Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex allocation

Academic literature on the topic 'Sex allocation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Proulx, Stephen R. "Sex Allocation." Animal Behaviour 80, no. 3 (September 2010): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.05.019.

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Policansky, David. "Evolution, Sex, and Sex Allocation." BioScience 37, no. 7 (July 1987): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310417.

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Bourke, A. F. G. "Hymenopteran sex allocation." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, no. 12 (December 1997): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)84406-0.

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Petersen, Christopher W. "Sex Allocation in Hermaphroditic Sea Basses." American Naturalist 138, no. 3 (September 1991): 650–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285240.

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Warner, D. A. "Sex Allocation. Stuart West." Integrative and Comparative Biology 50, no. 3 (May 7, 2010): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq043.

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Leigh, E. G., E. A. Herre, and E. A. Fischer. "Sex allocation in animals." Experientia 41, no. 10 (October 1985): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01952069.

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Wapstra, E., and D. A. Warner. "Sex Allocation and Sex Determination in Squamate Reptiles." Sexual Development 4, no. 1-2 (2010): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000272459.

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Martin, Kerry C., and Jay Hewitt. "Sex Differences in Reward Allocation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.981.

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Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.
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Wild, Geoff, and Stuart A. West. "Genomic Imprinting and Sex Allocation." American Naturalist 173, no. 1 (January 2009): E1—E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/593305.

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Fenster, C. B., and D. E. Carr. "Genetics of sex allocation in." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 4 (1997): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000360050046.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Nishiumi, Isao. "Sex allocation in great reed warblers." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181441.

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要旨pdfファイル:タイトル「オオヨシキリにおける性分配」
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(理学)
乙第10195号
論理博第1366号
新制||理||1132(附属図書館)
UT51-99-S312
(主査)教授 山岸 哲, 教授 米井 脩治, 助教授 今福 道夫
学位規則第4条第2項該当
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Reece, Sarah E. "Evolution and ecology of sex allocation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12849.

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Alpedrinha, J. A. C. V. "Social evolution and sex allocation theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:35e4f1c8-68ea-4395-9e67-5b72982196d6.

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The study of sex allocation is one of the most successful areas in evolutionary biology: its theoretical predictions have been supported by experimental, observational and comparative approaches. Here, I develop sex allocation theory as follows: (1) I use fertility insurance theory to predict the sex ratio strategy of the malaria parasite, in response to human medical interventions that increase mortality and decrease fertility of the parasite’s various sexual stages; (2) Haplodiploidy has been suggested as a driver of the evolution of eusociality, as under this genetic system a female may be more related to her sister than to her own offspring. I examine a model considering queen versus worker control over the sex ratio of the colony and show that haplodiploidy alone does not explain the evolution of helping; (3) I follow up this study of the haplodiploidy hypothesis by examining the idea that split-sex ratios may favour the evolution of eusociality in haplodiploid species. I study the two mechanisms of split sex ratios, that are found in natural populations and may have been important in the transition to eusociality: queen virginity and queen replacement. I focus on the impact of worker reproduction by considering the effect of woker producing a fraction of the colony offspring and by considering variation in the workers’ offspring sex ratio. My analysis shows that worker reproduction does not promote the evolution of helping in haplodiploid species; (4) I examine the evolution and function of a sterile soldier caste in parasitoid wasps from the genus Encyrtidae. Two main functions have been hypothesized for the emergence of soldiers: spiteful mediation of a sex ratio conflict in mixed-sex broods, and altruistic protection and 7 facilitation of the development of relatives. I develop a model considering variation in the oviposition behaviour of females, that may produce single-sex or mixed-sex broods. I show that, in accordance with previous theory, females are expected to produce more soldiers than males, under the sex ratio conflict hypothesis. I also show that one of the consequences of this costly conflict is that females are favoured to produce single-sex broods over mixed-sex broods.
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Johnstone-Yellin, Tamara Lee. "Effects of resource availability on sex allocation in herbivores." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/T_Johnstone-Yellin_042310.pdf.

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Lagace, Martine. "Male fitness and optimal sex allocation in Trichogramma evanescens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/MQ44200.pdf.

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Lagacé, Martine. "Male fitness and optimal sex allocation in Trichogramma evanescens." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20830.

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Fitness components of small and large males (emerging respectively from small and large hosts) of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were compared in laboratory experiments. These components were the longevity, courtship, mate competition, and daily and lifetime fertilization. Small males were less fit than large males: they had a reduced longevity, took longer to induce female mating behavior, rarely succeeded in mating females when in competition with large males and had lower fertilization capacity; female fertilized by small males oviposited in the first two days of their life only one third of the progeny of daughters mated by large males. The impact of males fitness on optimal sex allocation by females parasitoids was evaluated by measuring the primary and tertiary sex ratios (proportion of males in the progeny) produced by a female T. evanescens when ovipositing in small and large hosts (low and high quality patches). Females of T. evanescens, an arrhenotokous species, have control on the sex ratio of their offspring by regulation of the sperm's access to the egg. Certain combinations of male and female eggs deposited in a host patch result in greater fitness than others. As predicted, females produced a significantly higher proportion of males on the low quality patches. T. evanescens females adjusted the sex ratio allocated to a patch of homogeneous quality and under complete local mate competition to the expected fitness of their sons, as smaller males have a lower fitness and are expected to have low fertilization capacity and therefore fertilize less females. To optimize her fitness gain (the capacity of the individual to transmit its genes), the sex ratio is increased in order to have all daughters mated.
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Stamp, Adrienne J. "Sex allocation and gene flow in Ranunculus bulbosus L." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236481.

