Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex chromosome chain

Academic literature on the topic 'Sex chromosome chain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Sex chromosome chain.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Sex chromosome chain"

1

Daish, Tasman, Aaron Casey, and Frank Grützner. "Platypus chain reaction: directional and ordered meiotic pairing of the multiple sex chromosome chain in Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09085.

Full text
Abstract:
Monotremes are phylogenetically and phenotypically unique animals with an unusually complex sex chromosome system that is composed of ten chromosomes in platypus and nine in echidna. These chromosomes are alternately linked (X1Y1, X2Y2, …) at meiosis via pseudoautosomal regions and segregate to form spermatozoa containing either X or Y chromosomes. The physical and epigenetic mechanisms involved in pairing and assembly of the complex sex chromosome chain in early meiotic prophase I are completely unknown. We have analysed the pairing dynamics of specific sex chromosome pseudoautosomal regions in platypus spermatocytes during prophase of meiosis I. Our data show a highly coordinated pairing process that begins at the terminal Y5 chromosome and completes with the union of sex chromosomes X1Y1. The consistency of this ordered assembly of the chain is remarkable and raises questions about the mechanisms and factors that regulate the differential pairing of sex chromosomes and how this relates to potential meiotic silencing mechanisms and alternate segregation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Luykx, Peter. "Variation in sex-linked interchange heterozygosity in the termite Incisitermes schwarzi Banks (Insecta: Isoptera) on the island of Jamaica." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-052.

Full text
Abstract:
Collections of colonies of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi from mangroves around the coast of Jamaica revealed six chromosomal types, all involving variations or rearrangements of the sex chromosomes. One of the types had a heteromorphic sex bivalent in which the Y chromosome was larger than the X. The other five races had complex interchange multiples: a chain of 11, a chain of 12, a ring of 12, a ring of 14, and a ring of 18 chromosomes. The situation is similar to that described previously for Kalotermes approximatus, another member of the family Kalotermitidae, in the southeastern United States. The different chromosomal types can be arranged in an evolutionary series, each step requiring an interchange or fusion between an autosome and a previously existing sex chromosome. Such polymorphic chromosome systems, containing Y-segregating elements of different evolutionary ages, may offer an unusual opportunity for studying the sequence of changes accompanying the evolution of Y chromosomes. Key words: termite, Incisitermes, sex-linkage, translocation, interchange, Jamaica.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Grutzner, F., A. Casey, and T. Daish. "105. MEIOTIC ACROBATS: MONOTREME SEX CHROMOSOME ORGANISATION DURING SPERMATOGENESIS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs105.

Full text
Abstract:
Monotremes feature an extraordinarily complex sex chromosome system which shares extensive homology with bird sex chromosomes but no homology to sex chromosomes of other mammals (1,2,3). At meiotic prophase I the ten sex chromosomes in platypus (nine in echidna) assemble in a sex chromosome chain. We previously identified the multiple sex chromosomes in platypus and echidna that form the meiotic chain in males (1,2,4). We showed that sex chromosomes assembly in the chain in a specific order (5) and that they segregate alternately (1). In secondary spermatocytes we observed clustering of X and Y chromosomes in sperm (6). Our current research investigates the formation of the synaptonemal complex, recombination and meiotic silencing of monotreme sex chromosomes. Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) has been observed in eutherian mammals, marsupials and birds but has so far not been investigated experimentally in monotremes. We found that during pachytene the X5Y5 end of the chain closely associates with the nucleolus and accumulates repressive chromatin marks (e.g. histone variant mH2A). In contrast to the differential accumulation of mH2A we observe extensive loading of the cohesin SMC3 on sex chromosomes in particular during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase I. We have also used markers of active transcription and gene expression analysis to investigate gene activity in platypus meiotic cells. I will discuss how these findings contribute to our current understanding of the meiotic organisation of monotreme sex chromosomes and the evolution of MSCI in birds and mammals. (1) Grützner et al. (2004), Nature 432: 913–917.(2) Rens et al. (2007), Genome Biology 16;8(11): R243.(3) Veyrunes et al. (2008), Genome Research, 18(6): 995–1004.(4) Rens et al. (2004), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 101 (46): 16 257–16 261.(5) Daish et al. (2009), Reprod Fertil Dev. 21(8): 976–84.(6) Tsend-Ayush et al. (2009), Chromosoma 118(1): 53–69.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Scutt, Charles P., Yasuko Kamisugi, Philip M. Gilmartin, and Fukumi Sakai. "Laser isolation of plant sex chromosomes: studies on the DNA composition of the X and Y sex chromosomes of Silene latifolia." Genome 40, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-793.

