Journal articles: 'Sewer design Cost effectiveness'

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Sun, S. A., S. Djordjević, and S. T. Khu. "Decision making in flood risk based storm sewer network design." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.179.

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It is widely recognised that flood risk needs to be taken into account when designing a storm sewer network. Flood risk is generally a combination of flood consequences and flood probabilities. This paper aims to explore the decision making in flood risk based storm sewer network design. A multi-objective optimization is proposed to find the Pareto front of optimal designs in terms of low construction cost and low flood risk. The decision making process then follows this multi-objective optimization to select a best design from the Pareto front. The traditional way of designing a storm sewer system based on a predefined design storm is used as one of the decision making criteria. Additionally, three commonly used risk based criteria, i.e., the expected flood risk based criterion, the Hurwicz criterion and the stochastic dominance based criterion, are investigated and applied in this paper. Different decisions are made according to different criteria as a result of different concerns represented by the criteria. The proposed procedure is applied to a simple storm sewer network design to demonstrate its effectiveness and the different criteria are compared.

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Gruening, H., H. Hoppe, S. Messmann, and A. Giga. "Cost effectiveness of centralised and decentralised storm water treatment." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.163.

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As part of a research & development project commissioned by the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia's Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (MUNLV) an examination is being carried out of the general possibilities for centralised and decentralised treatment storm water runoff to be discharged into (canalised) receiving waters and the costs ensuing from this. The examination of the different options is being carried out under real conditions, with the Briller Creek (Wuppertal/Germany) and Müggen Creek (Remscheid/Germany) catchment areas being used as models. The range of investigations deals with a comparison between ‘decentralised, semicentralised, centralised’ storm water treatment, centralised storm water treatment involving a separate sewer and parameter-specific pollution based storm water runoff control. In the framework of the research project each of the variants is to be elaborated and the costs are to be calculated so as to permit a comparison between the different system designs. In particular, the investigations are to take into account the actual requirements to be met by storm water drainage systems involving separate sewage systems.

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Liao, Z. L., G. Q. Zhang, Z. H. Wu, Y. He, and H. Chen. "Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM: an example in Shanghai, China." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (February 17, 2015): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.076.

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Although low impact development (LID) has been commonly applied across the developed countries for mitigating the negative impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on urban hydrological environment, it has not been widely used in developing countries yet. In this paper, a typical combined sewer system in an urbanized area of Shanghai, China was used to demonstrate how to design and choose CSO control solutions with LID using stormwater management model. We constructed and simulated three types of CSO control scenarios. Our findings support the notion that LID measures possess favorable capability on CSO reduction. Nevertheless, the green scenarios which are completely comprised by LID measures fail to achieve the maximal effectiveness on CSO reduction, while the gray-green scenarios (LID measure combined with gray measures) achieve it. The unit cost-effectiveness of each type of scenario sorts as: green scenario > gray-green scenario > gray scenario. Actually, as the storage tank is built in the case catchment, a complete application of green scenario is inaccessible here. Through comprehensive evaluation and comparison, the gray-green scenario F which used the combination of storage tank, bio-retention and rain barrels is considered as the most feasible one in this case.

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Ojha, Bibhuti. "Economical Design of Sewer Line in Flat Terrain: A Case Study of Rajapur Sewerage System." SCITECH Nepal 13, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/scitech.v13i1.23503.

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Design of sewer line in flat terrain is a great challenge due to high excavation depth involved in laying a sewer line required for maintaining minimum velocity, slope and clear cover. Sewer design presented in this paper is result of sewer modelling software Bentley SewerCAD V8i. Estimation and cost analysis of a sewer system shows cost is directly related to the excavation depth. For economically efficient design of sewer line in a flat terrain of Rajapur-Bardia, sewer is designed in the gentle slope and flushing tanks are provided at sections where velocities are less than the minimum value recommended by Codes. Design and cost estimation of sewer network of 4.554 km with and without use of flushing tank are presented in this paper and two major benefits - cost and low invert level of outfall from ground surface elevation are achieved with flushing tank provision.

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Studziński, Waldemar, Wojciech Poćwiardowski, and Weronika Osińska. "Application of the Swimming Pool Backwash Water Recovery System with the Use of Filter Tubes." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 6620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216620.

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During the operation of swimming pools, large losses of water from the backwash of swimming pool filters are observed. This water is often discharged into sewers or used to sprinkle sports grounds. The aim of the research was to design and build an installation for purification and recovery of backwash water (BWW). It consists of flocculation, pre-filtration, and ultrafiltration based on filter tubes and ozone disinfection. Backwash water treatment installation contributes to purification and improvement of water quality. The effectiveness of the removal of microbial contamination with the use of the system was over 99%. The high efficiency of removing physicochemical impurities was also achieved. Water turbidity was reduced from 96.9 NTU to 0.13 NTU. After using the system, the oxidability of water decreased from 6.26 mg O2∙dm−3 to 0.4 mg O2∙dm−3. When using the system, a reduction of total organic carbon by 80% was also noticed. After the treatment process, water meets the strict criteria and can be returned to the pool system of water as fresh water with parameters of supply water—directly to the overflow tank. It has been shown that up to 96% of water can be recovered with the technology. The cost comparison showed annual savings of over EUR 9000.