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Peedu, Elisabet. "Metapopulations dynamics and sex-specific resource allocation in Silene dioica." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-153613.

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Rising archipelagos provide unique settings for the study of the temporal and spatial dynamics of their biota. This offers the possibility to study the ecology and genetics of early successional processes; both between islands that differ in age and within islands when already established organisms have to keep pace with the changing environment. I have worked in the Skeppsvik Archipelago housing about 100 islands that due to land uplift vary in age, thus representing various stages of primary succession. I have utilized a naturally created metapopulation of Silene dioica, which in this archipelago is a dominant plant of the deciduous border, offering the possibility to study subpopulations on islands of different ages and in different phases of primary succession. Many plant species exist as metapopulations, which consists of many local populations which may differ in size and degree of connectivity. Metapopulations are further characterized by recurrent colorizations and extinctions of local populations, meaning that a species continually must disperse and relocate to allow for persistence in this system. For a dioecious plant species, gene flow is in the shape of seeds and pollen and to allow for the persistence of populations, it is necessary that levels of seed dispersal and pollen gene flow are enough to ensure both colonisation, establishment and subsequent population growth. Levels of seed dispersal and pollen gene flow is in turn influenced by how the two sexes partition resources between reproduction, growth and survival. In paper I, I combined a field survey, a common garden experiment and a nine-year demographic study to assess the demographic consequences of sex-specific resource allocation and to investigate if differential costs of reproduction may be a driver in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in dioecious Silene dioica. Significant somatic intersexual dimorphism was found with females being the larger sex, both in terms of above – and belowground biomass. Furthermore, the reproductive effort of females exceeds that of males across a growing season which largely confirms what has been observed earlier in dioecious, herbaceous plant species. According to the cost of reproduction hypothesis, high reproductive investment should result in trade-offs with somatic and/or life-history traits. Somatic trade-offs were not observed, and instead I found strong, positive associations between reproductive investment and vegetative growth in both males and females. Compensation mechanisms were found in both sexes although females are generally more efficient at compensating their reproductive costs. At the end of a flowering season, after having paid the current costs of reproduction, females are better than males at provisioning perennial roots and rosettes potentially influencing the ability to set future flower buds and winter survival. Trade-offs were found between current and future reproduction and survival, but this is condition dependent and compensation through frequency of flowering plays an important role. The cost of reproduction hypothesis appears to play some role in driving the somatic and demographic sexual dimorphisms observed in this system but sexual selection acting on males will be a fruitful avenue for future research. In paper II, I investigated the population genetic consequences of metapopulation dynamics in Silene dioica. The occurrence of islands in different phases of primary succession together with successional gradients across islands, makes it possible to investigate the genetic dynamics occurring in an age-structured metapopulation across several hierarchical levels. Genetic diversity and differentiation were estimated in eight young, recently colonised populations and in ten populations of an intermediate successional stage. Young populations were less genetically diverse compared to older populations, indicating that bottlenecks, created by small founding groups derived from a limited number of source populations, reduce the genetic diversity within newly founded populations. The observation of strong genetic structure both between islands and between patches with islands, indicates that gene flow is restricted across several spatial levels in this system. However, the lack of statistically significant differences in genetic differentiation between young and intermediate populations, indicates that levels of gene flow may not be high enough to reduce the genetic differentiation that arise from the initial founder event. The patterns of sexual dimorphism and the roles of males and females in Silene dioica have evolved to allow persistence in an ecological and population context of this species. The nature of this habitat, where islands rise up from the sea creating new environments for colonisation while at the same time, autogenic primary succession processes eventually leads to extinction, means that S. dioica continuously must relocate within successional phases for its persistence. The obvious success of this dioecious plant is apparent as it is one of the few dominant species in the deciduous border. This suggests that levels of seed dispersal and gene flow are sufficient enough to allow for establishment and persistence of island populations and that the sexual dimorphisms that have evolved in this metapopulation system act to increase levels of gene flow. The "live hard – die young" strategy, with extensive flowering bouts, which we find in the males may have evolved as a way of maintaining sufficient levels of genetic diversity in the metapopulation but will only be a possible strategy if there are continuous opportunities for re-establishments. Thus, the continuous land uplift that is occurring in the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia may very well be a prerequisite for the long-term persistence of this dioecious, perennial plant species.