Full text
Abstract:
X and Y sex chromosomes from the dioecious plant Silene latifolia (white campion) were isolated from mitotic metaphase chromosome preparations on polyester membranes. Autosomes were ablated using an argon ion laser microbeam and isolated sex chromosomes were then recovered on excised fragments of polyester membrane. Sex chromosome associated DNA sequences were amplified using the degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP–PCR) and pools of DOP–PCR products were used to investigate the genomic organization of the S. latifolia sex chromosomes. The chromosomal locations of cloned sex chromosome repeat sequences were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and data complementary to laser ablation studies were obtained by genomic in situ hybridization. In combination, these studies demonstrate that the X and Y sex chromosomes of S. latifolia are of very similar DNA composition and also that they share a significant repetitive DNA content with the autosomes. The evolution of sex chromosomes in Silene is discussed and compared with that in another dioecious species, Rumex acetosa.Key words: FISH, GISH, laser-microdissection, sex chromosome, Silene latifolia.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Traut, W. "Sex determination in the fly Megaselia scalaris, a model system for primary steps of sex chromosome evolution." Genetics 136, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.3.1097.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The fly Megaselia scalaris Loew possesses three homomorphic chromosome pairs; 2 is the sex chromosome pair in two wild-type laboratory stocks of different geographic origin (designated "original" sex chromosome pair in this paper). The primary male-determining function moves at a very low rate to other chromosomes, thereby creating new Y chromosomes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers obtained by polymerase chain reaction with single decamer primers and a few available phenotypic markers were used in testcrosses to localize the sex-determining loci and to define the new sex chromosomes. Four cases are presented in which the primary male-determining function had been transferred from the original Y chromosome to a new locus either on one of the autosomes or on the original X chromosome, presumably by transposition. In these cases, the sex-determining function had moved to a different locus without an obvious cotransfer of other Y chromosome markers. Thus, with Megaselia we are afforded an experimental system to study the otherwise hypothetical primary stages of sex chromosome evolution. An initial molecular differentiation is apparent even in the new sex chromosomes. Molecular differences between the original X and Y chromosomes illustrate a slightly more advanced stage of sex chromosome evolution.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Oh, Sooeun, Kyoungmi Min, Myungshin Kim, and Suk Kyeong Lee. "Sex Chromosomes Are Severely Disrupted in Gastric Cancer Cell Lines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134598.

Full text
Abstract:
Sex has not received enough attention as an important biological variable in basic research, even though the sex of cells often affects cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and response to stimulation. Knowing and considering the sex of cells used in basic research is essential as preclinical and clinical studies are planned based on basic research results. Cell lines derived from tumor have been widely used for proof-of-concept experiments. However, cell lines may have limitations in testing the effect of sex on cell level, as chromosomal abnormality is the single most characteristic feature of tumor. To examine the status of sex chromosomes in a cell line, 12 commercially available gastric carcinoma (GC) cell lines were analyzed using several different methods. Loss of Y chromosome (LOY) accompanied with X chromosome duplication was found in three (SNU-484, KATO III, and MKN-1) out of the six male-derived cell lines, while one cell line (SNU-638) showed at least partial deletion in the Y chromosome. Two (SNU-5 and MKN-28) out of six female-derived cell lines showed a loss of one X chromosome, while SNU-620 gained one extra copy of the X chromosome, resulting in an XXX karyotype. We found that simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sex determination gives a clue for LOY for male-derived cells, but it does not provide detailed information for the gain or loss of the X chromosome. Our results suggest that carefully examining the sex chromosome status of cell lines is necessary before using them to test the effect of sex on cell level.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kortschak, R. Daniel, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, and Frank Grützner. "Analysis of SINE and LINE repeat content of Y chromosomes in the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09084.

