Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sewerage engineering

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sewerage engineering'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Sewerage engineering.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Sewerage engineering"

1

Harada, H., N. T. Dong, and S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.

Full text
Abstract:
Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Chiba, Yasuto, Takao Jo, and Norio Ito. "Earthquake resistance of sewerage pipe line facilities." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0423.

Full text
Abstract:
As may be gathered from the fact that Japan is known as an earthquake archipelago, the country has experienced earthquakes in numerous areas in the past and has suffered from great damage as a result of these. Although the need for earthquake resistance measures in pipe line facilities has increased as a result of this earthquake damage, there is still a shortage of information regarding sewerage pipe materials that are earthquake resistant. In order to rectify this situation, Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology (JIWET) has brought together sewerage pipe materials that are considered to be both earthquake resistant and suited to open-cut method (which is the main element required in discussing the seismic resistance of sewerage pipe line systems) in a publication known as “Technical Data on Earthquake Resistant Sewerage Pipe Line Materials - Special Edition” (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Data).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

O HARE, K. J. "THE STAVELEY SEWERAGE STRATEGY." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 133, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1999.31465.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bortenschlager, Peter. "The Vienna Sewerage System." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0034.

Full text
Abstract:
After the practice for many decades had been to introduce waste waters into the nearest receiving bodies, i.e. Wien River, Donaukanal, and Danube, a multitude of intercepting sewers and a central treatment plant were built from 1969 to 1980. Subsumed under the working title “WABAS 80 -- Wiener Abwasserbeseitigungssysteme 1980”, these facilities guaranteed that all effluent produced in Vienna was brought to the central treatment plant for purification. Since 1986 a programme has been in effect to expand the existing sewage system and improve obsolete sewers, the aim being to preserve groundwater quality. Providing also for the construction of relief interceptors along the Donaukanal and the Wien River as well as the enlargement of the central treatment plant, the programme was designed not only to preserve but also to improve water quality in the Donaukanal and the Danube itself. The City has set apart AS 12 000 million for this project, which is to be completed by 2000.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Yang, Jie, Zhong Hua Tang, and Yu Song. "Probe into the Problem of Water-Saving and Energy-Saving in Building." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3275.

Full text
Abstract:
With the fast development of economy in China, some questions have come out gradually, and more and more obviously. For instance the energy in short supply, the water resource exhausted. I have made a simple analysis on the issue that some extant energy is wasted and the water resource wasted in the water supply and sewerage engineering in China, and have put forward some corresponding measures, such as full use of available municipal water supply network head, reasonable control of the flow of overpressure and decompression cost saving measures, promotion of the technology of water reuse and rainwater reuse and other measures. These measures can effectively reduce the energy and water waste in the water supply and sewerage engineering.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Ashipala, N., and N. P. Armitage. "Impediments to the adoption of alternative sewerage in South African urban informal settlements." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.746.

Full text
Abstract:
In recent decades South Africa has witnessed a substantial growth in its urban population. This growth has been accompanied by the mushrooming of informal settlements (shantytowns) flanking more formal development. The lack of adequate urban drainage in many of these informal settlements has resulted in extremely polluted environments which add to the disease burden of the poor people who live there. In many instances, informal settlements in South Africa are established on marginal land that is inherently difficult to service using conventional gravity sewerage. International experience has shown that various alternative wastewater collection systems may present more appropriate ways of providing water-borne sewerage in areas that are difficult to service by conventional means. Alternative sewerage schemes have however had a poor record of success in South African informal settlements – primarily stemming from the implementing agencies' failure to adequately address various social and institutional factors. In this paper, a review of South African experiences with simplified sewerage, settled sewerage and vacuum sewerage in urban informal settlements is used to highlight the key constraints that currently impede the application of these technologies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Harada, H., S. Matsui, N. T. Dong, Y. Shimizu, and S. Fujii. "Incremental sanitation improvement strategy: comparison of options for Hanoi, Vietnam." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 2225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.508.

Full text
Abstract:
Urban sanitation issues should be tackled strategically, and may be addressed effectively when sewerage development is pursued in conjunction with complementary sanitation measures. Five sanitation improvement scenarios employing sewerage, night-soil collection-and-treatment (NSCT) system, and/or septic-tank improvement by annual desludging were analyzed from the perspective of COD loads, total nitrogen loads, and cost under the conditions found in Hanoi, Vietnam. Compared to the development of sewerage alone, the scenario of developing NSCT systems in a complementary manner with sewerage development was estimated to be the most effective for a rapid decrease of both COD and total nitrogen loads. However, it may be difficult in some cases to replace ordinary water-flush toilets by the micro-flush toilets that are used in NSCT systems. In this case, the scenario employing septic-tank improvement in conjunction with sewerage development may be effective for a rapid decrease of COD in locations where septic tanks are widely used under poor maintenance conditions and nitrogen pollution is not serious compared to COD. It was calculated that the two scenarios above would respectively require cost increases of 16 and 22% over the sewerage development scenario.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

HODGKINSON, D. H., and C. J. FULLER. "FIRST-TIME SEWERAGE IN SEVENOAKS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 115, no. 4 (December 1996): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1996.29134.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Pochwat, Kamil. "The use of artificial neural networks for analyzing the sensitivity of a retention tank." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500066.

Full text
Abstract:
Designing retention facilities is a complex engineering process that requires the collection of the detailed hydrological data of a catchment and hydraulic sewerage system. The acquired data are necessary to prepare a model of the retention tank in appropriate software for hydrodynamic modelling. The article shows the results of tests concerning the analysis of the sensitivity of a sewerage model of a rainwater retention tank which may be implemented in this software. The results of tests allowed determining the impact of the individual hydraulic characteristics of the catchment and the sewerage system on the required retention capacity of a tank. A planned analysis is performed based on artificial neural networks and the required data are acquired by hydrodynamic simulations in SWMM 5.1.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Yang, M. D., and T. C. Su. "Automation model of sewerage rehabilitation planning." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.805.

Full text
Abstract:
The major steps of sewerage rehabilitation include inspection of sewerage, assessment of structural conditions, computation of structural condition grades, and determination of rehabilitation methods and materials. Conventionally, sewerage rehabilitation planning relies on experts with professional background that is tedious and time-consuming. This paper proposes an automation model of planning optimal sewerage rehabilitation strategies for the sewer system by integrating image process, clustering technology, optimization, and visualization display. Firstly, image processing techniques, such as wavelet transformation and co-occurrence features extraction, were employed to extract various characteristics of structural failures from CCTV inspection images. Secondly, a classification neural network was established to automatically interpret the structural conditions by comparing the extracted features with the typical failures in a databank. Then, to achieve optimal rehabilitation efficiency, a genetic algorithm was used to determine appropriate rehabilitation methods and substitution materials for the pipe sections with a risk of mal-function and even collapse. Finally, the result from the automation model can be visualized in a geographic information system in which essential information of the sewer system and sewerage rehabilitation plans are graphically displayed. For demonstration, the automation model of optimal sewerage rehabilitation planning was applied to a sewer system in east Taichung, Chinese Taiwan.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sewerage engineering"

1

Beder, Sharon Science &amp Technology Studies (STS) UNSW. "From pipe dreams to tunnel vision : engineering decision-making and Sydney's sewerage system." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies (STS), 1989. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20621.

Full text
Abstract:
The broad theme of this thesis is engineering decision-making. The various factors that shape technological development are investigated using the development of Sydney's sewerage system as a case study. The thesis focuses on various key decisions, past and present, including the choice of water-carriage technology for sewage collection, the selection of sewage treatment technologies, and on-going preference of engineers and bureaucrats for ocean disposal. Also covered are the legislative and regulatory mechanisms, the policies of the Sydney Water Board with regard to industrial waste disposal and the relationship between the Board and the public. A study was made of historical documents, engineering reports and papers, parliamentary debates, annual reports, minutes, newspaper reports and secondary sources and personal interviews were conducted. Various bodies of literature were referred to and used, including the books and articles on the history and sociology of engineers, the politics of expertise and public participation and the emerging discipline of science and technology studies. It is concluded that the development of Sydney's sewerage system has been shaped by social, political and economic factors and that engineers have played a pivotal role in the decisions made through their deliberate shaping of knowledge and the performance of predictions they have made for various options. The decisions made in this way have been defended against public opinion and public participation in the decision-making process has been kept to a minimum. This thesis supports the argument that technology is socially constructed, that the technical cannot be separated from the social, and that an interactive model of technological development is more appropriate than a linear, causal one. It shows that the role of power in the shaping of technology is crucial, and in particular the alliance of state and professional power that occurs in the shaping of public sector technology.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

de, Toledo Sobrinho Homero. "Simplified Sewerage Systems and Potential Application to Rural Louisiana Communities." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/100.

Full text
Abstract:
Today’s rapid growth in population on sub-urban areas has caused an increase in fecal coliforms to be discharged to down-streams and lakes. The unaffordability of conventional sewerage systems makes it inaccessible to big part of the population of rural communities to receive proper sanitation. Since population growth is only projected to increase during the next few years, action is necessary to change the course of the future of rural communities, more specifically described on this report, Louisiana’s communities. One option to offer affordable sewerage systems to the Louisiana region is that we utilize of the Simplified Sewerage technology. Simplified Sewerage has been tested on several municipalities around the globe, especially in Brazil. The results of its application have proven to be conclusive and beneficial to communities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Lagerbäck, Benjamin, and David Benson. "Tidsförluster inom utbyggnad av kommunalt VA i omvandlingsområden : Time loss in the development of municipal water and sewerage systems in transformation areas." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233535.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Scullin, Jerome. "Study of the Dilution of a chemical spill through tracer experiments in the Käppala Association's Sewerage Network, Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298256.

Full text
Abstract:
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in protecting the environment from much of the waste produced by humans. This includes not only human waste, but everything that makes its way into a sewerage system including greywater, stormwater, and potentially hazardous chemicals from, inter alia, chemical spills. The effects of a chemical spill if it enters a WWTP can be disastrous, resulting in the ineffective treatment of incoming water for prolonged periods of time (Söhr, 2014). This can lead to one of the dilemmas of urban wastewater systems, notably, whether it is more damaging to allow a chemical spill to bypass a WWTP, or to attempt to treat all or some of the spill and risk damaging the microbes working in the biological treatment processes (Schütze, 2002). In order to better inform policy makers and process engineers at WWTPs of which measures to take in the event of a spill, solute transport characteristics of a specific sewerage network must be defined.  A series of tracer tests were performed along The Käppala Association’s northern sewerage network to determine these solute transport characteristics, notably the dispersion coefficient which strongly affects the level of dilution that occurs between the injection point and the inlet. A simple solute transport model, carried out in Excel, was created using the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE) and the Manning-Strickler equation to relate flow measurements to flow velocity. Results from the experiments show that a dispersion coefficient of 1.55m2/s appears to be applicable throughout the whole of the tunnel network. A depth dependent Manning-Strickler coefficient seems to describe the flow-velocity relationship, however, this method has not been validated. The ADE begins to lose accuracy in describing solute transport as the distance from the inlet and the number of pumping stations the plume goes through increases.
Avloppsreningsverk spelar en viktig roll för att skydda miljön från mycket av det avfall som produceras av människor. Detta inkluderar inte bara mänskligt avfall utan allt som tar sig in i ett avloppssystem, till exempel gråvatten, dagvatten och potentiellt farliga kemikalier från bland annat industriutsläpp. Effekterna av ett kemiskt utsläpp kan vara katastrofala om det kommer in i ett avloppsreningsverk, vilket resulterar i ineffektiv behandling av inkommande vatten under längre perioder (Söhr, 2014). Detta är ett dilemma i urbana avloppssystem – ska man låta ett kemiskt utsläpp ledas förbi ett avloppsreningsverk, eller försöka behandla hela eller en del av utsläppet och riskera att skada mikroberna i den biologiska reningsprocessen (Schütze, 2002). För att beslutsfattare och processingenjörer vid avloppsreningsverk ska kunna fatta rätt beslut om vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas vid utsläpp måste egenskaperna för det specifika avloppsnätet definieras.  Syftet med detta projekt är att uppskatta transportparametrar och karakterisera utspädning i nätverket genom att utföra en serie spårningsförsök i Käppalaverkets upptagningsområde. För att nå syftet fanns det flera mål som genomförts: Genomföra en litteraturstudie  Skapa en förutsägbar modell i Excel baserad på flödesdata längs Käppalaförbundets tunnelsystem Genomföra en serie spårningsförsök vid flera punkter längs tunnelsystemet  Strukturerad datalagring av resultaten så att data är lätt att hitta för framtida projekt  Metoderna kan delas i två: modellering och försök. För att skapa en modell och simulera transport av ett ämne i nätet får man definiera relevanta ekvationer. För den hydrauliska delen av modellen användes Manning-Strickler-ekvationen. Resultaten från detta användes sedan i den förenklade formen av advektion-spridningsekvationen (ADE). Tunnelsystemet uppdelades i flera sektioner med samma egenskaper såsom form och geometri, och en anpassad form av ADE användes emellan sektionerna. För att nå framgång i försöken krävdes att rätt spårämne valdes. Uranin användes i försöken på grund av sina ogiftiga och stabila egenskaper och den låga detektionsgränsen. Injiceringspunkterna låg gradvis längre bort från inloppet; Försök 1 var 9km från verket till nästan 46km vid Arlanda flygplats för Försök 3.  Resultaten från simuleringarna användes för att planera injiceringstid, start- och stopptid för provtagningen och provtagningsfrekvens. Resultatet från första försöket användes för att kalibrera modellen inför de andra försöken. Resultaten från alla försök visade att en dispersionskoefficient på 1.55m2/s, som är ett mått på utspädning i nätet, verkar tillämpligt till hela tunnelsystemet. Koefficienten kan dock vara högre i de kommunala näten. En djupberoende metod för att härleda Mannings tal formulerades, men det kräver ytterligare validering.  Från alla tre försöken kan vi härleda ett förhållande mellan avstånd från inlopp och toppkoncentration samt avstånd från inlopp och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan. Toppkoncentration visar ett linjärt eller kanske logaritmiskt förhållande med distans, och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan visar ett starkt linjärt förhållande. Kunskaper om detta är viktigt när man vill genomföra en riskbedömning av ett kemiskt utsläpp i upptagningsområdet eftersom det ger en insikt om hur det kan påverka den biologiska reningen i ett avloppsreningsverk.  Sammanfattningsvis fungerar den enkla formen av ADE bra, men viss avvikelse ses i experiment 3. Detta beror kanske på möjliga övergående lagringsprocesser vid pumpstationerna längs tunnelsystemet. En enda dispersionskoefficient, som är ett mått på utspädning, är tillämplig i hela huvudtunnelsystemet, men spridningen i kommunala nätverk är sannolikt högre. Ytterligare arbete behövs inom dessa kommunala nätverk för att kvantifiera deras effekter.  På grundval av resultaten från detta projekt rekommenderas ytterligare forskningsundersökningar om vad som händer med föroreningar i avloppsreningsverket. Eftersom slammet vid Käppalaverket används för biogasproduktion och är Revaq-certifierat för användning på jordbruksmark är föroreningsnivån i slammet mycket viktigt både ur produktivitets- och hälso- och säkerhetsperspektiv.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Van, Heerden George Adrian. "Evaluation of alternatives for hydraulic analysis of sanitary sewer systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86534.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research project focuses on sanitary sewer systems. When performing an analysis of a sewer drainage system with known constraints, an appropriate model needs to be chosen depending on the objectives of the analysis. Uncertainties are also present in the analysis of sewer drainage systems. The uncertainties and the errors in hydraulic models need to be understood and considered. The required level of accuracy and the type of hydraulic problem that needs to be solved may alter the complexity of the hydraulic model used to solve a drainage system. The wide variety of available simulation models further complicates model selection. With various models available, selecting the most appropriate model for a particular drainage system simulation is important. The various models for sewer drainage system analysis can be categorised in different ways. For example, it is possible to categorise models according to their purpose, which could be evaluation, design or planning. Evaluation models are mainly used to test whether existing systems or planned systems are adequate and require the highest hydraulic detail. Design models are used to determine the size of conduits within a drainage system and require moderate levels of hydraulic detail. Planning models are primarily used for strategic planning and decision making for urban or regional drainage systems and require the least amount of hydraulic detail. An understanding of the available models is required in order to choose the most suitable simulation model for the desired purpose. Some models are derived from the Saint-Venant equations of flow. The most detailed models are typically referred to as fully dynamic wave models and utilise all the components of the Saint-Venant flow equations. By removing terms from the Saint-Venant equations a kinematic wave model can be created. Some less complex models ignore basic principles of hydraulics in order to make assumptions that simplify the process of simulating flows. In this thesis three different models were compared: a detailed model using fully dynamic flow equations, a simplified model using kinematic wave equations and a basic model using contributor hydrograph routing equations. For the drainage system analysis SWMM-EXTRAN was used as the fully dynamic wave model, SWMM-TRANSPORT was used as the kinematic wave model and SEWSAN was used as the contributor hydrograph model. Two drainage systems situated in South Africa were used as case studies and are referred to as Drainage System A and Drainage System B in this thesis. The actual flow rate was recorded at two points with flow loggers, one in each of the two systems. The flow rate was continually recorded at 1 hour intervals for the period 1 July 2010 to 9 July 2010 in Drainage System A as well as in Drainage System B. The same input parameters were used for each model allowing the modelled flow rates to be compared to the measured flow rates. The models provided peak flow results that were within 2% of the measured peak flow rates and the modelled mean flows were within 8.5% of the measured mean flows in most situations. However, when rapidly varied flows occurred the kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models returned conservative results as they were unable to account for hydraulic effects such as acceleration. The effect of acceleration became most pronounced up and downstream of drop structures and sections where the slope changed considerably. The kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models were therefore unable to accurately simulate surcharge conditions. The results suggest that the fully dynamic wave model can be used in all scenarios. The kinematic wave model can be used for a design analysis if no hydraulic structures occur in the system. The contributor hydrograph model should not be used for an evaluation analysis, but can be used for a design analysis if a relatively high level of confidence in the parameter set exists and no areas of rapidly varying flow or hydraulic structures exist within the system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing projek is gefokus op riool dreineringsisteme. Wanneer ʼn analise van ʼn riool dreineringsisteem met bekende beperkinge onderneem word, moet ʼn geskikte model gekies word afhangende van die doelwitte van die analise. Onbekendes is ook teenwoordig in die analise van riool dreineringsisteme. Dit word belangrik dat die onsekerhede en die foute in hidroliese modelle moet verstaan en oorweeg word. Die verwagte vlak van akkuraatheid en die tipe hidroliese probleem wat opgelos moet word mag die ingewikkeldheid van die hidroliese probleem, wat gebruik word om ʼn rioolsisteem op te los, verander. Die wye verskeidenheid van beskikbare simulasie modelle bemoeilik verder die keuse van ʼn model. Met etlike modelle beskikbaar vir seleksie, is die mees geskikte model vir ʼn spesifieke dreineringsisteem simulasie belangrik. Die verskeie modelle vir riool dreineringsisteem analise kan op verskillende wyses gekategoriseer word. Byvoorbeeld, dit is moontlik om modelle te kategoriseer volgens hulle doel, wat evaluasie, ontwerp en beplanning kan wees. Evaluasiemodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik om te toets of huidige of beplande sisteme voldoende is en of hulle die hoogs moontlike hidroliese besonderhede benodig. Ontwerpmodelle word gebruik om die grootte van ʼn leipyp binne ʼn rioolsisteem te bepaal en benodig matige vlakke van hidroliese besonderhede. Beplanningsmodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir strategiese beplanning en besluitneming vir stedelike en landelike rioolsisteme en benodig die laagste vlak van hidroliese data. ʼn Begrip van die beskikbare modelle is nodig om ʼn keuse te maak rakende die mees geskikte simulasie model vir die verlangde doelwit. Sommige modelle is afkomstig van die Saint-Venant vergelykings van vloei. Die mees gedetailleerde modelle word tipies na verwys as die volledige dinamiese golf modelle en benut alle komponente van die Saint-Venant vloei vergelykings. Deur die verwydering van terme van die Saint-Venant vergelykings kan ʼn kinematiese golf model daargestel word. Sommige minder gekompliseerde modelle ignoreer die basiese beginsels van hidrologie om aannames te maak wat die proses van golf simulering vereenvoudig. In hierdie tesis is drie verskillende modelle vergelyk; ʼn gedetailleerde model wat volledige dinamiese vloeivergelykings gebruik; ʼn vereenvoudigde model wat kinematiese golfvergelykings gebruik en ʼn basiese model wat bydraende hidroliese versending vergelykings. Vir die dreineringsisteem analise was SWMM-EXTRAN gebruik as die volledige dinamiese golfmodel, SWMM-TRANSPORT was gebruik as die kinetiese golfmodel en SEWSAN was gebruik as die bydraende hidroliese model. Twee dreineringsisteme in Suid-Afrika was gebruik as gevallestudies en word na verwys as Dreineringsisteem A en Dreineringsisteem B. Die werklike vloeikoers was aangeteken by twee punte met vloeimeters, een in elk van die sisteme. Die vloeikoers was deurlopend opgeteken met 1 uur tussenposes vir die periode 1 Julie 2010 tot 9 Julie 2010 in Dreinering Sisteem A sowel as Dreinering Sisteem B. Dieselfde inset parameters was gebruik vir elke model wat dit moontlik gemaak het dat die gemoduleerde vloeikoerse met die gemete vloeikoerse vergelyk kon word. Die modelle het spits vloeiresultate voorsien wat binne 2% van die gemete spits vloeikoerse was en, in die meeste situasies, dat die gemoduleerde gemiddelde vloei binne 8.5% van die gemete gemiddelde vloei was. Wanneer vinnig varierende vloei voorgekom het, die kinetiese golf and bydraende hidrograaf modelle konserwatiewe resultate gelewer het, aangesien hulle nie in staat was om hidroliese effekte soos versnelling te verklaar nie. Die effek van versnelling was op sy duidelikste stroomopwaarts en stroomafwaarts onder valstrukture en by gedeeltes waar die helling aansienlik verander het. Die kinetiese golf en bydraer hidrograaf modelle was gevolglik nie in staat om oorladingsomstandighede akkuraat te simuleer nie. Die resultate wys dat die volledige dinamiese vloeimiddel gebruik kan word in alle omstandighede. Die kinematiese vloeimiddel kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien geen hidroliese struktuur in die sisteem voorkom nie. Die bydraer hidrograaf model behoort nie gebruik te word vir ʼn evaluerings analise nie, maar kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien ʼn relatiewe hoë vlak van vertroue in die parameter stel bestaan en geen area van vinnig veranderende vloei of hidroliese strukture binne die sisteem bestaan nie.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Kubilius, Mindaugas. "Nuotakynų įrengimo bei rekonstrukcijos techninė - ekonominė analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070808.113429-00040.

Full text
Abstract:
Šiose magistro tezėse yra aptariami pastaruoju metu (nuo 2000 metų) Lietuvoje įrengti ir rekonstruoti (arba įrengiami ir rekonstruojami dar ir šiuo metu) nuotakynai. Tezėse apžvelgtos pastaruoju metu dažniausiai naudojamos nuotakyno įrengimo ir rekonstrukcijos technologijos, išanalizuotos būdingiausios techninės charakteristikos, pateiktas kaštų įvertinimas. Analizei atlikti buvo taikytas stiprybių, silpnybių, galimybių ir grėsmių (SSGG) metodas. Aptarus šias svarbiausias charakteristikas pateiktos rekomendacijos nuotakyno įrengimo ir rekonstrukcijos optimizavimui.
These mater’s thesis dwells on the lately (since year 2000) installed and reconstructed (or still under installation and reconstruction) sewerage systems in Lithuania. Most popular technologies of sewerage installation and reconstruction were overviewed, some typical parameters analyzed, as well as the evaluation of expenses presented in these thesis. The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) method for analysis was applied. Folloving the description of the most important parameters, the guidelines for optimization of sewerage installation and reconstruction was presented.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Haque, Md Mominul. "Comparison of behaviour of 1520 mm (60 in.) concrete pipe with sidd design under deep cover." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1176497142.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Mickutė, Jurgita. "Širvintų rajono vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklės analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090603_094312-02614.