Landhöjningsprocesser i skärgårdsmiljöer skapar nya habitat som gör det möjligt att studera naturliga populationer i ett rumsligt och tidsmässigt sammanhang. Detta möjliggör studier av ekologi och genetik i tidiga successionsprocesser, både mellan öar som skiljer sig åt åldersmässigt och inom öar, där redan etablerade organismer måste anpassa sig till en föränderlig miljö. Jag har utfört studier i Skeppsviks skärgård som rymmer cirka 100 öar. På grund av landhöjningen så varierar dessa öar i ålder och de representerar således olika stadier i primärsuccession. Jag har använt mig av en naturlig Silene dioica metapopulation lokaliserad i Skeppsviks skärgård. Många växtarter existerar i metapopulationer, vilket består av ett antal lokala populationer som kan skilja sig åt i storlek och grad av anknytning. Metapopulationer kännetecknas även av återkommande koloniseringar och utrotningar av lokala populationer, vilket innebär att en art kontinuerligt måste sprida sig för att garantera sin fortlevnad i detta system. Genflöde inom dioika växtarter är i form av pollen och frön, och för att populationer skall kunna överleva så är det nödvändigt att nivåerna av fröspridning och pollen-genflöde är tillräckliga för att säkerhetsställa både kolonisering, etablering och efterföljande populationstillväxt. Nivåer av fröspridning och pollen-genflöde påverkas i sin tur av hur de två könen partitionerar resurser mellan reproduktion, tillväxt och överlevnad. I den första studien har jag kombinerat en fältundersökning, ett frilandsexperiment och en nioårig demografisk studie för att undersöka de demografiska konsekvenserna av könsspecifik resursallokering och för att utreda om könsspecifika skillnader i reproduktiv kostnad kan vara en drivkraft för evolutionen av sexuell dimorfism hos den dioika växten Silene dioica. Jag upptäckte signifikant somatisk intersexuell dimorfism där honor hade betydligt mer ovanjordisk och underjordisk biomassa jämfört med hanar. Över en växtsäsong så investerar honorna mer resurser i reproduktion, vilket i stor utsträckning bekräftar vad som tidigare har observerats i örtartade, dioika växter. Enligt hypotesen för reproduktiv kostnad så bör en hög investering i reproduktion leda till trade-offs med somatiska egenskaper, t.ex. tillväxt. Jag observerade inga somatiska trade-offs och istället fann jag positiva associationer mellan reproduktion och tillväxt hos både honor och hanar. Båda könen verkar ha utvecklat kompensationsmekanismer, även om honorna generellt är mer effektiva i hur de kompenserar för sina reproduktiva kostnader. Vid slutet av en växtsäsong, efter att ha betalat för de nuvarande reproduktiva investeringarna, så är honor bättre än hanar på att allokera resurser till fleråriga strukturer, såsom bladrosetter och rötter. Detta kan potentiellt påverka hur de anlägger sina knoppanlag för nästkommande år och hur väl de överlever vintern. Trade-offs hittades mellan nuvarande reproduktion och framtida reproduktionsmöjligheter och överlevnad men detta var habitat-specifikt och kompensation med hjälp av hur ofta en växt blommar under sin livstid spelar en viktig roll. Hypotesen för reproduktiv kostnad verkar vara en del av förklaringen till den somatiska och demografiska könsdimorfism som observerats i detta system men sexuell selektion, som verkar på hanar, kan vara ett möjligt område för framtida studier. I den andra studien undersökte jag populationsgenetiska konsekvenser av metapopulationsdynamik i Silene dioica. Förekomsten av öar i olika faser av primär succession tillsammans med olika grader av succession inom öar gör det möjligt att undersöka den genetiska dynamiken som uppträder i en åldersstrukturerad metapopulation över flera hierarkiska nivåer. Genetisk mångfald och differentiering uppskattades i åtta unga, nyligen koloniserade populationer och i tio populationer av ett intermediärt successionsstadium. Unga populationer hade lägre genetisk diversitet jämfört med äldre populationer, vilket indikerar att genetiska flaskhalsar, skapade av fåtal antal koloniserande individer, s.k. founders, som härrör från ett begränsat antal källpopulationer, minskar den genetiska diversiteten inom nybildade populationer. Observationen av stark genetisk strukturering, mellan och inom öar, indikerar att genflödet är begränsat över flera rumsliga nivåer i detta system. Bristen på statistiskt signifikanta skillnader i genetisk differentiering mellan unga och intermediära populationer indikerar emellertid att nivåer av genflöde kanske inte är tillräckligt höga för att minska den genetiska differentieringen som uppstår från den ursprungliga founder-händelsen. Mönstren av sexuell dimorfism och hanarnas och honornas roll har utvecklats för att möjliggöra fortlevnad i ett ekologisk och populationsmässigt sammanhang hos Silene dioica. I denna livsmiljö, där öar stiger upp ur havet och skapar nya miljöer för kolonisering samtidigt som autogena primära successionsprocesser leder till utrotning, måste S. dioica kontinuerligt sprida sig mellan olika successionsfaser för att överleva. Den uppenbara framgången för den här dioika växten är uppenbar eftersom den är en av de få dominerande arterna i lövkanten. Detta tyder på att nivåer av fröspridning och genflöde är tillräckliga för att möjliggöra etablering och beständighet av ö-populationer och att de sexuella dimorfismer som har utvecklats i detta metapopulationssystem verkar för att öka nivåerna av genflöde. "Lev hårt – dö ung" -strategin med omfattande blomningar som vi finner hos hanarna kan ha utvecklats som ett sätt att upprätthålla tillräckliga nivåer av genetisk diversitet i metapopulationen men den kommer endast att vara en möjlig strategi om det finns kontinuerliga möjligheter för re-etableringar. Således kan den kontinuerliga landupphöjningen som förekommer i norra delen av Bottniska viken mycket väl vara en förutsättning för den långsiktiga beständigheten av denna dioika, fleråriga växtart.