Full text
Abstract:
Monotremes feature an extraordinary sex-chromosome system that consists of five X and five Y chromosomes in males. These sex chromosomes share homology with bird sex chromosomes but no homology with the therian X. The genome of a female platypus was recently completed, providing unique insights into sequence and gene content of autosomes and X chromosomes, but no Y-specific sequence has so far been analysed. Here we report the isolation, sequencing and analysis of ~700 kb of sequence of the non-recombining regions of Y2, Y3 and Y5, which revealed differences in base composition and repeat content between autosomes and sex chromosomes, and within the sex chromosomes themselves. This provides the first insights into repeat content of Y chromosomes in platypus, which overall show similar patterns of repeat composition to Y chromosomes in other species. Interestingly, we also observed differences between the various Y chromosomes, and in combination with timing and activity patterns we provide an approach that can be used to examine the evolutionary history of the platypus sex-chromosome chain.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Fathurrahman, I., A. Kusumawati, A. Rahman, Y. Ulviani, K. D. Prihantoko, and L. Unsunnidhal. "Molecular sexing in Bos taurus using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 976, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012002.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Cattle are animals that are widely found all over the world which is the domestication of bulls. In Indonesia, domesticated cattle are used as livestock, could be meat cattle or dairy cattle. The sex of the cattle is very influential in terms of selling, especially the type of bull. Calf bull is a product of the process of artificial insemination with spermatozoa resulting in sexing. Mammals have X and Y chromosomes to distinguish their sex. Each chromosome has a special gene such as the SRY gene on the Y chromosome and the PLP gene on the X chromosome. Molecular methods are effective methods of determining the chromosomes carried by spermatozoa. Both special genes are found in the home box (GADPH) of mammals. Primer is made from the mRNA SRY (sex-determining region Y) sequence from Bos taurus with a size above 200bp (SRY B) and below 200bp (SRY A) so that optimal results are obtained between the two. The type of sample that has been used in this research was sexing semen from limousin bulls that are treated from 4 pairs of primers each. The results of the qPCR from both primers are viewed from the melt-peak graph and comparison analysis. The differences between SRY A and SRY-B primer indicates that SRY-A produces a more stable melt-peak graph than SRY B. This indicates that the SRY A primer is more stable when used for molecular verification processes using qPCR.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Sispita Sari, Yeti Eka. "Spot Urine for Sex Determination Forensic Identifications with Amelogenin Locus and Y chromosomes (DYS 19). Bercak Urin untuk Identifikasi Forensik Jenis Kelamin dengan Lokus Amelogenin dan Y Kromosom (DYS19)." Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana 20, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v20i3.2018.180-193.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractBackground: Amelogenin gene was a single copy gene located in an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. The location of amelogenin gene for identification of sex chromosome has good variability between the form and the shape of the X chromosome and the Y chromosome and between Amelogenin alleles among different populations. Purpose: To prove urine spot examination on the results of the sex determination through Deoxyribo Nucleid Acid (DNA) isolation using amelogenin and Y chromosome loci (DYS19). Methods: Spotting the microscopic examination of urine samples to determine the presence or absence of urethral epithelial cells, followed by isolation Deoxyribo nucleid Acid (DNA) in order to determine the extent and purity of DNA amplification. Then performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amelogenin locus at 106bp - 112bp and Y chromosomes (DYS19) at 232 -268 bp. Results: in 9 samples of men from 3 families with 3 kinship of different regions shows the results of different tests, because Amel Y variation between individual and populations method of determining the sex of 100% was inaccurate. In some men Amel Y can be removed entirely. This research should be visualized one band on the Y chromosome (DYS19) and the Amelogenin two bands during electrophoresis occurs misidentification of the sample as a woman. Conclusions: Identification of sex using Amelogenin locus and Y chromosomes (DYS19) has six identical and ambiguous results because the two samples shown as the sign of men but visualized as women, another sample was not visualized because of the thick level and concentration of Deoxyribo nucleid Acid (DNA).Keywords: Urine Spot, Sex Determination, Amelogenin, Y chromosome (DYS19).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Dyah Argarini, Azalea, Herjuno Ari Nugroho, Medania Purwaningrum, and Aris Haryanto. "Molecular Bird Sexing on Fischeri Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction." BIO Web of Conferences 20 (2020): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202004003.

