 7 students age 12 to 13 years at inception recruited in 10 secondary schools in Montreal, Canada, in 1999. Data on daily cannabis use were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires from 878 participants (67.9% of 1294) at age 20. The associations between each of 23 potential risk factors measured in grade 7 and daily cannabis use at age 20 were modeled using logistic regression. Results: At age 20, 44% of participants reported past-year cannabis use; 10% reported daily use. Older age; male sex; higher levels of family stress and other stress; use of alcohol, cigarettes, and other tobacco products; parent(s), sibling(s), and friend(s) smoke cigarettes; higher body mass index; higher impulsivity and novelty seeking; and lower self-esteem increased the odds of daily cannabis use. Conclusions: Children at risk of daily cannabis use as young adults can be identified early. They may benefit from early intervention to prevent problematic cannabis use.
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Biancani, Francesca. "Anti-Christ in Egypt: Sexual Danger, Race, and Crime in a Narrative of Imperial Crisis." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000071.
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For a long time, women's crime has been quite a no-go area for feminist thinkers. With the lesser frequency of female crime seemingly encouraging quantitative-minded criminologists to dismiss a gendered approach as altogether irrelevant, theories of crime, in fact, have been mostly written by and tested on men. The emergence of a feminist perspective in criminology pluralized and decentered the disciplinary epistemology with important outcomes. On one side, it paved the way for the investigation of the distinctive ways in which individuals socialized as women commit crimes, deconstructing the die-hard stereotype of female criminals’ abnormality, that is, the idea that female offenders deviate from a female standard of nondelinquency. On the other, quoting Loraine Gelsthorpe, feminist criminology “has not only developed a critique of accumulated wisdom about female offenders and victims, but has illuminated institutionalized sexism within criminological theory, policy and practice.” Feminism has stimulated the production of criminological knowledge both empirically and theoretically. As far as empirical studies are concerned, historian Philippa Levine, in a seminal piece on prostitution, crime, and empire, remarked that prostitution, erroneously conceived as a quintessentially female crime, constituted an important exception to the unquestioned association of crime and masculinity, resulting in the neglect of serious gendered analysis of crime. Here the criminalization of commercial sex can be explained by the fact that prostitution is considered to defy the very norm at the core of the power gender system, that female sexuality has to be kept monogamous, reproductive, and conjugal to service the patriarchal social order. As Levine argues, prostitution “offers the prospect not only of women defined by their sexual nature but also of a more threatening vision of women actively putting that sexuality to work for their own benefit.” As a consequence, the agency of women exchanging sex for money promiscuously outside of wedlock has been conceptualized in two different apparently paradoxical ways: women prostitute themselves either because they are abnormal, so they act out of their deviancy, or because they are forced to do so, so they act under coercion. Completely lost to these split understandings, juxtaposing blame and compassion, was obviously the meaning of women's agency and rationality, especially when these were inscribed within a logic of survival and subsistence.