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Duque, Natalia, Daniel Duque, Andrés Aguilar, and Juan Saldarriaga. "Sewer Network Layout Selection and Hydraulic Design Using a Mathematical Optimization Framework." Water 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123337.

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This paper proposes an iterative mathematical optimization framework to solve the layout and hydraulic design problems of sewer networks. The layout selection model determines the flow rate and direction per pipe using mixed-integer programming, which results in a tree-like structured network. This network layout parametrizes a second model that determines hydraulic features including the diameter and the upstream and downstream invert elevations of pipes using a shortest path algorithm. These models are embedded in an iterative scheme that refines a cost function approximation for the first model upon learning the actual design cost from the second model. The framework was successfully tested on two sewer network benchmarks from the literature and a real sewer network located in Bogotá, Colombia, that is proposed as a new instance. For both benchmarks, the proposed methodology found a better solution with up to 42% cost reduction compared to the best methodologies reported in the literature. These are near-optimal solutions with respect to construction cost that satisfy all hydraulic and pipe connectivity constraints of a sewer system.

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Moussavi, Ali, Hossein Mohammad Vali Samani, and Ali Haghighi. "A framework for optimal reliability-based storm sewer network design in flat areas." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0244.

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This paper presents a framework for the optimal design of a storm sewer network in flat areas where there is insufficient energy from gravity for runoff drainage. A reliability index based on nodal partial flooding is introduced as a performance criterion and utilizes the intrinsic storage capacity of the sewer network. The Storm Water Management Model is used for hydraulic simulation of the sewer system. This model is coupled with an adaptive genetic algorithm to obtain the least-cost design of the network. The model offers numerous design alternatives with various levels of reliability. The model was successfully applied to the Kianpars storm sewer network, a flat district of the city of Ahvaz in Iran. The proposed model is useful for managing the budget and technical limitations of sewer system design in flat areas as well as efficiently deriving an optimum trade-off between design cost and reliability.

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Vollertsen, J., T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, Z. Ujang, and S. A. Talib. "Integrated design of sewers and wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0194.

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Sewer system design must be integrated with wastewater treatment plant design when moving towards a more sustainable urban wastewater management. This integration allows an optimization of the design of both systems to achieve a better and more cost-effective wastewater management. Hitherto integrated process design has not been an option because the tools to predict in-sewer wastewater transformations have been inadequate. In this study the WATS model - being a new and validated tool for in-sewer microbial process simulations - is presented and its application for integrated sewer and treatment plant design is exemplified. A case study on a Malaysian catchment illustrates this integration. The effects of centralization of wastewater treatment and the subsequently longer transport distances are addressed. The layout of the intercepting sewer is optimized to meet the requirements of different treatment scenarios.

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Beenen, A. S. "Benchmarking management of sewer systems: more to learn than cost effectiveness." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0461.

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Thirty-nine municipalities in the Netherlands conducted a pilot study to develop and try out a methodology to compare the quality of their sewerage management. The participants chose a multidimensional benchmarking with an emphasis on the aim of improving the working processes within sewerage management. A second goal was accountability to the stakeholders. The benchmarking methodology was based as well on analysing data within a “balanced-score-card” system as on intensive exchange of knowledge and experiences. The pilot resulted in a state of the art overview of the quality of sewerage management in the Netherlands. However, above all, it resulted in the shocking fact that the work is carried out in many different ways which cannot be explained by technical reasons or local circumstances. To pinpoint best practices and actually implement these improvements the learning process must continue after the analysis and presentation of the data. A start has been made to form regional specialist networks for further discussion and exchange of experiences.

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Chikamoto, Yusuke, Yuki Tsutsumi, Hiroaki Sawano, and Susumu Ishihara. "Design and Implementation of a Video-Frame Localization System for a Drifting Camera-Based Sewer Inspection System." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020793.

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To reduce the cost of inspecting old sewer pipes, we have been developing a low-cost sewer inspection system that uses drifting wireless cameras to record videos of the interior of a sewer pipe while drifting. The video’s data are transmitted to access points placed in utility holes and further transmitted to a video server where each video frame is linked to its capturing position so that users can identify the damaged areas. However, in small-diameter sewer pipes, locating drifting nodes over the full extent of the pipeline using Wi-Fi-based localization is difficult due to the limited reach of radio waves. In addition, there is the unavailability of a GNSS signal. We propose a function to link each video frame to a position based on linear interpolation using landmarks detected by the camera and image processing. Experiments for testing the accuracy of the localization in an underground sewer pipe showed that all utility holes were successfully detected as landmarks, and the maximum location estimation accuracy was less than 11.5% of the maximum interval of landmarks.

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Foreman, Philip. "Cost Effectiveness Through Design Simplicity." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 200, no. 1 (February 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_041_02.