Full text
Abstract:
Fischeri Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) found originally in Africa which has spread to many countries. In Indonesia, Fischeri Lovebird is popular as a pet animal. This lovebird is a monomorphic bird, so it is difficult to differentiate morphologically between male and female birds. In general, a male lovebird has ZZ homozygotes, whereas females' lovebird has ZW heterozygous of their sex chromosome. These sex chromosomes set used as study targets for molecular bird sexing of many species of birds because this method is effective and simple to perform. This method targeted to amplify the Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding (CHD) gene, which found into the sex chromosome of male and female birds. The objective of this study was to rapid molecular bird sexing of Fischeri Lovebird by using PCR methods. Research samples were collected from feather calamus of A. fischeri. The total sample was 11 feathers from A. fischeri. which were collected three to six feathers for each lovebird. Then the research was followed by DNA extraction from calamus feathers, DNA amplification by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products and visualization of PCR predicts by UV-Transilluminator in darkroom. It concluded that PCR amplification using NP, MP and P2 primers produced double DNA bands in size of 400 bp on Z chromosome and bp on W chromosome for female Fischeri Lovebird, whereas for male Fischeri Lovebird only produced a single DNA band in size of 400 bp on Z chromosome. From eleven samples of Fischeri Lovebird showed a total of five females and six male Fischeri Lovebirds.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex chromosome chain"

1

Guedes, Alexis Dourado [UNIFESP]. "Determinação do fenótipo sexual em uma criança com Mosaicismo 45,X/46,X,Idic(Yp): importância da proporção relativa da linhagem 45,X no tecido gonadal." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2006. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9326.

Full text
Abstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31
We report here on a girl who, despite her 45,X/46,X,der(Y) karyotype, showed no signs of virilization or physical signs of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome [UTS], except for a reduced growth rate. After prophylactic gonadectomy due to the risk of developing gonadoblastoma, the gonads and peripheral blood samples were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] to detect Y-specific sequences. These analyses allowed us to characterize the Yderived chromosome as being an isodicentric Yp chromosome [idic(Yp)] and showed a pronounced difference in the distribution of the 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism between the two analyzed tissues. It was shown that, although in peripheral blood almost all cells (97.5%) belonged to the idic(Yp) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine any degree of male sexual differentiation in the patient, as in the gonads the predominant cell line was 45,X (60%).
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Casey, Aaron Edward. "Investigating the organisation of the platypus sex chromosome chain during meiotic prophase I." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/96834.

Full text
Abstract:
Meiosis is a specialised form of cell division that occurs specifically in the gonads of sexually reproducing species. It comprises a round of DNA replication followed by two successive rounds of cell division to produce haploid gametes. Each stage is divided into four substages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase I is the longest and most complex stage of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes pair and recombine. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes has led to a number of changes in meiotic organisation. This includes the non-pairing of sex specific parts of the heteromorphic sex chromosomes and their inactivation in many species. The platypus has a unique set of 10 sex chromosomes with homology to bird sex chromosomes that exist as a chain during meiotic metaphase I. Questions of mode and extent of pairing and the existence of meiotic silencing remained unknown but can inform our understanding of the evolution and mechanisms of meiotic prophase I. Work presented in this thesis provides novel insights into evolution and meiotic organisation of the monotreme sex chromosome complex. The platypus sex chromosome chain forms during zygotene in stepwise manner, with remarkable consistency beginning at the Y5 end of the chain and ending with the X1 (Chapter 1). Synapsis generally relies on 3 main proteins; SYCP1, SYCP2 and SYCP3. Surprisingly platypuses express three different copies of SYCP3 (including a multicopy version on a Y chromosome), genes that generally exist as single isoforms in most other species. Particularly given the SYCP3Y isoform is male specific, this raises the possibility that SYCP3 paralogs may have evolved in relation to the sex chromosome chain during prophase I (Chapter 2). During pachytene, the asynaptic regions of the sex chromosomes adopt a state of folding, similar to that of the avian Z and W chromosomes during synaptic adjustment, albeit without the formation of a central element. During this time the cohesin complex is heavily loaded onto the axial elements of the asynaptic regions of the X and Y regions of the chain. Furthermore at mid-pachytene the asynaptic regions of the chain are pulled to a giant nucleolus at which time the cohesin appears to spread onto the chromosome loops of the asynaptic regions of the chain that are also coincident with DNA condensation (Chapter 3). During platypus pachytene there is global transcriptional downregulation. We observe no localised phosphorylation of the histone H2AX, a hallmark of MSCI but we do observe localised patterns of H2AFY, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 at a paranucleolar location, however the H2AFY and H3K27me3 showed some colocalisation with sex chromosomes, there was not consistent pattern and H3K9me3 was always associated with a section of chromosome 6 (Chapter 4). Together these results provide novel insights into the meiotic organisation of the monotreme sex chromosome complex and the evolution of MSCI in mammals.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2015
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Sex chromosome chain"

1

Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 2. DNA. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0002.