Full text
Abstract:
Šiame darbe analizuojama Širvintų rajono vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė. Analizei panaudota UAB “Širvintų vandenys“ informacija, bei Širvintų kaimo gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Aktualiausia problema - vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė Širvintų rajone. Gyventojai, gyvenantys individualiuose namuose miestuose bei nedidelėse priemiestinėse gyvenvietėse dažnai neturi galimybių naudotis vandens tiekimo ir nuotekų šalinimo paslaugomis. Jie savo reikmėms vandenį ima iš individualiai įrengtų šachtinių šulinių bei gręžinių. Šie gyventojai nuotekas dažniausiai išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes. Išanalizavus esamą situaciją galima teigti, kad dauguma Širvintų rajono gyventojų vandenį gauna iš centralizuotų vandentiekio tinklų, o nuotekas išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes arba į individualius valymo įrenginius.
The aim of thesis is to analyse the condition of water-supply and sewerage systems of Sirvintai District. The survey data of Sirvintai district people was used to carry out the analysis. The most relevant problem is the condition of water-supply and drainage systems of Sirvintai District. People, who live in their own houses in towns and small suburban villages, often do not have access to water-supply and wastewater disposal services. They receive water from their individually built wells and bores for their own consumption. These people usually drain wastewater into the exhausting holes. Having analysed the current situation we can declare that most Sirvintai district people receive water from public water systems but drain wastewater into the exhausting holes or individual wastewater treatment facilities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lund, Jesper, and Niklas Vallebrant. "Lagen om allmänna vattentjänster : Avgränsning av verksamhetsområden i 6 §." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12050.