Felaktigt angivet "Dissertation for PhD" i kolofon.

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Martel, Véronique. "Sex allocation and mating structure in the egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19695.

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Haplodiploid Hymenoptera females control the sex of their progeny, and their sex allocation is influenced by several factors. The impact of intra- and interspecific competition and of inbreeding and outbreeding on sex allocation has been studied in some species of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma. The pre-mating dispersion has also been studied. Impact of competition on sex allocation was observed for Trichogramma minutum Riley and Trichogramma pintoi Voegele. These species were chosen because of the ease with which than can be distinguish. Results show that females of both species lay more males under intraspecific competition than alone, following the Local Mate Competition theory, while only T. pintoi modifies its sex ratio under interspecific competition. Multiparasitism and natural habitat could explain this shift in the sex ratio. Trichogramma minutum, T. pintoi and Trichogramma evanescens Westwood pre-mating dispersion show that most matings occur at the emergence site. However, the three species have a potential for off-patch mating, allowing genetic exchange between sub-populations. These three species were chosen because they are classified in different groups in the genus. Finally, T. evanescens did not modify its sex ratio following inbreeding or outbreeding. The incapacity to discriminate between kin and non-kin, insufficient genetic distance in outbreeding, or the population structure could explain these results.
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Korsten, Peter. "Avian sex allocation and ornamental coloration a study on blue tits /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/298509423.

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Books on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Sex allocation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.

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Marc, Mangel, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Meeting, and Symposium Some Mathematical Questions in Biology (23rd : 1989 : Toronto, Ont.), eds. Some mathematical questions in biology--sex allocation and sex change: Experiments and models. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 1990.

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Pekka, Pamilo, ed. Evolution of social insects colonies: Sex allocation and kin selection. New York: Oxford University, 1996.

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H, Crozier R. Evolution of social insect colonies: Sex allocation and kin selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Khan, Jehangir. Gender/sex disaggregated budget allocation and actual expenditure tracking District Pishin. Quetta: Strengthening PRS Monitoring Project, 2014.

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The allocation of goods within the household: Adults, children, and gender. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1988.

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Sanz, Almudena Sevilla. Social effects, household time allocation, and the decline in union formation. Washington, D.C: Congressional Budget Office, 2005.

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Nyasulu, Dorothy. Gender analysis of the Malawi health sector wide approach: An examination of resource allocation and targeting to different needs of women, men, and other groups. [Lilongwe]: UNFPA Country Office, Malawi, 2007.

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Willner, Johan. Preferences, prejudices or profit maximization?: A study of sex discrimination in the allocation of the work force under imperfect competition. Abo, Finland: Abo Akademi, 1987.

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Willner, Johan. Who Will Be Assigned To The Well-Paid Occupations?: A study of sex discrimination in the allocation of the work force under imperfect conditions. Abo: Abo Akademi, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Herre, E. A., E. G. Leigh, and E. A. Fischer. "Sex allocation in animals." In Experientia Supplementum, 219–44. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6273-8_10.

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Crespi, Bernard J. "Sex Allocation Ratio Selection in Thysanoptera." In Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio, 214–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1402-8_7.

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Sabelis, M. W., and C. J. Nagelkerke. "Sex Allocation and Pseudoarrhenotoky in Phytoseiid Mites." In Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio, 512–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1402-8_16.

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Crozier, R. H., and P. Pamilo. "Sex Allocation in Social Insects: Problems in Prediction and Estimation." In Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio, 369–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1402-8_10.

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Casper, B. B. "The Application of Sex Allocation Theory to Heterostylous Plants." In Evolution and Function of Heterostyly, 209–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_8.

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Navara, Kristen J. "What Went Wrong at Jurassic Park? Modes of Sex Determination and Adaptive Sex Allocation in Reptiles." In Choosing Sexes, 155–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71271-0_8.

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Boomsma, J. J. "Empirical Analysis of Sex Allocation in Ants: From Descriptive Surveys to Population Genetics." In Population Genetics and Evolution, 42–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73069-6_5.

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López-Pintado, Orlenys, Marlon Dumas, Maksym Yerokhin, and Fabrizio Maria Maggi. "Silhouetting the Cost-Time Front: Multi-objective Resource Optimization in Business Processes." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 92–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85440-9_6.

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AbstractThe allocation of resources in a business process determines the trade-off between cycle time and resource cost. A higher resource utilization leads to lower cost and higher cycle time, while a lower resource utilization leads to higher cost and lower waiting time. In this setting, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization approach to compute a set of Pareto-optimal resource allocations for a given process concerning cost and cycle time. The approach heuristically searches through the space of possible resource allocations using a simulation model to evaluate each allocation. Given the high number of possible allocations, it is imperative to prune the search space. Accordingly, the approach incorporates a method that selectively perturbs a resource utilization to derive new candidates that are likely to Pareto-dominate the already explored ones. The perturbation method relies on two indicators: resource utilization and resource impact, the latter being the contribution of a resource to the cost or cycle time of the process. Additionally, the approach incorporates a ranking method to accelerate convergence by guiding the search towards the resource allocations closer to the current Pareto front. The perturbation and ranking methods are embedded into two search meta-heuristics, namely hill-climbing and tabu-search. Experiments show that the proposed approach explores fewer resource allocations to compute Pareto fronts comparable to those produced by a well-known genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization, namely NSGA-II.
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Dutta, Bhaskar, Matthew O. Jackson, and Michel Le Breton. "The Banks Set and the Uncovered Set in Budget Allocation Problems." In Social Choice and Strategic Decisions, 163–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27295-x_7.

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"CHAPTER 1. Sex Allocation." In Sex Allocation, 1–13. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400832019.1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Spekkens, Kristine, Nicholas Cofie, and Dennis R. Crabtree. "Sex-disaggregated systematics in Canadian time allocation committee telescope proposal reviews." In Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VII, edited by Alison B. Peck, Chris R. Benn, and Robert L. Seaman. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2314973.

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Lachowsky, Leanna E. "Is sex allocation in mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae, a response to male-biased mortality?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105695.

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Massand, Sagar, and Sunil Simon. "Graphical One-Sided Markets." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/70.

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We study the problem of allocating indivisible objects to a set of rational agents where each agent's final utility depends on the intrinsic valuation of the allocated item as well as the allocation within the agent's local neighbourhood. We specify agents' local neighbourhood in terms of a weighted graph. This extends the model of one-sided markets to incorporate neighbourhood externalities. We consider the solution concept of stability and show that, unlike in the case of one-sided markets, stable allocations may not always exist. When the underlying local neighbourhood graph is symmetric, a 2-stable allocation is guaranteed to exist and any decentralised mechanism where pairs of rational players agree to exchange objects terminates in such an allocation. We show that computing a 2-stable allocation is PLS-complete and further identify subclasses which are tractable. In the case of asymmetric neighbourhood structures, we show that it is NP-complete to check if a 2-stable allocation exists. We then identify structural restrictions where stable allocations always exist and can be computed efficiently. Finally, we study the notion of envy-freeness in this framework.
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Biswas, Arpita, and Siddharth Barman. "Fair Division Under Cardinality Constraints." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/13.

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We consider the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods, among agents, under cardinality constraints and additive valuations. In this setting, we are given a partition of the entire set of goods---i.e., the goods are categorized---and a limit is specified on the number of goods that can be allocated from each category to any agent. The objective here is to find a fair allocation in which the subset of goods assigned to any agent satisfies the given cardinality constraints. This problem naturally captures a number of resource-allocation applications, and is a generalization of the well-studied unconstrained fair division problem. The two central notions of fairness, in the context of fair division of indivisible goods, are envy freeness up to one good (EF1) and the (approximate) maximin share guarantee (MMS). We show that the existence and algorithmic guarantees established for these solution concepts in the unconstrained setting can essentially be achieved under cardinality constraints. Furthermore, focusing on the case wherein all the agents have the same additive valuation, we establish that EF1 allocations exist even under matroid constraints.
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Segal-Halevi, Erel, and Warut Suksompong. "Democratic Fair Allocation of Indivisible Goods." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/67.

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We study the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods to groups of agents. Agents in the same group share the same set of goods even though they may have different preferences. Previous work has focused on unanimous fairness, in which all agents in each group must agree that their group's share is fair. Under this strict requirement, fair allocations exist only for small groups. We introduce the concept of democratic fairness, which aims to satisfy a certain fraction of the agents in each group. This concept is better suited to large groups such as cities or countries. We present protocols for democratic fair allocation among two or more arbitrarily large groups of agents with monotonic, additive, or binary valuations. Our protocols approximate both envy-freeness and maximin-share fairness. As an example, for two groups of agents with additive valuations, our protocol yields an allocation that is envy-free up to one good and gives at least half of the maximin share to at least half of the agents in each group.
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Zhou, Shengwei, and Xiaowei Wu. "Approximately EFX Allocations for Indivisible Chores." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/110.