Full text
Abstract:
Another significant milestone was the publication in 2003 of the complete sequence of the human genome—the entire DNA contained within the forty-six chromosomes located in the nucleus of each human somatic (body) cell. Once this was published, further worldwide projects were launched to work out what the functions of these genes and other regions of the genome actually were. ‘DNA’ outlines the components of the human genome and their organization; DNA replication; mutations and correction mechanisms; polymorphisms; and new DNA technologies, including gene cloning, the polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing methods. Finally, bioinformatics and the subsequent issues of privacy and how this information could be used are discussed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Sex chromosome chain"

1

Temple, Christine M. "Klinefelter Syndrome." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0025.

Full text
Abstract:
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) was first identified by Dr. Harry Klinefelter in 1942 (Klinefelter, Reifenstein, and Albright 1942) in a report of nine tall men with hypogonadism, sparse body hair, gynecomastia, and infertility. The associated chromosome disorder 47XXY was identified several years later (Jacobs and Strong 1959). The full phenotype consists of hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, infertility, gynecomastia, sparse body hair, eunuchoid body habitus, long legs and arm span, and above-average height. However, except for hypogonadism (small testes), which is present in nearly all individuals with XXY, the physical phenotype may be quite variable. In live-born males, KS has an incidence of 1:500 to 1:1,000 (Bojesen, Juul, and Gravholt 2003; Hamerton, Canning, Ray, and Smith 1975; Ratcliffe, Bancroft, Axworthy, and McLaren 1982; Rovet, Netley, Keenan, Bailey, and Stewart 1996), with a further incidence of 1:300 in spontaneous abortions (Hassold and Jacobs 1984). Klinefelter syndrome is the most common of the sex chromosome abnormalities and the second most common chromosomal disorder after Down syndrome. The possibility that incidence is increasing has also been raised (Morris, Alberman, Scott, and Jacobs 2008). Despite this, possibly as a consequence of poor identification, the syndrome has been studied less extensively than, for example, Turner syndrome (45XO) and many other developmental disorders. Boys with KS are generally tall and long-limbed but with increasing height in the population, these characteristics alone are not necessarily distinguishing. Individuals with KS are generally not immediately identifiable, and many cases of KS remain unidentified throughout life. Up to two-thirds of cases may never be identified clinically (Lanfranco, Kamischke, Zitzmann, and Nieschlag 2004). There is no clearly identifiable facial appearance, although mandibular prognathism (a prominent lower jaw and extended chin) is reported on group analysis using radiographic cephalometry (Brown, Alvesalo, and Townsend 1993). Increased genetic screening now means that 10% of cases in the United Kingdom are diagnosed prenatally on the basis of karyotype, with a further 25% of cases diagnosed during childhood (Abramsky and Chapple 1997). However, this means that 65% of cases reach puberty undiagnosed. In Belgium, fewer than 10% of expected cases are diagnosed before puberty (Bojesen et al. 2003).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

