Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sewer design Cost effectiveness

Academic literature on the topic 'Sewer design Cost effectiveness'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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Sun, S. A., S. Djordjević, and S. T. Khu. "Decision making in flood risk based storm sewer network design." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.179.

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It is widely recognised that flood risk needs to be taken into account when designing a storm sewer network. Flood risk is generally a combination of flood consequences and flood probabilities. This paper aims to explore the decision making in flood risk based storm sewer network design. A multi-objective optimization is proposed to find the Pareto front of optimal designs in terms of low construction cost and low flood risk. The decision making process then follows this multi-objective optimization to select a best design from the Pareto front. The traditional way of designing a storm sewer system based on a predefined design storm is used as one of the decision making criteria. Additionally, three commonly used risk based criteria, i.e., the expected flood risk based criterion, the Hurwicz criterion and the stochastic dominance based criterion, are investigated and applied in this paper. Different decisions are made according to different criteria as a result of different concerns represented by the criteria. The proposed procedure is applied to a simple storm sewer network design to demonstrate its effectiveness and the different criteria are compared.
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Gruening, H., H. Hoppe, S. Messmann, and A. Giga. "Cost effectiveness of centralised and decentralised storm water treatment." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.163.

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As part of a research & development project commissioned by the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia's Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (MUNLV) an examination is being carried out of the general possibilities for centralised and decentralised treatment storm water runoff to be discharged into (canalised) receiving waters and the costs ensuing from this. The examination of the different options is being carried out under real conditions, with the Briller Creek (Wuppertal/Germany) and Müggen Creek (Remscheid/Germany) catchment areas being used as models. The range of investigations deals with a comparison between ‘decentralised, semicentralised, centralised’ storm water treatment, centralised storm water treatment involving a separate sewer and parameter-specific pollution based storm water runoff control. In the framework of the research project each of the variants is to be elaborated and the costs are to be calculated so as to permit a comparison between the different system designs. In particular, the investigations are to take into account the actual requirements to be met by storm water drainage systems involving separate sewage systems.
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Liao, Z. L., G. Q. Zhang, Z. H. Wu, Y. He, and H. Chen. "Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM: an example in Shanghai, China." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (February 17, 2015): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.076.

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Although low impact development (LID) has been commonly applied across the developed countries for mitigating the negative impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on urban hydrological environment, it has not been widely used in developing countries yet. In this paper, a typical combined sewer system in an urbanized area of Shanghai, China was used to demonstrate how to design and choose CSO control solutions with LID using stormwater management model. We constructed and simulated three types of CSO control scenarios. Our findings support the notion that LID measures possess favorable capability on CSO reduction. Nevertheless, the green scenarios which are completely comprised by LID measures fail to achieve the maximal effectiveness on CSO reduction, while the gray-green scenarios (LID measure combined with gray measures) achieve it. The unit cost-effectiveness of each type of scenario sorts as: green scenario > gray-green scenario > gray scenario. Actually, as the storage tank is built in the case catchment, a complete application of green scenario is inaccessible here. Through comprehensive evaluation and comparison, the gray-green scenario F which used the combination of storage tank, bio-retention and rain barrels is considered as the most feasible one in this case.
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Ojha, Bibhuti. "Economical Design of Sewer Line in Flat Terrain: A Case Study of Rajapur Sewerage System." SCITECH Nepal 13, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/scitech.v13i1.23503.

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Design of sewer line in flat terrain is a great challenge due to high excavation depth involved in laying a sewer line required for maintaining minimum velocity, slope and clear cover. Sewer design presented in this paper is result of sewer modelling software Bentley SewerCAD V8i. Estimation and cost analysis of a sewer system shows cost is directly related to the excavation depth. For economically efficient design of sewer line in a flat terrain of Rajapur-Bardia, sewer is designed in the gentle slope and flushing tanks are provided at sections where velocities are less than the minimum value recommended by Codes. Design and cost estimation of sewer network of 4.554 km with and without use of flushing tank are presented in this paper and two major benefits - cost and low invert level of outfall from ground surface elevation are achieved with flushing tank provision.
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Studziński, Waldemar, Wojciech Poćwiardowski, and Weronika Osińska. "Application of the Swimming Pool Backwash Water Recovery System with the Use of Filter Tubes." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 6620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216620.

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During the operation of swimming pools, large losses of water from the backwash of swimming pool filters are observed. This water is often discharged into sewers or used to sprinkle sports grounds. The aim of the research was to design and build an installation for purification and recovery of backwash water (BWW). It consists of flocculation, pre-filtration, and ultrafiltration based on filter tubes and ozone disinfection. Backwash water treatment installation contributes to purification and improvement of water quality. The effectiveness of the removal of microbial contamination with the use of the system was over 99%. The high efficiency of removing physicochemical impurities was also achieved. Water turbidity was reduced from 96.9 NTU to 0.13 NTU. After using the system, the oxidability of water decreased from 6.26 mg O2∙dm−3 to 0.4 mg O2∙dm−3. When using the system, a reduction of total organic carbon by 80% was also noticed. After the treatment process, water meets the strict criteria and can be returned to the pool system of water as fresh water with parameters of supply water—directly to the overflow tank. It has been shown that up to 96% of water can be recovered with the technology. The cost comparison showed annual savings of over EUR 9000.
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Duque, Natalia, Daniel Duque, Andrés Aguilar, and Juan Saldarriaga. "Sewer Network Layout Selection and Hydraulic Design Using a Mathematical Optimization Framework." Water 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123337.

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This paper proposes an iterative mathematical optimization framework to solve the layout and hydraulic design problems of sewer networks. The layout selection model determines the flow rate and direction per pipe using mixed-integer programming, which results in a tree-like structured network. This network layout parametrizes a second model that determines hydraulic features including the diameter and the upstream and downstream invert elevations of pipes using a shortest path algorithm. These models are embedded in an iterative scheme that refines a cost function approximation for the first model upon learning the actual design cost from the second model. The framework was successfully tested on two sewer network benchmarks from the literature and a real sewer network located in Bogotá, Colombia, that is proposed as a new instance. For both benchmarks, the proposed methodology found a better solution with up to 42% cost reduction compared to the best methodologies reported in the literature. These are near-optimal solutions with respect to construction cost that satisfy all hydraulic and pipe connectivity constraints of a sewer system.
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Moussavi, Ali, Hossein Mohammad Vali Samani, and Ali Haghighi. "A framework for optimal reliability-based storm sewer network design in flat areas." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 3 (March 2017): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0244.

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This paper presents a framework for the optimal design of a storm sewer network in flat areas where there is insufficient energy from gravity for runoff drainage. A reliability index based on nodal partial flooding is introduced as a performance criterion and utilizes the intrinsic storage capacity of the sewer network. The Storm Water Management Model is used for hydraulic simulation of the sewer system. This model is coupled with an adaptive genetic algorithm to obtain the least-cost design of the network. The model offers numerous design alternatives with various levels of reliability. The model was successfully applied to the Kianpars storm sewer network, a flat district of the city of Ahvaz in Iran. The proposed model is useful for managing the budget and technical limitations of sewer system design in flat areas as well as efficiently deriving an optimum trade-off between design cost and reliability.
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Vollertsen, J., T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, Z. Ujang, and S. A. Talib. "Integrated design of sewers and wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0194.

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Sewer system design must be integrated with wastewater treatment plant design when moving towards a more sustainable urban wastewater management. This integration allows an optimization of the design of both systems to achieve a better and more cost-effective wastewater management. Hitherto integrated process design has not been an option because the tools to predict in-sewer wastewater transformations have been inadequate. In this study the WATS model - being a new and validated tool for in-sewer microbial process simulations - is presented and its application for integrated sewer and treatment plant design is exemplified. A case study on a Malaysian catchment illustrates this integration. The effects of centralization of wastewater treatment and the subsequently longer transport distances are addressed. The layout of the intercepting sewer is optimized to meet the requirements of different treatment scenarios.
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Beenen, A. S. "Benchmarking management of sewer systems: more to learn than cost effectiveness." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0461.

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Thirty-nine municipalities in the Netherlands conducted a pilot study to develop and try out a methodology to compare the quality of their sewerage management. The participants chose a multidimensional benchmarking with an emphasis on the aim of improving the working processes within sewerage management. A second goal was accountability to the stakeholders. The benchmarking methodology was based as well on analysing data within a “balanced-score-card” system as on intensive exchange of knowledge and experiences. The pilot resulted in a state of the art overview of the quality of sewerage management in the Netherlands. However, above all, it resulted in the shocking fact that the work is carried out in many different ways which cannot be explained by technical reasons or local circumstances. To pinpoint best practices and actually implement these improvements the learning process must continue after the analysis and presentation of the data. A start has been made to form regional specialist networks for further discussion and exchange of experiences.
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Chikamoto, Yusuke, Yuki Tsutsumi, Hiroaki Sawano, and Susumu Ishihara. "Design and Implementation of a Video-Frame Localization System for a Drifting Camera-Based Sewer Inspection System." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020793.