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In this paper we study how to fairly allocate a set of m indivisible chores to a group of n agents, each of which has a general additive cost function on the items. Since envy-free (EF) allocation is not guaranteed to exist, we consider the notion of envy-freeness up to any item (EFX). In contrast to the fruitful results regarding the (approximation of) EFX allocations for goods, very little is known for the allocation of chores. Prior to our work, for the allocation of chores, it is known that EFX allocations always exist for two agents, or general number of agents with identical ordering cost functions. For general instances, no non-trivial approximation result regarding EFX allocation is known. In this paper we make some progress in this direction by showing that for three agents we can always compute a 5-approximation of EFX allocation in polynomial time. For n>=4 agents, our algorithm always computes an allocation that achieves an approximation ratio of 3n^2 regarding EFX. We also study the bi-valued instances, in which agents have at most two cost values on the chores, and provide polynomial time algorithms for the computation of EFX allocation when n=3, and (n-1)-approximation of EFX allocation when n>=4.
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Cerri, G., R. Evans, C. A. Frangopoulos, M. Parrella, R. U. Pitt, J. Psychogios, S. Salvador, M. Sepielli, and B. Seyedan. "Optimum Management System With Environmental Monitoring." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0310.

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This paper describes a software package designed to optimize the economic and environmental performance of industrial cogeneration plants. The optimization is through a procedure, which optimizes the load allocation between the plant components. The computer procedure is capable of recognizing equipment status and establishes the optimum load allocation between the plant components minimizing an objective function. The objective function is related to the economic and environmental models of the plant components and to the plant boundary conditions. Two prototypes were realized based on two real cogeneration plant. The paper discusses the general modular description of the components and block diagrams of the systems. The model calibrations and load allocations are analyzed and discussed.
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Bott, Terry F., and Stephen W. Eisenhawer. "A Structured Approach to Resource Allocation." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2998.

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Allocating limited resources among competing candidates is an important problem in management. In this paper, we describe a structured and flexible approach to resource allocation using logic-evolved decision (LED) analysis. LED analysis uses logic models to generate an exhaustive set of competing alternatives and the inferential model that is used for preference ordering of these alternatives. The inferential models can use data in numerical, linguistic, or mixed forms; uncertainty in the evaluation results can be expressed using probabilistic- or linguistic-based methods. We illustrate the use of LED analysis for an allocation problem with numerical input data and for an allocation problem with only linguistic input data.
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Baun, Ward O. "Optimization of Component Reliability Allocation in a Complex Repairable System Using a System Total Reliability Risk Metric." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12826.

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The task of allocating failure rates to components within a complex repairable system is executed early in a product development process in order to set reliability targets for those components. This allocation process is often accomplished versus more than one constraint, for instance to achieve an overall system-level failure rate, λsys, and to achieve an overall system life cycle unplanned maintenance cost (LCUMC) target. Presumably, there exists an optimum component allocation solution that would most effectively meet those goals, while minimizing risk to the ultimate product. In this context, risk is defined as the probability that some subset of the components will not achieve their allocation targets, and the impact, in the form of higher λsys, higher maintenance costs and lower customer satisfaction, of those higher component failure rates. However, with only λsys and LCUMC as constraints, finding such an optimum solution is difficult. Both λsys and LCUMC move together when evaluating different solutions—as a component’s failure rate allocation is reduced, it’s expected LCUMC is proportionally reduced. This affords no opportunity for trading one criterion versus the other. Additionally, this is a multi-dimensional, multi-criteria (MDMC) optimization problem for a complex system; each component’s failure rate is one variable that may be adjusted to find the best solution. To address the first difficulty, it is proposed that a third metric, the System Total Reliability Risk (STRR), be considered to facilitate such an optimization solution. The STRR is a measure of the aggregate product reliability risk inherent in the allocation solution chosen—the probability that the overall allocation solution might not be achievable and the potential impact of that miss. It is roughly a measure of the degree of difficulty to achieving the proposed component failure rate allocations, given that different types of components in a particular service generally have a limit to the best failure rate that can be achieved in practice. Employing a measure such as STRR offers the needed optimization countering force to allow for finding an allocation solution that meets the λsys and LCUMC targets, while reducing product reliability risks by selecting an allocation solution that may be easiest to achieve in practice. Addressing the second difficulty (finding an optimum solution to the MDMC problem) is accomplished through genetic algorithm-based techniques, where those algorithms search for an allocation solution with the highest degree of “fitness”. Fitness is measured as a function of the three constraints of the problem −λsys, system LCUMC, and STRR. The practical utility of such an approach is that it finds an allocation solution which minimizes the STRR, while still meeting the customer-driven reliability targets for λsys and LCUMC.
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Garg, Jugal, and Peter McGlaughlin. "Improving Nash Social Welfare Approximations." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/42.

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We consider the problem of fairly allocating a set of indivisible goods among n agents. Various fairness notions have been proposed within the rapidly growing field of fair division, but the Nash social welfare (NSW) serves as a focal point. In part, this follows from the 'unreasonable' fairness guarantees provided, in the sense that a max NSW allocation meets multiple other fairness metrics simultaneously, all while satisfying a standard economic concept of efficiency, Pareto optimality. However, existing approximation algorithms fail to satisfy all of the remarkable fairness guarantees offered by a max NSW allocation, instead targeting only the specific NSW objective. We address this issue by presenting a 2 max NSW, Prop-1, 1/(2n) MMS, and Pareto optimal allocation in strongly polynomial time. Our techniques are based on a market interpretation of a fractional max NSW allocation. We present novel definitions of fairness concepts in terms of market prices, and design a new scheme to round a market equilibrium into an integral allocation that provides most of the fairness properties of an integral max NSW allocation.
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Reports on the topic "Sex allocation"

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Busso, Matías, and Verónica Frisancho. Good Peers Have Asymmetric Gendered Effects on Female Educational Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003247.

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This study examines the gendered effects of early and sustained exposure to high-performing peers on female educational trajectories. Exploiting random allocation to classrooms within middle schools, we measure the effect of male and female high performers on girls' high school placement outcomes. We disentangle two channels through which peers of either sex can play a role: academic performance and school preferences. We also focus on the effects of peers along the distribution of baseline academic performance. Exposure to good peers of either sex reduces the degree to which high-achieving girls seek placement in more-selective schools. High-achieving boys have particularly strong, negative effects on high-performing girls' admission scores and preferences for more-selective schools. By contrast, high-achieving girls improve low-performing girls' placement outcomes, but exclusively through a positive effect on exam scores.
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Sun, Q., M. Boucadair, S. Sivakumar, C. Zhou, T. Tsou, and S. Perreault. Port Control Protocol (PCP) Extension for Port-Set Allocation. RFC Editor, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7753.

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Nyirongo, Godwin, Chiya Mangwele, Hugh Bagnall-Oakeley, Callum Northcote, Jacqueline Chalemera, Mphatso Nowa, Phindile Lupafaya, et al. Malawi Stories of Change in Nutrition: Funding for Nutrition. Save the Children, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET), and Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.078.

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Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.
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for Development Programme, Knowledge. Using Indices to Capture Vulnerability for Development Finance in SIDS. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.066.

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This rapid review examines evidence on indices to capture vulnerability for development finance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). A key issue when it comes to aid allocation to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is whether current measures of development – such as income per capita - are truly able to reflect the unique set of challenges that these countries face. Inability to accurately measure development in SIDS can lead to substantial risk. On the one hand, aid allocation that solely relies on income levels may result in an unsustainable reduction in external support to SIDS, leaving them to face high levels of economic, environmental, and social vulnerability. On the other hand, an inadequate measure of vulnerability can lead to no clear pathway to the reduction in aid, making it very improbable for SIDS to become self-reliant, no matter how far they develop or climb the income ladder. This aim of this paper is twofold. The first is to look at whether vulnerability indices can help determine the levels of external support SIDS need. The second is to consider how this can help in determining when support can be reduced or terminated. This is achieved by considering the different indices that international organisations and multilateral development banks use to capture the vulnerability of SIDS, how they use these indices to determine thresholds for aid allocation, and the advantages and disadvantages of applying each.
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Elacqua, Gregory, Anne Sofie Westh Olsen, and Santiago Velez-Ferro. Open configuration options The Market Design Approach to Teacher Assignment: Evidence from Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003824.

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We study the advantages, trade-offs, and challenges of employing a centralized rule to determine the allocation of teachers to schools. Data come from the centralized teacher assignment program in Ecuador, "Quiero ser Maestro," conducted by the Ministry of Education. Notably, in 2019 the program transitioned from a priority based algorithm to a strategy proof mechanism, similar to the change introduced in Boston in 2005 to assign students to schools. Using the reported preferences, we conduct a counterfactual analysis and nd substantive evidence that the adjustment in algorithm resulted in greater efficiency for the school system. However, in contrast to the Boston case, we nd the benefits stem from increasing the competition for positions among teachers, rather than by the introduction of a strategy-proof mechanism.
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Khan, Amir Ullah. Islam and Good Governance: A Political Economy Perspective. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.004.20.

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It is readily apparent to everyone that there are multiple and serious concerns that face Muslim societies today. Terrorism, civil strife, poverty, illiteracy, factionalism, gender injustices and poor healthcare are just a few of the challenges to governance across the Muslim world. These are core issues for governance and public administration in any form of government. However, before we can engage with good governance within the context of Islam, we need to be clear what mean by good governance itself. A simple definition of good governance is that of an institutionalised competency of administration and institution leading to efficient resource allocation and management[1]. Another way of looking at it is as a system which is defined by the existence of efficient and accountable institutions[2]. Civil society now tends to look at good governance by way of impact measurement and how a certain set of processes result in a set of measurable and desirable outcomes.
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Macura, Biljana, Nella Canales, Inès Bakhtaoui, Richard Taylor, Elvine Kwamboka, Rocio Diaz-Chavez, Fedra Vanhuyse, et al. Effectiveness of climate change adaptation interventions in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of funding modalities: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.021.

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International climate finance plays a key role in enabling the implementation of adaptation measures. However, while there is a common metric for gauging the effectiveness of finance for mitigation – greenhouse gas emission reduction per unit of funding – no corresponding metric exists for adaptation. Instead, assessments of what works best in adaptation finance focus either on procedural aspects of funding modalities, such as equity in the allocation of funding, or on the extent to which specific adaptation activities produce the desired results. This mixed methods systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of adaptation finance and bridge the gap between those two approaches. It involves a transparent and comprehensive synthesis of the academic and grey literature on how different characteristics of adaptation projects in sub-Saharan Africa – and finance for those projects – affect adaptation outcomes, particularly in terms of risk and vulnerability to climate change impacts. Finalised adaptation projects funded by a set of the multilateral climate funds and two bilateral donors (United Kingdom and Sweden) are the focus of this review. The findings can help inform the future design and implementation of adaptation activities as well as funding decisions.
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Aremu, Fatai. Donor Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.015.

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Multiple development actors are interested in stimulating more inclusive fiscal governance. Efforts to generate greater budget transparency, citizen participation in resource allocation, and public oversight of government spending are commonplace. How can development donors and lenders support such efforts, and what are their limitations? How do their attempts to do so interact? Exploring the outcomes of two projects in the Nigerian States of Jigawa and Kaduna provide some answers to these questions. The projects pursue overlapping goals, but with different approaches. The Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn (PERL) programme funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office works in a granular and contextually adapted way in each state to construct joint government and civil initiatives that test and embed citizen engagement and oversight approaches. The World Bank States Financial Transparency Accountability and Sustainability (SFTAS) initiative offers financial incentives to states if they meet a set of common public financial management benchmarks. Their actions have been complementary in several ways, despite significant contextual differences between the states in terms of conflict dynamics and prevailing citizen–state relations. The projects also reinforced each other’s efforts on public procurement reform in Kaduna State. However, in Jigawa State, SFTAS incentives to pass a procurement law following a standard template failed to codify and may indeed reverse gains from longstanding PERL efforts supporting transparency. This illustrates how donors with similar reform objectives in the same contexts can unconsciously undermine existing efforts towards overarching public accountability goals.
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Lederman, Jaimee, Peter Haas, Stephanie Kellogg, Martin Wachs, and Asha Weinstein Agrawal. Do Equity and Accountability Get Lost in LOSTs? An Analysis of Local Return Funding Provisions in California’s Local Option Sales Tax Measures for Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1811.

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This study explores how local return provisions of local option sales taxes (LOSTs) for transportation are allocated and spent to meet local and regional transportation needs. Local return refers to the component of county LOST measures that provides funding directly to municipalities in the county to be used to meet local needs. Local return has become a fixture in LOSTs; 58 LOST measures placed on the ballot in California (as of 2019) that have included local return in their expenditure plan have an average of 35% of revenues dedicated to local return. Local return provisions in the ballot measures often contain guidelines on how a portion of the money should be spent. The allocation of local return funds to localities has rarely been discussed in research, and spending decisions have to our knowledge never been analyzed. This paper conducts a mixed-methods analysis of all LOSTs with local return, relying on ordinances and other public documents related to local return expenditures, and supplemented with interviews with officials in six counties. Findings indicate that local return provisions are crafted to balance the needs of the county across different dimensions, including trying to achieve equity between urban and rural residents, investment in different transportation modes, and meeting both local and regional policy needs. Moreover, significant accountability mechanisms provide regulations to ensure that funds are distributed to and spent by jurisdictions as promised by the measures. Overall, this research finds that local return is a vital part of LOST measures in California, allowing cities to meet local needs ranging from maintenance of local streets to funding for special programs, while simultaneously aligning local investment with regional priorities.
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Aiginger, Karl, Andreas Reinstaller, Michael Böheim, Rahel Falk, Michael Peneder, Susanne Sieber, Jürgen Janger, et al. Evaluation of Government Funding in RTDI from a Systems Perspective in Austria. Synthesis Report. WIFO, Austria, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2009.504.

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In the spring of 2008, WIFO, KMU Forschung Austria, Prognos AG in Germany and convelop were jointly commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth to perform a systems evaluation of the country's research promotion and funding activities. Based on their findings, six recommendations were developed for a change in Austrian RTDI policy as outlined below: 1. to move from a narrow to a broader approach in RTDI policy (links to education policy, consideration of the framework for innovation such as competition, international perspectives and mobility); 2. to move from an imitation to a frontrunner strategy (striving for excellence and market leadership in niche and high-quality segments, increasing market shares in advanced sectors and technology fields, and operating in segments of relevance for society); 3. to move from a fragmented approach to public intervention to a more coordinated and consistent approach(explicit economic goals, internal and external challenges and reasoning for public intervention); 4. to move from a multiplicity of narrowly defined funding programmes to a flexible, dynamic policy that uses a broader definition of its tasks and priorities (key technology and research segments as priority-action fields, adequate financing of clusters and centres of excellence); 5. to move from an unclear to a precisely defined allocation of responsibilities between ministries and other players in the field (high-ranking steering group at government level, monitoring by a Science, Research and Innovation Council); 6. to move from red-tape-bound to a modern management of public intervention (institutional separation between ministries formulating policies and agencies executing them, e.g., by "progressive autonomy").
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