"Hockett TABLE 4 Broad and Narrow Sense Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates for Grain Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characteristics Since 1964 Heritability" Broad sense Narrow sense Genetic advanceb Number Number Number Average Range references Average Range references Average Range references Characteristic (%) (%) reviewed (%) (%) reviewed (%) (%) reviewed Grain yield 44 5-93 26 27 0-54 11 23 3-46 10 Spike number 49 3-98 24 34 14-66 9 33 4-113 12 Kernels/spike 64 15-99 23 39 2-91 12 28 3-71 8 Kernel weight 63 24-99 22 43 13-78 10 12 2-22 9 Heading date 74 19-100 17 60 34-92 6 10 1-23 9 Lodging score 66 41-88 5 27 6-38 3 123 1 Plant height 66 4-99 30 41 8-73 13 15 1-44 11 Grain protein 53 5-98 14 32 8-76 4 16 5-22 3 Grain plumpness 62 34-90 5 43 24-58 3 18 11-24 2 Diastatic power Barley 82 55-94 5 58 23-94 3 20 Malt 68 50-86 2 Extract Barley 59 43-71 3 12 8-16 211 Malt 57 46-69 3 Spike length 66 3-98 17 50 44-56 5 20 4-34 8 'Computations were most often on the plot basis, but some were on a plant or trial mean basis. 'Given as percentage of the mean. Source: Ref. 15. barley [41] and have been used to produce homozygous sp. spontaneum and bulbosum have about 3000 and 600 lines and study segregation ratios and linkage values in ga-ascensions, respectively [46,47]. The locations of the ma-metes produced by F1 plants (haploids); produce aneu-jor base germplasm collections are shown in Table 5. ploids (triploids); and attempt to produce commercial, 2n = Working germplasm collections are found in Brazil, Bul-4x = 28 chromosome barleys (autotetraploids). Individual garia, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Slovakia, pairs of barley chromosomes have been added to the chro-Syria, the Netherlands, the United States, and Russia [48]. mosome complement of wheat [41] and used to make ge-Many composite crosses of barley are maintained in the netic and evolutionary studies of barley. Figure 8 shows a United States, with CCXLVII being the last one assigned a micrograph of barley chromosomes. number by the USDA-ARS collection [49]. A new strategy to physically relate RFLP-based genetic Recent attempts have been made to set up "core" col-linkage maps with cytological markers of the barley chro-lections of barley germplasm [50,51]. Selection of these mosomes has been devised by Sorokin et al. [44]. Morpho-genotypes can be divided into four steps: (1) definition of logically distinct translocation chromosome were mi-domain, (2) division into genetically distinct types, (3) al-croisolated, and their DNA was used as a template for location of entries over types, and (4) choice of entries polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. [51]. Cross [50] has integrated both simply inherited phe-A recent review of these techniques in cereals is given by notypically obvious markers with electrophoretic patterns Kunzel and Korzun [45]. in setting up a core collection. D. Germplasm Resources 2. Wide Crosses Reviews describing the wide crosses made in barley are 1. Collections given by von Bothmer [47,52] and Fedak [53,54]. The ori-About 25,000 barley landraces plus 25,000 breeder lines gin, taxonomy, and related species of barley are described and cultivars are preserved in collections of barley [52], as are the incompatibility, mechanisms, and cytoge-throughout the world [46]. In addition, the wild H. vulgare netics of wild barley crosses [53]. There is a general lack." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 104–10. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-12.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Sex chromosome chain"

1

Gyoneva, Lazarina, Yoav Segal, Kevin D. Dorfman, and Victor H. Barocas. "Contribution of the Minor Chain Type IV Collagen Network to the Mechanics of the Ocular Lens Capsule." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80393.

Full text
Abstract:
The ocular lens capsule (LC) is a specialized basement membrane which completely surrounds the lens. The LC serves as an attachment point for lens epithelial and fiber cells, controls lens solute and water transport, and makes accommodation possible [1]. It is primarily composed of type IV collagen (65% of dry weight), laminin, nidogen, and proteoglycans, of which type IV collagen is the main-tension resisting element [1,2]. Collagen IV monomers organize into polygonal planar networks resembling chicken wire (Fig.1) [3]. There are six different collagen IV monomers, labeled α1(IV) to α6(IV) each produced by a separate gene – COL4A1 to COL4A6. Monomers form triple helical protomers in a highly selective manner. In nature, only three monomer combinations have been discovered: the [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) protomer, referred to as the major chain, is found in all basement membranes; the α3(IV)α4(IV)α5(IV) protomer (minor chain) is found only in few basement membranes including the LC; the [α5(IV)]2α6(IV) protomer is very rare and will not be discussed further. Protomers of the same type assemble with one another to form separate networks which are known to have some differences [4]. For example, the minor chain network is more cross-linked than the major chain network. In a hereditary disease called Alport syndrome, the minor chain network is completely missing in males due to a mutation in the COL4A5 gene (located on the X chromosome) which prevents production of the α5(IV) monomer. Male Alport syndrome patients have significant ocular manifestations such as anterior lenticonus (protrusion of the lens), cataract, and even lens rupture [5] and they exhibit significant thinning of the LC. Because 1) the minor network is more cross-linked than the major network, 2) its absence affects lens shape, and 3) the LC displays pathological disruptions when it is missing, we theorize that its presence confers additional mechanical strength to the LC. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the contribution of the minor chain network to the mechanics of the LC.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Sex chromosome chain' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography