Journal articles: 'Sex and gender-based analysis'

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Menezes, S., and S. Lawrence. "Addressing sex and gender inequities in health research: sex and gender-based analysis and reporting (SGBAR)." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 37, no. 2 (February 2021): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.013.

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Bond, Johanna. "Gender and Non-Normative Sex in Sub-Saharan Africa." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 23.1 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.23.1.gender.

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This Article argues for the adoption of a gender-based framework to supplement rights promotion strategies and campaigns based on LGBTI identity. The Article draws upon feminist, queer, and trans theory to develop an expansive understanding of gender within international human rights law. An analysis incorporating such theory will catalyze more systematic promotion of LGBTI rights. Although the approach is applicable across a variety of geographic contexts, this Article uses sub-Saharan Africa as an illustrative case study. A focus on gender rights as supplementary to and interrelated with LGBTI rights offers both conceptual and pragmatic benefits in the struggle to promote LGBTI rights in the region. Specifically, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW Committee) has failed to meaningfully and systematically address discrimination and violence directed at LGBTI communities in this region. An expansion of the CEDAW Committee’s interpretation of gender would encourage the Committee to consider rights violations perpetrated against those who do not conform to gender norms, including normative expressions of masculinity and femininity. First, a focus on non-normative gender expression and sexuality expands our understanding of affected individuals from only self-identified gays and lesbians to include those who do not necessarily identify as gay or lesbian but who, nevertheless, do not conform to traditional norms of sexuality and gender expression. Second, a gender framework facilitates intersectional analysis. If adopted, this analysis would allow the CEDAW Committee to more fully explore how race, ethnicity, and nationhood construct sexuality in the post-colonial period. Intersectional analysis would also allow the Committee to capitalize on its success in raising awareness about and combating gender-based violence. Finally, a gender framework offers the CEDAW Committee and U.N. treaty bodies a discursive wedge to open conversations about sexuality, even in places with wide-spread homophobia.

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Jacmin-Park, Silke, Olivier Bourdon, Ophélie Larocque, Mathias Rossi, Sarah Kheloui, Philippe Beauchamp-Kerr, Margot Barbosa Da Torre, et al. "Sex- and gender-based analysis of coronavirus crisis competence." Psychoneuroendocrinology 119 (September 2020): 104957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104957.

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Brabete, Andreea C., Lorraine Greaves, Natalie Hemsing, and Julie Stinson. "Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis in Cannabis Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030872.

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There is evidence that sex- and gender-related factors are involved in cannabis patterns of use, health effects and biological mechanisms. Women and men report different cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms, with women reporting worse withdrawal symptoms than men. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of cannabis pharmacological interventions for women and men and the uptake of sex- and gender-based analysis in the included studies. Two reviewers performed the full-paper screening, and data was extracted by one researcher. The search yielded 6098 unique records—of which, 68 were full-paper screened. Four articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. From the randomized clinical studies of pharmacological interventions, few studies report sex-disaggregated outcomes for women and men. Despite emergent evidence showing the influence of sex and gender factors in cannabis research, sex-disaggregated outcomes in pharmacological interventions is lacking. Sex- and gender-based analysis is incipient in the included articles. Future research should explore more comprehensive inclusion of sex- and gender-related aspects in pharmacological treatments for CUD.

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Greyson, Devon L., Annelies RE Becu, and Steven G. Morgan. "Sex, drugs and gender roles: mapping the use of sex and gender based analysis in pharmaceutical policy research." International Journal for Equity in Health 9, no. 1 (2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-9-26.

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Johnson, Joy L., Lorraine Greaves, and Robin Repta. "Better science with sex and gender: Facilitating the use of a sex and gender-based analysis in health research." International Journal for Equity in Health 8, no. 1 (2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-8-14.

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Zucker, Kenneth J. "Sex/Gender Research and Meta-Analysis." Archives of Sexual Behavior 49, no. 2 (February 2020): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01651-9.

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Schluchter, Helena, Ahmad T. Nauman, Sabine Ludwig, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, and Ute Seeland. "Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis on Sex and Gender in Preparatory Material for National Medical Examination in Germany and the United States." Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development 7 (January 2020): 238212051989425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2382120519894253.

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Background: Sex- and gender-based medicine (SGBM) should be a mandatory part of medical education. We compared the quantity and quality of sex- and gender-related content of e-learning materials commonly used by German and American medical students while preparing for national medical examinations. Methods: Quantitative, line-by-line analysis of the preparatory materials AMBOSS 2017 and USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes (2017) by KAPLAN MEDICAL was performed between April and October 2017. Subjects were allocated to one of the three main fields: clinical subjects, behavioral and social science, and pharmacology. Qualitative analysis comprised binary categorization into sex- and gender-based aspects and qualification with respect to the presence of a pathophysiological explanation for the sex or gender difference. Results: In relation to the total content of AMBOSS and KAPLAN, the sex- and gender-based share of the clinical subjects content was 26.8% (±8.2) in AMBOSS and 21.1% (±10.2) in KAPLAN. The number of sex- and gender-based aspects in the behavioral and social science learning material differed significantly for AMBOSS and KAPLAN (4.4% ± 3.1% vs 10.7% ± 7.5%; P = .044). Most of the sex- and gender-related content covered sex differences. Most learning cards and texts did not include a detailed pathophysiological explanation for sex- or gender-based aspects. The knowledge provided in the preparatory documents represents only a small part of facts that are already known about sex and gender differences. Conclusions: The preparatory materials focused almost exclusively on biological sex differences and the sociocultural dimension in particular is underrepresented. A lot more evidence-based facts are known and should be integrated into the materials to reflect the importance of SGBM as an integral component of patient-centered medicine.

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Khumo Maswabi, Oitshupile. "Risk Analysis and Countermeasures of Gender-Based Violence in Botswana." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4, no. 1 (2018): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.41.2006.

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One of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world is Gender-based violence. It knows no economic, national or social boundaries. Over 67% of women in Botswana have experienced abuse, which is more than double the global average. This research on gender-based violence in Botswana focuses on the cycle of violence within abusive relationships, why victims stay in abusive relationships, and what can be done to make them leave abusive relationships, how much they know about the effects of gender-based violence, as well as the coping mechanisms of gender-based violence. Gender-based violence occurs in many ways, and it seems to be more prevalent among married couples especially where the wife is not working, and the husband is the only breadwinner in the household. This research had been carried out in Botswana. A face-to-face interview had been conducted in Botswana randomly to see if people of Botswana are aware of this disturbing phenomenon. A visit to Kagisano Women’s shelter had been undertaken, to get first-hand information because it is where abused women are given shelter. The results of the research will assist in identifying support and resources that can be put in place to combat gender-based violence in Botswana.

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McCarthy, Lisa, Emily Milne, Nancy Waite, Martin Cooke, Katie Cook, Feng Chang, and Beth A. Sproule. "Sex and gender-based analysis in pharmacy practice research: A scoping review." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 13, no. 6 (November 2017): 1045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.11.007.

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Juster, Robert-Paul, and Sonia Lupien. "A Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis of Allostatic Load and Physical Complaints." Gender Medicine 9, no. 6 (December 2012): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genm.2012.10.008.

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Greaves, Lorraine. "Missing in Action: Sex and Gender in Substance Use Research." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072352.

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Substance use and misuse is a significant global health issue that requires a sex- and gender-based analysis. Substance use patterns and trends are gendered: that is, women and men, girls and boys, and gender-diverse people often exhibit different rates of use of substances, reasons for use, modes of administration, and effects of use. Sex-specific effects and responses to substances are also important, with various substances affecting females and males differentially. Nevertheless, much research and practice in responding to substance use and misuse remains gender blind, ignoring the impacts of sex and gender on this important health issue. This special issue identifies how various aspects of sex and gender matter in substance use, illustrates the application of sex- and gender-based analyses to a range of substances, populations and settings, and assists in progressing sex and gender science in relation to substance use.

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Farhadytooli, Morteza. "Normalization of Sexuality in Gender Procedures: An Analysis of Language and Gender." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 3, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v3i2.137.

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Normalization of sexuality in gender procedures, especially the focus on theoretical frameworks of language and gender, is the main concern in this study. This study argues that gender is understood as a social phenomenon and sex as a social material and the main concentration in the research is the investigation into the use of specific frameworks to confirm the idea that there are explicit systems among normalization the sex and gender procedures for either male or female that are affected by the language and gender theories. Indeed, sexual differences are legitimized by the nature of the two-sex system and according to this system normal gender is the social sex of women and men. This is derived from the biological sex. The result of this paper can partly contribute to the language and gender usage areas as well as other academic fields such as sociolinguistics and gender studies.

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Schiebinger, Londa, Seth S. Leopold, and Virginia M. Miller. "Editorial policies for sex and gender analysis." Lancet 388, no. 10062 (December 2016): 2841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32392-3.

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Khamisy-Farah, Rola, and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. "How to Integrate Sex and Gender Medicine into Medical and Allied Health Profession Undergraduate, Graduate, and Post-Graduate Education: Insights from a Rapid Systematic Literature Review and a Thematic Meta-Synthesis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040612.

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Sex and gender are concepts that are often misunderstood and misused, being utilized in a biased, preconceived, interchangeable way. Sex and gender medicine is generally overlooked, despite the profound impact of sex and gender on health outcomes. The aims of the present rapid systematic literature review were (i) to assess the extent to which sex- and gender-sensitive topics are covered in medical courses; (ii) to assess the need for and willingness toward integrating/incorporating sex and gender medicine into health-related education; (iii) to identify barriers and facilitators of the process of implementation of sex and gender medicine in medical teaching, mentoring, and training; and (iv) to evaluate the effectiveness of interventional projects targeting curriculum building and improvement for future gender-sensitive physicians. Seven themes were identified by means of a thematic analysis, namely, (i) how much sex- and gender-based medicine is covered by medical courses and integrated into current medical curricula, (ii) the knowledge of sex and gender medicine among medical and allied health profession students, (iii) the need for and willingness toward acquiring sex- and gender-sensitive skills, (iv) how to integrate sex- and gender-based medicine into medical curricula in terms of barriers and facilitators, (v) existing platforms and tools to share knowledge related to sex and gender medicine, (vi) sex- and gender-based medicine aspects in the post-medical education, and (vii) the impact of sex- and gender-sensitive topics integrated into medical curricula. Based on the identified gaps in knowledge, further high-quality, randomized trials with larger samples are urgently warranted to fill these gaps in the field of implementation of gender medicine in educating and training future gender-sensitive physicians.

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Nowatzki, Nadine, and Karen R. Grant. "Sex Is Not Enough: The Need for Gender-Based Analysis in Health Research." Health Care for Women International 32, no. 4 (March 16, 2011): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2010.519838.

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GARDELLE, LAURE. "Gender/sex discrepancies in pronominal references to animals: a statistical analysis." English Language and Linguistics 17, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000366.

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Although the English gender system is a semantic system largely based on sex, it is well known that in references to animals there is widespread discrepancy between pronominal gender and sex, and that gender selection is dependent on speaker's point of view (degree of interest in the animal, projection of personality and so on). What is yet to be established, however, is whether point of view still prevails in references to animals when the antecedent noun specifies the sex of the referent (e.g. stallion, ewe). In that case the neuter is known to occur but there is no quantitative assessment of the phenomenon, although it is crucial to understanding the influence of sex on gender selection. This article therefore proposes a statistical analysis of gender use in personal pronouns focusing exclusively on cases in which the antecedent noun specifies the sex of the animal. The analysis is carried out at the scale of the multi-million-word Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), using Pearson's chi-square test complemented by the odds ratio estimate. Three questions are considered: how common is the neuter? Is its relative frequency the same with female animals as with males? Finally, do the proportions vary according to the position of the anaphor relative to its antecedent?

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Shi, Wen, Yuxuan Lin, Zihan Zhang, and Jing Su. "Gender Differences in Sex Education in China: A Structural Topic Modeling Analysis Based on Online Knowledge Community Zhihu." Children 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9050615.

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Considering the traditional concept of sex in China’s official discourse and lack of social support system for sex education in China, burgeoning Internet knowledge community serves as an important forum for unprepared Chinese young parents to discuss and improve sex education. In this study, we conducted a structural topic modeling analysis of sex education discussions on Zhihu, the biggest online knowledge community in China. We found attention towards sex education are biased in China, where basic sexual terminologies are mentioned, but other important topics such as reproductive health, emotional attachment, and gender identity are insufficient or even absent, failing to fulfill the goal of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE). This study paid special attention to gender differences in discussants, expected educators, and expected receivers of sex education. Findings show that boys are not considered as important sex education objects as girls, although many of them suffered from sexual assault and sexual diseases. They are always mentioned as roles that offend women rather than promoting or protecting themselves through sexual knowledge. Most discussants and expected educators of sex education are women, reflecting men’s lack of attention to sex education issues as both individuals and fathers.

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Shi, Wen, Yuxuan Lin, Zihan Zhang, and Jing Su. "Gender Differences in Sex Education in China: A Structural Topic Modeling Analysis Based on Online Knowledge Community Zhihu." Children 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9050615.

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Considering the traditional concept of sex in China’s official discourse and lack of social support system for sex education in China, burgeoning Internet knowledge community serves as an important forum for unprepared Chinese young parents to discuss and improve sex education. In this study, we conducted a structural topic modeling analysis of sex education discussions on Zhihu, the biggest online knowledge community in China. We found attention towards sex education are biased in China, where basic sexual terminologies are mentioned, but other important topics such as reproductive health, emotional attachment, and gender identity are insufficient or even absent, failing to fulfill the goal of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE). This study paid special attention to gender differences in discussants, expected educators, and expected receivers of sex education. Findings show that boys are not considered as important sex education objects as girls, although many of them suffered from sexual assault and sexual diseases. They are always mentioned as roles that offend women rather than promoting or protecting themselves through sexual knowledge. Most discussants and expected educators of sex education are women, reflecting men’s lack of attention to sex education issues as both individuals and fathers.

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Schneck, Mary M., Thomas G. Bowers, and Maria A. Turkson. "Sex-Role Orientation and Attachment Styles of Sex Offenders." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.16.21.pr0.110.2.624-638.

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Given the increase of individuals who have a history of sexual offenses, there has been an increase in research on the etiology of sex-offending behavior. The present purpose was to evaluate the relationship between sex-role orientation and attachment styles of males who were sex offenders. Analysis yielded statistically significant differences between comparison ( n = 22) and clinical groups ( n = 21) in gender roles, with little sign of the androgynous gender type for sex offenders. The offender group showed significantly lower frequency of androgyny scores and significantly higher scores on feminine and undifferentiated orientations, supporting the theoretical view of sex offenders as being “cross-sex-typed.” In addition, the sex offender group had a significantly higher mean score on anxious-avoidant relationship attachment. Based on the present findings, there appears to be a need to help sex offenders explore how their gender roles may relate to their sex-offending behavior and assist sex offenders in the development of adaptive relationships with reduced anxiety and ambivalence.

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Passos, Taciana Silveira, and Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos. "Condomless sex in Internet-based sex work: systematic review and meta-analysis." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): e22191210994. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10994.

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Objective: Meta-analyze the proportion of condomless sex traded on the Internet according to the offer on websites advertising sex work and demand in customer forums; and to examine the relationship between condomless sex and the type of sex, target-group, gender and actors involved. Methodology: Data was collected from PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect from the inception of each database to 06 March 2020, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The effect size was the proportion itself, and the dispersion was measured under 95% confidence intervals. Results: From 2041 articles, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review with 10,190 recruited individuals and 20,363 prostitution advertisements. The estimate of condomless sex trade was 0.25 (95%CI=0.17–0.34). The heterosexual-oral subgroup (0.35; 95%CI=0.18–0.52; p<0.001) and the clients (0.31; 95%CI=0.20–0.59; p=0.037) showed a significant increase in the proportion. Conclusion: The condomless sex trade was reported in one quarter of the population. Heterosexuals who practice oral sex and clients are the main predictors of condomless sex in the Internet-based sex work.

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Hendrickson, Zoé Mistrale, Anna M. Leddy, Noya Galai, S. Wilson Beckham, Wendy Davis, Jessie K. Mbwambo, Samuel Likindikoki, and Deanna L. Kerrigan. "Mobility for sex work and recent experiences of gender-based violence among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania: A longitudinal analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252728.

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Female sex workers are highly mobile, which may influence their risk of experiencing physical and sexual violence. However, there remains a paucity of research, particularly longitudinal, from Sub-Saharan Africa exploring mobility and gender-based violence among female sex workers. To address this gap, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between work-related mobility and recent experience of physical or sexual gender-based violence from a client or partner among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. A secondary data analysis was conducted using baseline and 18-month follow-up data from Project Shikamana, a community empowerment-based combination HIV prevention intervention. Responses from 387 female sex workers aged 18 years and older participating in both baseline and follow-up were analyzed. Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance estimations, accounting for clustering of female sex workers’ responses over time, were fit. Final models adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and aspects of participants’ living situations and work environments. Recent physical or sexual violence from a client or partner was common (baseline: 40%; follow-up: 29%). Twenty-six percent of female sex workers at baseline, and 11% at follow-up, had recently traveled outside of Iringa for sex work. In the final adjusted longitudinal model, female sex workers recently mobile for sex work had a 25% increased risk of any recent experience of physical or sexual gender-based violence when compared with their non-mobile counterparts (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.03–1.53; p<0.05). Interventions must identify ways–such as mobile support services, linkages and referrals to health and other social services while traveling, or the use of mobile or digital technology–to address mobile female sex workers’ unique needs while traveling. Future quantitative and qualitative research is needed to understand the context of female sex workers’ mobility and how and why mobility influences risk environments and experiences of gender-based violence.

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Mihaljević, Ana, and Milica Mihaljević. "Spol and Rod from a Diachronic and Synchronic Perspective." Collegium antropologicum 45, no. 4 (2021): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.45.4.6.

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The paper presents the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the use of Croatian words spol and rod and their Croatian Church Slavonic (polь, spolь, and rodь) and English (sex and gender) equivalents. The starting points for diachronic analysis are dictionaries and dictionary data, while the synchronic analysis is additionally based on the corpora and the Internet. The paper focuses on dictionary definitions of nouns rod and spol, adjectives rodni and spolni, the relation of Croatian terms rod and spol with English terms gender and sex, the terminology of sex/gender (non)discrimination, and ways of speaking about persons of non-binary gender.

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Trenaman, Shanna C., Megan Rideout, and Melissa K. Andrew. "Sex and gender differences in polypharmacy in persons with dementia: A scoping review." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211984571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119845715.

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Purpose: To date, research studies in most disciplines have not made sex-based analysis a priority despite increasing evidence of its importance. We now understand that both sex and gender impact medication prescribing, use, and effect. This is particularly true for older adults with dementia who have alterations in drug metabolism, drug response, and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier. To better understand the influence of sex and gender on drug use in older adults with dementia, we conducted a scoping review. Methods: This scoping review systematically searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases to find published reports on polypharmacy in populations of older adults with dementia that included a sex- or gender-based analysis. Results: A total of 12 published reports were identified. Findings were cohort studies and case-control trials that commented on sex-related differences in medication use as a secondary analysis to the studies’ primary objective. These studies showed that community-dwelling women received more potentially inappropriate medications and more psychotropic medications, while nursing home dwelling men received more potentially inappropriate medications, cholinesterase inhibitors, and antipsychotics. None of the identified studies explicitly examined gender-related differences in medication use. Conclusion: This scoping review supports that there is inadequate understanding of both sex and gender differences in drug use in older men and women with dementia. To tailor medication-specific interventions to improve drug therapy for older adults with dementia, it is important that future work includes sex- or gender-based analysis of drug use.

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Tannenbaum, Cara, Robert P. Ellis, Friederike Eyssel, James Zou, and Londa Schiebinger. "Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering." Nature 575, no. 7781 (November 6, 2019): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1657-6.

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Gianakos, Arianna L., Nicole George, Angelica Pinninti, Stephanie Kwan, Dawn LaPorte, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Sex- and Gender-specific Analysis in Orthopaedic Studies." Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 478, no. 7 (March 17, 2020): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000001172.

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Stinson, Julie, Lindsay Wolfson, and Nancy Poole. "Technology-Based Substance Use Interventions: Opportunities for Gender-Transformative Health Promotion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030992.

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Drawing on data from a scoping review on sex, gender and substance use, this narrative review explores the use of gender-informed and technology-based approaches in substance use prevention and health promotion interventions. With an ever-changing landscape of new technological developments, an understanding of how technology-based interventions can address sex, gender, and intersecting equity considerations related to substance use is warranted. Current technology-based approaches to substance use prevention and health promotion are described and assessed for gender-specific and gender transformative outcomes, and limitations are discussed related to inclusivity, access, confidentiality, and a dearth of research on technological approaches that integrate gender-based analysis. A call for action designed to advance technology-based health promotion, prevention and brief interventions that address gender equity simultaneously with substance use is proposed.

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Lee, James J., Sylvester G. Ramirez, and Michael J. Will. "Gender and Racial Variations in Cephalometric Analysis." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 4 (October 1997): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)70121-9.

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Cephalometric analysis has earned a vital role in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. However, the normal measurements cited in the literature are not sex or race specific. Skeletal differences in sexes and races have been established. This study was initiated to examine whether race and sex variations in soft tissue and skeletal measurements exist in cephalometric analysis. A total of 89 volunteers of different race and sex participated in this study. The data support the hypothesis that there are statistically significant differences in (1) sella-nasion-subspinale angle (SNA) between black men, and both Caucasian and Hispanic men, (2) sella-nasion-supramentale angle (SNB) between black men and Caucasian men, (3) posterior airway space between Caucasian men and women, and (4) mandibular plane to hyoid distance between Caucasian men and women. These data suggest that only SNA and SNB need racial specificity. Furthermore, Caucasian women need a separate set of normal values from men, specifically posterior airway space and mandibular plane to hyoid bone.

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Bermime, Youness, and Mohamed Benzidan. "Premarital Sexuality and Gender in Morocco." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.498.

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The rise in the average age of marriage calls into question the sexual activity of young Moroccans. This study investigates the attitudes toward premarital sex and its practice among young Moroccans. Data was collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed based on gender. The results show that 40.2% of unmarried, young Moroccans, mostly men, have premarital sex. The analysis shows how cultural biases result in significant gender differences in practice and attitudes toward premarital sex. These gender differences signal a double standard that results in a dysfunctional Moroccan society.

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Hemsing, N., and L. Greaves. "Cross Canada Forum: The national lung health framework: an opportunity for gender analysis." Chronic Diseases in Canada 29, no. 2 (2009): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.29.2.07.

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Smoking related respiratory diseases in Canada represent a huge social and economic burden for both women and men. This article addresses the potential impact of the National Lung Health Framework for reducing disparities between women and men in respiratory health and between sub-populations of women and men. A preliminary analysis of the existing framework documents indicates that sex and gender factors, differences and influences have not yet been clearly or sufficiently identified. Yet, there are sex and gender issues related to tobacco prevention and cessation, lung health and lung disease. In particular, we consider the specific respiratory health needs and experiences of women to demonstrate the need for sex and gender-based analysis within the framework. For example, while there is inconsistent evidence regarding quit rates, women and men have different cessation patterns and reasons for smoking. Although creating a Canada-specific approach to lung health is an important initiative, the sex and gender issues associated with respiratory disease and health need to be explicitly addressed in the planning and development stages of the framework in order to have a beneficial and lasting impact on both women and men.

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Manzoor, Seema, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Rauf. "Analysis Of Gender Stereotypes In Movies." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v4i1.298.

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Structure of the society is the arrangement of various factors on the basis of traditions and ethics, and these values are transferred from generation to generation. The most important thing is that the pattern of the society should be balanced, which is obviously not practical in our society as this trend is seen in all aspects of our life. Media is a very important institution, yet it has not portrayed women in positive manner. If we see film medium, women are represented as sex object and commodity in a stereotypical roles. This under representation of women in movies created imbalance in the society, yet it also embeds a negative and inferior image of women in people’s mind. In this study, to highlight these issues library research and content analysis is used to analyze gender stereotype in movies because women are projected and used as commodity in movies which distorts their image.

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Lau, Francis, Marcy Antonio, Kelly Davison, Roz Queen, and Katie Bryski. "An Environmental Scan of Sex and Gender in Electronic Health Records: Analysis of Public Information Sources." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e20050. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20050.

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Background Historically, the terms sex and gender have been used interchangeably as a binary attribute to describe a person as male or female, even though there is growing recognition that sex and gender are distinct concepts. The lack of sex and gender delineation in electronic health records (EHRs) may be perpetuating the inequities experienced by the transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) populations. Objective This study aims to conduct an environmental scan to understand how sex and gender are defined and implemented in existing Canadian EHRs and current international health information standards. Methods We examined public information sources on sex and gender definitions in existing Canadian EHRs and international standards communities. Definitions refer to data element names, code systems, and value sets in the descriptions of EHRs and standards. The study was built on an earlier environment scan by Canada Health Infoway, supplemented with sex and gender definitions from international standards communities. For the analysis, we examined the definitions for clarity, consistency, and accuracy. We also received feedback from a virtual community interested in sex-gender EHR issues. Results The information sources consisted of public website descriptions of 52 databases and 55 data standards from 12 Canadian entities and 10 standards communities. There are variations in the definition and implementation of sex and gender in Canadian EHRs and international health information standards. There is a lack of clarity in some sex and gender concepts. There is inconsistency in the data element names, code systems, and value sets used to represent sex and gender concepts across EHRs. The appropriateness and adequacy of some value options are questioned as our societal understanding of sexual health evolves. Outdated value options raise concerns about current EHRs supporting the provision of culturally competent, safe, and affirmative health care. The limited options also perpetuate the inequities faced by the TGNB populations. The expanded sex and gender definitions from leading Canadian organizations and international standards communities have brought challenges in how to migrate these definitions into existing EHRs. We proposed 6 high-level actions, which are to articulate the need for this work, reach consensus on sex and gender concepts, reach consensus on expanded sex and gender definitions in EHRs, develop a coordinated action plan, embrace EHR change from socio-organizational and technical aspects to ensure success, and demonstrate the benefits in tangible terms. Conclusions There are variations in sex and gender concepts across Canadian EHRs and the health information standards that support them. Although there are efforts to modernize sex and gender concept definitions, we need decisive and coordinated actions to ensure clarity, consistency, and competency in the definition and implementation of sex and gender concepts in EHRs. This work has implications for addressing the inequities of TGNB populations in Canada.

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Brabete, Andreea C., Lorraine Greaves, Mira Maximos, Ella Huber, Alice Li, and Mê-Linh Lê. "A Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions: A Scoping Review of Pharmacovigilance Databases." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15030298.

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Drug-related adverse events or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are currently partially or substantially under-reported. ADR reporting systems need to expand their focus to include sex- and gender-related factors in order to understand, prevent, or reduce the occurrence of ADRs in all people, particularly women. This scoping review describes adverse drug reactions reported to international pharmacovigilance databases. It identifies the drug classes most commonly associated with ADRs and synthesizes the evidence on ADRs utilizing a sex- and gender-based analysis plus (SGBA+) to assess the differential outcomes reported in the individual studies. We developed a systematic search strategy and applied it to six electronic databases, ultimately including 35 papers. Overall, the evidence shows that women are involved in more ADR reports than men across different countries, although in some cases, men experience more serious ADRs. Most studies were conducted in higher-income countries; the terms adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events are used interchangeably, and there is a lack of standardization between systems. Additional research is needed to identify the relationships between sex- and gender-related factors in the occurrence and reporting of ADRs to adequately detect and prevent ADRs, as well as to tailor and prepare effective reporting for the lifecycle management of drugs.

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Mihaljević, Ana, Josip Mihaljević, and Milica Mihaljević. "Speaking About People of Non-Binary Sex/Gender in Croatian." Collegium antropologicum 46, no. 3 (2022): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.46.3.1.

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The paper analyzes different language problems connected with speaking about people of non-binary sex/gender in Croatian. Research is based on corpus analysis. One of the authors compiled the Croatian Gender Corpus using the Sketch Engine corpus compiling software for this analysis. The authors analyze these issues connected with speaking about nonbinary people: using nouns of masculine, neutral, or feminine gender; using masculine, neutral, or feminine pronouns and verbal forms; ways of addressing a non-binary person, normative problems noticed in the Croatian Gender Corpus. Some issues are compared to the situation in other languages.

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Murstein, Bernard I., and Alan Tuerkheimer. "Gender Differences in Love, Sex, and Motivation for Sex." Psychological Reports 82, no. 2 (April 1998): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.2.435.

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In 1989 Sprague and Quadagno reported a significant interaction between sex and age for “motive for sexual intercourse” (affection-closeness vs physical release). Young men exceeded women in physical release as primary motive for sex, but women exceeded men in this choice at an older age. We conducted a modified replication, and we also studied Rubin's Love Scale, sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment. Analysis did not confirm the earlier findings. For 60 men and 60 women differences were found for sexual interest, frequency of sexual arousal, and sexual enjoyment, with men scoring higher. Scores on Rubin's Love Scale did not differentiate the sexes.

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Ruslan, Rio Mandala Putra, Moriko Pratiningrum, and Eva Rachmi. "Analysis of Age, Gender and H Analysis of Age, Gender and Hearing Loss in Early Stage Drug-Resistant TB Patients at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30650/jik.v9i1.1371.

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ABSTRACT Hearing loss is one of the side effects of using kanamycin. Hearing loss will reduce the ability to receive information and verbal communication which will interfere with daily activities. This study aims to determine the relationship between age, sex on hearing loss and hearing loss in patients with drug-resistant TB during kanamycin treatment. The design of this study was cross sectional using purposive sampling. The number of samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 12 patients. The results show that hearing loss is not related to age (p = 0.293), sex (p = 1,000), and hearing loss (p = 0.182). Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there is no relationship between age, sex on hearing loss and hearing loss during kanamycin administration. Keywords: Hearing Loss, Age, Sex

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Nanda, Bijayalaxmi, and Nupur Ray. "Gender Discrimination and Sex-Ratio Imbalance: A Qualitative Analysis." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i04.025.

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The article strives to engage with the notion of gender discrimination at birth. It critically examines the various trends in the Sex Ratio at Birth in order to explore the intensification of its masculinization. Gender- biased sex selection or the practice of sex determination followed by sex-selective abortion in India is considered to be the main reason for this masculinization. Decennial Census since 1991 has shed light on this through its child sex ratio data. Other survey data which capture this include the National Family Health Survey. Scholars, policy-makers, demographers and health practitioners have closely examined this form of discrimination by delving into both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The government of India has unfurled many policies, programmes and laws to counter this imbalance. However, the ratios continue to reveal severe imbalances with passage of time. Apart from the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection Act) 1994 we have the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme which was initiated in 2014. The scheme is a holistic one bringing about a tri ministerial convergence of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Women and Child Development to work on the issue. The approach of the scheme is a community approach falling largely within the rubric of enabling community health practices and participation. The paper draws on both the trends in the Sex Ratio at Birth and other data enriching it by voices from the field from districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh where the decline is one of the worst. It contextualizes the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme in this regard in order to arrive at a conclusion of what has improved in terms of numbers as well as attitudes or mindsets. It finally makes suggestions for the way forward in terms of countering gender discrimination at birth and bringing about an egalitarian society by emphasizing on the value of girl-child and women.

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Adamenko, Olga, and Olga Klymenko. "Communicative Behavior via Gender Identity (Based on the English language “Love Stories”)." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 27, no. 2 (April 12, 2020): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2020-27-2-44-70.

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The focus of the paper concerns the specific features of characters’ communicative behavior via gender identity. This study deals with two types of correlation and interaction between real and fictional text-creating subjects: the gender identity of the author and the image created in the literary text. The research procedure is based on the discourse analysis. The study proves the influence of psychological and socio-cultural factors on speech organization. Due to the combination of content- and elements of intent-analysis the author’s pragmatic intentions in the communicative process are identified. The main findings of this paper are based on the theoretical basis of gender-specified communicative behavior study and the statistical data analysis. As a result of the research the specific features of gender communicative style are defined. Besides it is claimed, that taboo words differentiate basic features of male and female speech. The further analysis of non-literary vocabulary proves that gender stereotypes in female-written novels determine the choice of language means for the creation of an ideal male and female image: neglect of moral rules (domination of taboo words provoking conflict and rivalry) or compliance of communicative norms (a rare usage of derogatory vocabulary, communication aimed at cooperation and interaction). Gender differentiation of taboo lexicon in male-written novels argues the conventional stereotype of using taboos mainly by men. The research paper represents the differences in male and female speech, connected with the phenomenon of gender stylization. It proves that style imitation of stereotypical features in the opposite-sex speech occurs in two directions: female authors imitate the masculine communicative style of characters by the domination of taboo words, whereas male authors imitate the feminine communicative style by softening expressions of both-sex characters. Thus, in conclusion the study reveals imitating and identifying features of the author’s natural gender identity, such as domination of taboo words like “damn” and “hell” in opposite-sex communication in male-written novels unlike communicative behavior of male and female characters in the novels written by women.

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NAKHANOVA, Lyazzat. "An Analysis on Sex and Gender Indicators in Language." Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 14 (September 10, 2022): 344–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1136158.

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Sosyal ve kültürel olarak inşa edilen toplumsal cinsiyet farkları ve özellikleri çağdaş toplumun en ilgi çeken meselelerinden biridir. Farklı bilim alanlarında cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet ile ilişki disiplinler arası çalışmaların son yıllardaki artışı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu makalenin genel amacı cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet ve dil ilişkileri üzerine değerlendirmelerde bulunmaktır. Dil, cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında oluşan ve anlam kazanan bazı görüş ve düşüncelerin aktarılmasıyla beraber bunlar üzerine temellenen teorik yaklaşımlar ve kuramlar üzerinden söz konusu olgular arasındaki bağlar incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylece toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsiyet olgularının dilin fonetik, morfolojik ve leksik düzeyindeki göstergelerinin tespit edilerek incelenmesi de bu çalışmanın amaçları olarak sayılmalıdır. Nitekim çalışmanın sonucunda dilin ses düzeyindeki cinsiyet göstergelerinin genellikle kadın ve erkek biyolojik ve fizyolojik altyapısından kaynaklanan cinsiyet farklılıklarına dayandığı; dildeki cinsiyet göstergelerini içeren gramer kategorilerinin toplumun diyalektik dünya algılayışı üzerine kuruldukları; dilin leksik düzeyinin, toplumsal cinsiyet göstergelerini anlamsal çağrışımlarında içermesi, leksik boyutun üstün cinsiyet işaretli düzey üzerinde kurgulandığı tespit edilmiştir.

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Duchesne, Annie, Cara Tannenbaum, and Gillian Einstein. "Funding agency mechanisms to increase sex and gender analysis." Lancet 389, no. 10070 (February 2017): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30343-4.

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Verdonk, Petra, and Ineke Klinge. "Mainstreaming Sex and Gender Analysis in Public Health Genomics." Gender Medicine 9, no. 6 (December 2012): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genm.2012.10.006.

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Valentine, Anna, Shanlee Marie Davis, Amanda Dempsey, Anna Furniss, Elizabeth Juarez-Colunga, Laura Pyle, Daniel Reirden, and Natalie Nokoff. "Multicenter Analysis of Cardiometabolic-Related Diagnosesin Transgender Adolescents." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A799—A800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1626.

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Abstract Background: Studies of transgender adults on gender affirming hormone therapy have shown increased rates of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke) and features of metabolic syndrome including increased body mass index (BMI, transgender males) and dyslipidemia (transgender males and females). Studies in youth are limited by mostly small, single-center studies. With 1.8% of adolescents identifying as transgender, and increasing referral rates to gender clinics for care, more information is needed to better inform clinicians, patients and families about potential health risks in this cohort. PEDSnet, a pediatric Learning Health System, captures data from some of the largest pediatric care institutions in the U.S. We aimed to evaluate differences in diagnoses related to metabolic syndrome or cardiometabolic risk among youth with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria compared to matched cisgender controls. Methods: All youth with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria (n=4,177) and at least one outpatient encounter were extracted from the PEDSnet database (6 sites, years 2009-2019) and propensity-score matched on 7 variables (year of birth, age at last visit, site, race, ethnicity, insurance status, duration in database) to 4 controls without gender dysphoria (n=16,664). The odds of having a diagnosis of overweight/obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, liver dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or metabolic syndrome, was examined using generalized estimating equations with an interaction term for sex (as listed in the chart). Results: Of the transgender youth, 66% were female sex, 73% were white race, 9% were of Hispanic ethnicity, and 61% had private insurance. The control group was similar: 67% female sex, 72% white, 9% Hispanic, and 61% had private insurance. Transgender youth and controls both had on average 7 years duration in the database and were 16.2 years old at last visit. Transgender youth had higher odds of dyslipidemia (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.3, 1.8], p<0.0001) and metabolic syndrome diagnoses (1.9 [95% CI: 1.2, 3.0], p=0.0086), with no significant difference based on sex, as compared to controls. Transgender youth with a female sex (though not male sex) had higher odds of overweight/obesity (1.7 [95% CI: 1.5, 1.9], p<0.0001) and PCOS diagnoses (1.9 [95% CI: 1.3, 2.8], p=0.0006), as compared to controls. There was no significant difference in the odds of having a diagnosis of hypertension, dysglycemia or liver dysfunction in transgender youth compared to controls. Conclusions: This large, geographically diverse cohort of transgender youth had a higher odds of being diagnosed with dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (both sexes), as well as elevated BMI or PCOS among those with a female sex listed. Future investigations will include analyses based on GAHT prescriptions and will further inform risk analysis and monitoring guidelines in this population.

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Schlund, Annegret, Anne K. Reimers, Jens Bucksch, Stephanie Linder, and Yolanda Demetriou. "Sex/gender considerations in school-based interventions to promote children’s and adolescents’ physical activity." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 51, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00724-8.

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AbstractPhysical inactivity is an increasing problem worldwide, but especially among girls. This difference by gender increases with age. Schools serve virtually all young people in most parts of the world and can thus play an important role in promoting physical activity. In this systematic review, we qualitatively and comprehensively assessed the treatment of sex/gender considerations (from study design to discussion of results) in 56 school-based intervention studies aiming to promote physical activity in children and adolescents. In all 56 studies, the factor of sex/gender was only rudimentarily considered, regardless of the effectiveness of the intervention. The meta-analysis revealed that the interventions had significant but relatively small effects with both girls and boys, along with high heterogeneity. To obtain better information about effective strategies that promote physical activity for both girls and boys equally, researchers conducting future intervention studies should pay attention to sex/gender differences and report on how they take this factor into account.

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Azizi, Zahra, Louise Pilote, Valeria Raparelli, Colleen Norris, Karolina Kublickiene, Maria Trinidad Herrero, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, and Khaled El Emam. "SEX, GENDER AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH, AN ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC DATA FROM A POPULATION BASED STUDY." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77, no. 18 (May 2021): 3258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(21)04612-x.

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Scruth, Elizabeth Ann. "The Need for Increased Sex and Gender-Based Analysis/Subanalysis in Nursing and Medical Research." Clinical Nurse Specialist 28, no. 5 (2014): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000065.

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Schlund, Annegret, Anne K. Reimers, Jens Bucksch, Catherina Brindley, Carolin Schulze, Lorri Puil, Stephanie E. Coen, Susan P. Phillips, Guido Knapp, and Yolanda Demetriou. "Do Intervention Studies to Promote Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents Take Sex/Gender Into Account? A Systematic Review." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0666.

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Background: Physical inactivity is often reported in youth and differs among boys and girls. The aim of this study is to assess sex/gender considerations in intervention studies promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior in youth using a sex/gender checklist. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in August 2018 to identify all relevant controlled trials. Studies screened must have reported a quantified measure of physical activity and/or sedentary behavior, and identified participants by sex/gender at baseline. For evaluation of the sex/gender consideration, the authors used a sex/gender checklist developed by expert consensus. Results: The authors reviewed sex/gender considerations in all aspects of intervention development, implementation, and evaluation in 217 studies. Sex/gender aspects were only rudimentarily taken into account, most frequently during statistical analyses, such as stratification or interaction analysis. Conclusions: Sex/gender effects are not sufficiently reported. To develop guidelines that are more inclusive of all girls and boys, future interventions need to document sex/gender differences and similarities, and explore whether sex/gender influences different phases of intervention programs. The newly developed sex/gender checklist can hereby be used as a tool and guidance to adequately consider sex/gender in the several steps of intervention planning, implementation, and evaluation.

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Schüttfort, G., K. Philipp, P. de Leuw, E. Herrmann, G. Kann, P. Khaykin, C. Stephan, T. Wolf, and A. Haberl. "Sex and Gender Differences in Rilpivirine based ART - Data from the HIVCENTER Frankfurt." Current HIV Research 17, no. 5 (December 4, 2019): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x17666191104112557.

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Objectives: While Rilpivirine has shown high overall response rates in treatment-naïve patients without sex and gender specific differences in clinical trials, Sex and gender specific data in treatment experienced patients receiving rilpivirine are still limited. We conducted a 48 week efficacy and safety analysis in naïve and treatment experienced men and women using retrospective data from the HIVCENTER Frankfurt. Materials and methods: In this retrospective observational study data of all patients who received a rilpivirine based regimen at the HIVCENTER between March 2011 and December 2015 were analyzed. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with any discontinuation until week 48. Virologic response rates (FDA snapshot analysis; HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL) were assessed at week 48. Results: 194 patients (34% female) were included in the analysis. 74% were treatment-experienced and 26% naïve, respectively. Discontinuations were observed in 31 (15.9%) patients. Regarding sex differences, the proportion of discontinuations was significantly higher in women than in men (24.2% vs. 11.7%; p=0.024; ODDS-Ratio = 2.41; CI 1.12 – 5.18). Virologic failure occurred in 8 PLWHIV (4.1%). Conclusions: While virologic overall response rates to rilpivirine based ART were high for both treatment-experienced and -naïve patients the proportion of discontinuations was significantly higher in women (24.2% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.024; ODDS-Ratio = 2.41; CI 1.12 – 5.18). Although the total number of patients with virologic failure was low (4.1%), the higher rate of ART discontinuations in female patients receiving RPV require close monitoring in the first months of treatment addressing special needs of women living with HIV.

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Baldinger-Melich, Pia, Maria F. Urquijo Castro, René Seiger, Anne Ruef, Dominic B. Dwyer, Georg S. Kranz, Manfred Klöbl, et al. "Sex Matters: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Sex- and Gender-Related Neuroanatomical Differences in Cis- and Transgender Individuals Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 1345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz170.

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Abstract Univariate analyses of structural neuroimaging data have produced heterogeneous results regarding anatomical sex- and gender-related differences. The current study aimed at delineating and cross-validating brain volumetric surrogates of sex and gender by comparing the structural magnetic resonance imaging data of cis- and transgender subjects using multivariate pattern analysis. Gray matter (GM) tissue maps of 29 transgender men, 23 transgender women, 35 cisgender women, and 34 cisgender men were created using voxel-based morphometry and analyzed using support vector classification. Generalizability of the models was estimated using repeated nested cross-validation. For external validation, significant models were applied to hormone-treated transgender subjects (n = 32) and individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 27). Sex was identified with a balanced accuracy (BAC) of 82.6% (false discovery rate [pFDR] < 0.001) in cisgender, but only with 67.5% (pFDR = 0.04) in transgender participants indicating differences in the neuroanatomical patterns associated with sex in transgender despite the major effect of sex on GM volume irrespective of the self-identification as a woman or man. Gender identity and gender incongruence could not be reliably identified (all pFDR > 0.05). The neuroanatomical signature of sex in cisgender did not interact with depressive features (BAC = 74.7%) but was affected by hormone therapy when applied in transgender women (P < 0.001).

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Quigley, Adria, Caitlin McArthur, Robin Parker, and Jacqueline Gahagan. "Why we need sex- and gender-based analyses in rehabilitation research now." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 64, no. 6 (November 2021): 101472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2020.101472.

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Ward, Colleen. "Gender Stereotyping in Singaporean Children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 13, no. 3 (September 1990): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300304.

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To examine the pattern of gender stereotyping in Singaporean children, 40 5year-old and 40 8-year-old subjects were administered the Sex Stereotype Measurement II (SSMII). Although a 2 (subject sex) x 2 (stereotype sex) x 2 (age) analysis of variance revealed that overall the male stereotype was better recognised than the female stereotype and that own-sex rather than opposite-sex stereotypes were more familiar, these findings were qualified by a third-order interaction with age. These data were also compared with SSMII children's data from 24 countries, indicating that Singaporean 5-yearolds produced high stereotype scores but that 8-year-olds fell within a median range.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex and gender-based analysis'

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