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To reduce the cost of inspecting old sewer pipes, we have been developing a low-cost sewer inspection system that uses drifting wireless cameras to record videos of the interior of a sewer pipe while drifting. The video’s data are transmitted to access points placed in utility holes and further transmitted to a video server where each video frame is linked to its capturing position so that users can identify the damaged areas. However, in small-diameter sewer pipes, locating drifting nodes over the full extent of the pipeline using Wi-Fi-based localization is difficult due to the limited reach of radio waves. In addition, there is the unavailability of a GNSS signal. We propose a function to link each video frame to a position based on linear interpolation using landmarks detected by the camera and image processing. Experiments for testing the accuracy of the localization in an underground sewer pipe showed that all utility holes were successfully detected as landmarks, and the maximum location estimation accuracy was less than 11.5% of the maximum interval of landmarks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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Agbenowosi, Newland Komla. "GIS based optimal design of sewer networks and pump stations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43184.

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In the planning and design of sewer networks, most of the decisions are spatially dependent because of the right of way considerations and the desire to have flow by gravity. This research addresses the application of combined optimization-geographic information system (GIS) technology in the design process. The program developed for the design uses selected manhole locations to generate the candidate potential sewer networks. The design area is delineated into subwatersheds for determining the locations for lift stations when gravity flow is not possible. Flows from upstream subwatersheds are transported to the downstream subwatersheds via a force main. The path and destination of each force main in the system is determined by applying the Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to select the least cost path from a set of potential paths. This method seeks to minimize the total dynamic head. A modified length is used to represent the length of each link or force main segment. The modified length is the physical length of the link (representing the friction loss) plus an equivalent length (representing the static head). The least cost path for the force main is the path with the least total modified length. The design approach is applied to two areas in the town of Blacksburg, Virginia. The resulting network and the force main paths are discussed.


Master of Science
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Nilubol, Otsin. "Development of a combat aircraft operational and cost-effectiveness design methodology." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3380.

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This study set out to develop an aircraft design methodology, which gives com- bat aircraft more operational and cost-effectiveness by considering these factors early in the design process. In this methodology, an aircraft will be considered as a sub-system of an overall system, representing an entire operation scenario. Measures of operational and operational cost-effectiveness indicate the quality of, and relationships between, the major design aspects; i. e. susceptibility, vulnerability, reliability, maintainability, and operational cost. These measures are functions of aircraft measures of performance and measures of effectiveness. A mission operation simulation was developed as the transfor- mation tool, to performance and effectiveness measures. The measures of aircraft performance developed in this methodology have been evalu- ated by simple, yet sufficient, models because of the paucity of available data, information and the appropriateness of such assessment methods during the early design stages. An aircraft performance in susceptibility terms is measured both in the forms of probability of detection, which is predicted through its radar cross section (RCS), and probability of hit. The RCS prediction model in this study generally uses an aircraft's external shape, and the probability of hit is also evaluated from the aircraft presented areas. The probability of kill is a measure of aircraft performance used the vulnerability design methods. This value relates directly to number and sizes of the critical components installed in the aircraft, and their layout. The modification of the critical component layout can directly affect the aircraft probability of kill. In this study, only two major threat types are considered; i. e. contact and proximity warheads. Manoeuvrability probability has been introduced, and been used together with the sus- ceptibility and vulnerability probabilities to predict the overall operational survivability probability in this study. Aircraft reliability and some maintainability probabilities are predicted by using avail- able unclassified data and fundamental aircraft design parameters and variables by dint of statistical analysis and the Pareto principle. Operational cost in this methodology is calculated throughout the aircraft Life Cycle Cost (LCC) by averaging the total operation cost over the total number of operational aircraft in one base and total number of flying hours for an aircraft fleet's entire life. The average operation cost in conjunction with the number of aircraft lost and of weapons released during the mission simulation gives the total operational cost for the overall scenario. An alternative method used to integrate all probabilities into the operation mission simulation is by using the reliability block diagram technique in conjunction with an event tree diagram. The Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to generate more accurate results by means of random value usage. Most results from the operation mission simulation are in the form of integer num- bers; therefore, the genetic algorithm optimisation method was mainly used in this study. However, the gradient-based optimisation method can also be used to give approximate predictions. The results from the optimisation can finally be used as examples of how to design a combat aircraft for operational and cost-effectiveness.
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Simmons, Brian Spencer. "Lowest cost building technology selection for energy efficient design." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45941.

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The thesis project explores the use of an optimization methodology for selecting the lowest monetary cost combinations of technologies to meet a set operational energy efficiency targets for buildings. The optimization approach, which is operated on a normative energy model, is compared with existing prescriptive methodologies for selecting technology combinations and a metric is developed for ranking their effectiveness; the E/C Ratio. The energy savings/ cost ratio is also the objective function that the optimization algorithm is set to maximize. The optimization routine is coded in to a custom MATLAB script and is used in two case studies to optimize a proto-typical Korean apartment and office building. The optimization methodology finds technology combinations that are much more cost effective than the prescriptive methodology at meeting an energy savings target and can generically be applied to other buildings given a palette of technology alternatives and the corresponding cost data.
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Sperling, Tony. "Risk-cost-benefit framework for the design of dewatering systems in open pit mines." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31873.

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Control of groundwater plays an important part in operations at many open pit mines. Selection of an efficient and cost effective dewatering program that will improve slope stability of the pit walls is frequently complicated by the complex and somewhat uncertain hydrogeologic environment found at most mine sites. This dissertation describes a risk-cost-benefit (RCB) framework that can be used to identify the most effective dewatering strategy under such conditions, because the stochastic framework explicitly accounts for uncertainty in hydrogeologic and shear strength parameters in the groundwater flow, slope stability and economic analyses. In the framework, the monetary worth of each design alternative is measured in terms of an economic objective function. This function is defined in terms of a discounted stream of benefits, costs and risks over the operational life of the mine. Benefits consist of revenue generated from the sale of mineral concentrate. Costs include normal operating and dewatering expenses. Monetary risks are defined as the economic consequences associated with slope failure of the pit wall, multiplied by the probability of such a failure occurring. Selection of the best design strategy from a specified set of alternatives is achieved by determining the economic objective function for each design and then selecting the alternative that yields the highest value of the objective function. Estimation of the probability of slope failure requires an accurate assessment of the level of uncertainty associated with each input parameter, a forecast of how dewatering efforts are expected to affect pore pressures in the pit wall in light of the uncertain hydrogeologic environment, and an evaluation of the effect that the pore pressure reductions will have on improving stability of the pit wall. Prediction of the pore pressure response to dewatering efforts is achieved with SG-FLOW, a steady state, saturated-unsaturated finite element model of groundwater flow. Slope stability is evaluated with SG-SLOPE, a two dimensional, limit equilibrium stability model based on the versatile Sarma method of stability analysis. To account for input parameter uncertainty, both the groundwater flow stability models are invoked in a conditional Monte-Carlo simulation that is based on a geostatistical description of the level of uncertainty inherent in the available hydrogeological and geotechnical data. Besides documenting the methodology implemented in the framework to conduct the geostatistical groundwater flow and economic analyses of the objective function, this dissertation also presents a sensitivity analysis and a case history study that demonstrate the application of the RCB framework to design problems typically encountered in operating mines. The sensitivity study explores how each set of input parameters, including hydrologic data, shear strength parameters, slope angles of the pit wall and dewatering system specifications impact on the profitability of the mining operation. The study utilized a base case scenario that is based on overburden conditions at Highland Valley Copper; therefore, the conclusions cannot be applied blindly at other sites. However, the framework can be used to formulate site specific conclusions for other large base-metal open pit mines. After the objective function was calculated for the base case, the aforementioned input parameters were systematically perturbed in turn to study how each parameter impacts on profitability of the mine. The sensitivity study showed that in the particular case analyzed changes in the slope angle and dewatering efforts can improve profitability by many millions of dollars. In particular, steep slope angles can be utilized in the early stages of mine development while the pit walls are relatively low, and then flattened as the pit wall height increases and the monetary consequences of slope failure become more pronounced. Furthermore, the sensitivity results indicated that pit dewatering is likely to be effective over a range of hydraulic conductivities from lxlO"8 m/s to lxlO'5 m/s and that accurate estimation of the mean hydraulic conductivity is much more important than estimating other statistics that describe the hydraulic conductivity field, including the variance and the range of correlation. Results of the sensitivity study clearly demonstrate that the RCB framework can be used effectively to identify the most effective dewatering strategy given a limited amount of geologic and hydrologic information. Also, it is shown that the framework can be used to identify the most important input parameters for each specific dewatering problem and to establish the approximate monetary worth of data collection. The case history study documents how the RCB framework was applied at Highland Valley Copper (HVC). Groundwater control is recognized as an important component of mining operations at this mine site; dewatering measures utilized on the property involve both high capacity dewatering wells and horizontal drains. The benefits of pit dewatering include improved slope stability, drier operating conditions in the pit, and a convenient production water supply. These benefits do not come cheaply, HVC is expecting to spend in excess of six million dollars on groundwater control in the next ten years. Before investing such large sums in groundwater control, mine management should be confident that the capital investment is justified, i.e. that the resulting economic benefits will significantly exceed the costs of the dewatering effort. Using historical data provided by HVC, the case history study documented in this dissertation shows how the RCB framework is used to identify the most profitable combination of slope geometry and groundwater control in design sector R3 of HVC's Valley Pit. By considering three possible slope angle and groundwater control options it is shown that by continuing to implement an aggressive dewatering program, HVC can expect to reduce operating costs by as much as nine million dollars in this design sector.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Palm, John Harold. "Performance subdivision street standards : a model ordinance with commentary and evaluation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9869.

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Wong, Tse-ki Kinny, and 黃子祺. "Optimal design of municipal solid waste recycling system in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125441X.

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Macomber, Gary L. "The design, development, and evaluation of a prototype training course life cycle cost estimating tool." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53587.

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A prototype cost estimating tool was built using an iterative design approach to help training managers assess the impact of changes in the training environment on course life cycle costs. In the first of two evaluations, training managers evaluated the prototype tools during a demonstration for both functionality and face validity in their environment. They also evaluated the usefulness of different levels of graphics and detail in a guide designed to assist the user with the tool. Feedback from the first evaluation was used to revise the prototype tool, and the guide usefulness ratings were used to select the guide for use in the second evaluation. The impact of the guide on performance with the tool was analyzed in a second evaluation. The second evaluation analyzed the difference in performance of two groups. The first group only had the users manual to help them solve the problems. The second group had the users manual and a performance aid to help them. Subjects' performance was compared on the number of spreadsheets used, number of errors made, and the amount of time they took to complete the tasks. The two groups did not significantly differ on these measures.
Ph. D.
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Sadiqi, Mahdi. "Basic design and cost optimization of a hybrid power system in rural communities in Afghanistan." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13824.

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Master of Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Anil Pahwa
In Afghanistan, electricity is mostly generated by hydroelectric, diesel and natural gas generators. A significant amount of electricity also is imported from neighboring countries. Accessibility of electricity is mostly limited to the capital and main towns. The government of Afghanistan and other development organizations, such as The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation “GIZ”), are striving to develop accessibility of electricity to remote communities by supporting the local population of people to enhance living conditions. Although some of these remote communities are served by local diesel fuel generators for just a couple of hours during the night, still most communities do not have access to electricity and they are using wood and kerosene as major sources of energy in cooking, heating and lighting. For those remote communities who are served by local diesel fuel generators, the cost of electricity is much higher than from the national grid. On the other hand, grid extensions are too expensive and, in some cases, impossible for such communities because of the geographical features of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a mountainous country which receives a significant amount of snow during the winter and once it melts the water runs into rivers, lakes and streams. Therefore mostly it does not face any shortage of running water during the year. Also Afghanistan has plentiful wind and solar energy. Therefore, small hydro-power, wind turbine and solar energy are attractive renewable energy sources for remote communities. The development of such a hybrid power system is a complex process and technical expertise is essential in design and construction phases. The main challenges are the high cost of civil works and equipment, technical expertise for design and construction and encouragement of local people for the support of the project. This report will give an insight into design, cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the system using HOMER in order to encourage private investors and local community people to take advantage of this potential available in Afghanistan and be convinced of the sustainability for investments in micro-hydropower, wind and solar.
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Terrell, Mark A. "Analyzing, evaluating, and quantifying the thermal energy contributions of the passive solar-heating elements incorporated in the design and construction of the Plumblee residence located in Alamance County, NC." Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1195.

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Currently, nationwide efforts are being made to help policymakers, construction professionals and consumers become more aware of the benefits of incorporating sustainable energy principles in residential building design and construction (Miller 1996). Any success in applying these principles is the result of effective communication by design professionals to builders and homeowners in understanding cost benefit tradeoffs for using sustainable energies in homes. The Gordon and Janice Plumblee Residence, located on 1742 Routh Road in Burlington, NC, is an example of how passive solar-heating design elements, along with simple conventional construction techniques, have created a comfortable, affordable, and low-energy consumption home. This report evaluates the passive solar and energy conservative elements incorporated in the Plumblee Home and quantifies the significance of each element energy contribution. A model of the thermal performance of the home is compared to the actual performance. The accuracy of the model is verified. The modeling software is used to perform a sensitivity study of the thermal performance. An analysis of the construction methods and materials used is presented.
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Alabi, Bimpe Omolara. "Effect of building materials cost on housing delivery towards sustainability." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2635.

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Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The study investigates the predominant factors responsible for increase in the cost of building materials and the effect of this cost increase on housing delivery in Western Cape, South Africa. Sustainable housing is buildings produced to meet the present housing needs of people without conceding the ability of the future generation to meet their future needs. However, a significant increase in the cost of building materials has been a major constraint to the delivery of sustainable housings, as made evident in the literature, leading to project cost and time overruns or even project abandonment. However, building materials consume up to 65% of the total cost of construction. This factor on cost has, over the years, threatened the ability of the construction industry to deliver projects within budgeted cost, at stipulated time, and at satisfactory quality. This prompted the need to proffer solutions to these factors identified which are causing increases in the cost of building materials towards sustainable housing delivery in Western Cape. Based on this research study, housing is termed to be sustainable when it is available and affordable for the masses timely and at quality expected. The research study adopted a mixed methodological approach, involving the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews and closed-ended quantitative questionnaires administered to construction stakeholders (architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, construction managers, project managers, site supervisors and material suppliers) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. SPSS version 24 software was used for analysing the quantitative data collected and ‘content analysis’ method was used to analyse the information collected through the qualitative interviews. The findings revealed that the major factors responsible for increasing the cost of building materials are inflation, wastages of building materials by labourers, cost of transportation and distribution of labour, design changes, client contribution to design change and change in government policies and regulation. Moreover, the research showed that fluctuation in the cost of construction and high maintenance costs due to poor workmanship also impact the cost increase of building materials for housing delivery. In addition, research findings affirmed that for optimum materials usage for the enhancement of sustainable construction, the following criteria should be considered in the selection of building materials: maintenance cost, energy consumption and maintainability. The adoption of these findings by construction stakeholders in the South African construction industry would enhance the delivery of affordable housing at reduced cost, at the required time and at the expected quality. Therefore, an adequate implementation of the framework presented in this study will enhance sustainable housing delivery.
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Books on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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Branca, Anthony J. Cost effective design/build construction. Kingston, Ma: R.S. Means Co., 1987.

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1941-, Khan Ata M., ed. Cost-effectiveness of passing lanes: Programmer's manual. Downsview, Ont: Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1991.

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Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation Research and Development. Cost-effectiveness of passing lanes: User's manual. Downsview, Ont: Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1991.

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Cost-effective maintenance: Design and implementation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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1952-, Bray Mark, ed. Double-shift schooling: Design and operation for cost-effectiveness. 2nd ed. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2000.

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Multiple-shift schooling: Design and operation for cost-effectiveness. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989.

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Double-shift schooling: Design and operation for cost-effectiveness. 3rd ed. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2008.

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Khan, A. M. Cost-effectiveness of passing lanes: Safety, level of service and cost factors. Downsview, Ont: Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1991.

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Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation Research and Development. Cost-effectiveness of passing lanes: Safety, level of service and cost factors. Downsview, Ont: Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1991.

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Bruce, Campbell. Methods of cost-effectiveness analysis for highway projects. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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Hill, Christine, and Barry J. Adams. "Cost Effectiveness of Urban Runoff and Combined Sewer Control Options." In Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts, 277–87. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208945-16.

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Degen, Helmut, Gustavo Guillen, and Holger Schmidt. "Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Ratio of Weekly User Group Sessions." In Design, User Experience, and Usability. Design Philosophy and Theory, 208–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23570-3_16.

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Gu, Xiaohan Phrain, Ziyan Ma, Anbin Wang, Longhua Ju, Xiaodong Chai, and Xiaogang Gao. "Cost Effectiveness of Noise and Vibration Mitigation Measures Using Life-Cycle Cost Analysis." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 214–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70289-2_21.

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Gerneth, M., F. R. Bartsch, M. Brado, and R. Schosser. "Design of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Study in Teleradiology." In Computer Assisted Radiology / Computergestützte Radiologie, 882. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00807-2_195.

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Iwashita, Tatsuya, Yasuhiro Sewaki, and Toru Matsumoto. "Concept of Optimal Replacement System for Urban Infrastructures Considering Breakage Risk and Social Cost: a Case Study of Sewer Pipes." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 1129–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_238.

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Schettini, Irene, Gabriele Palozzi, and Antonio Chirico. "Mapping the Service Process to Enhance Healthcare Cost-Effectiveness: Findings from the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Application on Orthopaedic Surgery." In Service Design Practices for Healthcare Innovation, 235–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87273-1_12.

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Rogers, Heather L., Vítor Raposo, Maja Vajagic, and Bojana Knezevic. "Person-Centred Care Implementation: Design and Evaluation Considerations." In Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Person-Centered Healthcare, 35–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79353-1_3.

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AbstractThe Gothenburg model of Person-Centred Care (PCC) is an evidence-based intervention shown to improve care and health outcomes while maintaining cost. Other health systems could benefit from its sustainable implementation. The WE-CARE implementation framework, adapted by COSTCares, provides a base set of enablers and outcomes recommended for the design and evaluation of PCC. The methodology is extended using implementation science to systematically address contextual factors at different levels. Evidence-based frameworks, such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), for example, and hybrid effectiveness-implementation study designs can be used. Additional enablers to consider when designing and evaluating PCC implementation strategies are discussed. The outcomes of quality of care and cost can be addressed using a Value for Money (VfM) framework. Various VfM methods and analysis models can be incorporated into PCC implementation research design in order to influence policy makers and health system decision makers towards the sustainable uptake of PCC.
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Lammer, Herfried, Tamara König, Giacomo Bonaiti, and Roberto Onori. "Use Case 1: Mechanical Recycling of Short Fibers." In Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites, 303–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22352-5_15.

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AbstractThe main objective of Use Case 1 is the development of industrial demonstrators of new products incorporating mechanically recycled glass fiber composites. These demonstrators will determinate the technical feasibility and cost effectiveness for glass and carbon fibers recycling solutions. The demonstrators include structural parts like a ski by HEAD Sport and sanitary products like shower trays by Novellini where the recycling fibers are used for existing products. A series of design concepts have been developed supported by a design briefing and a co-design methodology for street furniture and similar products, where the recycled materials are already considered from the start of the design of the product.
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Davies, Samuel, Sivagunalan Sivanathan, Ewen Constant, and Kary Thanapalan. "Development of an Advanced Solar Tracking Energy System." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 77–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_10.

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AbstractThis paper describes the design of an advanced solar tracking system development that can be deployed for a range of applications. The work focused on the design and implementation of an advanced solar tracking system that follow the trajectory of the sun’s path to maximise the power capacity generated by the solar panel. The design concept focussed on reliability, cost effectiveness, and scalability. System performance is of course a key issue and is at the heart of influencing the hardware, software and mechanical design. The result ensured a better system performance achieved. Stability issues were also addressed, in relation to optimisation and reliability. The paper details the physical tracker device developed as a prototype, as well as the proposed advanced control system for optimising the tracking.
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Scolobig, Anna, Sally Potter, Thomas Kox, Rainer Kaltenberger, Philippe Weyrich, Julia Chasco, Brian Golding, et al. "Connecting Warning with Decision and Action: A Partnership of Communicators and Users." In Towards the “Perfect” Weather Warning, 47–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98989-7_3.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the challenges of achieving a level of awareness of disaster risk, by each person or organisation receiving a warning, which allows them to take actions to reduce potential impacts while being consistent with the warning producer’s capabilities and cost-effectiveness considerations. Firstly we show how people respond to warnings and how the nature and delivery of the warning affects their response. We look at the aims of the person providing the warning, the constraints within which they must act and the judgement process behind the issue of a warning. Then we address the delivery of the warning, noting that warning messages need to be tailored to different groups of receivers, and see how a partnership between warner and warned can produce a more effective result. We include illustrative examples of co-design of warning systems in Argentina and Nepal, experience in communicating uncertainty in Germany and the Weather-Ready Nation initiative in the USA. We conclude with a summary of aspects of the warning that need to be considered between warner and decision-maker when designing or upgrading a warning system.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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ETHERINGTON, R. "General aviation cost effectiveness." In Aircraft Design Systems and Operations Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1985-4029.

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Yeh, S. F., Y. J. Chang, and M. D. Lin. "Application of simulated annealing on least-cost design of sewer network." In EM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2010.5674610.

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Chu, Khanh N., and Gregory W. Watanabe. "Evaluating Alternative Alignments and Maximizing Existing Sewer Capacities Results in Cost Savings for Sewer Improvements at the Design Level." In International Pipelines Conference 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40994(321)96.

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Elhassi, Fatima, Nisreen Omar, Z. Rajab, A. Asheibi, A. Khalil, A. Elbreki, and F. Mohamed. "Photovoltaic systems Design and Cost Effectiveness Assessment for the telecommunication sites." In 2022 13th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec56325.2022.10001977.

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Skjong, Rolf, and Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen. "Cost Effectiveness of Hull Girder Safety." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28494.

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The paper presents a cost effectiveness assessment of the safety in a design code for oil tankers. The marginal cost to safety improvements is based on code calibration studies for different target reliabilities. This allows basing the actual target reliability indices on risk acceptance criteria derived from cost effectiveness of the marginal change in scantling requirements. This approach is in agreement with the criteria defined in IMO submissions and used in the ongoing IMO coordinated Formal Safety Assessment studies on bulk carriers. The documentation that cost effectiveness criteria may be applied has previously been submitted to IMO. It is concluded that the method works quite well in the examples that are presented, and that the current codes are in close agreement with decision criteria used for other risk control options. As probabilities calculated by structural reliability methods are notional, it is also advantageous to use marginal costs to safety improvement instead of absolute numbers of probabilities as acceptance criterion. It is indicated that a cost effectiveness criterion may replace the current practice of basing target reliabilities on calibration against previous best practices. Although the basic safety philosophy is changed radically, the study does not indicate that the change in criteria would result in much change in design. The advantage of using the suggested approach is the consistency with ongoing FSA development at IMO.
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Ma, Xintan, and Shuiliang Li. "Optimization design of L-shaped road noise barrier and cost-effectiveness analysis." In 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2009.5164415.

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Takakuwa, Soemon. "Design and cost-effectiveness analysis of large-scale AS/RS-AGV systems." In the 25th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/256563.256860.

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Stanojevic, Neda, Aleksandar Pantic, Filip Filipovic, Bojan Bankovic, Sanja Aleksic, Milutin Petronijevic, and Dragan Pantic. "CAD Analysis of Grid-on Photovoltaic Power Plant Design and Cost-effectiveness." In 2021 15th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/telsiks52058.2021.9606321.

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Hosseini, Mohammad M., Joao Pedro, Antonio Napoli, Nelson Costa, Jaroslaw E. Prilepsky, and Sergei K. Turitsyn. "Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness of Metro Networks Exploiting Point-to-Multipoint Transceivers." In 2022 International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ondm54585.2022.9782846.

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Chun, Pil Woo, Jamin Islam, Valeri Kirischian, and Lev Kirischian. "Improving Cost-Effectiveness Using a Micro-level Static Architecture for Stream Applications." In 4th IEEE International Symposium on Electronic Design, Test and Applications (delta 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/delta.2008.77.

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Reports on the topic "Sewer design Cost effectiveness"

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Tidball, Rick. Using Cost-Effectiveness Tests to Design CHP Incentive Programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1185678.

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Pauly, Mark. Cost Effectiveness Analysis and the Design of Cost-Sharing in Insurance: Solving a Puzzle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18481.

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Fung, Juan. A Framework to Evaluate the Cost-Effectiveness of Recovery-Based Design. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1277.

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Botkin, J. Accelerating PV Cost Effectiveness Through Systems Design, Engineering, and Quality Assurance: Final Subcontract Report, June 2007. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921222.

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Pauly, Mark, and Fredric Blavin. Value Based Cost Sharing Meets the Theory of Moral Hazard: Medical Effectiveness in Insurance Benefits Design. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13044.

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Botkin, J. Accelerating PV Cost Effectiveness Through Systems Design, Engineering, and Quality Assurance: Phase I Annual Technical Report, 4 November 2004 - 3 November 2005. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/889146.

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Latoski, Steven, Raktim Pal, and Kumares Sinha. An Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of the Hoosier Helper Program and Framework for the Design of ITS Optimal System Configuration, Phase 1. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313470.

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She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Generalized Link-Cost Function and Network Design for Dedicated Truck-Platoon Lanes to Improve Energy, Pavement Sustainability, and Traffic Efficiency. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-037.

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Recent development of autonomous and connected trucks (ACT) has provided the freight industry with the option of using truck platooning to improve fuel efficiency, traffic throughput, and safety. However, closely spaced and longitudinally aligned trucks impose frequent and concentrated loading on pavements, which often accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the life cycle costs for the highway agency. Also, effectiveness of truck platooning can be maximized only in dedicated lanes; and its benefits and costs need to be properly balanced between stakeholders. This paper proposes a network-design model to optimize (i) placement of dedicated truck-platoon lanes and toll price in a highway network, (ii) pooling and routing of ACT traffic from multiple origins and destinations to utilize these lanes, and (iii) configuration of truck platoons within these lanes (e.g., lateral displacements and vehicle separations). The problem is formulated as an integrated bi-level optimization model. The upper level makes decisions on converting existing highway lanes into dedicated platoon lanes, as well as setting user fees. The lower-level decisions are made by independent shippers regarding the choice of routes and use of platoon lanes vs. regular lanes; and they collectively determine truck traffic in all lanes. Link-cost functions for platoon lanes are obtained by simultaneously optimizing, through dynamic programming, pavement-rehabilitation activities and platoon configuration in the pavement's life cycle. A numerical case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model framework over the Illinois freeway system. It is shown that the freight traffic is effectively channelized on a few corridors of platoon lanes and, by setting proper user fees to cover pavement-rehabilitation costs, systemwide improvements for both freight shippers and highway agencies can be achieved.
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Bjella, Kevin, Yuri Shur, Misha Kanevskiy, Paul Duvoy, Bruno Grunau, John Best, Stephen Bourne, and Rosa Affleck. Improving design methodologies and assessment tools for building on permafrost in a warming climate. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38879.

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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) operates numerous Arctic and Subarctic installations, including Alaska. Changes to permafrost can threaten critical built infrastructure. It is critical to accurately characterize and compare site conditions in permafrost regions to enable the efficient, cost-effective design and construction of an infrastructure well suited to the permafrost environment and that meets DoD requirements. This report describes three research efforts to establish (1) field investigation approaches for ground ice detection and delineation, (2) methods and modeling for early warning detection of thawing permafrost under infrastructure, and (3) an outline of a decision support system that determines the most applicable foundation design for warming and degrading permafrost. Outcomes of these interrelated efforts address needs to improve construction of DoD mission critical infrastructure on Arctic and Subarctic permafrost terrains. Field investigation processes used systematic methodologies including borehole data and geophysical measurements to effectively characterize subsurface permafrost information. The Permafrost Foundation Decision Support System (PFFDSS) tool implements and logically links field survey information and foundation type assessments. The current version of PFFDSS is designed to be accessible to design-engineers of a broad range of experience, that will reduce the effort and cost, and improve the effectiveness of site assessment.
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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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