Full text
Abstract:
Under 2007 trädde lagen (2006:412) om allmänna vattentjänster (LAV) i kraft. 6 § i denna lag säger att en kommun är skyldig att säkerställa vattenförsörjning och avlopp i ett "större sammanhang" om det behövs med hänsyn till skyddet för människors hälsa eller miljön, men ibland väljer kommuner att inte ansluta vissa områden till det kommunala verksamhetsområdet trots att villkoret i 6 § i LAV är uppfyllt. Dessa områden brukar benämnas § 6-områden, det vill säga områden som uppfyller villkoret "större sammanhang" enligt 6 § LAV, men som ändå ligger utanför kommunens verksamhetsområde. Men vad innebär det då att kommunerna ska säkerställa vattenförsörjning och avlopp i ett "större sammanhang"? Begreppet "större sammanhang" finns inte definierat i lagtexten, men enligt förarbeten kan man möjligen säga att 20 till 30 fastigheter kan ses som en gräns, som dock kan minskas om det finns särskilda skäl för det. Men hur tolkar kommunerna begreppet "större sammanhang" i 6 § lagen om allmänna vattentjänster? Det är den första frågeställningen som besvaras i studien. Den andra frågeställningen som besvaras är varför vissa områden i kommunerna ligger utanför verksamhetsområden trots att villkoret om "större sammanhang" är uppfyllt. Kommunerna som studien berör är Lerum, Lysekil, Skövde, Svenljunga och Vänersborg. För att svara på frågeställningarna har en kombination av, juridisk, kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts. Kommunernas VA-planer, som är ett underlag till den kommunala VAplaneringen, har granskats och intervjuer har genomförts för att komplettera VA-planerna samt ge en djupare förståelse för kommunernas beslut. Studien visar att det varierar från kommun till kommun hur de har valt att tolka begreppet "större sammanhang" då antalet fastigheter varierar från åtta till 20 stycken. En del av kommunerna använder dessutom begreppen "samlad bebyggelse" och "sammanhållen bebyggelse" från PBL, vilket är problematiskt då det är begrepp som rör PBL och inte återfinns i LAV. Vad det gäller den andra frågeställningen fanns det ett samband mellan hur kommunerna har bedömt områden som inte ska anslutas. Anledningen är att dessa områden är lågt prioriterade utifrån en behovs- och möjlighetsbedömning.
In 2007, the Public Water Services Act came in to effect. According to the sixth paragraph in this law, all municipalities shall arrange water supplies and sewerage in a "wider context" if it is necessary with respect to human health or the environment. But sometimes, municipalities choose not to connect certain areas to the operational area even though they should do so according to the sixth paragraph in the Public Water Services Act. These areas are commonly referred to as § 6 areas which means that these areas fulfill the condition "wider context" in the Public Water Services Act, but are outside the operational area. What does it mean that the municipalities shall ensure water supply and sewerage in a "wider context"? The term "wider context" is not defined in the legal text, but preparatory work to the law states that 20 to 30 properties can be seen as a guideline. This amount can be reduced if there are special reasons for it. But how do the municipalities interpret the term? This is the first question that this study answers. The second question that has been answered is why the municipalities choose to not connect some certain areas to the operational area, despite the fact that the conditions for "wider context" in the sixth paragraph are fulfilled. The study concerns the following municipalities: Lerum, Lysekil, Svenljunga, Skövde and Vänersborg. In order to gain information and to find answers to the questions, a combination between legal methodology, a quantitative and a qualitative method has been used. The municipalities VA-plans, which are guiding for municipal VA planning, have been reviewed and interviews have been conducted to supplement the VA-plans and provide a deeper understanding of municipal decisions. The study shows that it varies from municipality to municipality how the term "wider context" is interpreted as the number varies from eight to twenty properties included. Some of the municipalities also use the terms "assembled dwellings" and "assembled built environment" from the Planning and Building Act (2010:900). As for the second issue, there is a connection between how the municipalities have assessed these areas. The reason why some areas not are connected to any operational area is because they have a low priority based on a need and possibility assessment.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Nordahl, Fredrik, and Jakob Widlund. "Överföring av PLC-program och tillämpad gränssnittsdesign av operationspaneler i VA–anläggningar." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273776.

Full text
Abstract:
På senare tid har kommuner runt om i stockholmsregionen uppdaterat sina pumpstationer med nya operationspaneler och med uppdaterade funktioner i stationerna. Men kommunerna har olika krav på sina pumpstationer och pumpstationerna har olika funktioner, till exempel har vissa omrörningsventiler andra inte eller att de har olikt antal pumpar i stationerna. Det har gjort att Huddinge Elteknik AB har skapat ett standardprogram som ska täcka de allra flesta funktioner som en VA anläggning behöver för att förenkla arbetet när man ska uppdatera en pumpstation. Målet med det här projektet var att man skulle föra över Huddinges standardprogram till en operationspanel av Mitsubishi fabrikat i en pumpstation i Värmdö kommun. Där man samtidigt skulle uppdatera användargränssnittet i panelen för att göra den mer användarvänlig. För att utföra detta projekt så använde man sig av program som GX Works3, GT Design3 och iX Developer för att programmera PLC-programmet samt i design av panelens användargränssnitt. Under arbetets gång tar man även hänsyn till teori kring användargränssnitt så som Hick Haymans lag, Fitts lag och gränssnittsmetaforer för att få ett så användarvänligt interface på panelen som möjligt. Man överförde standardprogrammet till operationspanelen med de funktioner som Värmdö krävde skulle vara med. Man behöll grundvyn på panelens design men med uppdaterad grafik där man tillämpade teorin för att få panelen mer användarvänlig.
Recently, districts around the Stockholm region have updated their pump stations with new operating panels and with updated functions in the stations. But the local authorities have different requirements for their pumping stations and the pumping stations have different functions, such as some have stirring valves others do not, or that they have different number of pumps in the stations. Because of this Huddinge Elteknik AB has created a standard program that will cover the vast majority of functions that a water and sewerage facility needs to simplify the work when updating a pump station. The aim of this project was to transfer Huddinge's standard program to an operation panel of Mitsubishi brand, in a pumping station in Värmdö municipality where at the same time it would update the user interface in the panel to make it more user-friendly. In order to carry out this project, programs such as GX Works3, GT Design3 and iX Developer were used to program the PLC-program and in the design of the panel's human machine interface. During the course of the work you also take into account the theory of user interfaces such as Hick Hayman's law, Fitts law and interface metaphors in order to get the most user-friendly interface. The standard program was transferred to the operating panel with the functions required by Värmdö, and the basic view of the panel's design was retained. But with updated graphics where the theory was applied to make the panel more user-friendly.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Sewerage engineering"

1

McGhee, Terence J. Water supply and sewerage. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

W, Steel Ernest, ed. Water supply and sewerage. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Muñoz, Aurelio Hernández. Vertidos de aguas residuales: Saneamiento y alcantarillado. 5th ed. Madrid: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Muñoz, Aurelio Hernández. Saneamiento y alcantarillado. 3rd ed. Madrid: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Otis, Richard J. Design of small bore sewer systems. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1985.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Muñoz, Aurelio Hernández. Saneamiento y alcantarillado: Vertidos de aguas residuales. 6th ed. Madrid: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

