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1
Zhuravlev, Petr V., Irina V. Khutoryanina, and Boris I. Marchenko. "The barrier role of sewage treatment plants in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic bacteria, parasitic agents on the example of the southern zone of Russia." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 1070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-10-1070-1076.
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Introduction. From the sanitary and epidemiologic point of view the economic and household sewage making more than 80% of the volume of all water disposal is of the greatest practical interest. The infectious agents getting to the sewerage do not perish independently. The problem of treatment facilities of the sewerage consists of prevention of possible distribution through water of intestinal and parasitic infections. Aim of the study. To investigate the overall efficiency of sewage treatment facilities in relation to pathogenic and sanitary indicator bacteria and pathogens of parasitic diseases. Materials and methods. The object of the study was microbial and parasitic communities of household waste water from sewage treatment plants in a number of cities in the Rostov region. In work standard microbiological methods of research according to MU 2.1.5.800-99 and the methods of sanitary and parasitological researches of sewage stated in MUK 4.2.2661-10 and also author’s techniques (No. FTs/4022 MR) are used Results. The sewage of the studied cities arriving on sewage treatment plants has high degree of contamination on all bacteriological and parasitological indicators. At the same time intensity of pollution of sewage on these indicators for city drains was in the limits provided by MU 2.1.5.800-99. Dynamics of decontamination process at stages of sewage treatment facilities is shown. During normal operation of treatment systems, waste water is completely freed from salmonella. The species composition of parasitosis pathogens in wastewater that underwent the treatment stages, as well as those arriving, was almost identical in all territories. Conclusion. Researches have shown that at respect for technology of water processing of treatment facilities of the sewerage waste water practically corresponds to normative documents on bacteriological indicators. At the same time, the low performance concerning disinvasion and deworming is shown.
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Heuer, J. J. M. B., and H. J. Kaskens. "Prevention of Concrete Corrosion and Odour Annoyance with Biofiltration." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0500.
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In many Dutch sewerage systems the sewage is pumped from small villages through pipelines to larger cities. These pressurized pipelines often end up in the pump sump of another pumping-station or in another sewerage system which transports the sewage under atmospheric conditions to the waste water treatment installation. When the waste water in these pipelines stays stationary for a longer period often sulphurous compounds are formed. At the downstream end of the pipeline, where the sewerage system meets atmospheric, aerobic circumstances, the hydrogen sulphide can be converted into sulphuric acid by micro-organisms. The above described process(es) can lead to the following problems:corrosion of concrete caused by sulphuric acid;odour annoyance caused by hydrogen sulphide and other sulphurous compounds. A good solution against concrete corrosion developed by HASKONING consists of stripping the sulphurous compounds out of the sewage and eliminating them. The most economic way to eliminate H2S is the use of a biological filter. Measurements carried out at a pump sump show that this type of filter is highly effective in eliminating H2S. Nevertheless, the installed biofilter did not completely avoid odour annoyance. Therefore the outcoming air after the biofilter was led back into the sewerage system. No complaints occurred anymore.
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Bugajski, Piotr M., Grzegorz Kaczor, and Krzysztof Chmielowski. "Variable dynamics of sewage supply to wastewater treatment plant depending on the amount of precipitation water inflowing to sewerage network." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0019.
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AbstractThe paper analyzes the effect of precipitation water that inflowing to sanitary sewage system as accidental water on the changes in the total amount of treated sewage. The effects of accidental water supply on the total amount of sewage inflowing to treatment plant were analyzed based on mean daily amounts from the investigated periods and mean daily amounts from incidental supplies. The study was conducted in the years 2010–2015. Six characteristic research periods were identified (one per each calendar year), when the amount of sewage in the sanitary sewage system was greater than during dry weather. The analysis of changes in the amount of sewage supplied to the sewerage system in the six investigated periods revealed that the accidental water constituted from 26.8% to 48.4% of total sewage inflowing to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In exceptional situations, during intense rains, the share of precipitation water in the sewerage system would increase up to 75%. Then, the rainwater inflowing the sewerage system caused hydraulic overloading of the WWTP by exceeding its maximum design supply.
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Rockefeller, Abby A. "Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge: Damage without End." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, no. 4 (February 2003): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qlxd-wq8a-hevr-7k1b.
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It is in the nature of sewering and sewage treatment to compound environmental problems in the processof moving sewage and in attempting to remove from sewage the pollutants it carries. Spreading sewage sludge on land is but the latest in the compounding of environmental damage from sewerage. This practice must be banned and there must be a federal reorientation of all technology dealing with human excreta and the waste materials from industry and society that now are carried away by sewers. The reorientation must center on biologically based on-site pollution prevention and resource recycling technologies mandated through a revised Clean Water Act.
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Virde, Harshal, and Devendra Dohare. "A Review: Design of Sewerage Scheme and Evaluation of Proposed Treatment Plant for Saatvik Vihar Phase-Ii, Indore, (M.p.)." Current World Environment 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.3.2.
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The water-carried sewerage system has replaced the older, more basic technique of excreta disposal as the cities have grown. The infrastructure of any society's water supply and sewage system is crucial. The purpose of a sewer network is to move home or industrial waste water from a source location to a treatment facility or disposal site. The sewage system consists of a network of sewer lines that, at their nodal points, collect and discharge waste materials into a separate network of sewer lines. Since then, a lot of researchers have made contributions to this topic. As a result, an effort has been undertaken in this paper to gather data from research papers on the design of sewerage network systems. The objective of this paper is to proposed a treatment unit and design of sewerage network for Saatvik Vihar Phase-II, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), with the help of SewerGEMS software also using the process of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for the cleaning of wastewater of the society.
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Hassanain, Mohey A., Nawal A. Hassanain, Esam A. Hobballa, Fatma H. Abd- El Zaher, and Mohamed Saber M. Saber. "Existence and Decontamination of HVC, Infectious Enteric Bacteria and Parasites in Sewaged Soils." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5411.
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A surface sample representing a high contaminated loamy sand soil irrigated with sewage effluent since 30 years and was cultivated with artichoke was collected from Abu-Rawash sewage farm. The existence of HVC, enteric infectious bacteria and parasites in sewaged soil found to be negative for the forward and positive for the latter's. Out of the 30 samples separated from the sewaged soil sample, only 3 samples contained parasitic fauna of developed and undeveloped Ascaris (10%) and five samples contained Entamoeba coli. Results showed that the number of Ascaris eggs/gm soil was 0.017 and the number of E. coli/gm was 0.26. Decontamination of soil parasites was effective using either calcium hypochlorite or potassium permanganate. Salmonella, Vibrio and Campelobacter were detected in the high contaminated sewaged soil and survived for 120 days in the sewaged soil under all control and bioremediated treatments irrigated with either sewage effluent or water.
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Chupin, Viktor R., Vladimir I. Mart'yanov, and Maria V. Matveeva. "Optimization of systems of water supply and sewerage by minimizing their life cycle costs." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, no. 1 (2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-1-104-113.
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Abstract. When designing urban water supply and sewerage systems, the substantiation of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water should be carried out. The existing approaches and regulatory requirements provided in SP 31.13330.2012 consider economic factors in terms of reduced costs for the construction and operation of water supply and sewerage systems. However, according to GOST R 587885-2019, the design option should be selected on the basis of its life cycle costs (LLC). In this regard, an LLC-based methodology for calculating the optimal values of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water in pipelines is proposed. The study specifies the LLC of pipeline water supply and sewerage systems in the form of the flow rate and velocity functions of the transported fresh and sewage water. The first LLC derivative in terms of velocity is taken and set equal to zero. Further, the equation is solved relative to the velocity. As a result, formulas for calculating optimal pipeline velocity values for the fresh and sewage water relative to their LLC are obtained. The conducted numerical experiments demonstrate that the optimal values of fresh and sewage water velocities depend on the values of flow rate and electricity cost, as well as the number of years in the life cycle of water supply and sewerage systems. It is proposed to amend Appendix B of SP 31.13330.2012 by adding a substantiation of pipeline diameters based on the LLC of water supply and sewerage systems.
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Al-Gheethi, Adel, Efaq Noman, Bala Jeremiah David, Radin Mohamed, Abd Halid Abdullah, Sasitharan Nagapan, and Amir Hashim Mohd. "A review of potential factors contributing to epidemic cholera in Yemen." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 5 (July 6, 2018): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.113.
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Abstract The menace of cholera epidemic occurrence in Yemen was reported in early 2017. Recent reports revealed that an estimated 500,000 people are infected with cholera whereas 2,000 deaths have been reported in Yemen. Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water and food. Yemen is the least developed country among the Middle East countries in terms of wastewater and solid waste management. The population of Yemen is about 24.5 million and generates about 70–100 million m3 of sewage. An estimated 7% of the population has sewerage systems. It has been revealed that 31.2 million m3 of untreated sewage is used for irrigation purposes especially for vegetables and Khat trees. In addition, more than 70% of the population in Yemen has no potable water. They depend on water wells as a water source which are located close to sewage disposal sites. The present review focuses on the current status of water, wastewater as well as solid waste management in Yemen and their roles in the outbreak of cholera. Future prospects for waste management have been proposed.
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Uniyal, Harish, Trapti Sharma, and Yogesh Renwal. "Exploration of Waste Water in Different Open Drains of Kota City." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 9 (June 24, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i9.100.
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In Kota city very small area has been covered by sewerage line. Mainly domestic sewage is treated in septic tank. The effluent of septic tank is discharged into open drains. There are many small and medium scale industries, Commercial center, Coaching Institutions etc.; discharging the waste water into various open drains. At present as the present sewerage system is not operating; the waste water from these open drains is discharged into Chambal River. In this project the analysis of waste water was done to examine the probable pollution caused by the high B.O.D. and C.O.D. in waste water. Some samples of drinking water from tube wells were also analyzed to detect the probable pollution from seepage of surface water into ground water. Average value of the B.O.D. Calculated for the Waste water taken from 20 readings is 388.25 and the maximum B.O.D. was in the waste water of Raipura drain (512)
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Haas, Bettina S., and Reimer Herrmann. "Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0476.
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Sewage containing volatile contaminants is a potential VOC-source in cities. Thus we tried to evaluate volatilization out of the sewerage system by measurements of contaminants in sewer gas and sewage. Our results from a medium sized town with little industry showed that sewer gas is mainly contaminated with alkanes, small aromatic compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons. For three chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene) we determined mass transfer coefficients out of sewage and used these data to estimate mass fluxes from sewage and emissions out of the sewerage system for two sewer stretches. Considerable emission of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sewage, i.e. fluxes of some 10 to 100 g per m2·d, occurred only when the contaminant input via sewage was between some g and mg per litre for a single compound. For concentrations that were about 3 orders of magnitude less, emissions were negligible.
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Volschan, Isaac. "The challenge of dry-weather sewage intakes as a sustainable strategy to develop urban sanitation in the tropics." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.084.
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Abstract Informal housing, and operational and management deficiencies, influence sewerage system performance in Brazil. Inadequate sewage volumes in storm sewers lead to fecal contamination and affect recreational water environments. As overflow structures, dry-weather sewage intakes (DWSIs) are used to intercept and transfer sewage from storm- to sewage- sewers. For cities without public services, the DWSI strategy has been suggested as an option to enable easier and more rapid responses in terms of sewage pollution control. The strategy may also lead to gradual construction of a separate sewerage system in a two-step plan: initially, based on the construction of DWSIs and wastewater treatment plants, and then, on the construction of separate sewers. The paper is a discussion of the main technical challenges in sustainability of the DWSI strategy, and includes a case study of slum and other informal housing areas in Rio de Janeiro.
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Lee, Robert. "Sewage as Waste: Implications for the UK Water Industry of the ECJ’s Ruling on the Application of the Waste Framework Directive to Sewage." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 16, Issue 10 (October 1, 2007): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2007030.
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Summary: The ECJ has handed down judgment in the case of R (Thames Water Utilities) v South East London Division, Bromley Magistrates’ Court (Case C-252/05) (10 May 2007). The ECJ has decided that sewage that leaks from a waste water collection system is in principle “waste” for the purposes of the European Waste Framework Directive (WFD). The case has been referred back to the High Court in England on one point which will now be critical in deciding whether or not leaking pipes expose sewerage undertakers to the threat of criminal sanctions. This article examines the basis for the decision, the chances of the High Court finding an escape route for undertakers and the wide-ranging implications for water and sewerage companies, sewerage customers and the Environment Agency if they do not do so. It will consider also how the Government might resolve the issue by amending national water law.
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Vítěz, Tomáš, Radovan Kukla, and Petr Trávníček. "Physical properties of sand from the waste water treatment plants." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 4 (2010): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058040233.
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The work is focused on characterization of selected physical properties of sewage sand from the waste water treatment plants. Sand is transported into wastewater mainly in areas with a combined sewerage system – principally in connection with rainfalls, in case of which it is transported through the sewerage system together with rainwater, but also (within smaller extents) due to leakages of sewerage systems or bad conduct of natural persons and legal entities. The main attention was focused on basic physical parameters such as content of total solid, ash free dry mass, density and granulometry. These material parameters are very often underestimated so the set of quality data is completly missing, as well as a background for designers of wastewater treatment plants. This paper should be quite useful e.g. for the purpose of technological equipment design in the region of South Moravia.
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Batubara, Ummi Mardhiah, Fitratul Aini, and Manta Mentari Manurung. "Screening and Characterization of Anoxigenic Photosynthetic Bacteria as Producer of Caroteniod Pigments From Palm Liquid Sewages." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v7i1.2071.
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Palm liquid sewage is organic waste that contains complex compounds such as water, oil, and organic solids. The organic content of palm liquid sewages is an indication of the abundance of microorganisms. This study aims to obtain anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (BFA) that produce carotenoid pigments from palm liquid sewages. Therefore, We isolated and screened of BFA from three palm liquid sewage disposal sites in Jambi Province. This research was conducted by an experimental method using a modified mineral medium. BFA isolates that growth and produced carotenoid pigments are visible because of the distribution of reddish-yellow pigments on the culture media. Screening results obtained 11 isolates of BFA sequentially Bg1K201, Bg1K202, Bg2k201, Bg3k201, Mr1k201, Mr1k202, Sl1k201, Sl1k202, Sl2k201, Sl2k202 and Sl3k202. The results of morphological and physiological characterization based on the Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology show that there are two types of BFA genera that have carotenoid pigments, respectively, the genus Rhodobacter (Bg1k201, Bg1k202, Bg3k201, Sl1k201, Sl1k202, and Sl1k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl1k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl1k202 and Sl2k202, and Sl2k202, and Sl2k202. Sl2k202, and) the genus Rhodopseudomonas (Bg2k201, Mr1k201 and Mr1k202)
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Inhibitory Effect of Bacteriophages Isolated from Sewage Water in the City of Kirkuk on some Types of Human Pathogenic Bacteria." Baghdad Science Journal 14, no. 4 (December 3, 2017): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.14.4.727-734.
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Most approaches to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria concentrate on discovering new antibiotics or modifying existing ones. However, one of the most promising alternatives is the use of bacteriophages. This study was focused on the isolation of bacteriophages that are specific to some of commonly human pathogens namely E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteriophages were isolated from sewages that were collected from four different locations in Kirkuk City. Apart from S. pyogenes, bacteriophages specific to all tested bacteria were successfully isolated and tested for their effectiveness by spot test. The most effective bacteriophages that were isolated from sewages and sewage water of Al-Jumhori Hospital compared to other sites. It is concluded that the sewage water of hospitals represents a perfect environment for these bacteriophages.
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Vieira, A. S., and E. Ghisi. "Water–energy nexus in houses in Brazil: comparing rainwater and gray water use with a centralized system." Water Supply 16, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.137.
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The objective of this paper is to assess the potential for energy savings in water and sewerage services by means of on-site integrated water and sewage management strategies in low-income households in Florianópolis, Brazil. The on-site water efficiency measures include reclamation of gray water and rainwater use. The water and energy saving potential of both strategies were studied, and their energy intensities were compared to centralized water and sewerage services. Furthermore, the water consumption pattern for 10 low-income households was empirically determined using smart meters; the rainwater supply was estimated by using the computer program Netuno 4.0; and the water supply and sewage reduction potential of gray water systems were determined using a theoretical method. On average, the gray water and rainwater supply capacities were equivalent to 24% and 43% of the total water consumption of households, respectively. In regard to energy savings, rainwater harvesting was the most energy intensive strategy (0.86 kWh/m³), followed by centralized systems (0.84 kWh/m³); whereas, gray water was the most energy efficient strategy (0.54 kWh/m³). The findings suggest that alternative water and sewerage services may promote energy savings in comparison with centralized ones only when a concomitant reduction in sewage production is achieved.
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SHUVALOV, Mikhail V. "DIALECTICS OF THE TOTALITY OF THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND NORMATIVE PROVISIONS APPLIED FOR THE DESIGN OF THE SETTLEMENTS SEWAGE SYSTEM." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.02.6.
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On the base of the system analysis of technical literature and regulatory documentation on the sewerage of sett lements and industrial enterprises it is established that in the history of the development of sanitary equipment for the period from the middle of the 19th century onwards up to the present time it is possible to roughly distinguish fi ve stages diff ering from each other in that for a certain period of time in developed countries a certain system of theoretical and normative provisions on the collection, removal and disposal of sewage water dominated. In the fi rst quarter of the XX century the generally accepted paradigm is the method of sewerage of sett lements by a centralized scheme with the installation of communal sewage treatment plants by a biological method. At the beginning of the XXI century there is a paradigm shift in the collection, management and purifi cation of domestic wastewater due to the resumption of search for resource-saving technologies that reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment through the introduction of technological solutions for the separation of domestic (sanitary) wastewater into separate fl ows for the purpose production from waste water components of secondary products. In the short term, after the development and approval of normative documents regulating the basic sanitary rules and technological norms for the introduction of advanced modifi ed technologies for the separation of human excrement and household wastewater with the purpose of separate treatment with the disposal of sewage components, a gradual transition from a centralized to a decentralized separate sewerage system will be carried out domestic and sanitary sewage.
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Duan, Aochuan. "Design of Sewage Treatment Process of Shaowu Second Sewage Treatment Plant Based on the Modified Carrousel Oxidation Ditch." E3S Web of Conferences 370 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337002002.
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This paper is designed for the sewage treatment process of Shaowu City Second Sewage Treatment Plant, focusing on the modified card oxidation ditch process. This sewage treatment plant is mainly purified by living sewage in Shaowu City, and the processing scale is 10,000 m3d-1. According to the sewage quality and the reality of urban development, this paper selects the hydrolyzate + oxidation ditch + concrete precipitation process. The sewage first hydrolyzedate the acidified tank before entering the secondary treatment to increase the sewage’s sewage, then remove the main organic matter in the water and complete the nitrogen removal phosphorus. Finally, further remove the suspension in water. The material and total phosphorus have enabled water quality to meet the “Sewage Treatment Plant Pollutant Emission Standard” (GB18918-2002). The project is expected to invest 3001,500 yuan, and the wastewater operating cost of the equivalent is 0.57 yuan/ton.
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Ermolin, Yuri A. "Practice of Automated Control in Urban Wastewater Transport System of Moscow." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0502.
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Control of the ramified head-and-gravity wastewater disposal system of Moscow is considered with respect to the possibility of redistributing flows of sewage between structural components through underground hydraulic connections (sewers). It is supposed that the sewerage pumping stations of a network are characterized by various consumptions of electric power for pumping a unit volume of sewage (specific consumption). Analysis is limited by the subsystem of transportation of the sewage (sewerage network). Controlling the network is reduced to the purposeful redistribution of the sewage flows between the sewers and pumping stations. The control criterion is the minimizing of total consumption of the electric power by all of the pumping stations of the network. Restrictions in control are the carrying capacities of the structural components. The control algorithm is adapted to the use of computer facilities.
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Haberl, R., K. Atanasoff, and R. Braun. "Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Organic High-Strength Industrial Waste Water." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 1909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0647.
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Within this research project a number of high strength organic waste waters was treated in anaerobic-aerobic working bench scale units and in small scale pilot plants. By this study problems with the anaerobic-aerobic technology should be solved, dimensioning parameters should be worked out, and the economy should be focused. For most of the sewages the anaerobic-aerobic treatment turned out to be possible although sometimes technical problems could be observed. Such problems occurred in the final aerobic stage in connection with wastes with a high content of N. They could be solved by a predenitrification stage. Fibreboard sewage was taken as an example for wastes containing persistent substances; different anaerobic processes were tested, it turned out that a twostage anaerobic treatment is necessary to stabilize the process. The economic calculations proved the anaerobic-aerobic treatment to be preferable if some conditions are considered.
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van Luin, A. B., and W. van Starkenburg. "Hazardous Substances in Waste Water." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0184.
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The Governmental Institute for Sewage and Waste Water Treatment has studied the presence of a number of hazardous substances, selected by the EEC-Commission, in sewage and industrial waste water. The influent, effluent and sludge of six municipal waste water treatment plants and the waste water of 59 industries were sampled and analysed. Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in sewage originate mainly from industrial discharges. Chlorophenols, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) appear to be present at a low and constant background in municipal sewage and in many industrial waste waters. The removal in the municipal treatment plants amounts to:-volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons 50–90%-hexachlorobenzene 95%-hexachlorocyclohexanes 40–65%-chlorophenols 20–40%-PCB about 90%-PAH 85–95% This study has given a survey of emissions of these hazardous substances. The total emission of the examined substances in the Netherlands has remained out of the scope of this investigation.
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Capodaglio, Andrea G. "INTEGRAL CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0014.
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Sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants are often planned, designed and operated as totally separate entities. As a result, sewage treatment efficiency is subject to considerable variability, depending both on general hydrologic conditions in the urban watershed (wet versus dry periods), and on specific “instantaneous” operating conditions. It has been postulated that the integration of design and operation in urban drainage and wastewater treatment could allow minimization of the harmful effects of discharges from treatment plants, combined sewer overflows and surface runoff. This “ideal condition” can be achieved through the introduction of so-called “Real-Time Control” technology in sewerage collection and treatment operations. This paper examines the requirements of a hypothetical integrated sewer flow and sewage treatment model, the mathematical tools used to design and operate Real-Time Control systems, and the issues emerging from an integration of the conveyance and disposal aspects of the sewerage cycle.
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Boon, Arthur G., Alison J. Vincent, and Kevin G. Boon. "Avoiding the problems of septic sewage." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0054.
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Septic sewage develops in a sewerage system when aeration of sewage in gravity sewers is inadequate or when sewage is pumped up a rising-main sewer and sulphides are formed. Many variables affect the rate at which septicity develops. Equations have been produced which describe the relation between the variables and septicity. Such equations can be applied to individual sewers or rising mains. To predict, prevent and control septicity of an entire sewerage system will be complex; preventative measures taken upstream will affect the formation of septicity downstream. This paper describes the development of a computer programme, consisting of a series of linked algorithms. The programme enables the sewerage system to be mathematically modelled in order to predict the formation of sulphides in the sewage at identified locations. It also enables the effects of applying a range of preventative measures to be assessed in order to optimise a strategy for prevention and control. The results are described and discussed for application of the model to an extensive sewerage system, serving a population of 665,000. In some circumstances, prevention of septicity may not be practical or it may be expensive. To remove odours from ventilated air, which includes hydrogen sulphide, a novel, reliable, low-cost and effective catalytic filter has been developed. This filter is described, together with performance data obtained during recent full-scale operation.
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Kaczor, Grzegorz B., Krzysztof Chmielowski, and Piotr Bugajski. "Influence of extraneous waters on the quality and loads of pollutants in wastewater discharged into the treatment plant." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0021.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze an influence of an inflow penetrating into two selected small sewerage systems during a rainy weather on pollutant concentration and load in raw sewage. Studies were conducted in 2010–2015 on two small sewerage systems in Małopolska province. The studies confirmed that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage systems resulted in a decrease of pollutant concentrations in sewage. However, they also showed that this dilution was not constant for all types of pollutants. The most important outcome of the study was demonstrating that despite its diluting effect on pollutants, the intense inflow into a sewerage system resulted in an increase of a sewage pollutant load. This increase was not regular, but it was rising dramatically when the inflow share in sewage exceeded 50%. The study indicated that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage system should not be disregarded, as it actually presented a significant threat to the wastewater treatment process and in consequence to the quality of recipient waters.
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Bohra, Dau Lal, Vikas Modasiya, and Chandan Kumar Bahura. "Distribution of coliform bacteria in waste water." Microbiology Research 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mr.2012.e2.
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Biological activity of water can be apparently judged by the colonization of bacteria (microbes). In order to find out the extent of pollution and the relationship between inorganic matters and microbiota, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacteria in various types of sewage waters, namely sewage water by the residential colonies (group I), industrial waste water (group II), sewage treatment hub (group III), unorganized collected waste water (group IV) and old residential waste collection center (group V), of Bikaner city (Rajasthan, India) was carried out from February, 2010 to May, 2010. Water samples were taken from surface only owing to low depth and investigated for various abiotic factors (viz. transparency, pH, carbonate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, silica, and inorganic phosphorous) and biotic factors (viz. number and diversity of bacteria). The domestic sewage water causes major water borne diseases basing upon Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and coliform Count (CC). The coliform count in the present study ranged from 2.5 to 5.12 MPN/mL. Comparision of microbial population in sewage water from all different Groups was done and the higher values of TBC and CC were recorded only in Sewage treatement hub (Group III).
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Sun, Wei, and Xiao Jun Liu. "The Prediction for Sewage Emissions in Xi'an Based on the Theory of Grey System." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.539.
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The water pollution and water scarcity have restricted the development of economy seriously in Xi'an. And the wastewater quantity is an important basic data in solving this problem. This paper build GM(1,1) model based on grey system theory to predict the discharge volume of urban domestic sewage and industrial wastewater from 2013 to 2020. The predictions suggest that the discharge amount of industrial wastewater will reduce by 6.7005 million tons per year. While the amount of domestic sewage increases year by year at the speed of 11.0989 million tons. The percentage of domestic sewage in total sewage emissions will get bigger in Xi'an. Additionally, some suggestion about improving the efficiency using of water and reducing sewerage discharged are given.
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., Ahmad. "EFFICIENT AND ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLID WASTE USING WINDROW COMPOSTING TECHNIQUE AND EFFECT OF SEWAGE AS ADDITIVE ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSTS." Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management 4, no. 1 (2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2022.26.31.
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Solid waste management is a crucial issue in developing countries due to large amounts of waste being generated from different sources. Aerobic windrow composting of various wastes was carried out to create compost from various wastes for use as a nutritious soil fertilizer and to optimize waste material by employing sewage as an addition to minimize composting time and improve soil nutritional value. Four composting windrows were formed with three different types of wastes i.e. first windrow was animal waste + garden waste treated by sewage water, second windrow was food waste + garden waste treated by sewage water, third windrow was mixture of wastes treated by sewage water, and the last windrow was also mixture of wastes but treated by tap water. The compost of mixture of wastes treated by sewage water was found better than the other three windrows as having pH 8.69, Organic Content 59.25%, Moisture Content 28.09%, Carbon 27.85%, Nitrogen 0.66%, C/N ratio 42.2, Phosphorous 1.4% and Potassium 0.84%. If composting of mixture of wastes like animal waste, food waste and garden waste treated with sewage water is carried out, then it will give better results and also reduce the composting period by 30%.
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Chmielowski, Krzysztof, Piotr Bugajski, and Grzegorz B. Kaczor. "Comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected agglomeration sewerage systems." Journal of Water and Land Development 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0019.
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AbstractThe study provides a comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected sewerage systems. The analyzed data were collected from 10 agglomeration sewerage systems discharging sewage into collective wastewater treatment plants (WTP). The investigated pollution indicators included BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids and biogenic indicators such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus. These results were compared with the outcomes reported in commonly available research papers on sewage disposal. Considering the concentration of individual pollution indicators, more detailed categories of sewage pollution were adopted in this work. The sewage was divided into five basic groups: I – highly concentrated, II – concentrated, III – moderately concentrated, IV – diluted, and V – highly diluted. The sewage categories accounted for the following pollution indicators: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Mean BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids in raw sewage were higher than average values reported in the referenced literature. Contrary to that, concentration of total phosphorus in raw sewage was significantly lower than reported by other authors. The outcomes of this study suggest that the predictions concerning pollution degree of raw sewage made at WTP design stage should not be based exclusively on general values provided in literature reports.
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Chabal, Lukas, and Stefan Stanko. "Sewerage Pumping Station Optimization Under Real Conditions." GeoScience Engineering 60, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0003.
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AbstractConstruction of a sewer system on a flat area is characterized by a large number of pumping stations (PS), which implies the probability of occurrence of technical problems and increases operational costs. The article focuses on drainage methods for municipalities situated on a flat area where it is necessary to build up a large number of pumping stations. Problems occur in case of multiple serial, parallel or combined connections of PSs. Energy costs can outweigh other costs, especially if the PS runs more than 2000 hours per year (Wilson et al., 2010). It has been shown that there is a large technical and economic potential for energy savings in sewage pumping. The pumping of waste waters in Slovakia is mostly based on the START-STOP method. This means that the pumps operate at all times at full power. In practice, we can also meet with oversizing of pumps. These and other facts lead to increased power consumption.Also rainwater infiltration and “black” stormwater connections belong to significant present problems in sewer system operation. Large amounts of storm water in a sewerage PS lead to increasing intensity of wastewater pumping, which is reflected in increasing operational costs.Optimization of such sewer system is based on mathematical modelling and was implemented in the “Ivanka pri Dunaji” municipality, close to Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia where the above mentioned problems in wastewater discharge cause considerable operating costs and inefficient performance of the system as a whole for a long time. Due to the enormous houses development, the system is inadequately loaded by rain waters as well. Also poor discipline of property owners contributes to the inauspicious situation to a great extent. Despite a ban of connections, paved areas are drained into the sewage system very often. The identification of such connections is very problematic with regard to ownership rights. Rain waters in sewages can degrade the quality of wastewaters, increase operating costs of pumping and reduce system life cycle. It was demonstrated by mathematical modelling that with the use of information technologies, it is possible to make the existing sewerage systems more effective or propose a new system of pumping and discharging waste waters.
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Farid, M. Samir M., Samir Atta, Mohamed Rashid, Josefien Oude Munnink, and Ruud Platenburg. "Impact of the Reuse of Domestic Waste Water for Irrigation on Ground Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0189.
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Egypt planned to reclaim large areas in both the Eastern and Western desert fringes of the Nile Delta with an increasing use of sewage effluent from Greater Cairo. The Gabal el Asfar farm which has been irrigated with raw to primary treated sewage effluent for a period of seventy five years was selected as a pilot area to investigate the groundwater quality. This farm covering 3000 feddan (1250 ha), is located in the sandy area northeast of Cairo. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of agricultural application of sewage effluent on groundwater quality. Observation wells were constructed and field and laboratory measurements were carried out in and around the Gabal el Asfar area. The water balance and mass balances have been assessed. The study yielded useful recommendations to decrease the impact on groundwater quality and possible risks in Gabal el Asfar, concerning 1) type and amount of pollution from sewage effluent, 2) design criteria to control possible spreading of pollutants, and finally 3) the use of groundwater in the area. The following comprises the main conclusions:*Irrigation with sewage effluent had a positive impact on salinity of the initially brackish groundwater. On the contrary, groundwater quality is negatively affected from sewage effluent with regard to nitrogen contents (ammonium and nitrate), phosphate, heavy metals and faecal coliforms.*The drinking water limit for nitrate is sometimes exceeded. Moreover, faecal coliforms are found in water from all shallow handpumps in the area. The general suitability of the groundwater is therefore limited while the use of handpumps for drinking water purposes should be avoided. High boron contents of sewage effluent indicate a risk for crops sensitive to boron.*The accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in the soil adversely affects the soil system.*Pretreatment of sewage effluent in Gabal el Asfar should be improved to limit the pollution of the aquifer. Industrial discharge in sewage effluent should be avoided.*Groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is mainly collected by drains in or at the borders of the area, so spreading of pollutants out of the area is largely controlled.
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Piasecki, Adam. "Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland." Water 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030625.
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Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.
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Head, P. C., D. H. Crawshaw, and S. K. Rasaratnam. "Fylde Coast Bathing Water Improvements – Storm Water Management for Compliance with Bathing Water Directive." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0308.
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As part of the investigations to determine the most appropriate scheme to bring the Fylde Coast bathing waters up to the quality required by the EC Bathing Water Directive, mathematical models have been used to examine the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the subsequent dispersion of effluent in the receiving waters. The discharge characteristics of the existing sewerage systems were examined by means of an extensive WASSP model, validated by means of flow measurements gathered from critical points of the sewer network. This model was then used, in conjunction with a time series rainfall record for the area, to investigate the effect of the intensity and duration of rainfall events on the volume of storm sewage to be discharged. Because the area is drained by a combined system, the management of storm water is of utmost importance and the output of the WASSP model was used to determine the input to the coastal dispersion model for rainfall events. A preliminary examination of the possible sites for sewage treatment works and sea outfalls, for sewage and storm water, suggested four possible schemes involving either inland treatment, marine treatment or a combination of the two. All options required the discharge of storm water to the sea. Extensive dispersion modelling was carried out to examine the probable effects of various storm-water management strategies on bacterial concentrations in the receiving waters. From this it was apparent that storage of storm flows, with controlled discharge, at the state of tide when environmental impact would be minimal, was required to achieve compliance with the provisions of the Directive. By integrating the WASSP modelling of various base-flow and storm-water storage options with dispersion modelling, it was possible to establish appropriate design criteria.
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Blackwood, D. J., J. B. Ellis, D. M. Revitt, and D. J. Gilmour. "Factors influencing exfiltration processes in sewers." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0042.
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Exfiltration from sewers is widespread and emerging legislation may require water service providers to identify, and rectify, its sources in sewerage systems. This paper describes exfiltration test apparatus and a series of experiments undertaken using sewage to gain a better understanding of the influence of sewage solids and sediments on leakage rates. An overview of the results obtained is given, which demonstrates that most previous estimates of exfiltration leakage rates were too high due to a lack of appreciation of the “self-repairing” action of sewage and sewage associated solids. Exfiltration rates of 0.1% of the sewer flow or 0.001 l/s have been recorded for defects up to 6 mm wide.
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Booth, E. M., and G. B. O'Toole. "Compact and covered sewage treatment: Singapore style." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering 154, no. 3 (September 2002): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wame.2002.154.3.169.
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Wiśniewska, Marta, and Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski. "The Air and Sewage Pollutants from Biological Waste Treatment." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020250.
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The mechanical-biological waste treatment plants (MBTP), which include the municipal waste biogas plants, have an important role in sustainable urban development. Some plants are equipped with a sewage pre-treatment plant, which is then directed to the sewerage system and the treatment plant. Others, on the other hand, have only a non-drainage tank. The parameters of technological sewage (TS) or processing technology could reduce sewage contamination rates. In addition to the quality of sewage from waste treatment plants, the emission of odours is also an important problem, as evidenced by the results obtained over the sewage pumping station tank. The conducted statistical analysis shows a significant positive correlation between odour concentration (cod) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analysing the individual compounds, a high positive correlation was also found—the strongest being between H2S, NH3 and VOCs. In the case of sewage compounds, the insignificant correlation between P total and other parameters was found. For the rest of the compounds, the highest positive correlation was found between COD and BOD and N-NO2 and N-NH3 as well as COD and N-NO2. The dilution of sewage is only an ad hoc solution to the problem. Further work should be aimed at reducing sewage pollution rates. The obtained results indicate large pollution of technological sewage and a high level of odour and odorants concentration. The novelty and scientific contribution presented in the paper are related to analyses of various factors on technological sewage parameters and odour and odorant emission from TS tank at biogas plant processing municipal waste, which may be an important source of knowledge on the management of TS, its disposal and minimisation of emitted compound emissions.
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Thakare, Unnati, Himani Kimmatkar, Prajakta Shende, Snehaly Raut, and Dr B. S. Ruprai. "Design of 50KLD MBBR based Sewage Treatment for Hostel Building, Nagpur." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 3948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51145.
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Abstract: Sewage water recovery is the treatment or processing of Sewage water to make it applicable. This paper shows the design of various component of conventional sewage treatment plant using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor technique at College Hostel, Nagpur. The project consisting of the design of complete Sewage Treatment Plant components consist of Bar Screen Chamber, Equalization Tank, Aeration Tank, Clarifier Tank, Pressure Sand filter, Activated Carbon Filter and Treated Water Tank. Among the available technologies for waste water treatment, MBBR sewage treatment is most suitable. It is a leading technology in waste water treatment as this system can operate at lower vestiges and give advanced efficiency of treatment. It’s compact and effective option for domestic waste treatment. In duly designed MBBR, the whole reactor volume is active, with no dead space or short circuiting. This paper demonstrates the detailed procedure for the design of a MBBR grounded sewage treatment plant of 50 KLD capacity for an educational lot.
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Gong, Yang, Qi Peishi, Wang Baozhen, and Sui Jun. "An Optimization Study of the Planning of Water Pollution Control for Majiagou Stream in Harbin, China." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0301.
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A study on the optimization planning of water pollution control for Majiagou Stream in Harbin was carried out. Four water pollution control options were considered. The option regarded as most feasible, both technically and economically, involved the construction and operation of a wastewater treatment works with a capacity of 150,000 m3/day on the upper reach of the stream. The effluent would be discharged into the upper reach of Majiagou Stream and would be used as a water source for the stream, while an interceptor sewer was to be constructed on the lower reach of the stream to collect wastewaters in the lower reach basin and transport them to a centralized wastewater treatment plant. An optimization study of the relationship between the sewerage interceptor and the sewage treatment plant on the upper reach was conducted. In this study, a comprehensive water pollution control plan, including the sewerage system, sewage treatment plant, and the use of treated wastewater as a water source for Majiagou Stream, was considered as a systematic problem in which many factors were taken into account. Cost-benefit analysis was carried out for both the sewage treatment plant and the interceptors by means of empirical regression equations and diagrams in which various curves showed the relationships between the important factors.
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Khewale, Vinay. "Sewage Water Treatment Plant for Hingna." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (July 15, 2021): 796–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36495.
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A sewage water treatment plant is necessary to receive and treat waste water (Domestic, Commercial, and Industrial). Its objective is to be convert harmful waste water to safe water environmentally and treated effluent and treated sludge suitable for reuse and disposal such as farm fertilizer. The characteristics of waste water have been performed followed by design of sewage treatment plant. The present study includes design of sewage treatment plant and analysis of waste water – PH value, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Solids (TS), Hardness, Chloride, Acidity, Oil, Fats and grease etc. The sample collection of waste water has been done in many times in a day to obtain an average value of major parameter. Followed by values of this parameter, calculations are done for designing the units of sewage treatment plant and layout is prepared for the same
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Westoll, T. G. "Driffield Sewerage and Sewage-Treatment Projects." Water and Environment Journal 13, no. 2 (April 1999): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01019.x.
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Katko, T. S. "Cost Recovery in Water Services." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0802.
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The objective of the study was to find out to what extent water charges could be used in the developing world. This paper presents a cost recovery model primarily for water supply and discusses its implications for sewerage services. The model has four key elements: benefits and costs, predictability of consumer contributions, water tariffs, and fee collection and financial management. The study shows that water charges are a necessity in developing countries, as in the developed world, and consumers are more able and willing to pay than has been thought. Adequate sewerage and sewage charges should be introduced universally.
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Chiemchaisri, Chart, Wilai Chiemchaisri, Sirilak Prasertkulsak, Nutta Sangnarin Hamjinda, Thammarat Kootatep, Takanori Itonaga, and Kazuo Yamamoto. "Evaluation of treated sewage reuse potential and membrane-based water reuse technology for the Bangkok Metropolitan area." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 11 (August 8, 2015): 1954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.420.
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Only 3.4% of total water use in the Bangkok Metropolitan area is reused treated sewage. This study anticipates that further treated-sewage reuse in industrial sectors, commercial buildings and public parks, in addition to present in-plant and street cleaning purposes, would increase total water reuse to about 10%. New water reuse technologies using membrane bioreactor (MBR) and microfiltration (MF) as tertiary treatment were implemented to assess their potential for their application in the Bangkok Metropolitan area. The MBR was applied to the treatment of raw sewage in a central treatment plant of the Bangkok Metropolitan area. The MF membrane was used for polishing the effluent of the treatment plant. The results show the quality of treated water from MBR and tertiary MF treatment could meet stringent water reuse quality standard in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids and biological parameters. Constant permeate flux of the membrane was achieved over long-term operation, during which inorganic fouling was observed. This is due to the fact that incoming sewage contains a considerable amount of inorganic constituents contributed from storm water and street inlet in the combined sewerage systems. The total cost of the MBR for sewage treatment and production of reuse water is estimated to be about USD1.10/m3.
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Hogendoorn-Roozemond, A. S. "Sedimentation, Mineralization and Resuspension of Sludge in a Sewerage System: A Case Study." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0216.
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Quantitative information was obtained on the processes of sedimentation, mineralization and resuspension of organic matter in a combined sewerage system by means of statistical analysis of dry and wet weather data on sewage flows. The effects of temperature and length of intermittent dry weather periods on daily pollutant loads were also evaluated. For the sewerage system investigated it was found that in summer 5-26% of the BOD produced is mineralized in the system before reaching the sewage treatment plant. Due to sedimentation under dry weather conditions up to 12% of the daily organic load produced may be present in the sewers as resuspendable deposits; in winter this percentage may even amount to 20-30% because of slow mineralization.
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SHUVALOV, Mikhail V., and Alexander K. STRELKOV. "DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAIN COLLECTOR OF RAIN SEWAGE AND CENTRALIZED TREATMENT FACILITIES OF THE SURFACE FLOW OF THE VOLGA STOCK IN SAMARA." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.04.10.
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The main design decisions of the design and working documentation for the construction of the main collector of rain sewage and centralized treatment facilities for surface runoff of the Volga slope in Samara are presented. The route of the main collector of rain sewerage adopted in the project provides the possibility to connect eleven existing releases of untreated surface sewage located in the zones of sanitary protection of water intakes of the drinking water supply system of Samara. The scheme for the purifi cation of surface wastewater envisages a four-step treatment of water, including disinfection with UV irradiation.
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Hiraoka, M. "Advanced sludge thermal processes in Japan." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0398.
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As a result of the spread of sewerage systems, the management of growing quantities of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need. As the method of sludge management, thermal processes have mostly been applied to the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in Japan, because of the difficulty of finding final disposal sites. This paper describes the progress of thermal processing technologies, especially focusing on drying-incineration process systems and melting-slag recycling process systems.
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Christoulas, D. G., A. D. Andreadakis, N. Katsiris, and A. Kouzeli-Katsiri. "Industrial Waste Management in the Athens Area." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0439.
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Industrial contributions constitute as much as 20% of the 700 000 m3 .d−1 of sewage discharged to the Saronikos gulf through the sewerage system which serves the Greater Athens area. The main industrial discharges originate from food, textile, pulp and paper, chemical, tanning and metal processing and electrical industries. In the majority of the cases the pretreatment is inadequate and the existing emission standards are violated. This results in increased concentrations of toxic metals in the sewage. The impact of these toxic discharges on the marine environment and the sewage treatment works have been investigated. Increased concentrations in the water column and the sediments have been reported but there are no indications of accumulation of toxic metals in the body of benthic organisms. The impact on the imminent operation of the treatment works for the sewage of Athens, have been investigated with the aid of pilot and bench scale studies. The results did not indicate a serious inhibition of the sensitive digestion and nitrification processes. However due to the high concentrations of the heavy metals, with average values approaching threshold values, it is important that appropriate action is taken to control industrial discharges through a revised and rational regulatory framework.
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Pomogaeva, Valentina, Lyudmila Metechko, Dmitry Prokofiev, and Tamara Narezhnaya. "Investigation of the motion processes of wastewater in sewerage of high-rise buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183302013.
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When designing, constructing and operating sewage pipelines in high-rise buildings, issues of failure-free operation of a network arise. Investigation of the processes of wastewater moving allows identifying problem areas during operation, assessing the possibility of obstructions and breakdowns of plumbing traps on the gravity drainage sections of the pipeline. The article performs the schemes of the water outflow from the floor sewer into the riser, including the places where the riser is bent, of air delivery to the working riser under the change of the direction of drain movement with the dropout line set-up, with the installation of an automatic anti-vacuum valve, with the installation of the ventilation pipeline. Investigations of the process of sewage waste flow in a sewage riser were carried out, in order to select the appropriate structure. The authors consider structure features of some sections of sewerage in high-rise buildings. The exhaustion value in the riser is determined from the rarefactions that occur below the compressed cross-section of the riser and the loss of the air flow pressure coming from the atmosphere into the riser during the deflooding of the liquid. Preventing the formation of obstructions and breakdowns of plumbing traps is an integral part of sewage networks.
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Dashore, Shubham, and Aaditya Shrivastava. "Design and Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant with Sequential Batch Reactor for an Educational Institute." YMER Digital 21, no. 08 (August 11, 2022): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.08/38.
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One of major source of wastewater are educational institutions. Educational institutions do not have proper treatment unit for treatingthe sewage created by it. The raw institutional wastewater contains various toxic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, pathogenicmicroorganisms etc. If they are released into the environment without any treatment, our natural water bodies will be severely affected by them. As we cannot deny the contribution of educational institutes, industries and agricultural practices in our life, we must find a solutionto minimize the pollution. For this, the wastewater must be treated before releasing into the environment. Sewage treatment is a process that removes unusual contaminants from wastewater and brings back it to the environment for reuse. Our institute BIT Durg also generates both domestic and laboratory wastewaters which is directly going to the municipal sewerage system.With a view to treat and recover water from the sewage, here we arediscussing about constructing a STP Based on SBR concept for its sewage. Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Sewage treatment plant , STAAD-Pro analysis
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Singh, Abhirat, Abhishek Kumar Gond, Adarsh Bhaskar, Aditya Verma, and Mr Avinash Kumar Upadhyay. "Planning, Design and Estimation of Waste Water Treatment Plant Sector 1 of Virat Khand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 2135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51936.
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Abstract: This study's primary goal is to carry out the design of a sewage treatment facility for Lucknow's Virat Khand Sector 1. due to constant domestic and municipal sewage will be produced at a faster rate as the population grows. All species become sick from the foul stench that sewage produces. To prevent this however, appropriate treatment is required prior to disposal on land in order to utilise the treated water and avoid dumping sewage directly into natural resources, which ultimately lowers the demand for fresh water as a whole. Its goal is to generate solid waste and fluid waste that are safe for the environment and can be recycled or disposed of. In a single day, how much sewage was produced overall, based on the anticipated population of Virat Khand Sector 1 over the following 20 years? As a result, the sewage generation in the Virat Khand area is the main topic of this study, and a sewage treatment plant is constructed in accordance with it. It is suggested that the different parts of the sewage treatment plant be designed taking into account the various standards and allowable limits of treated sewage water. Screening, a grit chamber, a main sedimentation tank, a biological reactor, a secondary clarifier, an activated sludge tank, and drying beds are some of the parts of a sewage treatment plant.
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Lowe, Paul. "The Role of Strategies in the Development of Large Sewage Treatment Works." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0167.
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The development of three strategies covering the three largest sewage treatment works owned and operated by Yorkshire Water is described. The first deals with the problems of sludge disposal in a large urban conurbation containing 51 sewage works and producing 75,000 dry tonnes of sludge per annum. The second describes the advantages of centralising sewage treatment facilities at larger works where the need to invest in the sewerage network is limited. The third deals with the method of evaluation used to derive the development plan for a large works at Sheffield. It assumes that an ‘ideal' solution can be achieved using a ‘greenfield site' concept and compares this with the more pragmatic solution of renovation.
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Goda, Takeshi. "General Review and New Concepts regarding the Development of Human Wastewater Treatment in Japan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0284.
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A brief historical review of Japanese human wastewater treatment and disposal since 1945 is presented. The present situation regarding night soil treatment is described. The public sewerage works have been inactive due to financial reasons since 1981, and thus small to medium sized biofilm type facilities are receiving various kinds of grey water and composite household waste. This type of compact, biofilm treatment became popular because of its inexpensive construction and energy-saving characteristics. The numbers and types of biological processes currently in use in Japan are detailed, and an overview is given of industrial waste treatment and its relationship with public sewage treatment. The overall COD flow is indicated, with the amount of waste per capita, estimated from the actual water consumption. The unit load values of BOD, COD etc. are shown, and are used for the calculation of COD load.