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As is customary, the President first reviews his career from research and development work in the Civil Service to Chief Executive of a significant aerospace business. He then goes on to describe the importance of evolutionary product planning to risk management in the competitive commercial environment in which the engineering designer operates. The contribution of design innovation to cost effectiveness is illustrated by some specific examples from his own experience. The address concludes with some reflections on the tasks of managing an engineering enterprise and of providing appropriate training and education for the engineer of the future.

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Ashamalla, Adel, Ted Bowering, and Mario Parente. "Optimization of Storage/Treatment Scheme for Combined Sewer Overflows." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0688.

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The evaluation of various schemes to eliminate Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) from the City of Toronto to the lower Don River and the shores of Lake Ontario resulted in the selection of a storage tunnel system, from which flows are pumped to a treatment facility before discharge to the receiving waters. This paper discusses the procedure used and the results obtained to optimize the combination of the storage volume and treatment rate to meet the required objectives. To analyze the effectiveness of this scheme in reducing the number of overflow events and the total volume of the CSO, long term simulations were carried out. The City's Quantity-Quality Simulation model (QQS model, developed by Dorsch Consult) was calibrated and run for four years of rainfall record. These years were selected as two average precipitation years, a dry year and a wet year representing the last twenty years of precipitation record. The model was used to predict the frequency of overflows resulting from different storage volumes (represented by tunnel sizes) and different treatment rates (represented by pumping rates from the tunnel). A family of curves was plotted using the QQS results, to present the relationship between the storage volume and the treatment rate vs. the effectiveness of the scheme presented by the resulting number of CSO events per year, and the percentage reduction in the overall annual CSO volume. To optimize the scheme the total cost of the storage and treatment was estimated, and a family of curves was produced among alternative schemes consisting of combinations of storage sizes and treatment rates, their effectiveness and their overall cost. The curves were plotted to present the effectiveness in the entire waterfront area, as well as the effectiveness in separate areas, since different water quality objectives were set up according to the water use activities in those areas. The procedure then identified the most cost effective combination of tunnel sizes and treatment capacity to meet the objectives in the different areas.

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SHAHRARA, Neda, Tahir ÇELIK, and Amir H. GANDOMI. "GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO COST ESTIMATION FORMULATION FOR UTILITY PROJECTS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1210214.

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This article utilizes gene expression programming (GEP) technique to develop a prediction model in order to automate estimating the construction cost of water and sewer replacement/rehabilitation projects. A database gathered for developing the model was established on the basis of data related to 210 actual water and sewer projects obtained from the City of San Diego, California, USA. To verify the predictability of the GEP model, it was examined to estimate the cost of the projects that were not included in the modelling process. Sensitivity analysis technique and professional experiences were employed to determine the contributions of the qualitative factors and quantifiable parameters affecting the cost estimate. The proposed model with correlation coefficient of 0.8467 is adequately capable of estimating the cost of water and sewer replacement/rehabilitation projects. The GEP-based design equation can easily be used for predesign purposes to help allocate budgets and available limited resources effectively.

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Pollert, J. "Ecological aspect in combined sewer overflows chamber design." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2013): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.041.

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In 2005 one of major Czech manufacturers of glass reinforced plastic pipes asked the Department of Sanitary and Ecological Engineering to develop a new type of combined sewer overflows (CSO) chamber that could become a part of their manufacturing programme. The main requirements were economy of production, easy and fast installation on the field and increased protection of receiving waters. A simple object consisting of a pipe placed above another one was designed. The object begins with a stilling chamber formed by a conical expansion of the inlet pipe. It is separated from the overflow object itself by a downflow baffle designed to trap floating objects. The CSO chamber is equipped by a flow regulation device (e.g. vortex valve or throttle pipe) at the end. Excess water flows through a slit in the top of the bottom pipe into the upper pipe and from there to the receiving water. More than 15 prototypes were already installed in the Czech and Slovak Republics and more than 20 are planned to be built in Europe. We hope this type of CSO CHAMBER will help to decrease the cost of construction of new sewers and reconstruction of old ones. Its higher efficiency of separation of suspended particles might also contribute to the improvement of the quality of receiving water bodies according to Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC.

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Boitano, Jonathan M. "Proactive Sanitary Sewer Bypass Design for Cost Savings, Expedited Construction, and SSO Prevention." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2013, no. 15 (January 1, 2013): 2833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864713813674432.

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Rohani, Maryam, and Mohammad Hadi Afshar. "Sewer Networks Optimization Using Cellular Automata." Studies in Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v1i1.237.

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The Hybrid Cellular Automata (HCA) method is used in this paper for the optimal design of sewer network problems with the fixed layout. The HCA method decomposes the problem into two sub-problems with considering the pipe diameters and nodal cover depths as decision variables. Two stages are solved iteratively for determining the decision variables in a manner to minimize the total cost of the sewer network subject to the operational constraints. The HCA method is used to optimally solve three benchmark examples with different sizes and the results are presented and compared to those of the existing methods. The results indicate that the HCA method is more efficient and effective than the alternative methods.

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Goldman, Howard H. "Using Cost-Effectiveness Data in Benefit Design." Psychiatric Annals 26, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19960801-10.

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Ashley, R. M., S. J. Tait, V. R. Stovin, R. Burrows, A. Fraser, A. P. Buxton, D. J. Blackwood, A. J. Saul, and J. R. Blanksby. "The utilisation of engineered invert traps in the management of near bed solids in sewer networks." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0239.

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Large existing sewers are considerable assets which wastewater utilities will require to operate for the foreseeable future to maintain health and the quality of life in cities. Despite their existence for more than a century there is surprisingly little guidance available to manage these systems to minimise problems associated with in-sewer solids. A joint study has been undertaken in the UK, to refine and utilise new knowledge gained from field data, laboratory results and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to devise cost beneficial engineering tools for the application of small invert traps to localise the deposition of sediments in sewers at accessible points for collection. New guidance has been produced for trap siting and this has been linked to a risk-cost-effectiveness assessment procedure to enable system operators to approach in-sewer sediment management pro-actively rather than reactively as currently happens.

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Saldarriaga, Juan, Jesús Zambrano, Juana Herrán, and Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey. "Layout Selection for an Optimal Sewer Network Design Based on Land Topography, Streets Network Topology, and Inflows." Water 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182491.

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This paper proposes a methodology for the layout selection of an urban drainage system as an extension to the methodology for an optimal sewer network design proposed by Duque, Duque, Aguilar, & Saldarriaga. The layout selection approach proposed in this paper uses an objective function that takes into account all input data in the problem, such as: land topography, street network topology, and inflow to each manhole. Once the layout is selected, the network is optimally designed using dynamic programming. The problem of layout selection is solved as a mixed-integer programming problem and is divided into two steps. The first step tries to define an initial layout using the network topology and land topography as a criterion. This allows for an initial hydraulic design and an approximation of the sewer network’s construction costs. The second step uses the data obtained in the previous process to establish an approximation of the construction costs of each arc that can be part of the layout. This is in order to minimize the objective function of the layout selection problem so that the hydraulic design cost is also minimized. The methodology was successfully tested on three case studies: the Chicó sewer network proposed by Duque et al. and two sewer network benchmarks from the literature.

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van Riel, Wouter, Jeroen Langeveld, Paulien Herder, and François Clemens. "Valuing information for sewer replacement decisions." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 4 (June 1, 2016): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.253.

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Decision-making for sewer asset management is partially based on intuition and often lacks explicit argumentation, hampering decision transparency and reproducibility. This is not to be preferred in light of public accountability and cost-effectiveness. It is unknown to what extent each decision criterion is appreciated by decision-makers. Further insight into this relative importance improves understanding of decision-making of sewer system managers. As such, a digital questionnaire (response ratio 43%), containing pairwise comparisons between 10 relevant information sources, was sent to all 407 municipalities in the Netherlands to analyse the relative importance and assess whether a shared frame of reasoning is present. Thurstone's law of comparative judgment was used for analysis, combined with several consistency tests. Results show that camera inspections were valued highest, while pipe age was considered least important. The respondents were pretty consistent per individual and also showed consistency as a group. This indicated a common framework of reasoning among the group. The feedback of the group showed, however, the respondents found it difficult to make general comparisons without having a context. This indicates decision-making in practice is more likely to be steered by other mechanisms than purely combining information sources.

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Nasri, V., and C. E. Haynes. "New tunnel system to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows and control combined sewer overflows in Hartford, Connecticut." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.033.

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The South Hartford Conveyance and Storage Tunnel is a major component of Hartford Metropolitan District's Clean Water Project. It is intended to capture and store combined sewer overflows from the southern portion of Hartford, CT, and sanitary sewer overflows from West Hartford and Newington, CT. The project is estimated to cost approximately $US500 M and will be constructed under multiple construction contracts. The project components include a deep rock tunnel 6.6 km long and 7.6 m excavated diameter, several kilometers of consolidation sewers, multiple hydraulic drop shafts with deaeration chambers and a 100 MLD pumping station for tunnel dewatering. The tunnel boring machine-bored tunnel will be excavated in shale, siltstone and basalt through several fault zones. An AECOM led team is currently performing the final design for the project.

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Geiger, W. F. "Combined sewer overflow treatment – knowledge or speculation." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0366.

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The stochastic behaviour of rainfall and the uncertainties in land use development as well as the limited knowledge on efficiency of CSO-treatment measures yield the most difficult conditions for design. Therefore less emphasis should be given to regulations for sizing individual structures and more ingenuity must be used for flexible designs and integration of CSO-facilities in the overall system. More emphasis should be paid to observe and monitor the effectiveness of constructed facilities. The greatest potential in achieving more protection for less money is seen in better using the tradeoff potential between decentral and central treatment and between storage and treatment level.

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Berardi, L., O. Giustolisi, D. A. Savic, and Z. Kapelan. "An effective multi-objective approach to prioritisation of sewer pipe inspection." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.432.

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The first step in the decision making process for proactive sewer rehabilitation is to assess the condition of conduits. In a risk-based decision context the set of sewers to be inspected first should be identified based on the trade-off between the risk of failures and the cost of inspections. In this paper the most effective inspection works are obtained by solving a multi-objective optimization problem where the total cost of the survey programme and the expected cost of emergency repairs subsequent to blockages and collapses are considered simultaneously. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to identify a set of Pareto-optimal inspection programmes. Regardless of the proven effectiveness of the genetic-algorithm approach, the scrutiny of MOGA-based inspection strategies shows that they can differ significantly from each other, even when having comparable costs. A post-processing of MOGA solutions is proposed herein, which allows priority to be assigned to each survey intervention. Results are of practical relevance for decision makers, as they represent the most effective sequence of inspection works to be carried out based on the available funds. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a real large sewer system in the UK.

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Rupali S. Kokate, Saniya Ansari, S. M. Khairnar, Ravindra R. Patil,. "AN ASSESSMENT - WATER QUALITY MONITORING PRACTICES AND SEWER ROBOTIC SYSTEMS." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i1.113.

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Water pollution has become a global issue and creating a severe problems due to contamination of various water sources such as agricultural waste, industrial waste, and sewage waste etc. So, the available sensory systems, nodes, and techniques plays a crucial role in identification of harmful pollutants in distinct water resources. The water pollutants monitoring techniques with prospered tools and sensors have been unfolded to find gap for future research maneuver. The need of real-time newer sensory system has been put forwarded for identification of mostly occurring harmful pollutants such as BOD, COD, TSS, and Hydrogen sulfide in examination of water quality. In this modern advancement, robotic systems have taken an intrinsic stand in diverse fields of humankind. An underground infrastructure is a base of modern society. In this paper, the existing methodologies and developed sewer robotic systems have been discussed and concluded on their applications, limitations and impact on realistic scenarios. Also, the cardinal point is revealed that previous art work focused only on sewer defect identification but not standardized work on sewer blockages detection and removal. So, the sewer robotic system with features of cost effectiveness and standardized accuracy matrix should be developed to resolve sewer blockage issues and followed by human scavenging. The survey outcomes extend a province of sewer robotics to resolve blockages issues of buried sewers of distinct diameters in real-time with substantial methodology.

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Ribaudo, H. J. "Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation to Inform Clinical Trial Design." Clinical Infectious Diseases 45, no. 8 (October 15, 2007): 1071–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521934.

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De Toffol, S., C. Engelhard, and W. Rauch. "Combined sewer system versus separate system – a comparison of ecological and economical performance indicators." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.116.

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This paper aims at comparing the cost-effectiveness of the two main types of urban drainage systems, that is, the combined sewer system and the separate sewer system, based on the analysis of simulations. The problem of which of the two systems is better was heavily discussed over the years and the answer given to the question was usually: ‘it depends’. In this work, specific impacts are investigated in terms of a cause–effect analysis. The results are subsequently summarized and can help in the choice of the system to be implemented. Despite earlier reasoning, studies on river water quality strongly indicate that the separate system is not always the preferable solution because the polluted runoff from the street, containing e.g. different heavy metals, is discharged directly into the river. This analysis aims to compare the two different sewer systems on the basis of literature data and simulation of specific cases. The results are evaluated, as suggested in the EU-Water Framework Directive, on the basis of different assessment criteria: river water quality and morphology impacts, emissions and costs.

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Bareš, V., D. Stránský, and P. Sýkora. "Sewer infiltration/inflow: long-term monitoring based on diurnal variation of pollutant mass flux." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.280.

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The paper deals with a method for quantification of infiltrating groundwater based on the variation of diurnal pollutant load and continuous water quality and quantity monitoring. Although the method gives us the potential to separate particular components of wastewater hygrograph, several aspects of the method should be discussed. Therefore, the paper investigates the cost-effectiveness, the relevance of pollutant load from surface waters (groundwater) and the influence of measurement time step. These aspects were studied in an experimental catchment of Prague sewer system, Czech Republic, within a three-month period. The results indicate high contribution of parasitic waters on night minimal discharge. Taking into account the uncertainty of the results and time-consuming maintenance of the sensor, the principal advantages of the method are evaluated. The study introduces a promising potential of the discussed measuring concept for quantification of groundwater infiltrating into the sewer system. It is shown that the conventional approach is sufficient and cost-effective even in those catchments, where significant contribution of foul sewage in night minima would have been assumed.

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Mannina, Giorgio, and Gaspare Viviani. "Separate and combined sewer systems: a long-term modelling approach." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.376.

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Sewer systems convey mostly dry weather flow, coming from domestic and industrial sanitary sewage as well as infiltration flow, and stormwater due to meteoric precipitations. Traditionally, in urban drainage two types of sewer systems are adopted: separate and combined sewers. The former convey dry and wet weather flow separately into two different networks, while the latter convey dry and wet weather flow together. Which is the best solution in terms of cost-benefit analysis still remains a controversial subject. The present study was aimed at comparing the pollution loads discharged to receiving bodies by Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) for different kinds of sewer systems (combined and separate). To accomplish this objective, a comparison between the two systems was carried out using results from simulations of catchments characterised by different dimensions, population densities and water supply rate. The analysis was based on a parsimonious mathematical model able to simulate the sewer system as well as the WWTP during both dry and wet weather. The rain series employed for the simulations was six years long. Several pollutants, both dissolved and particulate, were modelled. The results confirmed the uncertainties in the choice of one system versus the other, emphasising the concept that case-by-case solutions have to be undertaken. Further, the compared systems showed different responses in terms of effectiveness in reducing the discharged mass to the RWB in relation to the particular pollutant taken into account.

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Pleau, Martin, François Methot, Andrée Moïra Lebrun, and Hubert Colas. "Minimizing Combined Sewer Overflows in Real-Time Control Applications." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.042.

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Abstract An approach to design and operate real-time control system for combined sewer overflows is proposed. The methodology is based on nonlinear programming with the peculiarity that all the constraints are linear. The problem definition guarantees a non-null optimization space while preserving the physical and dynamical constraints of the state variables. The nonlinear cost function allows standard control objectives to be met and simulation of the behavior associated with storage facilities and actuators. The linear flow dynamic constraints are defined to simulate flow attenuation as well as to reject unknown disturbances.

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Helness, H., C. Sun, S. Damman, M. Ahmadi, G. Raspati, V. Bjerkelund, G. Moldestad, K. Hattori, T. Kato, and N. Ando. "High rate filtration for local treatment of combined sewer overflow." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.121.

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Abstract Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) pollute receiving waters and have a negative impact on ecosystem services. In urban areas rehabilitation of the sewer system to avoid CSOs is associated with high investment costs. Furthermore, not all CSOs can be closed due to the need for hydraulic reliability of the system. Local treatment of CSO with high rate filtration offers an alternative to rehabilitation of the sewer system that is flexible with respect to design and has lower investment cost than separating sewage and storm water runoff. Results from DESSIN, a 4-year EU demonstration project, are presented. The results showed on average 50% removal of particulate matter during CSO events, with higher removal (80%) in the initial first flush period. Other constituents, for example heavy metals, were removed through their association with particles. Potential impacts on ecosystem services in the catchment and the sustainability of the solution were assessed.

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Jang, Suk-Hwan, and Sang-Woo Park. "Development of Optimal Design Simulation Model for Least Cost Urban Sewer System Considering Risk (I)." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 38, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2005.38.12.1021.

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Park, Sang-Woo, and Suk-Hwan Jang. "Development of Optimal Design Simulation Model for Least Cost Urban Sewer System Considering Risk (II)." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 38, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2005.38.12.1029.

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Peng, Zhouyang, Xi Jin, Wenjiao Sang, and Xiangling Zhang. "Optimal Design of Combined Sewer Overflows Interception Facilities Based on the NSGA-III Algorithm." Water 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233440.

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The interception facility is an important and frequently used measure for combined sewer overflow (CSO) control in city-scale drainage systems. The location and capacity of these facilities affects the pollution control efficiency and construction cost. Optimal design of these facilities is always an active research area in environmental engineering, and among candidate optimization methods, the simulation-optimization method is the most attractive method. However, time-consuming simulations of complex drainage system models (e.g., SWMM) make the simulation-optimization approach impractical. This paper proposes a new simulation-optimization method with new features of multithreading individual evaluation and fast data exchange by recoding SWMM with object-oriented programming. These new features extremely accelerate the optimization process. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III) is selected as the optimization framework for better performance in dealing with multi-objective optimization. The proposed method is used in the optimal design of a terminal CSO interception facility in Wuhan, China. Compared with empirically designed schemes, the optimized schemes can achieve better pollution control efficiency with less construction cost. Additionally, the time consumption of the optimization process is compressed from days to hours, making the proposed method practical.

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Smirnova, Elena, Yuliya Larionova, and Arkadij Larionov. "Sewer system optimization in housing and communal services." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015702002.

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The purpose of the article is to present the design decisions used in the construction of the extended main trunk sewer of the North in St Petersburg. One of its key elements is the siphon, a unique structure in engineering practice for optimal and safe water disposal system. Its special feature is in the arrangement of connections in the pits of the trunk sewer header portion. For the purpose of investigation it had to describe the general situation relative to sewerage network in the city. Following this, a precondition, which determined the structure design as the optimum for movement of effluent, is presented. Further, author concludes that the new pit structures using composite materials made it possible to complete construction of the trunk sewer on schedule and by means of it to move to purification works practically all of the city’s effluents (98, 4%) and realize the goal of steady economic development. Then author shows that it is necessary source control techniques be designed to counter increased discharge of water. It should to provide in the buildings power saving technologies, the hot water recirculation systems, modernize the existing hot water supply facilities, and to install low-cost highly efficient small heat exchangers instead of obsolete locally based boilers and just only of increasing the norms, coefficients and tariffs. Hence it appears that the multi-objective sewer system optimization provides more rational and practical solutions to avoid sewer overflows, reduce risks to public health and to protect the environment from water pollution.

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Liu, Dingfang, Alfred J. Carrier, Richard A. Moore, and Paul Keohan. "Finding Extra Capacity in Boston's Sewer Interceptor System: System-Wide Hydraulic Modeling, Optimization and Cost Effectiveness Analysis." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788812569.

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Fronteau, C., W. Bauwens, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Integrated modelling: comparison of state variables, processes and parameters in sewer and wastewater treatment plant models." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0235.

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All the parts of an urban drainage system, i.e. the sewer system, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the river, should be integrated into one single model to assess the performance of the overall system and for the development of design and control strategies assisting in its sustainable and cost effective management. Existing models for the individual components of the system have to be merged in order to develop the integrated tool. One of the problems arising from this methodology is the incompatibility of state variables, processes and parameters used in the different modelling approaches. Optimisation of an urban drainage system, and of the wastewater treatment process in particular, requires a good knowledge of the wastewater composition. As important transformations take place between the emission from the household and the arrival at the treatment facility, sewer models should include these transformations in the sewer system. At present, however, research is still needed in order to increase our knowledge of these in-sewer processes. A comparison of the state variables, processes and parameters has been carried out in both sewer models (SMs) and activated sludge models (ASMs). An ASM approach is used for the description of reactions in sewer models. However, a difference is found in the expression for organic material (expressed in terms of BOD) and heterotrophic biomass is absent as a state variable, resulting in differences in processes and parameters. Reconciliation of both the models seems worthwhile and a preliminary solution is suggested in this paper.

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Jobbágy, A., I. Szántó, Gy I. Varga, and J. Simon. "SEWER SYSTEM ODOUR CONTROL IN THE LAKE BALATON AREA." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0021.

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In order to stop eutrophication and protect the water quality of Lake Balaton, the canalization and wastewater treatment system was redesigned in the late 70 s. Hence, regional sewer systems leading to sub-central treatment plants were established. Long retention times and long pressure sewer section, however, combined with the high sewage temperatures created a new environmental problem: the production of odorous and corrosive compounds such as hydrogen sulphide. In the present study, a preventive procedure to control anaerobic biodegradation processes in the sewage has been developed. It is based on the metabolic advantage of nitrate reduction over sulphate consumption. In a model experiment, problems deriving from the inappropriate application of nitrate addition were discovered, e.g. decreasing effectiveness by initiating undesired attached microbial growth, and denitrification and subsequent sludge loss in the secondary clarifier. The main concern of the system-specific procedure developed is to avoid local and general nitrate overdosing by an optimum arrangement of the dosing stations. This cost-effective procedure which prevents odour and corrosion problems has been successfully implemented in the Lake Balaton area.

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Gutierrez, Oriol, Gatut Sudarjanto, Keshab R. Sharma, Jurg Keller, and Zhiguo Yuan. "SCORe-CT: a new method for testing effectiveness of sulfide-control chemicals used in sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.809.

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A new method for testing the effectiveness of chemical products for sulfide control in sewers is reported. The method, called SCORe-CT (Sewer Corrosion and Odour Research – Chemical Testing), consists of two specially designed laboratory-scale systems that mimic sulfide production in real rising main sewers, and a multi-phase and multi-facet testing protocol. The monitoring tools/methods include both routine chemical analysis of various sulfurous and carbonaceous compounds in liquid and their on-line monitoring using advanced sensors. Molecular methods and microelectrodes can also be employed to examine the microbial structure and activity of sewer biofilms. The SCORe-CT method is not proposed to replace field trials but to screen chemicals prior to their often costly trials/applications in field conditions. For effective chemicals the method helps to reveal the mechanisms involved, and assists with the design of optimal dosage strategies, which would significantly reduce application costs. In this paper, the method is explained in detail and demonstrated with several case studies.

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Cao, Y. S., J. G. Tang, M. Henze, X. P. Yang, Y. P. Gan, J. Li, H. Kroiss, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, Y. Zhang, and G. T. Daigger. "The leakage of sewer systems and the impact on the ‘black and odorous water bodies’ and WWTPs in China." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.051.

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Abstract China has achieved significant progress on wastewater treatment and aquatic environmental protection. However, leakage (in- and exfiltration) of sewer systems is still an issue. By using the statistical data of water and wastewater in 2016 in China, and the person loads (PLs) of water and wastewater in Singapore, the leakage fractions of hydraulic flow, organic carbon (COD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mass loading, and in-sewer COD biological removal in the sewer systems of China (except Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing were reported for the first time. The fractions of hydraulic flow infiltration (13%, Shanghai and Guangzhou) and exfiltration (39%, China) were calculated. Except Beijing, whose sewer networks are under appropriate management with small leakage fractions, the exfiltration fractions of COD (including in-sewer biological COD removal) ranged from 41% (Shanghai) to 66% (China) and averaged 55%; N ranged from 18% (Shanghai) to 48% (China) and averaged 33%; and P ranged from 23% (Shanghai and Guangzhou) to 44% (China) and averaged 30%. The exfiltrated sewage, COD, N and P not only wastes resources, but also contaminates the aquatic environment (especially groundwater) and contributes to ‘black and odorous water bodies’. In- and exfiltration in the sewer network leads to low influent COD concentration, C/N ratio and high inorganic solids and inert particulate COD concentrations of many municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) causing high cost for nutrient removal, poor resource recovery, additional reactor/settler volume requirement and other operational problems. Therefore, tackling sewer leakage is of primary importance to today's environment in China. Recommendations for the inspection of sewer systems and the rehabilitation of damaged sewers as well as the development of design and operation guidelines of municipal WWTPs tailored to the specific local sewage characteristics and other conditions are proposed.

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Pierre, Robert G. St, Jean I. Layzer, and Helen V. Barnes. "Two-Generation Programs: Design, Cost, and Short-Term Effectiveness." Future of Children 5, no. 3 (1995): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1602368.

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Abadzi, Helen. "Double‐shift schooling: design and operation for cost‐effectiveness." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 40, no. 5 (September 2010): 675–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2010.503368.

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Scoble, M. J., and L. Piciacchia. "Hydraulic backfill design to optimize support and cost effectiveness." Mining Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (October 1986): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9031(86)90230-6.

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Herrera, Linda. "Double-shift schooling: design and operation for cost-effectiveness." International Journal of Educational Development 23, no. 6 (November 2003): 692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-0593(03)00071-3.

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Hough, J. R. "Multiple-shift schooling: Design and operation for cost-effectiveness." Economics of Education Review 10, no. 2 (1991): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(91)90013-f.

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Wang, Chong Hao, and Zhi He Shen. "Utilize Water Square to Transforming Rain Water Engineering in City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2915.

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This type analyzes that the water square can be used in the implementation of rain and sewage diversion in the old city. Water square not only reduce infrastructure cost and nuisance to the public, but also achieve the effect of storm sewer system's optimized transformation, This type also study the feasibility of its implementation and design principle, at last it gives a conclusion about the water square.

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Æsøy, A., S. W. Østerhus, and G. Bentzen. "Controlled treatment with nitrate in sewers to prevent concrete corrosion." Water Supply 2, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0131.

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It has generally been accepted that concrete corrosion is caused by bacterial oxidation of hydrogen sulphide in sewage systems. Costs related to sewer replacement and remediation are quite high, but there is limited knowledge and documentation on the relationship between hydrogen sulphide levels and corrosion rates. This is necessary information in order to select the appropriate means of hydrogen sulphide control and to conduct cost-benefit evaluations. This pilot scale study shows that the concrete corrosion rate can be modeled by a Monod type function with Ks=2 ppm H2S in gas and a maximum concrete corrosion rate at 25°C of 16 mm/year. Complete hydrogen sulphide control with 0 ppm H2S in water and gas is required to prevent concrete corrosion. This can be achieved by controlled treatment with nitrate using the Nutriox® Concept where the nitrate dose is based on flow, temperature, sewer design, and sewage concentration. The local conditions will be important for the cost-benefit evaluations, but in general terms, one can say that the longer the hydraulic retention time is, the more cost effective will a controlled treatment with nitrate be for corrosion control.

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Balmforth, D. J., J. R. Blanksby, C. Brown, and C. Rogerson. "Development and testing of a new design procedure for the control of aesthetic pollutants at combined sewer overflows." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0083.

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Two research projects identified the need for a new design guide and software to facilitate the design of combined sewer overflows. The purpose of the design guide and software is to enable the selection of the most cost effective arrangement of overflow and screens according to local circumstances. Strategies were developed to minimise the risk of those testing the design guide and software. Tests took place on a number of projects, one of which is the subject of an ongoing pre and post construction appraisal. The experience gained from the test projects is being fed back into the software development.

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Campos, Luiza Cintra, and Geoff Darch. "Adaptation of UK wastewater infrastructure to climate change." Infrastructure Asset Management 2, no. 3 (August 2015): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jinam.14.00037.

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This paper provides a summary of the potential impacts of climate change on UK wastewater infrastructure and published adaptation measures and provides a set of recommendations for further research and action. Climate change is affecting wastewater infrastructure, notably in relation to sewer flooding, and further wet weather impacts are anticipated including combined sewer overflow discharges and related pollution. Dry weather impacts include increased sedimentation of solids in sewerage systems, septicity and associated odour-related issues. Overall, treatment processes are expected to improve due to increased retention times and higher temperatures, although more treatment may be required in summer to meet consents. The consequential impacts on society and the environment are not well quantified. Many of the impacts are already being addressed to some extent by water companies, and a wide variety of future interventions are being considered. Very little information was found on cost-effectiveness of adaptation options, but this could be in part due to commercial sensitivity. Recommendations include the development of indicators; the use of risk-based approaches and, where appropriate, integrated catchment and sewer system models; vulnerability assessments; monitoring programmes; and studies to identify adaptation measures and barriers to uptake, to include a systematic assessment of the benefits of sustainable urban drainage system.

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Cheung, Ken, and Naihua Duan. "Design of Implementation Studies for Quality Improvement Programs: An Effectiveness–Cost-Effectiveness Framework." American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 1 (January 2014): e23-e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301579.

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González-Viar, M., R. Díez-Montero, M. Molinos-Senante, L. De-Florio, A. L. Esteban-García, R. Sala-Garrido, F. Hernández-Sancho, and I. Tejero. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of sewer mining versus centralized wastewater treatment: Case study of the Arga river basin, Spain." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 3 (January 3, 2015): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2014.991742.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sewer design Cost effectiveness'

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