McGhee, Terence J. Solutions manual to accompany Water supply and sewerage, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Wastewater engineering design for unsewered areas. 2nd ed. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic, 1986.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kuliczkowski, Andrzej. Optymalizacja kolektorów kanalizacyjnych przebudowywanych w warunkach miejskich. Wrocław: Wydawn. Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Jes, Vollertsen, and Nielsen Asbjørn Haaning, eds. Urban and highway stormwater pollution: Concepts and engineering. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Sewerage engineering"

1

Ng, P. L., and A. K. H. Kwan. "Improving Concrete Durability for Sewerage Applications." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1043–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09507-3_89.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Rai, R. K., and D. K. Madavi. "Optimal Design of Sewerage Networks Using Swamee Algorithm." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 397–409. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6463-5_37.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Shou, Stephanus, H. S. Kan, Martin Jones, Craig Roberts, and Andrew Tsang. "Enhancing the Management of Hong Kong’s Underground Drainage and Sewerage Assets." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 877–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09507-3_76.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Perera, S. A. S., and M. F. H. M. Aadhil. "Rapid Conversion of Domestic Organic Waste and Sewerage into Organic Fertiliser to Minimise the Hassle and the Cost of Organic Waste Handling and Sewerage Treatment in Condominiums, Tall and Green Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 153–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7222-7_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Förster, Jan, Winfred Kuipers, Christian Koch, Christian Lenz, Steffen Ziesche, and Dominik Jurkow. "Miniaturised Flame Ionisation Detector for Explosion Protection in Civil Sewerage Networks." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 163–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61563-9_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Wang, Jianhui, Zijie Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Hai Lu, and Xiaolin Yu. "Teaching Reform and Practice on the Course of Building Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 349–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28466-3_47.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

"sewerage project." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_192371.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

"CHAPTER XXXIV. SEWERAGE WORKS." In CIVIL ENGINEERING AS APPLIED IN CONSTRUCTION, 544–54. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ceaaic.50785.0034.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Meek, Joseph Bertram Lloyd. "Sewerage, with Special Relation to Run-Off." In ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 1928, 162–74. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ec1928.45187.0015.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Tanaka, N., K. Kaito, T. Kamada, A. Yamanaka, and M. Maenosono. "An optimal model for statistical deterioration prediction of sewerage concrete pipes." In Life-Cycle of Civil Engineering Systems, 1937–44. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17618-288.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Sewerage engineering"

1

Eisenberg, Y., Th C. Gofas, R. A. Fasano, and F. S. Hindes. "Submarine Siphons for Athens Sewerage System." In 21st International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872626874.205.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Bel-Ghaddar, Yassine, Abderrahmane Seriai, Ahlame Begdouri, Carole Delenne, Nanee Chahinian, and Mustapha Derras. "Combining model-driven engineering and sewerage networks: towards a generic representation." In 2020 6th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cist49399.2021.9357171.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Latif, Saba, Aniqa Rehman, and Nazir Ahmad Zafar. "Modeling of Sewerage System Linking UML, Automata and TLA+." In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecube.2018.8610971.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Weare, Richard E. "PCCP Sewerage Force Main Structural Condition Assessment and Asset Management Approach." In International Conference on Pipeline Engineering and Construction. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40934(252)67.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Masud, M. F., G. Chattopadhyay, and I. Gunawan. "Development of a Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM) Strategy for Sewerage Pumping Station Network." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem44572.2019.8978633.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Stinson, Mary K., Richard Field, Guy Jacquet, and Elise Villeneuve. "Optimized Real-Time Control of Combined Sewerage Systems: Two Case Studies." In Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)41.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Rahman, Md Mosfikur, Mohammad Abul Kashem, Mohammad Mohiuddin, Mohammad Alam Hossain, and Nazmun Nessa Moon. "Future City of Bangladesh: IoT Based Autonomous Smart Sewerage and Hazard Condition Sharing System." In 2020 IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiecon-ece52138.2020.9397950.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Xue, Hongqin, Zhaoqian Jing, and Yan Wang. "Study on Treatment Efficiency of Domestic Sewerage by Fly Ash by Adsorption Experiment." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517658.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Zain, Zainah Md, M. Arkam C. Munaaim, and Maziyah Mat-Noh. "Solar powered microcontroller module for real-time sewerage treatment plant monitoring system: Prototype development." In 2017 7th IEEE International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsengt.2017.8123442.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Pengfang Zhao, Yongxiang Zhang, and Zhigang Zhao. "Studies on using Aquamats ecological base to treat wastewater mixed by rain and sewerage in Fusong ditch." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964147.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Sewerage engineering' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography